Biology Times April 18

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Biology Times April 18
Evolution:
Evolution is a process of change in the heritable
characteristics of a population over successive
generations. Evolution leads to diversity at
species level as well as individual level.
Eg: Industrial melanism (change in the color
of moths due to deposition of soot) observed in
peppered moth, “Biston betularia”.
Organic evolution is defined as the process of
gradual and orderly changes in organisms from
one form to another over a period of millions of
years. It is a slow and continuous process.
Organic evolution is based on the Modern Theory
of Origin of life namely
(1) Oparin’s – Haldane modern theory and
(2) The Miller- Urey Experiment
(1) Oparin’s – Haldane modern theory
Oparin(1924) of Russia and Haldane(1929) of
England proposed that the first form of life
could have come from pre-existing non-living
organic molecules (e.g. RNA, protein, etc.) and
that formation of life was preceded by chemical
evolution, i.e., formation of diverse organic
molecules from inorganic constituents. The
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By: SHWETHA .S (Mysore)
conditions on earth were – high temperature,
volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere containing
CH4, NH3 , etc.
According to them, the first living cell arose
from simple inorganic and organic non-living
elements – a process called Abiogenesis. The
energy for such chemical reactions must have
come from the heat of the atmosphere and from
the electrical energy of lightening. The most
important compound that initially formed is a
nucleoprotein (nucleic acid and protein) since
it is the chemical characteristic of genes. They
might have aggregated in various combinations
and must have formed the colloidal masses at the
base of oceans. They formed the small globules.
They are then covered by fatty acids to form their
surface membranes. This membrane also became
selectively permeable so a specific organization
inside was maintained. Experimental evidences
have also shown that such types of cells formed
are called as coacervates (pre-cell) and then they
gradually transformed into a living cell.

(2) Urey and Miller experiment:
Stanley Miller and Harold C. Urey in 1953
tested the Oparin-Haldane theory. They made an
apparatus to circulate methane, ammonia, water
vapour and hydrogen gases. All these gases were
put in a flask fitted with electrodes. In another
flask, water was being boiled continuously. The
electrical charges, to provide energy similar
to lightening etc. were passed for one week or
more. After that they collected and analysed the
contents of the apparatus. He was able to get a
number of amino acids, some of which are known
to be present in the proteins e.g., glycine, alanine,
aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Miller also got
several of the simple acids that are known to occur
in the living organisms such formic acid, acetic
acid, propionic acid, lactic acid and succinic acid.
Hence they proved the Oparin and Haldane theory
and now it is clear that ‘reducing atmosphere was
essential for such abiotic synthesis.This version
of abiogenesis, i.e., the first form of life arose
slowly through evolutionary forces from non-
living molecules is accepted by majority.
Evidences Of Organic Evolution
Evolution is a scientific theory supported by an
overwhelming amount of evidence. Evidence
for evolution is provided when it demonstrates
a change in characteristics from an ancestral
form. People have been looking for and studying
evidence in nature that teaches them more about
evolution.
Biology Times April 18
The following are the evidences in favour of
Organic Evolution:
(i) Evidences from Classification
(ii) Evidences from Comparative Anatomy
(a) Analogy and
(b) Homology
(c) Vestigial organs
(d) Connective link
(e) Atavism
(iii) Evidences from Physiology
(iv) Evidences from Embryology
(v) Evidences from Palaeontology
(vi) Evidences from geographic distribution
(i) Evidences From Classification: All the
known living animals and plants have been
classified into various species, genera, families,
order, classes, phyla and kingdoms. The
classification of a particular animal is attempted
only after its extensive study.
(ii) Evidences From Comparative Anatomy:
In all the living animals, the basic substance of
life is Protoplasm. If the species had been created
separately, then there should be no relationship in
the various organs and systems of animals. But on
the contrary, we see that large number of animals
although unlike in appearance show most of the
systems and organs made on the same plan. The
resemblance is very close in the members of the
same group.
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Biology Times April 18
(a) Homology (Divergent evolution)
• Homology is the similarity between organs of
different animals based on common ancestry and
built on same fundamental pattern, but perform
varied function Examples: The arm of man,
leg of cat,Flipper of whale ,wing of bat shows
homology.
Presence of homologous organ in different group
confirms
• Common ancestry and relationship between
different groups
• Difference in appearance due to divergent
evolution
(b) Analogy (Convergent evolution)
Analogy is the difference in basic structure
and origin but are adapted to perform similar
functions. Examples:
1. Fines of fishes and flippers of whale. Similar
appearance and function but their structural
designs are different
2. Wings of butterfly and bat serve the same purpose
i.e. flight, but wings of insect is formed of a
thin flap of chitin and stiffened by series of
veins. Where as in bat wing is formed of a fold
of integument, supported by the elongated and
outspread phalanges.
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(c) Vestigeal organs:
Organs which were once well developed and
functional but have been rendered functionless
due to change of environment and are in the way
of degeneration, are known as vestigealorgans.
The handful of bones in the pelvic girdle of
whales, the small amount of flesh (rudimentary
nictitating membrane) at the inner corners of our
eyes, the caecum, and the coccyx in man, the pair
of vestigeal wings in the flightless New Zealand
Kiwi are the examples of vestigeal organs. Their
presence indicates that the possessors have
originated from a group of animal in which these
structures were functional.
(d) Connecting links:
Connecting link is a character shown by the
animalsbelonging to two or more different groups.
Eg: Bird Archaeopteryx. It shows the character of
two diferent groups.
Avian character: Body covers by feathers ,
forelimbs modified into wings, Presence of tail
feathers, neumatic bones.
Reptilian character: Hind limbs scale, Beak
with teeth, Long tail, Crawling locomotion on
land.

(e) Atavism (Reversion)
It is a sudden appearance of some ancestral feature in new
born such as large canines, thick body hair, short temporary
tail, gill slits.
(iii) Evidences From Physiology And Biochemistry:
Comparative physiology and comparative biochemistry
lend much support to the idea of evolution. In addition to
cells, the basic structures of chromosomes, the physical
basis of heredity, in diverse organisms are similar.
Biology Times April 18
Throughout the living world, the
chromosomes consist of basic proteins in
combination with nucleic acid. Histone and
protamine, the simplest types of proteins
predominate, but globulin and some
incompletely identified proteins, probably
contributing to the diversity of hereditary
materials are also present.
Eg: Enzymes, hormones and hematin
crystals:
Identical or closely similar enzymes and
hormones are common to large groups of
animals. Digestive enzyme, viz. trypsin
(proteolytic enzyme) is common in animals
Protozoa to Mammalia. Amylase (starch-
splitting enzyme) has been recorded from
sponges to man.
The thyroid hormone is found in all
vertebrates and it is interchangeable, i.e.
beef thyroid can be used to meet thyroid
deficiency in man. Metamorphosis of a
tadpole larva continues if it is fed with
mammalian thyroid after the removal of its
own thyroid gland.
Various classes of vertebrates can be
distinguished on the basis of haematin
crystals alone prepared from the
haemoglobin. The crystals differ from
species to species in structural details and
they parallel the present classification.
Crystals from different species of a genus
share many common characteristics, and
crystals from different classes also have
some common structures.
Various types of chemical tests exhibit
many basic similarities in physiological
and chemical properties that show a
physiological relationship among animals.
(iv) Evidences From Embryology: With
the exception of a few, every multi-cellular
animal originates from a zygote. The
development from zygote to adult shows
many similarities in various organisms.
The development is termed as ontogeny.
The law of embryo-genic development
states (a) General characters appear in
development prior to special characters,
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Biology Times April 18

(b) From the general, the less general, and ultimately the special characters develop, (c) During development
an animal gradually drifts progressively from other animals, (d) Young stages of an animal resemble the
embryonic or young stages of lower animals but are unlike the adult of those animals.
A common basic plan of development with similar embryonic stages exists in different classes of vertebrates
(Fig. 7). All of them in their foetal stages possess visceral clefts and a visceral skeleton, though not used for
respiration in true land vertebrates, viz. the reptiles, birds and mammals.
Certain larval stages are common to some groups of invertebrates also. The trochophore larva is found
both in Annelida and Mollusca; the nauplius larva is common to most of the orders of the class Crustacea.

All vertebrate embryos develop a series of aortic arches (usually six) running from the ventral aorta to the
dorsal aorta similar to Branchiostoma (amphioxus). In course of development the number of aortic arches
are reduced to five in sharks, four in teleosts, three in amphibia and reptiles and two in birds and mammals.
From the development of some organisms it is revealed that in some cases the embryos do not resemble
the parents but resemble the adults of lowly evolved animals. The tadpole larval stage of frogs and toads
is exactly like a fish. It is believed that the larval stages of an animal repeat the structures of the ancestor
from which it has evolved.
This is also known as ‘Ontogeny recapitulates Phytogeny’, or the development of an individual repeats
the evolution of the race in a condensed form. Now-a-days this principle is used in a very limited sense,
because the pattern of development is liable to alternations to some degree, due to the influence of the
environment and also the amount of yolk present in the egg.

(v) Evidences From Palaeontology: The study of fossils and their interpretation forms one of the great
evidences of evolution. An Italian scientist, Leonardo da Vinci, was the first person to recognize their

6

importance and said they were either remains of
organisms of their impressions on some sort of
clay or rock.
Types of fossils
(i) Body fossils: These are hard parts of an organism,
which provide details of shape and function of
actual organism such as bone, tooth, skull etc.
(ii) Subfossils: These are the remains of plant and
animals which were formed during Holocene
period after the last ice age and found preserved
in rocks formed after 10,000 years.
(iii) Microfossils: Microscopic fossil remains of
animals and plants usually less than 0.5 mm size
are known as microfossils.
(iv) Macrofossils: Fossils of larger than one cm size
such as corals, skeleton
(v) Pseudofossils: these are inorganic origin objects,
which show close resemblance with the forms
of organic origin and are found in sedimentary
rocks.
(vi) Unusual fossils: Fossils formed as a result
of combination of events and condition which
results in all or most of the organism getting
preserved in rock.
(vii) Trace fossils: these are fossils of foot prints and
trail left in mud by past living organisms such as
dinosaur’s foot print
(viii) Coprolites: These are trace fossils of dropping
of animals or faecal matter, either very small like
faecal pellets of sea snail or large coprolites of
dinosaurs, crocodiles and mammals
Biology Times April 18
Fossilization and types of fossils:
(a) Preservation of hard parts:
The endoskeleton of vertebrates and exoskeleton
of invertebrates are preserved unaltered. From
such fossils it is possible to get some idea about
the shape, size and posture of animals.
(b) Foot prints:
The foot prints left on soft mud are preserved by
subsequent hardening of the mud into rock. These
provide clues for body structure, locomotory
organs and mode of locomotion of animals.
(c) Petrified fossils:
The organic substances of the body are replaced
by inorganic substances particle by particle in
minute detail and an exact duplicate is left. The
replacement is so perfect that muscle fibres with
cross striations are recognised.
For the formation of petrified fossil the organism
or part of it must be embedded and buried in some
soft medium. This may happen either at the bottom
of a body of water or on land by accumulation of
wind-blown sand, soil or volcanic ash.
The dead, body is subsequently covered with
layers of mud. The organic substances of the
body are slowly replaced by minerals from the
surroundings and gradually turn to hard rock.
Sedimentary rock containing fossils may be
carried by the rivers to sea, where it sinks to the
bottom, and deposited in subsequent layers. Entire
body or parts of organisms are often included in
these layers.
(d) Mould and Casts:
The natural moulds of organisms are formed
by hardening of materials surrounding buried
bodies, which later disintegrate and are removed
by seepage of the ground; leaving a hollow
cavity. It presents the exact external features of
the organism buried. The soft animals like Jelly
fish, worms etc. are preserved in this way.
(e) Amber preservation:
Sometimes delicate animals, viz. crustaceans,
insects, spider etc. are preserved in oil shales,
asphalt, amber etc.
(f) Ice preservation:
The carcass of many animals are preserved as
such within ice at sub-zero temperature. Wooly
mammoth, rhinoceros of past have been recovered
from Siberian ice.
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Biology Times April 18

