Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Introduction to Photogrammetry
1.1 History of Photogrammetry
1.2 Development Cycles of the Photogrammetry
1.3 Application of Photogrammetry
1.4 Types of Photogrammetry
2. Data Acquisition
2.1 Geometric Characteristics of Aerial Photographs
2.2 Geometric Characteristics of a Vertical Photographs
2.3 Flight Characteristics
2.4 Coverage Errors
3. Camera and Ground Relationships
3.1 Photographic Scale
3.2 Determining Height from the Air Photos
1. Introduction to Photogrammetry
It is a science and technology to derive the spatial measurement and other
mathematical products from the photograph. The word photogrammetry is
made from three Greek words.
Photos = Light
Metrein = To measure
Or we can say in simple term
In 1849, Frenchman Laussedat who is known as the “father of photogrammetry” was the first person to
use terrestrial photographs for the topographic map compilation.
1858
1865
1893
1896
1903
1908
Plane Table Photogrammetry: This cycle started form year 1850 to year
1900
Analog Photogrammetry: It started form year 1900 to year 1960. Optical or
mechanical instruments were used to reconstruct the 3D geometry from the
overlapping images. The main product during this phase was topographic
map.
Analytical Photogrammetry: Computer replaces the expensive optical or
mechanical components. The resulting devices were digital/analog hybrids.
The outputs were the topographic map but in the digital format for example
DEM (digital elevation map) or digital map.
Digital Photogrammetry: Digital Photogrammetry is also called softcopy
photogrammetry, it is applied to digital images that is stored in the computer.
The output of this is in the digital format: Digital Elevation Model (DEM), digital
maps, digital othophotos stored in the computer.
Most vertical image acquires distortion in image due to image motion and
image displacement due to topography and the effect of parallax. The
geometric center of the air photo or the principal point does not have image
displacement. The perpendicular from the principal point to the ground is
called the Nadir or the Plumb point. Towards the margins of the air photo, the
image displacement increases due to effect of the parallax.
The word parallax is derived from the Greek term parallaxis, which means
alteration. The object we are observing at any given distance is dependent on
the viewpoint or the position of the viewer. Perspective shift occurs when a
close object is observed from various viewpoints with respective to the distant
background.
Parallax can be describe with the help of the geometry. On the above figure
object A and Object B are two viewpoints observing the object O. Dis the
baseline distance between two viewpoints, and then unknown variable R can
be calculated. You can use trigonometry to calculate the unknown values.
In a simple way to explain the parallax is the way our eyes operate. We are
always using parallax but do not realize because our brain process things very
fast. Hold your arm straight in front of you at eye level and then point your
forefinger up. After that alternatively blink each of your eyes and you will
notice the forefingers that is arm length appears to move with the respect to
the background object. This is the parallax effect.
2.3 Flight Characteristics:
Most of Photographs taken by the frame camera are along flight lines. The
line on the ground which is just under the camera lens during photo capturing
is called the nadir line. All the photographs taken with the degree of endlap.
Endlap is the repeat of the some portion of the successive photographs. This
not only ensure that end part of photographs is covered but also it is essential
for the stereoscopic coverage.
Arithmetic Ratio: It is the ratio between the photo distance to the ground
distance. It is possible to calculate the distance between two points of the
object on the photo and same points of the object on the ground.
PHOTO SCALE = Photo Distance / Ground Distance
Note: Unit of both distances should be in the same unit.
Camera – Altitude Relationships. Next method is the use of camera focal
length and the height of the aircraft. The relationship is given by
PHOTO SCALE = focal length (f) / aircraft height (H)
Note: see above image for f and H
3.2 Determining Height from the Air Photos:
There are two way to determine the height of the objects: the single photo
method and the Stereopair Parallax Method
Single Photo Method: It is simple to use and it is applicable to the vertical
features on the air photo where you can see top and bottom part of it. See
above figure, it uses the method of radial displacement of object varies
proportionately with the height of the aircraft. It is determined by the formula, h
= dH/r