(vi) Evidences From Geographical winged moth did notsurvive due to predators,
Distribution: dark-winged or melanised moth survived. Before
The distribution of animals and plants on the industrialisation set in, thick growth of almost
earth’s surface is not uniform. Every country white-coloured lichen covered the trees - in that
has its peculiar flora and fauna. Elephants are background the white winged moth survived
found in Africa and Asia, Tigers in parts of Asia, but the dark-coloured moth were picked out by
Rhinoceros in Africa and India, Kangaroos in predators.
Australia and South America, Lions in India-and This tells us that evolution is not a directed process
Africa, and so on. Particular species of organism in the sense of determinism. It is a stochastic
evolves at a particular place and with the increase process based on chance events in nature and
in number they migrate in all available directions. chance mutation in the organisms.
Climatic conditions in no two places are exactly
alike and the organisms exhibit modifications. Due
to different barriers, populations are separated or
isolated. Mutations appear in the population and
isolation prevents the spread of the changes to
other populations. This is continued and gradually
by accumulation of more mutations one or more
new species are formed from a population. (c) Adaptive radiation
(a) Geological Time Scale The process of evolution of different species in
Geological Time Scale (GTS) is a system of a given geographical area starting from a point
chronological dating that relates noahmacuha and literally radiating to other areas of geography
(stratigraphy) to time, and is used by geologists, (habitats) is called adaptive radiation.
palaeontologists and other Earth scientists to Eg: 1) Darwin’s finches
describe the timing and relationships of events During his journey Darwin went to Galapagos
that have occurred during earth’s history. Islands. There he observed an amazing diversity
It has been divided into 6 eras which are further of creatures. Of particular interest, small black
divided into periods or epochs. Each being birds later called Darwin’s Finches amazed him.
characterised by some specific living forms and He realised that there were many varieties of
climatic changes, GTS is the calendar of earth finches in the same island. All the varieties, he
past history indicating the evolution of life conjectured, evolved on the island itself. From
through time recorded in sequence of rocks. the original seed-eating features, many other
(b) Natural Selection: forms with altered beaks arose, enabling them to
Natural selection is the selection done by nature become insectivorousand vegetarian finches
as told by Darwin and Wallace. England.
Eg: Industrial Melanism:
In a collection of moths made in 1850s, i.e.,
before industrialisation set in, it was observed
that there were more white-winged moths on trees
than dark-winged or melanised moths. However,
in the collection carried out from the same area,
but after industrialisation, i.e., in 1920, there were
more dark-winged moths in the same area, i.e.,
the proportion was reversed.
The explanation put forth for this observation was
that ‘predators willspot a moth against a contrasting
background’. During postindustrialisation period,
the tree trunks became dark due to industrial
smoke and soots. Under this condition the white-

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Biology Times April 18

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Biology Times April 18

E.g.: 2) Australian marsupials.

A number of marsupials, each different from the other (Figure 12) evolved from an ancestral stock, but all
within the Australian island continent. When more than one adaptive radiation appeared to have occurred
in an isolated geographical area (representing different habitats), one can call this convergent evolution.

Eg: 3) Placental mammals in Australia

Placental mammals in Australia also exhibit adaptive radiation in evolving into varieties of such placental
mammals each of which appears to be ‘similar’ to a corresponding marsupial (e.g., Placental wolf and
Tasmanian wolf-marsupial).

3. Forelimbs of cat, lizard used in walking; forelimbs

of whale used in swimming and forelimbs of bats
used in flying are an example of
Previous NEET/ AIPMT Questions (AIPMT2014)
1. Which one of the following structures is (a) Analogous organs
homologous to the wing of a bird? (b) Adaptive Radiation
(AIPMT2016) (c) Homologous organs
(a) Wing of Moth (b) Hind limb of Rabbit (d) Convergent Evolution
(c) Flipper of Whale (d) Dorsal fin of a Shark 4. Which one of the following are Analogous
2. Analogousstructures are a result of structures (AIPMT2014)
(AIPMT2016) (a) Wings of Bat and Wings of Pigeon
(a) Convergent Evolution (b) Grills of prawn and Lungs of Man
(b) Shared ancestry (c) Thorns of Bougainvillea and Tendrils of
(c) Stabilizing Selection Cucurbita
(d) Divergent evolution (d) Flippers of Dolphin and Legs of Horse

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 Biology Times April 18

5. The process by which organisms with
different evolutionary history evolve similar
phenotypic adaptations in response to a common
environmental challenge is called :
(NEET 2013)
(a) Natural Selection
(b) Convergent Evolution
(c) Non- Random Evolution
(d) Adaptive Radiation
6. Variation in gene frequencies within populations
can occur by chance rather than by natural
selection. This is referred to as: (NEET 2013)
(a) Genetic flow (b) Genetic drift
(c) Random mating (d) Genetic load
7. Which one of the following options gives one
correct example each of convergent evolution and
divergent evolution? (AIPMT 2012)
(a) Bones of forelimbs and vertebrates Wings
of butterfly and mammals
(b) Thorns of Bougainvillea and Tendrils of
Cucurbita Eyes of Octopus and Mammals
(c) Eyes of Octopus and Mammals Bones of
forelimbs and vertebrates
(d) Thorns of Bougainvillea and Tendrils of
Cucurbita Wings of butterfly and birds

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Biology Times April 18

8. Darwin’s finches are a good example of 12. The finches of Galapagos islands provide an
(AIPMT 2010) evidence (AIPMT 2007)
(a) Convergent Evolution (a) Special creation
(b) Industrial Melanism (b) Evolution due to mutation
(c) Connecting link (c) Retrogressive evolution
(d) Adaptive Radiation (d) Biogeographical evolution
9. Peripatus is a connecting link between 13. The concept of chemical evolution is based on
(AIPMT 2009) (AIPMT 2007)
(a) Annelida and Arthropoda (a) Interaction of water, air, and clay under
(b) Ctenophora and Platyhelminthis intense heat
(c) Mollusca and Echinodermata (b) Effect of solar radiation on chemicals
(d) Coelentrata and Porifera (c) Possible origin of life by by combination
10. In case of peppered moth (Bistonbetularia) the of chemicals under suitable environmental
black coloured form became dominant over the conditions
light coloured form in England during Industrial (d) Crystalization
Revolution. This is a example of 14. When two species of different genealogy come to
(AIPMT 2009) resemble each other as a result of adaptation the
(a) Appearance of the darker coloured phenomenon is termed as (AIPMT 2007)
individuals due to very poor sunlight (a) Divergent evolution
(b) Protective mimicry (b) Co-evolution
(c) Inheritance of dark colour character acquired (c) Micro evolution
due to dark environment (d) Convergent evolution
(d) Natural selection whereby the darker forms 15. What is common to whale, seal and shark?
were selected (AIPMT 2007)
11. Which one of the following is incorrect about (a) Seasonal migration
the characteristics of protobionts( Coacervates (b) Homeothermy
and microspheres) as envisaged in the abiogenic (c) Thick subcutaneous fat
origin of life? (AIPMT 2008) (d) Convergent evolution
(a) They were able to reproduce
(b) They could separate combinations of
molecules from the surroundings
(c) They were partially separated from the
surroundings 1. c 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. b
(d) They could maintain an internal environment 6. b 7. c 8. d 9. a 10. b
11. a 12. d 13. c 14. d 15. d

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ZOOLOGY
1. As we go from species to kingdom in a taxonomic
hierarchy, the number of common characteristics
(a) Will decrease
(b) will increase
(c) remain the same
(d) may increase or decrease
2. Select the correct statement regarding figures P,
Q, R,S
I) R is a colourless dinoflagellate which is an
important constituent of coastal plankton of
both temperate and tropical seas.
II) S is a heavy armoured dinoflagellate in which
sexual reproduction is isogamous.
III) P and Q grow in large number in the sea and
make the water look red and cause the so
called ‘red tide’.
IV) P are poisonous to vertebrates and produce
the toxin called saxitoxin into the sea water
which kills fishes and other aquatic animals
(a) I, III and IV (b) I, II and IV
(c) I, II and III (d) II and IV
Biology Times April 18
3. In Dugesia, the development of young ones is
(a) Direct
(b) Indirect by three types of larvae
(c) Intervened by two types of larvae
(d) Indirect through a larval stage
4. Male incubates egg in
(a) Penguin (b) Sparrow
(c) Crow (d) Ostrich
5. Monerans with smallest living cells
(a) are pathogens of plants and animals
(b) lack cell wall and are sure sensitive to
penicillin
(c) obligate parasites only
(d) cannot survive without oxygen
6. Clamp junction are present in ?
(a) Ascomycetes
(b) Basidiomycetes
(c) Phycomycetes
(d) Deuteromycetes
7. Consider the following statements in accordance
to the excretory system of the earthworm?
I. Nephridia is segmentally arranged coiled tubule
II.Nephridia regulates the volume and
composition of the body fluids.
III. There are 3 types of nephridia found in the
earthworm
IV. Pharyngeal nephridia is present as three
paired tufts in the 4th, 5th and 6th segments
Which of the above statements are/is correct?
(a) Both I and II (b) Both I and IV
(c) Both II and III (d) I , II , III and IV.
8. Given below is the diagram of male reproductive
structure of Rana tigrina. Select the option in
which labelled part is correctly identified.
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Biology Times April 18

(a) luteal phase and lasts for about 13 days

(b) follicular phase and lasts for about 6 days
(c) luteal phase and lasts for about 6 days
(d) follicular phase and lasts for about 13 days.
13. Name the ion responsible for unmasking of active
sites for myosin for cross bridge activity during
muscle contraction
(a) calcium (b) Magnesium
(c) sodium (d) potassium
14. Identify the improved breed of Chicken?

(a) A- Testes, B-Rectum, C- Kidney, D- Urinary

Bladder, E- Adrenal gland
(b) A- vassal efferentia, B- Testes, C- Kidney,
D-Cloaca, E- Rectum
(c) A- vassal efferentia, B-Rectum, C- Cloaca, ,
D- Urinary Bladder, E- Adrenal gland
(a) Leg horn (b) Plymouth
(d) A- vassal efferentia, B-Rectum, C-Kidney,
(c) Australop (d) Orpington
D- Urinary Bladder , E- Testes
15.Which of the following structure is not available
9. An important characteristic that Hemichordates
in all connective tissue ?
share with Chordates is : (NEET 2017)
1) Fibroblast 2) Fibres
(a) Ventral tubular nerve cord
3) Macrophages 4) Matrix
(b) Pharynx with gill slits
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) Pharynx without gill slits
(c) 1, 2 and 3 only (d) 1,2 and 4 only
(d) Absence of notochord
16. Green revolution in India occurred during;
10. Which one of the following character is not
(a) 1950’s (b) 1960’s
shared by birds and mammals?
(c) 1970’s (d) 1980’s
(a) Breathing using lungs
17. Assertion : The establishment of Reproductive
(b) Viviparity
isolation is an event of biological significance .
(c) Warm blooded nature
Reason: In the absence of reproductive isolation,
(d) presence of 12 cranial nerve
species can merge back into single population.
11. Which of the following is not evidence for the
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
role of endosymbiosis in the origin of eukaryotes?
Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
(a) The DNA in the eukaryotes nucleus codes for
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
some enzymes in mitochondria
Reason is not the correct explanation for
(b) Mitochondria reproduced by binary fission
Assertion.
(c) Chloroplasts have their own DNA.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) The inner membrane of a chloroplast is
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
similar to prokaryotic membrane.
18. FSH and LH hormones together are called:
12. The secretory phase in the human menstrual cycle
(a) GTH
is also called
(b) Stress removing hormones

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 Biology Times April 18

(c) Emergency hormones Periosteum, Haversian canal, Volkmann’s canal,

(d) Neurohormones Chondrioblast, endosteum, Chondrin,
19. Flame cells are the main excretory organs in Bone marrow cavity
(a) Annelids (b) Mollusks (a) Four (b) Five
(c) Echinoderms (d) Platyhelminthes (c) Three (d) Two
20. Systemic heart refers to 25.Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) The two ventricles together in humans (a) We move our hands, while walking for
(b) Entire heart in lower vertebrates balancing
(c) Left auricle and left ventricle in higher (b) Cartilagenous joints have little mobility due
vertebrates to fibrocartilage disc between its articular end
(d) The heart that contracts under stimulation (c) Movable skull bone is mandible
from nervous system (d) All of the above
21. The life span of Ascaris is 26. In human, respiration takes place in
(a) More than 30 days (a) Cell lining the lungs cavity
(b) About an year (b) Cells found in blood
(c) Six months (c) All living cells of the body
(d) 8 to 10 months (d) Only RBC
22.Which one of the following structural formulae of 27. Toxic ammonia is converted to harmless urea
the two organic compounds is correctly identified in………….
along with its related function? (a) Large intestine (b) Liver
(c) kidney (d) Stomach
28.What is the figure given below showing in
particular?

(a) A:Lecithin – a component of cell membrane,

B: Adenine- a nucleotide that makes up
nucleic acids (A) (B)
(b) A: Triglycerides- major source of energy, B: (a) A- Ovarian cancer, B- Uterine cancer
Uracil- a component of DNA (b) A- vasectomy, B- tubectomy
(c) A:Lecithin – a component of cell membrane, (c) A- tubectomy, B- vasectomy
B: Uracil- a component of DNA (d) A- Uterine cancer, B- Ovarian cancer
(d) A: Triglycerides- major source of energy, 29. HIV that causes AIDS, first starts destroying
Adenine- a nucleotide that makes up nucleic (a) B-lymphocytes
acids (b) Leucocytes
23. Adrenal medulla develops from (c) Helper T-lymphocytes
(a) Ectoderm (d) Thrombocytes
(b) Mesoderm 30. Match column I with column II and select the
(c) Endoderm correct options from the codes given below.
(d) Ectoderm and mesoderm COLUMN I COLUMN II
24. Out of following how many structures are the A. Factor II i) Thromboplastin
partsof mammalian bone ? B. Factor III ii) Prothrombin

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Biology Times April 18

C. Factor VIII iii) Hageman factor

D. Factor XII iv) Anti-hemophilic globulin
(a) A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i
(b) A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii
(c) A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i
(d) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv
31. Hearing is controlled by
(a) Frontal lobes
(b) Parietal lobes
(c) Temporal lobes
(d) Occipital lobes
32. In which condition the motility of sperm is highly
reduced?
(a) Polyspermy (b) Azoospermia
(c) Oligospermia (d) Asthenospermia (a) A-Adrenal gland-located at the anterior part
33. A person entering an empty room suddenly finds of kidney. Secrete catecholamies, which
a snake right in front on opening the door. Which stimulate glycogen break down
one of the following is likely to happen in his (b) B-Pelvis-broad funnel shaped space inner to
neurohormonal control system? hilum, directly connected to loops of Henle
(a) Neurotransmitters diffuse rapidly across the (c) C-Medulla-inner zone of kidney and contains
cleft and transmit a nerve impulse. complete nephrons
(b) Sympathetic nervous system is activated (d) D-Cortex-outer part of kidney and do not
releasing epinephrine and contain any part of nephrons
norepinephrine from adrenal medulla. 37.Gastric juice of infants contains:
(c) Hypothalamus activates the parasympathetic (a) Pepsinogen, lipase, rennin
division of brain (b) Amylase, rennin, pepsinogen
(d) Sympathetic nervous system is activated (c) Maltase, pepsinogen, rennin
releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine (d) Nuclease, pepsinogen, lipase
from adrenal cortex 38. Mixture of oil in water forms an emulsion. If a
34. Assertion: In advanced Diabetes mellitus RQ protein shaken up with such an emulsion:
is about 0.7. (a) The emulsion gets stabilized
Reason:In absence of insulin mostly fats are (b) Protein molecules settle down
burnt. (c) Coalescence of oil particles takes place
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and (d) A thin film of protein molecules is formed on
Reason is correct explanation of Assertion. the surface
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true and 39.Given below is a diagram showing gall bladder
but Reason is not correct explanation and different ducts. Identify the ducts labeled A,
of Assertion. B, C and D.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
35. Sprogony of malarial parasite occurs in
(a) Liver of man
(b) Stomach wall of mosquito
(c) RBCs of man
(d) Salivary glands of mosquito
36. Figure shows human urinary system with structure
labelled A to D. Select option, which correctly
identifies them and gives their characteristics and
/ of functions.

16
 Biology Times April 18

(a) A- common hepatic duct B-cystic duct, 43. Which does not involve brain?
C-common bile duct, D-pancreatic duct (a) Cerebral reflex
(b) A-left hepatic duct, B-common hepatic (b) Cranial reflex
duct, C-cystic duct, D-common bile duct (c) Voluntary action
(c) A-left hepatic duct, B-common hepatic duct, (d) Spinal reflex
C-pancreatic duct, D-common bile duct 44.Which of the following microbes forms symbiotic
(d) A-pancreatic duct, B-common bile duct, association with plants and helps them in
C-common hepatic duct, D-cystic duct nutrition?
40. Vitamin B2 is a component of coenzyme (AIPMT 2012)
(a) Pyridoxal phosphate (b) NAD (a) Trichoderma (b) Aspergillus
(c) TPP (d) FMN/FAD (c) Glomus (d) Azotobacter
41.Which of the following vitamins has some 45. Which of the following structures are
physiological effects similar to those of ‘homologous’ from the evolutionary point of
parathormone? view?
(a) Vitamin A (b) Vitamin D (a) Petals of rose and the anther of an apple
(c) Vitamin C (d) Vitamin B blossom.
42.Koch ‘s postulates are not applicable to (b) Thorn of bougainvillea and tendrils of
(AIPMT 1999) cucurbita
(a) Cholera (b) Leprosy (c) Spines of a cactus and spines of a porcupine.
(C) TB (d) Diptheria (d) Flagellum of Euglena and the cilium of
Paramecium

17
Biology Times April 18

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES-II

Noise Pollution: the delicate balance in predator or prey detection

The noise pollution is defined as the unwanted and avoidance, and interfering the use of the
sound which is released into the environment. sounds in communication, especially in relation
It disturbs human beings and causes an adverse to reproduction and in navigation.
effect on the mental and psychological wellbeing. • Acoustic overexposure can lead to temporary or
It is measured in the units of decibels and is permanent loss of hearing.
denoted by dB. The noise which is more than 115 Noise mitigation:
dB is tolerant. • Roadway noise can be reduced by the use of noise
There are different sources of noise pollution and barriers, limitation of vehicle speeds, alteration
it includes the agriculture machines, industries of roadway surface texture, limitation of heavy
which produce a sound and the use of entertaining vehicles, use of traffic controls that smooth
equipment, crackers, the blasting of dynamite, vehicle flow to reduce braking and acceleration,
bull dozing, stone crushing, defence equipment and tire design.
and textile mills. • Aircraft noise can be reduced by using quieter
There are three types of noise: jet engines. Altering flight paths and time of day
1. Intermitted noise or ununiformed noise: runway has benefitted residents near airports.
e.g. Factory using mechanical hammers and • Industrial mitigation is done by redesign of
other machinery, loud music on streets and industrial equipment, shock mounted assemblies
announcements. and physical barriers in the workplace.
2. Continuous noise or uniform noise : e.g. vehicles • Promote the purchase of quieter tools and
on national highways, equipment and encourage manufacturers to
3. Instantaneous or impulsive noise: e.g. crackers design quieter equipment.
and explosives
Effects on human health: Laws and rules in India to control noise Pollution:
• Causes hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, The government of India has rules & regulations
hearing loss and sleep disturbances. against firecrackers and loudspeakers, but
• Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise- enforcement is extremely lax.
induced hearing loss. ‘Awaaz Foundation’ is an Indian NGO working
• High noise levels can result in cardiovascular to control noise pollution from various sources
effects through advocacy, public interest litigation,
• Occupational noise demonstrates more awareness, and educational campaigns since
significantly reduced hearing sensitivity 2003.
Effect on wildlife: Controlling Vehicular Air pollution:-
• Noise can have a detrimental effect on wild • Delhi has the maximum number of vehicles in
animals, increasing the risk of death by changing India

18
 Biology Times April 18

• In 1990 the total number of cars in Delhi were Radioactive Wastes:

more than the combined number of West Bengal It is physical pollution of air, water and soil
and Gujarat. with radio active materials. Radioactivity is the
• Since 80% of air pollution in urban areas is due property of certain elements (radium, uranium
to automobiles. etc) to spontaneously emit protons (alpha
• Delhi used to rank 4th amongst the 41 most particles), electrons (Beta particles) and gamma
polluted cities of the world. rays (electromagnetic waves of very short
• The problem was so serious . A public Interest wavelength) by disintegration of their atomic
litigation (PIL) was filed in supreme court. The nuclei. The elements that give radiation are called
Supreme court directed the government to take radio active elements.
appropriate measured of reducing Air pollution Earlier nuclear energy was thought to be as
caused by Automobiles through. non-polluting way for generating electricity. It
(i) Switch over of public transport from Diesel however has two serious inherent problems.
or Petrol to CNG (i) Accidental leakage occured in the three mile
(ii) Phasing out old vehicles. island incident of USA in 1979 and chernobyl
(iii) Compulsory use of unleaded petrol and incident.
reduced sulphur content of diesel. (ii) Safe disposal of radioactive wastes: Radio
(iv) Compulsory regular checkup of pollution active wastes from nuclear - testing laboratories
emission of vehicles & enforcement of contaminate the soil.
euroII norms. Effects:
(v) Fitting the vehicles with Catalytic converter (i) Radiation, that is given off by nuclear waste is
• Delhi became the first city of world to use CNG extremely damaging to organisms because it
for its public transport system. causes muataions at very high rate.
• CNG is cheaper burns more efficiently , does not (ii) At high doses, nuclear radiation is lethal but at
produce much pollution, cannot be Siphoned off lower doses it creates various disorders - the
by thieves, cannot be adulterated like petrol & most frequent of all being cancer.
diesel Therefore nuclear waste is an extremely potent
• Major problem with CNG is laying down pollutant and has to be dealt with almost caution.
pipelines to deliver CNG through distribution Disposal of radioactive waste: Storage of nuclear
points. wastes after sufficient pre-treatment, should
• The Govt of India has formulated a “New Fuel be done in suitably shielded containers buried
Policy” to reduce vehicular pollution. within the rocks, about 500m deep below the
• As per Euro II norms, Sulphur content of earth’s surface. However this method of disposal
diesel should not be more than 350ppm, while is meeting stiff opposition from the public.
that of petrol should not be more than 150ppm
Aromatic hydrocarbon content is pegged at 42% Water Pollution
of fuel. These norms (initially in 11 cities) have Water is rightly called the ‘elixir of life’, for all
been applicable through out the country from 1 the forms of life are dependent on it for their
April 2005. survival.
• From this date Euro III norms have become Water pollution happens when toxic substances
applicable in eleven cities like Delhi, Agra, enter water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans
Kanpur, Ahmedabad, Surat, Mumbai, Pune, and so on, getting dissolved in them, lying
Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai & Kolkata suspended in the water or depositing on the bed.
• From 1 April 2010, Euro IV norms have became This degrades the quality of water.
applicable in these cities while Euro III complaint Not only does this spell disaster for aquatic
automobiles and fuel is applicable in rest of the ecosystems, the pollutants also seep through and
country from this date. Sulphur Content of Petrol reach the groundwater, which might end up in our
is reduced to 50ppm while that of diesel is to be households as contaminated water we use in our
brought down to 35ppm. daily activities, including drinking.

19
Biology Times April 18

Causes of Water Pollution matter are the factors which determine the
The causes of water pollution can be categorised amount of dissolved O2 (DO) present in water.
majorly into: Higher the amount of organic waste, increases
1. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances the rate of decomposition and O2 consumption,
2. Point source- (known source) and non-point there by causing a drop in DO content of water.
source- (unknown source) The demand of O2 is directly related to increasing
3. Sewage- domestic, municipal, industrial input of organic waste and is expressed as
4. Water soluble fertilizers, agricultural run-offs, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of water.
minerals and nutrients BOD is a measure of oxygen required by aerobic
5. Toxic chemicals and heavy metals decomposers for the biochemical degradation of
6. Disease causing organisms and substances. organic materials(i.e, biodegradable materials)
Hospital wastes in water. It is possible to estimate the amount of
7. Industrial effluents with pollutants such as biodegradable organic material in sewage water
asbestos, lead, mercury and petrochemicals. by Biochemical Oxygen Demand.
8. Solid wastes
9. Human litter. Littering items include cardboard,
styrofoam, aluminium, plastic and glass.
10. Oil Pollution caused by oil spills from tankers
and oil from ship travel form a thick sludge
12. Thermal plants that use lakes and rivers to cool
down mechanical equipment. Water having DO content below 8.0mg/L is
Effects of water pollution: considered as polluted. Heavily polluted water
• Polluted water can lead to sickness, disease, have DO content below 4.0mg/L.
infections, deformities and even death among
animals and plant life.
• Land degradation and the overabundance of
plants and algae which can cover the surface of
various bodies of water making it undrinkable
and affecting the animals that live in that body of
water.
• It affects animals and the oceans ecosystem.
• Acid rain can change the PH of the soil and
change the fertility.
Sewage from our homes & hospitals contain
many pathogens which may cause diseases like
dysentry, typhoid, Jaundice, cholera etc.

Prevention of Water Pollution:

1. Sewage treatments: During sewage treatment
solids are relatively easy to remove, but it is most The above figure shows some of the changes
difficult to remove dissolved salts such as nitrates that one may notice following discharge of
phosphates and other nutrients and toxic metal sewage into river. Microorganisms involved in
ions and organic compounds. Domestic sewage biodegradation of organic matter in the receiving
primarily contains biodegradable organic matter, water body consume a lot of oxygen, and as a
which readily decomposes by bacteria and other result there is a sharp decline in dissolved oxygen
micro organisms, which can multiply using these down stream from the point of sewage discharge.
organic substances as substrates and hence utilise This causes mortality of fish and other aquatic
some of the components of sewage. creatures.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand: O2 consumption Presence of large amount of materials in water
by organisms and decomposition of organic also causes excessive growth of planktonic

20
 Biology Times April 18

(free floating) algae called algal bloom, which water organisms supplanting those that live in
imparts a distinct colour to the water bodies. cold environment.
Algal bloom causes deterioration of water quality Marsh plants (eg. Sagittaria, Potamogeton) grow
and fish mortality. Some bloom - forming algae in shallows and begin to fill in the original lake
(Microcystis) are extremly toxic to human being basin. Eventually, the lake gives way to large
and animals. masses of floating plants finally conerting into
Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Grassipes) also land depending on climate, size of the lake and
called “Terror of Bengal” is one such plant that other factors, the natural ageing of a lake may
some times chokes ponds, lakes and rivers and span thousand of years.
cause imbalance in the ecosystem. Cultural or Accelerated Eutrophication:
2. Treatment of wastes before discharge: Factories It is caused by human activities like effluents
are expected to treat its effluent wastes prior from the industries and homes, run off of
to discharge. Toxic material must be treated fertilizer rich agriculture fields. During the post
chemically and converted into harmless materials. century, lakes in many parts of earth have been
If possible, factories should try to recycle the severely eutrophied by sewage and agricultural
treated water. and industrial wastes. The prime contaminants
4. Treatment of drainage water: Harmful are nitrates and phosphates, which act as plant
pollutants be removed, before they are introduced nutrients. They over stimulate the growth of
into reservoirs. algae, causing unsightly scum and unpleasant
5. Industrial effluent treatment plants: These odours and sobbing the water of dissolved oxygen
plants filter out undissolved materials. Chemical vital to other aquatic life. At the same time other
treatment is also given to separate out unwanted pollutants flowing into a lake may poison whole
dissolved chemicals. The treated water is either populations of fish, whose decomposing remains
allowed to go into the water reservoirs or refused further deplete the water’s dissolved oxygen
in houses. Occasionally, the treated water is used content. In such a fashion, a lake can literally
for farming if the fields to be irrigated lie in the choke to death.
vicinity of the water treatment plants.

Eutrophication:
Eutrophication is a phenomenon where, there is
depletion of oxygen in a water body, which kills
aquatic animals. It is a response to the addition of
excess nutrients, mainly phosphates & nitrogen
which induces explosive growth of plants and
algae, the decaying of which consumes oxygen
from the water. It is also called hypertrophication.
Eutrophication is both natural and accelerated.
Natural Eutrophication: It is natural ageing due
to nutrient enrichment of water body. It is slow
process which may not be detectable in human
life time. A young water body has cold, clear Effects of eutrophication:
water where there is no nutrient enrichment. Run • Threatens the survival of fish and other aquatic
off water and streams draining into it gradually life forms
add nutrients, especially nitrogen & phosphorus, • Deterioration of water quality and limits access to
which encourage growth of aquatic organisms. safe drinking water
As the lakes fertility increases plants and animal • Poisoning and impact on human health
life begin to grow and organic remains began • Endangers fishing
to be deposited on the lake bottom. Over the • Degradation of recreational opportunities
centuries as slit and organic debris pile up, the
lake grows shallower and warmer, with warm-

21
Biology Times April 18

Control:
• Improvement of the purifying performance
of waste water treatment plants, installing
tertiary treatment systems to reduce nutrient
concentrations;
• implementation of effective filter ecosystems to
remove nitrogen and phosphorus present in the
run-off water (such as phyto-purification plants);
• reduction of phosphorous in detergents;
• rationalisation of agricultural techniques through
proper planning of fertilisation and use of slow
release fertilisers;
• Use of alternative practices in animal husbandry
to limit the production of waste water.
Biomagnification:
Biomagnification is a phenomenon of increase in
contaminated substances or toxic chemicals in the
food chains.
“Biomagnification (or bioaccumulation) refers
to the ability of living organisms to accumulate
certain chemicals to a concentration larger than • Effects on reproduction and development of
that occurring in their inorganic, non-living marine creatures: The various toxic chemicals
environment, or in the case of animals, in the food and elements accumulate in the vital organs
that they eat.” of the various aquatic creatures affecting
Causes of Biomagnification: their reproduction and development. PCB’S
The release of toxic chemicals and pollutants (polychlorinated biphenyls) also biomagnifies
into the environments such as the seas, air, and and impairs reproduction and is considerably
land results in the accumulation of toxins and high in aquatic systems.
harmful substances in the environment and it High concentration of PCB’s distrub calcium
eventually accumulates and gets absorbed by metabolism in birds, which causes thinning of
lower organisms in the food chains such as fish, egg shell and their prenature breaking, eventually
earthworms and plants. When the lower organisms causing decline in bird population.
are eaten by other organism and the process goes • Destruction of the coral reefs: These are
up the trophic levels, biomagnification occurs. destroyed by cyanide which is used in leaching
The creatures or plants intoxicated with gold and in fishing. The reefs provide for spawning,
substances such as mercury, copper, chromium, feeding and dwelling grounds for numerous sea
selenium and cobalt may also be consumed creatures. When destroyed, the survival of aquatic
by humans and top animals in the food chain creatures is highly compromised.
leading to susceptibility to diseases, reproductive • Disruption of the food chain: Many sea creatures
disorders and even deaths. depend on the natural food chain for survival.
Effects of Biomagnification: When chemicals and other toxins are carried into
• Impact on human health: Humans become more the soils, rivers, lakes or oceans and taken up by
susceptible to cancers, liver and kidney failure, various organisms, it disrupts the interconnected
respiratory disorders, birth defects in pregnant relationships within the food chain.
women, brain damage and heart diseases that A Case Study of Integrated waste water
are a result of mercury, cadmium, lead, cobalt, Treatment:-
chromium and other chemical poisoning. For Waste water including sewage Can be treated
instance, diseases like hepatitis and cancer in an integrated manner, by utilizing a mix of
have been attributed to consuming seafood that artificial and natural process.
has been poisoned by mercury and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

22
 Biology Times April 18

An example of such is in the town of Arcata Solid Waste Management:

situated on Northern coast of California an Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can
integrated waste water treatment process was create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions
developed with the help of biologist from in turn can lead to pollution of the environment
Humboldt State University. and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that
There are 2 stages in it is, diseases spread by rodents and insects. Thus,
(i) Conventional Method of filtering Sedimentation solid waste management is the collecting, treating
& chlorine treatment for removing organic and disposing of solid material that is discarded
remains microbes & grit. The treated water because it has served its purpose or is no longer
contained lots of heavy metals & other dangerous useful.
pollufaints. Composition and properties:
To Combat this • The sources of solid waste include residential,
(ii) Innovative approach was taken commercial, institutional and industrial activities.
Innovative approach consisted of developing a Certain types of wastes that cause immediate
series of six connected marshes in 60 hectares of danger to exposed individuals or environment are
marshland seeded with bacteria, fungi and plants classified as hazardous.
in these area. • All non-hazardous solid waste from a community
The biota absorbs, assimilates and neutralizes the that requires collection and transport to a
pollutants. The naturally purified water is then processing or disposal site is called refuse or
allowed to flow out. municipal solid waste (MSW).
Along with waste water treatment , the marshes Refuse includes garbage and rubbish. Garbage
have been converted into a sanctuary where a is mostly decomposable food waste; rubbish is
number of fishes, other aquatic animals and birds mostly dry material such as glass, paper, cloth or
have found residence. wood.
A citizen group called friends of Arcata (FOAM) • Garbage is highly putrescible or decomposable,
Marsh are responsible for up keep & safeguarding whereas rubbish is not. Trash is rubbish that
this project. includes bulky items such as old refrigerators,
couches or large tree stumps. Trash requires
Preventive measures: special collection and handling.
• Avoid pouring fat from cooking or any other type • Construction and demolition (C&D) waste (or
of fat, oil or grease down the sink. debris) is a significant component of total solid
• Dispose of household chemicals or cleaning waste quantities.
agents down the sink or toilet must be avoided. • Another type of solid waste is the fastest-growing
• No flushing pills, liquid or powder medications component in many developed countries, is
or drugs down the toilet. Avoid using the toilet electronic waste, or e-waste, which includes
as a wastebasket. Most tissues, wrappers, dust discarded computer equipment, televisions,
cloths, and other paper goods should be properly telephones, and a variety of other electronic
discarded in a wastebasket. devices.
• Avoid using a garbage disposal. Keep solid Lead, mercury and cadmium are among the
wastes solid. Make a compost pile from vegetable materials of concern in electronic devices and
scraps. governmental policies may be required to regulate
• Use the minimum amount of detergent and/or their recycling and disposal.
bleach when you are washing clothes or dishes. • Agriculture wastes include crop farms, orchards,
Use only phosphate free soaps and detergents. dairies, vineyards and feedlots are also sources
• Minimise the use of pesticides, herbicides, of solid wastes. Among the wastes agricultural
fertilisers. DO NOT dispose of these chemicals, wastes, spoiled food, pesticide containers are
motor oil, or other automotive fluids into the included.
sanitary sewer or storm sewer systems. Both of • Biomedical wastes refers to hospitals
them end at the river. and biomedical equipment and chemical
manufacturing firms. Some of these solid wastes

23
Biology Times April 18

include syringes, bandages, used gloves, drugs, Traditionally, these items are processed and
paper, plastics, food wastes and chemicals. cleaned before they are recycled.
Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management: • Composting: Biodegradable yard waste is
• The dumping of waste materials forces allowed to decompose in a medium design for the
biodegradable materials to rot and decompose purpose. Good quality environmentally friendly
under improper, unhygienic and uncontrolled manure is formed from the compost and can be
conditions. After a few days of decomposition, a used for agricultural purposes.
foul smell is produced and it becomes a breeding • Pyrolysis: Here solid wastes are chemically
ground for different types of disease causing decomposed by heat without presence of oxygen.
insects as well as infectious organisms. This usually occurs under pressure and at
• Toxic materials and chemicals may seep into the temperatures of up to 430 degrees Celsius. The
soil and pollute the ground water. solid wastes are changed into gases, solid residue
During the process of collecting solid waste, and small quantities of liquid.
the hazardous wastes usually mix with ordinary Thus, proper solid waste management is an
garbage and other flammable wastes making the integral part of environmental conservation that
disposal process even harder and risky. should be observed by individuals and companies
• Hazardous wastes like pesticides, batteries globally. This will keep the environment clean
containing lead, mercury or zinc, cleaning and reduce health and settlement problems.
solvents, radioactive materials, e-waste and Case Study of Remedy for Plastic waste:-
plastics are mixed up with paper and other scraps • Ahmed khan, a plastic sack (bags) manufacturer
which are burned producing dioxins and gases. of Bangalore since 1986, realized that plastic
These toxic gases have a potential of causing waste was a real problem and its recycling into
various diseases including cancer. sacks (bags) was no solution.
Methods of Solid Waste Management: • In 1998, He developed polybend, a fine powder
There are different methods of solid waste of recycled modified plastic. In collaboration of
management. The following are some of the with RV college of Engineering and Bangalore
recognised methods: city Corporation he proved that the mixture
• Sanitary Landfill: This is the most popular solid of polybend and bitumen (a black mixture of
waste disposal method used today. Garbage is Hydrocarbon obtained from petroleum dust)
basically spread out in thin layers, compressed was better for road carpeting as it had better
and covered with soil or plastic foam. Modern water repellent property. It increases the road life
landfills are designed in such a way that the bottom by a factor of three.
of the landfill is covered with an impervious liner • By 2002, more than 40 kms roads of Bangalore
which is usually made of several layers of thick were laid with the help of polybend & bitumen
plastic and sand. This liner protects the ground mixture.
water from being contaminated because of • Rag pickers who were getting 0.40 per kg of
leaching or percolation. When the landfill is full, plastic was are now getting Rs 6:00 from khan.
it is covered with layers of sand, clay, top soil and Agro Chemicals and their wastes:
gravel to prevent seepage of water. • A number of chemicals have been developed to
• Incineration: This method involves burning of kill a variety of pests fungi and weeds inorder
solid wastes at high temperatures until the wastes to improve agriculture, horticulture forestry and
are turned into ashes. Incinerators are made in water reservoirs.
such a way that they do not give off extreme • The widely used chemicals are pesticides,
amounts of heat when burning solid wastes. This herbicides, weedicides & fungicides etc.
reduces the volume of waste up to 20 or 30% of • These are toxic to organisms that are inportant
the original volume. component of soil ecosystem
• 3R’s- Reuse, Reduce and Recycling: Recycling • They also effect other animals, man and even
or recovery of resources is the process of plants.
taking useful but discarded items for next use.

24

BOTANY
1. The graphical representation to calculate the
probability of all possible genotypes of offsprings
in a genetic cross was developed by:
(a) Reginald C. Punnett (b) Kornberg
(c) Gregor Mendel (d) George Gamow
2. Pinnately parallel venation is found in
(a) Canna (b) Grass
(c) Zizyphus (d) Castor
3. Nuclear membrane is absent in
(a) Penicillium (b) Agaricus
(c) Volvox (d) Nostoc
4. Standing crop is -
(i) Biomass in a unit area
(ii) Number of living organism in unit area
(iii) Amount of nutrient such as carbon, nitrogen,
calcium in unit area
(iv) Amount of Detritus in unit area
(a) only (i) (b) (i) & (ii)
(c) (i), (ii), (iii) (d) (i), (ii), (iv)
5. Assertion: A single-strand of mRNA is capable of
forming different polypeptide chains.
Reason: Termination codons occur in mRNA.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but
Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false
6. Identify the false statement among the 4
statements given below
(a) Retrovirus in animals have the capacity to
transform normal cells into cancerous cells
Biology Times April 18
(b) Agrobacterium tumefaciens is able to deliver
a piece of DNA known as “T-DNA” to
transform normal cells into tumor.
(c) Direct injection of recombinant DNA into
nucleus of animal cell is called Insertional
inactivation
(d) Cells are bombarded with high velocity micro
particles of gold or tungsten coated with DNA
in a method called as Biolistics.
7. Which of the following is not devoid of
intercellular space
(a) Apical meristem (b) intercalary meristem
(c) parenchyma (d) collenchyma
8. Which one is not included in biogas production?
(a) Sedimentation (b) Solubilisation
(c) Acidogenesis (d) Methanogenesis
9. Cholorophyll is present
(a) On the surface of chloroplast
(b) In the grana of chloroplast
(c) Dispersed throughout the chloroplast
(d) In the stroma of chloroplast
10. Assertion: Inhibition or death of one organism by
another through the production of some byproduct
is known as antibiosis
Reason: Antibiosis is a type of negative interaction
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but
Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false
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Biology Times April 18

11. Following are the steps of southern blot procedure. reason is not the correct explanation of
1. Autoradiography assertion.
2. Hybridization with radioactive nucleic acid (c) Assertion is true and reason is true
(probe) (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
3. Blotting 20. Which of the following statements about food
4. DNA fragments are treated to make them chains and energy flow through ecosystem is
single stranded false?
5. Electrophoresis (a) A single organism can feed at several trophic
6. Clearing of DNA by restriction endonuclease levels
7. isolation of DNA from sample (b) Detritivores feed at all trophic levels except
The correct sequence is - the producer level.
(a) 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 (b) 7,6,5,4,3,2,1 (c) The lower the trophic level at which an
(c) 1,2,6,7,3,4,5 (d) 7,6, 1,2, 5, 3, 4 organism feeds , the more energy available
12. Ions are absorbed from the soil by (d) Those who are not producers are consumers.
(a) passive transport 21. In E.coli tryptophan switches off the trp operon
(b) active transport by
(c) both active and passive transport (a) binding to the repressor and increasing the
(d) imbibition letters affinity for the operator
13. Mineral absorption is mostly (b) inactivating the repressor protein
(a) Physical process (b) Chemical process (c) inactivating the gene for the first enzyme in
(c) Active process (d) Passive process the pathway by feedback inhibition
14. Which hormone pair is a hypothetical hormones? (d) binding to the operator
(a) NAA, GA3 (b) florigen, vernalin 22. Assertion : Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the
(c) ABA, kinetin (d) 2, 4 – D, gibberellin causative agent of crown gall disease of dicots.
15. The thallus of Volvox is called as Reason: Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes
(a) Coenocyte (b) Coenobium infection by entering plant through wounds and
(c) Parenchymatous (d) None of these injuries.
16. Double fertilization means (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
(a) fusion of two polar bodies Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) a male gamete fused with egg and second (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true and but
male gamete fused with secondary nucleus Reason is not correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) fusion of male gametes and ovum (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) all the above (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
17. Which one gene hides the effect of another gene, 23. When phloem is completely surrounded by
the interaction factor is known as: xylem, the vascular bundle is called
(a) duplicate factor (a) concentric leptocentric/amphivasal
(b) complementary factor (b) concentric amphicribal
(c) supplementary factor (c) conjoint collateral
(d) epistatic factor (d) conjoint bicollateral
18. Four sepals arranged in two whorls is characteristic 24. Identify the given bacteria based on its shape
of family
(a) Solanaceae (b) Fabaceae
(c) Brassicaceae (d) Liliaceae
19. Assertion: Pili are tubular structures present in
bacteria which help in conjugation.
Reason: Formation of pili is controlled by F+ or (a) A- Rod shaped – Bacilli, B- Spherical shaped
fertility factor. – Cocci
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and (b) A- Rod shaped – Cocci, B- Spherical shaped
reason is correct explanation of assertion. – Bacilli
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true and (c) A- Comma shaped – Vibrio, B- Spiral shaped
– Spirilla

26
 Biology Times April 18

(d) None of these (d) treating the plants with phenyl mercuric acid
25. Which of the following statement is true with 31. Which of the following is true for alternation of
regards to light reaction of photosynthetic generation?
mechanism in plants. (a) The sporophyte undergoes syngamy to
(a) Chlorophyll occurs with peak absorption at produce spore
680 nm in PS I and 700 nm in PS II (b) The gametophyte undergoes syngamy to
(b) Mg and Na are associated with photolysis of produce spore
H2O (c) The sporophyte undergoes meiosis to
(c) O2 is evolved during cyclic photo produce spore
phosphorylation (d) The gametophyte undergoes meiosis to
(d) PS I and PS II are both involved in noncyclic produce spore
photophosphorylation 32. In plants meiosis occurs in
26. The population has certain attribute which an (a) Root tip (b) Anther
organism or individual does not. These are (c) Cambium (d) Pollen grains
A. Birth rate B. Death rate 33. The allele that is unable to express its effect in the
C. Sex ratio D. Age distribution presence of another is called
(a) A and B (b) B and C (a) Co-dominant (b) Supplementary
(c) C and D (d) A, B, C and D (c) Complementary (d) Recessive
27. Which part of the tobacco plant is infected by 34. Find the correct combination
Meloidogyne incognita? (a) Entire leaf with stipules i) Clematis
(a) Stem (b) Root modified into spines;
(c) Flower (d) Leaf (b) Leaf except stipules ii) Citrus
28. Match column I and Column II and choose the modified into tendril
correct option (c) Stipules modified into iii) Euphorbia
Column I Column II tendrils
A. Active transport 1. Water moves through (d) First leaf of axillary bud iv) Lathyrus
cytoplasm modified into spine
B. Passive transport 2. Requires energy v) Smilax
C. Apoplast 3. Does not require (a) a - iii, b - i, c - iv, d -ii
energy (b) a - ii, b - iii, c - i, d - v
D. Symplast 4. Water moves through (c) a - v, b - ii, c - i, d - iii
casparian strip, cell wall (d) a - iii, b - iv, c - v, d – ii
(a) A-2,B- 3,C-4,D-1 (b) A-2, B-4, C-3, D- 1 35. Identify the diagram of stage in mitosis
(c) A-1,B- 2,C-3, D-4 (d) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
29. Assertion : The entry or exit of ions to and
from the symplast requires the expenditure of
metabolic energy
Reason : Influx and Efflux are active process
(a) If A and R both are true and R is correct
explanation of A
(b) If A and R both are true but R is not correct
explanation of A
(c) If A is correct and R is wrong
(d) If A is wrong and R is true
30. Parthenocarpic tomato fruits can be produced by
(a) removing androecium of flowers before (a) Interphase (b) Prophase
pollen grains are released (c) Metaphase (d) Diplotene
(b) raising the plants from vernalised seeds 36. Read the following statements and select the
(c) treating the plants with low concentration of correct option having all the following
gibberellic acid & auxins characteristics.

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Biology Times April 18

(i) It is seldom replaced and is self-perpetuating. 42. Mendel’s principle of segregation means that the
(ii) It has higher biomass and diversity. germ cells always receive
(iii) It is stable and has perfect harmony with the (a) one pair of alleles
physical environment. (b) one quarter of the genes
(iv) Food chains and food webs are complex in (c) one of the paired alleles
this community. (d) any pair of alleles
(a) Pioneer community (b) Seral community 43. DNA finger printing refer to
(c) Climax community (d) None of the above (a) molecular analysis of profiles of DNA samples
37. The substance that acts as connecting link (b) analysis of DNA samples using imprinting
between two generations is devices
(a) Ribonucleic acid (c) techniques used for molecular analysis of
(b) Nucleoplasm different specimens of DNA
(c) Deoxyribonucleic acid (d) techniques used for identification of
(d) Ribonucleic acid + Deoxyribonucleic acid fingerprints of individuals
38. The typical genomic library consists of DNA 44. A few drops of sap were collected by cutting
fragments of about across a plant stem by a suitable method. The
(a)20kb (b) 40kb sap was tested chemically. Which one of the
(c)10kb (d) 15kb following test results indicates that it is phloem
39. Four radial vascular bundles are found in sap
(a) Dicot root (b) Monocot root (a) Acidic (b) alkaline
(c) Dicot stem (d) Monocot stem (c) low refractive index (d) absence of sugar
40. During anaerobic digestion of organic waste 45. Given below is the representation of a type of
such as in producing biogas, which one of the chromosomal mutation. What is the type of
following is left undegraded? mutation represented ?
(a) Hemicellulose (b) Cellulose
(c) Lipids (d) Lignin
41.The structures that are formed by stacking of
organized flattened membranous sacs in the
chloroplasts are (a) Deletion
(a) Grana (b) Stroma lamellae (b) Duplication
(c) Stroma (d) Cristae (c) Inversion
(d) Reciprocal translocation

28
 Biology Times April 18

ZOOLOGY

1. The famous botanical garden “ kew” is located Select the correct statement regarding this.
in (a) In E, clamp connections occur between
(a) India (b) England adjacent cells whereas, in D clamp connections
(c) Germany (d) France do not occur.
2. Consider the organisms mentioned and select the (b) In A, sexual reproduction occurs by
number of heterotrophs gametangial contact in which the male sex
(a) Five (b) Four organ transfers its products into oogonium
(c) Three (d) Two through a fertilisation tube.
3. Whipworm feeds on (c) In B, zygospore gives rise to new mycelium
(a) Blood meal (b) Digested food directly.
(c) Undigested food (d)Semidigested food (d) In C, the mode of asexual reproduction is
4. Earthworms have no skeleton but during through the formation of motile conidia.
burrowing the anterior end becomes turgid and 7. Identify the set of structures that present in the
acts as a hydraulic skeleton. It is due to: same segment of Pheretima.
(AIPMT 2008) (a) Seminal vesicles and prostate glands
(a) Setae (b) Blood (b) Accessory glands and genital papillae
(c) Coelomic fluid (d) Gut peristalsis (c) Lymph gland and blood glands
5. Which of the following organism undergoes (d) Oviducal funnels and female gonopore
rapid multiplication that they make the sea appear 8. Assertion : Earthworm show cross-fertilisation.
red? Reason : Earthworm is hermaphrodite
(a) Diatoms (b) Gonyaulax (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
(c) Desmids (d) Entamoeba Reason is the correct explanation for
6. Study the given classification table of fungi. Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but
Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false
9. Which of the following is correctly stated as it
happens in the common cockroach?
(AIPMT 2011)
(a) The food is ground by mandibles and gizzard
(b) Malphigian tubules are excretory organ

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Biology Times April 18

projecting out from Colon 15. Which one of the following is a sesmoid bone?
(c) Oxygen is transported by haemoglobin in (a) Os falciparum (b) patella
blood (c) sternum (d) Both (a) and (c)
(d) Nitrogenous excretory product is urea 16. Which of the following pairs of animals comprises
10. Which one causes parasitic castration in crab? jawless fishes?
(a) Sacculina (b) Spongilla (a) Mackerels and Rohu
(c) Adamsia (d) None of the above (b) Lampreys and Hag fishes
11. A small, isolated population is more likely to (c) Guppies and Hag fishes
undergo speciation than a large population (d) Lampreys and Eels
because a small population 17. Assertion : Evolutionary trend is continuous
(a) is more affected by genetic drift and natural changes of character in a lineage
selection Reason : Lineage is an evolutionary sequence
(b) contains relatively more genetic diversity arranged in linear order
(c) is more susceptible to gene flow (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
(d) has a higher mutation rate. Reason is the correct explanation for
12. Match the following list of revolutions with Assertion.
concerned sector in India: (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Column I Column II Reason is not the correct explanation for
A. Green revolution 1. Crop improvement Assertion.
B. White revolution 2. Dairy improvement (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
C. Blue revolution 3. Fish production (d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
D. Yellow revolution 4. Oil seed production 18. What does “A” indicate in the given diagram,
(a) A - 1, B - 2, C - 4, D - 3 and what is the function of the labelled region?
(b) A - 1, B - 2, C - 3, D - 4
(c) A - 2, B - 1, C - 3, D - 4
(d) A - 4, B - 3, C - 1, D - 2
13. Mandible bone of lower jaw articulated with
which of the following cranial bone ?
(a) Sphenoid
(b) Temporal bone
(c) Occipital bone
(d) Both Temporal and Occipital
14. Identify the diagram shown below:

(a) Thyroid; More Secretion decreases BMR

(b) Parathyroid; regulate Ca+ level in blood
(c) Thyroid; regulate BMR
(d) Parathyroid; regulate BMR
19. Which blood vessel takes blood away from
kidney?
(a) Renal portal vein
(b) Renal vein
(c) Afferent arteriole
(d) Efferent arteriole
20. Hepatic portal system is present in:
(a) Reptiles (b) Birds
(c) Mammals (d) All of these
(a) Thallus (b) Prothallus 21. Following figure represent worm that cause
(c) Callus (d) Mass of tissue Ascariasis.

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 Biology Times April 18

Identify the name of the worm and also mention Reason: The loop of Henle creates sodium
part of the human body that gets affected. gradient in the interstitial fluid from the renal
medulla to renal cortex.
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
(b) If both A and R are true but R is not the
correct explanation of A
(c) If A is true but R is false
(d) If both A and R are false
28. Which one of the following groups includes all
sexually transmitted diseases?
(a) Gonorrhoea, hepatitis- B chlamydiasis
(b) Hepatitis-B, haemophilia, AIDS
(c) HIV, malaria, trichomoniasis
(d) AIDS, syphilis, cholera
29. The cell mediated immunity inside the human
(a) Ascaris lumbricoides, Intestine body is carried out by (AIPMT 2013)
(b) Filaria bancrofti, liver (a) T-Lymphocytes (b) B- Lymphocyes
(c) Tape worm, intestine (c) Thrombocytes (d) Erythrocytes
(d) Ring worm, intestine 30. In humans, blood passes from the post caval to
22. The chitinous exoskeleton of arthropods is the diastolic right atrium of heart due to
formed by the polymerization of (a) Stimulation of sino auricular node
(a) N-acetyl glucosamine (b) Pressure difference between the post caval
(b) Lipoglycans and atrium
(c) Keratin sulphate chondroitin sulphate (c) Pushing open of the venous valves
(d) D-glucosamine (d) Suction pull
23. Which option shows correct path of Libido 31. Specific part of hypothalamus responsible for
expression? physiological sweat secretion is
(a) Leydig’s cells → Androgen → sympathetic (a) Supra-optic nucleus
nervous system → Libido (b) Para ventricular nucleus
(b) Androgen → Leydig’s cell → PNS → Libido (c) Pars distalis
(c) Leydig’s cell → Androgen → CNS → Libido (d) Median eminence
(d) Epithelial cells and seminiferous tubule → 32.The process of Amniocentesis involves analysis
Androgen→ CNS → Libido of
24. Which cartilage is present at the end of the long (a) Amnion
bone? (AIPMT 2002) (b) Body fluids of amniotes
(a) hyaline cartilage (b) calciferous cartilage (c) Amino acids of protein
(c) elastic cartilage (d) fibrous cartilage (d) Amniotic fluid
25. The sensation of fatigue in the muscles after 33. Identify the parts of lacrimal system of human
prolonged strenuous physical work, is caused by eye.
(a) accumulation of lactic acid
(b) deletion of glucose
(c) minor wear and tear of muscle
(d) a decrease in the supply of oxygen
26. PCO2 released from the body is about
(a) 15% (b) 23%
(c) 30% (d) 70%
27. Assertion: In the collecting duct, the final
reabsorption of water from the urine into the (a) 1-Lacrimal Gland, 3-Lacrimal Sac, 5-Inferior
blood results in hyperosmotic urine. Canaliculus

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Biology Times April 18

(b) 2-Lacrimal Duct, 3-Lacrimal Gland, 4-Plica Reason: Kwashiorkor is due to deficiency of only
Semilunaris proteins but no edema occurs.
(c) 2-Lacrimal Sac, 3-Naso-Lacrimal Duct, 5- (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct
Inferior Canaliculus and Reason is the correct explanation for
(d) 3- Lacrimal Duct, 4-Naso-Lacrimal Duct, Assertion.
5-Plica Semilunaris (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
34. Match the hormones with their functions Reason is not the correct explanation for
Column I Column II Assertion.
A. Oxytocin 1. implantation and (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
maintenance of pregnancy (d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
B. Prolactin 2. Reabsorption of water 40. Lipids differ from other large biomolecules in
C. LH 3. stimulates ovulation that they:
D. Progesterone 4. lactation after childbirth (a) Are much larger
5. uterine contraction during (b) Are not true polymers
labour (c) Does not contain carbon
(a) A-5, B-4, C-3, D-1 (d) Do not have specific shapes
(b) A-1, B-3, C-5, D-2 41. This is common passage for bile and pancreatic
(c) A-4, B-5, C-3, D-1 juices:
(d) A-3, B-1, C-5, D-2 (a) Ampulla of Vater (b) Duct of Wirsung
35. One major side effect of smoking marijuana is: (c) Duct of Santorini (d) Ductus Choledochus
(a) Fever (b) Long-term memory 42. What is the most common manifestation of
(c) Anxiety (d) Chills pulmonary disease in HIV infected patients ?
36. The principle nitrogenous excretory compound in a) Pneumonia b) Carcinoma
humans is synthesised c) Bronchiectasis d) Asthma
(a) in Kidneys but eliminated mostly through 43. Organ of ruffini is sensitive to
liver (a) Cold
(b) in kidneys as well as eliminated by kidneys (b) Pressure
(c) in liver and also eliminated by the same (c) Touch
through bile (d) Heat
(d) in the liver but eliminated mostly through 44. Read the following statements
kidney I. Fungal Hyphae do the work of root hairs
37. If for some reason our goblet cells are non- II. In Pinus roots , fungal hyphae are mainly
functional, this will adversely affect: external forming a wooly covering on outer
(a) Production of somatostatin surface
(b) Secretion of sebum from the sebaceous glands (a) Both I and II are incorrect
(c) Maturation of sperms (b) Only I is correct
(d) Smooth movement of food down the intestine. (c) Both I and II are correct
38. Two molecules are joined together to form a (d) Only II is correct
new and larger molecule by a chemical reaction 45. The diversity in the type of beaks of finches
called: adapted to different feeding habits on Galapagos
(a) Exchange reaction islands as observed by Darwin , provides evidence
(b) Synthetic reaction for
(c) Reversible reaction (a) Interspecific competition
(d) Oxidation- reduction reaction (b) Origin of species by natural selection
39. Assertion: Marasmus is due to deficiency of (c) Origin of species by mutation
proteins and energy and is characterized by (d) Intraspecific competition
edema.

32

CELL-THE UNIT OF LIFE
Introduction
Cell is often called building blocks of life or
structural and functional unit of life. Cell is the
basic unit of life. There is a varied diversity in
form and structure of cell among the organisms,
but the basic plan of cell structure is common to
all.
Discovery of cell
• Robert Hooke first observed the cell in a section • Cytoplasm has a specialized surface boundary
of bottle cork. he observed box like structures
and named it as “cell”(In Latin, cella means
hollow space or compartments).
• The cell which Robert Hooke observed were not
living cells due to the absence of protoplasm but
cell that were once living.
• Anton von Leeuwenhoek observed and described
live cells(presence of protoplasm) .
Cell Theory
• The cell theory was proposed in 1839 by German
Botanist Matthias Schleiden and a German
Zoologist Theodar Schwann.
• Schleiden made observations on plant cells. He
observed that plants are made of different kind
of cells with cell wall which form tissues in
plants.
• Schwann made his observations on animal cells
and reported that the animal cells were bound by
a thin layer called as plasma membrane. He also
observed plant cells and concluded that it was
composed of cell walls.
• In 1855, Rudolph Virchow extended the cell
theory when he referred to origin of new cells
from pre-existing cells .
Biology Times April 18
Cell theory is stated as follows :
• All living organisms are composed of cells
• Cells are site for all metabolic activities
• New cells arise from pre-existing cells by a
process of cell division
• Cells contain hereditary material.
Characteristics of cells:
• Cells have two components i.e., Cytoplasm and
nucleus.
called a plasma membrane.
• In plant cell, there is an additional cover outside
the plasma membrane called as cell wall.
• Cytoplasm fills the space between the nucleus
and plasma membrane.
• Cytoplasm contains chemicals necessary for
metabolism of the cell.
• Nucleus of the cell contains genetic material.
If nucleus are bound by nuclear envelope then
those cells are called eukaryotic cells. If the
cells are not bound by nuclear envelope then
those are called as prokaryotic cells.
• Cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cells contain
membrane bound organelles. In both prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cell, organelle that are not bound
by membrane is also present. i.e ribosome.
Diversity in cell size and shape
• Cell size: Prokaryotic cells measure 0.1 to 5.0
µm .
• Cells from multicellular eukaryotes range from
20 to 30 µm.
• Human red blood cells is 7.5 µm in diameter.
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Biology Times April 18

Cell shape: Animal cells exist in a greater variety of shapes and sizes than plant cells.
• Bone cells are irregular, Muscle cells are elongated and spindle shaped.
• Epithelial cells are either flattened or pillar like, Muscle cells are spindle-shaped and red blood cells are
spherical and biconcave in shape.
• Shape of the cell vary with the function they perform.

Structure of a cell:
• Cell of living organisms includes protoplasm bound by a cell membrane.
• Cytoplasm and nucleus together forms protoplasm of a cell.
• Cytoplasm will have cell organelles. It will be both membrane-bound organelles and non-membrane
bound organelles.
Based on the nature of nucleus, cells are of 2 types
i. Prokaryotic cell ii. Eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cell
• Prokaryotic cells have primitive or incipient nucleus, or they lack nuclear membrane.
• In prokaryotes, nuclear material is dispersed in cytoplasm. The genetic material is naked, not enveloped
by nuclear membrane.
• In addition to the genomic DNA, many bacteria have small double stranded circular DNA, self replicating
units outside the genomic DNA called as Plasmids.

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 Biology Times April 18

• Thick and tough glycocalyx is called capsule.

• Loose sheath of glycocalyx is called slime- layer.

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Biology Times April 18

• Prokaryotes have specialised form of cell membrane called as Mesosomes. They are infoldings of cell
membrane which contain respiratory enzymes like oxidases, dehydrogenases which help in respiration.
• In Cyanobacteria, there are other membrane extensions into cytoplasm called chromatophores.
• In prokaryotes, ribosomes are made up of 2 subunits – 50s and 30s units which are present together form
70s type.
• Prokaryotes are represented by bacteria, blue –green algae, Mycoplasma or PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia like
organisms) .
• Bacteria can be classified into 2 groups depending on the basis of differences in cell envelope i.e., Gram
positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria.

Gram Staining
• Gram staining is a technique which is used to stain bacteria. This technique was developed by Christian
Gram in 1884.
• The stain used in gram staining is called Gram stain. Chemically gram stain is a alkaline solution of
crystal violet or gentian violet.
• First the bacteria is stained with crystal violet or gentian violet. Then the bacterial cells are treated with
iodine solution and washed with alcohol (destaining solution )
• Bacteria which retains the colour of the stain are called Gram Positive bacteria. Example: Streptococcus,
Lactobacillus.
• Thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell walls of gram positive bacteria retains the stain after it is washed
away from the rest of the sample in the decolurisation stage of the test.
• Bacteria which lose the colour of the stain are called Gram negative bacteria. Example: Rhizobium ,
Escherichia coli.
• Gram negative bacteria are stained with safranin or fuchsin for observation under microscope.
• Gram-negative bacteria cannot retain the violet stain after the decolourisation step, because the alcohol
used in this stage degrades the outer membrane of these type of cells, making the cell wall more porous
and incapable of retaining the stain. Their peptidoglycan layer is much thinner and sandwiched between an
inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane, causing them to take up the counter stain (safranin or
fuchsine) and appear red or pink.

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 Biology Times April 18

Mesokaryotic cell
• Mesokaryotic type of cell is present in the
members of algal class Dinophyceae .
• These cells are like eukaryotic but lack histone
proteins in their chromosomes like that of
prokaryotic cells.
Ex: Dinophysis

Eukaryotic cell
• Eukaryotes have well-defined nucleus with
membrane-bound organelles.
• Eukaryotes nucleus have basic histone proteins
which is present in nucleus.
• Eukaryotes includes Algae, protists, fungi, plants
and animals.
• All eukaryotes are not identical. Plants and
animal cells are different as the former possess
cell walls, plastids, and a large central vacoule
which are absent in animal cells.
• Animal cells have Centrioles which are almost
absent in all plant cells.
Inclusion bodies :
Reserve material in prokaryotic cells are stored
in the cytoplasm in the form of inclusion bodies.
These are non
membranous and lie freely in the cytoplasm.
Ex : Phosphate granules, cyanophcean granules
and glycogen granules gas vacuoles are found in
blue green and purple and green photosynthetic
bacteria.

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Biology Times April 18

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 Biology Times April 18

BOTANY

1. A cross that involves two different genera is
called
(a) Monohybrid cross (b) Intergeneric cross
(c) Interspecific cross (d) None of the above
2. Assertion: Adiantum caudatum is a walking fern.
Reason: Adiantum grows vegetatively by their
leaf tips
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
reason is correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true and reason is true
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
3. Organelle playing an active part in cell division is
called as
(a) Centriole (b) Chromatin
(c) Nucleus (d) Nucleolus
4. Arrange the following ecosystems in increasing
order of their mean NPP (tons/ha/year)
1. Temperate coniferous forest
2. Temperate deciduous forest
3. Tropical deciduous forest
4. Tropical rain forest
(a) 1 < 2< 3 < 4 (b) 2< 3< 1< 4
(c) 1 < 4 < 2 < 4 (d) 2 < 1 < 4 < 3
5. Genetic code translates the language of
(a) proteins into that of RNA
(b) amino acids into that of RNA
(c) RNA into that of proteins I. To study-how gene are regulated and how
(d) RNA into that of DNA
6. Assertion: All endonucleases cut DNA at specific
sites
Reason: Endonucleases are found in viruses
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true and but
Reason is not correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
7. Sclerenchyma cells are mostly
(a) Living cells (b) dead cells
(c) part of xylem vessels (d) part of pericycle
8. Formation of flocs means
(a) Association of virus with the bacterial
remains in water
(b) Bacteria which associated with the
mycorrhiza of the fungus of water
(c) Bacteria which associated with the
mycorrhiza of the fungus of water
(d) Bacteria which associated with the solid
waste of the water
9. Chlorophyll b is
(a) C54H70O6N4Mg
(b) C55H72O5N4Mg
(c) C55H70O6N4Mg
(d) C46H72O5N4Mg
10. Which is dominant in desert
(a) Hyla (b) Leopard
(c) Tiger (d) Lizard
11.Transgenic animals are produced for which of the
following purposes?
they affect the normal functions of body and its
development
II. To study of diseases

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Biology Times April 18
III. To obtain useful biological product
IV. To test vaccine safety and chemical safety
(a) All the above (b) I and IV
(c) II and IV (d) Only I
12. In plants capillarity is aided by the
(a) Small diameter of tracheids
(b) Large diameter of the tracheids
(c) Small diameter of the vessel elements
(d) Both A and C
13. Ammonium sulphate is a
(a) Enzyme (b) Fertilizer
(c) Weed killer (d) Pesticide
14. Find the odd one w.r.t short day plants (SDP)
(a) Chrysanthemum (b) Radish
(c) Xanthium (d) Sugarcane
15. Choose correct statement about bryophytes
(a) They are xerophytes
(b) Sex organs in bryophytes are unicellular
(c) Marchantia is a homothallic plant
(d) Acrocarpus, solitary sporangia are found in
Funaria
16. A bisexual flower which always remains close is
(a) Chasmogamous (b) Cleistogamous
(c) Dichogamous (d) Geitonogamous
17. Heterozygous purple flower is crossed with 8-permease
recessive white flower. The progeny has the ratio :
(a) All white
(b) All purple
(c) 75% purple and 25% white
(d) 50% purple and 50% white
18. The largest leaf belongs to
(a) Nerium (b) Tobacco
(c) Victoria/ Musa (d) Rafflesia
19.Assertion: The arrangement of axonemal
microtubules in ilia or flagella is called 9+2 array.
Reason: The axoneme usually has nine pairs or
doublet and pair of centrally located microtubules.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
reason is correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true and reason is true
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
20.Which of the following statements regarding food
chain is false?
(a) Primary consumers belong to the first trophic (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
level
(b) The detritus food chain begins with dead
organic matter.
40
(c) In terrestrial ecosystems, a large fraction of
energy flows through detritus food chain.
(d) In an aquatic ecosystem, grazing food chain
is the major conduit for energy flow.
21.Given is a Lac operon. Choose the correct labeling.
(a) 1-operator, 2- inducer, 3-Lac Z, 4-Lac-Y,
5-Lac-A, 6- β-galactosidase, 7- permease,
8-transacetylase
(b) 1-operator, 2-promoter, 3-Lac-Z, 4-Lac-Y,
5-Lac-A, 6- β -galactosidase, 7-permease,
8-transacetylase
(c) 1-inducer, 2-promoter, 3-Lac-A, 4-Lac-Y,
5- Lac Z, 6-transacetylase, 7- transacetylase,
8-permease
(d) 1-inducer, 2-operator, 3-Lac-Z, 4-Lac-Y,
5-Lac A, 6-β-galactosidase, 7- transacetylase,
22. Which vector can clone only a small fragment of
DNA?
(a) Cosmid
(b) Plasmid
(c) Bacterial artificial chromosome
(d) Yeast artificial chromosome
23.Which of the following is responsible for the
growth in circumference or girth of stem of stem
and roots of plants
(a) Xylem (b) phloem
(c) cortex (d) cambium
24. Assertion: Bioactive molecule Cyclosporin A is
obtained from Trichoderma polysporum.
Reason: It is antifungal, anti-inflammatory and
immunosuppressive drug.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
reason is correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true and reason is true
25. Steps in non-cyclic photophosphorylation include
passage of electrons along
(a) FRS → FD → Cyt b6 → Cyt f → PC → Chl a
 Biology Times April 18

(b) Chl a → Cyt b6 → Cyt f → PD → PSI → Assertion.

FRD → FD (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but
(c) Chl a → PQ → Cyt66 → Cyt f → PC → PS I Reason is not the correct explanation for
→ FRS → FD Assertion.
(d) PQ → Cytb6 → Cytf → PC → PSI → FRS (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false
→ FD
26. The size of population is not a specific parameter. 31. Which of the following is an unique feature to
It keeps changing in time, depending on various
factors including
(a) Food availability (b) Predation pressure (b) Megasporangium is sorrunded by a
(c) Adverse weather (d) All the above
27. Assertion: Monoclonal antibodies are useful for
immune suppression during organ transplantation.
Reason: Monoclonal antibodies are highly
specific for specific antigens.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but
Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false
28. Which process is observed in the diagram
(a) Imbibition (b) Plasmolysis
(c) Osmosis (d) Exosmosis
29. Nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium occurs inside
(a) Soil
(b) Rhizosphere association
(c) Fuller association
(d) Nodulated roots
30. Assertion: Due to environment, the difference
in shapes of leaves produced in air and those
produced in water in buttercup represent the
heterophyllous development.
Reason: The phenomenon of heterophylly is an
example of plasticity.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
Reason is the correct explanation for
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false
flowering plants?
(a) Non-flagellated sperms
protective envelope called integuments
(c) Haploid endosperm
(d) Secondary xylem
32. Chasmogamy refers to the condition where
(a) Flowers remain closed
(b) Flowers absent
(c) Flowers gamopetalous
(d) Flowers open
33. Skin colour inheritance in man is:
(a) epistasis (b) sex-linked
(c) monogenic (d) polygenic
34. Insectivorous plants usually grow in soil which
are deficient in
(a) Nitrogen/nitrate (b) Water
(c) Organic matter (d) Ca/Mg
35. In Anaphase I, ___________ are pulled apart
(a) Centromere (b) Kinetochore
(c) Chiasmata (d) Centrioles
36. Match the following
Column I Column II
A. Population (1) Part of the earth consisting
of all the ecosystems of the world
B. Community (2) Assemblage of all the
individuals belonging todifferent
species occurring in an area
C. Ecosystem (3) Group of similar individuals
belonging to the same species,
found in an area
D. Ecosphere (4) Interaction between the living
organisms and their physical
Environment
(a)A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1 (b) A- 4, B-3, C-2, D-1
(c) A- 3. B-1, C-4, D-2 (d) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
37. Gene regulation governing lactose operon of
E.coli that involves the lac I gene product is
(a) Negative and repressible because repressor
protein prevents transcription
(b) Feedback inhibition because excess of
a-galactosidase can switch off transcription
(c) Negative and inducible because repressor
protein prevents transcription

41
Biology Times April 18

(d) Positive and inducible because it can be (c) rN/dN = dt. (d) dN/dt = rN
induced by lactose 43. Golden rice is a transgenic crop of the future with
38. To prevent recirculation of vector DNA and the following improved trait
to increase the frequency of production of (a) high lysine (essential amino acid) content
recombinant DNA technology (b) insect resistance
(a) Alkaline phosphates are used (c) high protein content
(b) Acid phosphates are used (d) high vitamin A content
(c) Reverse transcriptase is used 44. Which of the following is an effective adaptation
(d) All of them can be used for better gas exchange in plants
39. Angiosperms have (a) Presence of multiple epidermis
(a) Tracheids only (b) vessels absent (b) presence of hair on the lower epidermis
(c) vessels present (d) sieve tubes absent (c) presence of waxy cuticle covering the
40. Assertion: VAM is a endomycorrhizae. epidermis of the leaves
Reason: It increases water absorption in host (d) the location of stomata primarily on the
plant. lower surface of the leaf, the side turned
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and away from the direct sun rays
reason is correct explanation of assertion. 45. Genetic identity of a human male is determined
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true and by
reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion.
(c) Assertion is true and reason is true
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
41. Match the column
Column I Column II
A. Bacteria and fungi i. Palisade and spongy
mesophyll
B. Chloroplast ii. decomposers
C. oxygen and water iii. by product
D. glucose iv. end products
(a) A-ii; B-i; C-iii; D-iv.
(b) B- i; A-ii; C-iii; D-iv
(c) A- i; B-ii; D-iii; C-iv
(d) D- i; C-ii; B-iii; A-iv (a) Autosomes (b) Nucleolus
42.The formula for exponential population growth is (c) Cell Organelles (d) Sex Chromosomes
(a) dt/dN = rN. (b) dN/rN = dt.

42
 Biology Times April 18

ZOOLOGY

1. Systematics is useful in agriculture because it (a) Predation and chemoautotrophic

aids in (b) Parasitism and commensalism
(a) Evolution of new plants (c) Predation and parasitic
(b) Plant protection (d) Predation and Holotypic
(c) Identification of plant pathogen,parasite or 7. Match the following
pest Column I Column II
(d) complete study of plant A. Hermaphrodite 1. Produces blood cells
2. Read the following statements regarding gram and haemoglobin
negative bacteria B. Direct development 2. Testis and ovary in
I. Sensitive to Penicillin same animal
II. Teichoic acid is present C. Chemoreceptor 3. Larval form absent
III. Lipid contents in cellwall is 20 -30% D. Blood gland in 4. Sense of chemical
IV. Gives negative test with gram stain earthworm substances
Choose the incorrect option A B C D
(a) I and II (b) Only II (a) 3 2 1 4
(c) Only I (d) III, IV and V (b) 1 4 3 2
3. Find the incorrect pair. (c) 4 3 2 1
(a) Aedes-yellow fever (b) Culex-malaria (d) 2 3 4 1
(c) Xenopsylla-plague (d) Pediculus-typhus 8. Pheretima posthuma is highly useful as
4. Chloragogen cells of earthworms are analogous (a) their burrows make the soil loose
to vertebrate (b) they make the soil porous , leave their
(a) Gut (b) Kidneys castings and take organic debris in the soil
(c) Lungs (d) Liver (c) they kill the birds due to biomagnification of
5. Which of the following is capable of switching chlorinated hydrocarbons
over to anaerobic mode to get energy to its (d) they are used as fish meal
survival ? 9. Large pectoral fins inserted dorsally and powerful
(a) Facultative aerobes like Chlorobium tail occur in
(b) Facultative anaerobes like Pseudomonas (a) Anabas (b) Exocoetus
(c) Facultative aerobes like Clostridium (c) Trygon (d) Remora
Botulinum 10. Which of these belongs to class Hexactinellida
(d) Obligate anaerobe like Bacillus subtilis (a) Leucosolenia (b) Grantia
6. The mode of nutrition in protists group as a (c) Spongilla (d) Euplectella
known primitive relative of multicellular animals
is

43
Biology Times April 18

11. Which of the following is correct? (d) social insects

(a) Immigration is the migration of individuals 18. Mammalian bone differs from cartilage in the
into an area presence of
(b) Gene flow cannot alter the genetic A. Bidirectional growth B. Haversian canals
characteristics of populations C. lacuna D. Collagen fibres
(c) Emigration is the migration of individuals out (a) A and B (b) C and D
of an area (c) B and D (d) Only D
(d) Migration is the movement of individuals 19. In ureotelic animals, urea is formed by
from a population to another population. (a) Corl’s cycle (b) Kreb cycle
12. Select the correct statement with respect to (c) Ornithine cycle (d) EMP pathway
diseases and immunisation. 20.Which of the following is the largest lymphatic
(a) injection of dead/inactivated pathogens vessel of the human body?
causes passive immunity. (a) Lacteal duct (b) Thoracic duct
(b) Certain protozoans have been used in mass (c) Cisterna chyle (d) Right lymphatic duct
production of hepatitis B vaccine. 21. Which disease is not transmitted through
(c) injection of snake antivenom against snake placenta:-
bite is an example of active immunisation. (a) Hepatitis-A (b) Hepatitis-B
(d) if due to some reason B and T lymphocytes (c) AIDS (d) Syphilis
are damaged, the body will not produce 22. Which of the following ranks the molecules in a
antibodies against a pathogen. correct order by size?
13. Choose the correct option (a) Protein -> water -> glucose ->sucrose
Bones Joints (b) Water -> protein -> sucrose -> glucose
(a) Atlas and axis Hinge Joint (c) Protein -> sucrose -> glucose ->water
(b) Between phalanges Hinge (d) Water ->sucrose -> glucose->protein
(c) Femur and Acetabulu Pivot 23. Assertion: In the insects Juvenile hormone is
(d) Between cranial bone Saddle secreted.
14. The main purpose of using UV-Radiations in Reason: It causes retention of nymph
Plant tissue culture. characters and checks the appearance of
(a) Mutation (b) Disinfection adult features.
(c) Alkylation (d) Autoclaving (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
15. Four healthy people in their twenties got involved Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
in injuries resulting in damage and death of few (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true and but
cells of the following . Which of the cells are least Reason is not correct explanation of Assertion.
likely to be replaced by new cells? (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(a) Liver cells (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
(b) Neurons 24. Study the given table and identify how many
(c) Malpighian layer of the skin joints are correctly matched ?
(d) Osteocytes List I List II
16. Significance of ‘heat shock’ method in bacterial A. Gliding joint Between the carpals
transformation is to facilitate B. Cartilaginous joint Between the adjacent
(a) uptake of DNA through transient pores in the vertebrae
bacterial cell wall C. Pivot joint Between atlas and axis
(b) expression of antibiotic resistance gene. D. Hinge joint Knee joint
(c) binding of DNA to the cell wall E. Fibrous joint Between skull bones
(d) uptake of DNA through membrane transport F. Ball and socket joint Between humerus
proteins and pectoral girdle
17. Praying mantis is a good example of (a) Two (b) Four
(a) camouflage (c) Five (d) Six
(b) mullerian mimicry 25. Which of the following statements about the
(c) warning colouration molecular arrangement of actin and myosin in
myofibrils is false ?

44
 Biology Times April 18

I. Each actin (thin filament) is made of 2F 34. Which one of the following pairs of organs
(filamentous) actins includes only the endocrine glands?
II. F-actin is the polymer of G (globular) actin. (a) Thymus and testes
III. 2F-actins are twisted into a helix. (b) Adrenal and ovary
IV. Two strands of tropomyosin (protein) lie in (c) Parathyroid and adrenal
the grooves of F-actin. (d) Pancreas and parathyroid
V. Troponin molecules (complex proteins) are 35. Carcinoma refers to
distributed at regular intervals on the (a) Malignant tumours of the connective tissue
tropomyosin (b) Malignant tumour of the skin or mucous
VI. Troponin forms the head of the myosin membrane
molecule (c) Malignant tumour of the colon
VII. The myosin is a polymerised protein (d) Benign tumours of the connective tissue
(a) I, III, VII (b) Only VII 36. In the kidney the correct sequence of formation of
(c) Only VI (d) Only III urine involves the following processes:
26. Pneumotaxic centre is present in (a) glomerular filtration, reabsorption, tubular
(a) Pons (b) Medulla secretion
(c) Cerebrum (d) Lungs (b) reabsorption, filtration, secretion
27. The organ that collects and stores urine excreted (c) filtration, secretion, reabsorption
by the kidneys before it is disposed of by urination. (d) reabsorption, secretion, filtration
(a) Urethra (b) Nephron 37. Assertion: Products of digestion are absorbed in
(c) Bladder (d) Ureter the small intestine.
28. A sexually transmitted disease symptomised by Reason: Large intestine has impermeable wall.
the development of chancre on the genitals is (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct
caused by the infection of and Reason is the correct explanation for
(a) hepatitis B virus Assertion.
(b) humanimmunodeficiency virus (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
(c) Neisseria gonorrhoeae Reason is not the correct explanation for
(d) Treponema pallidum Assertion.
29. Which is involved in body defense? (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(a) Neutrophils (b) Macrophages (d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
(c) Lymphocytes (d) All the above 38. Which of the following is a constituent of
30. Persons suffering from high blood pressure polysaccharides:
should take the following precautions to avoid (a) Cartilage (b) Glucosamine
excessive rise in their blood pressure: (c) Ascorbic acid (d) Glucuronic acid
(a) Avoid standing 39. Which one of the following amino acids is
(b) Increasing their weight considered semi-indispensable for human
(c) Sleep as much as possible nutrition?
(d) Avoid emotional disturbance and excitement (a) Arginine (b) Leucine
31. Reflex action is controlled by (c) Aspartic acid (d) Glutamic acid
(a) Central nervous system 40. The ‘Protoplasm theory’ was formulated by:
(b) Peripheral nervous system (a) Max Schultze (b) Felix Dujardin
(c) Autonomic nervous system (c) Hugo von Mohl (d) Rudolf Virchow
(d) None of these 41. Digestion is defined as conversion of:
32. Saheli a contraceptive pill was developed by (a) Nondiffusible food elements into diffusible
a) IICB, Kolkata b) AIIMS, Delhi constituents
c) IISC, Bangalore d) CDRI, Lucknow (b) Large food particles into smaller ones
33. The most abundant intracellular cation is (c) Soluble food into protoplasm
(a) H+ (b) K+ (d) Starch into glycogen
(c) Na +
(d) Ca++ 42. All are autoimmune disease except
(a) Rheumatoid arthritis

45
Biology Times April 18
(b) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
(c) Amoebiasis
(d) Systemic lupus erythematosus
43. Which of these is a conditioned reflex?
(a) Cycling
(b) Watering of mouth at the smell of food
(c) Withdrawal of hand on touching a hot plate
(d) Flowing of tears while peeling and cutting (a) It tells about the natural selection
onions
44. Read the following pair :-
(I) Diatoms-haploid body
(II) Dinoflagellates-water bloom
46
(III) Slime moulds -decomposer nature
(IV) Euglenoids-some time behave like predator
(V) Protozoa-Unicellular prokaryotes
Choose the correct option :-
(a) I, II, III, IV (b) II, III, IV, V
(c) II, III, IV (d) I, III, IV, V
45. Darwins theory gets recognition because
(b) It tells about the survival of the fittest
(c) It is logical sequence of events that should
have occurred
(d) It was proposed by an intellectual of his time.
 Biology Times April 18

By: KEZIA THEIOPHILLUS

(Green Park International School, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu)

BIODIVERSITY & CONSERVATION

1. Biodiversity of invertebrates: 3. Biodiversity of Plants:

2. Biodiversity of vertebrates:

4.

5.

47
Biology Times April 18

For example:

6. Biodiversity in Amazon rain forest:

7. Some examples of recent extinctions:

Daddy went to Mauritius Quiet After The Australians Saw Sea cow Rushing
Dodo - Mauritius Quagga - Africa Thylacine-Australia Sea cow-Russia
8. Presently the following species face the threat of extinction:
12% - of all bird species
23% - of all mammal species
32% - of all amphibian species
31% - of all gymnosperms
Nearly 700 species - extinct in recent times

9.

10.

Of all named species, > 70% are animals, of which 70% are insects.

48
 Biology Times April 18

BOTANY

1. When dominant and recessive alleles express

(c) Methane (d) Ethane
themselves together , it is called
9. Primary and secondary processes of
(a) Pseudodominance (b) Dominance
Photosynthesis takes place in ______ and ______
(c) Codominance (d) Amphidominance
respectively.
2. Which of the following represents the edible part
(a) Stroma and grana
of the fruit of litchi?
(b) Stroma and lamellae
(a) Juicy aril (b) Pericarp
(c) Thylakoid and quantasome
(c) Mesocarp (d) Endocarp
(d) Grana and stroma
3. Which of the following statements regarding cilia
10. In hydrophytes the stem is weak due to
is incorrect?
(a) Absence of xylem
(a) Cilia contain an outer ring of nine doublet
(b) absence of phloem
microtubules sorrunding 9 singlet
(c) underdeveloped supporting tissue
microtubules.
(d) overdeveloped supporting tissue
(b) The organised beating of cilia is controlled
11. Ti plasmid is often used to make transgenic plants.
by fluxes of Ca2+ across the membrane
This plasmid is found in
(c) Cilia are hair like cellular appendages
(a) Agrobacterium (b) Bacillus thuringiensis
(d) Microtubules of cilia are composed of tubulin.
(c) Azotobacter (d) Yeast
4. In an ecosystem, which one shows one way
12. Read the following statements and find out the
passage?
incorrect statement
(a) Potassium (b) Carbon
(a) The apoplast does not provide any barrier to
(c) Free energy (d) Oxygen
water movement is through mass flow
5. One gene -one enzyme hypothesis was proposed
(b) Symplast movement is relatively slower
by
(c) Cytoplasmic streaming is observed in cells
(a) Beadle and Tautum (b) Linus Pauling
of the Hydrilla leaf, the movement of
(c) V Ingram (d) Brenner
chloroplast due to streaming is easily visible
6. Which one of the following is a restriction
(d) The movement of water through the root
endonuclease?
layers is ultimately apoplastic in the
(a) DNase I (b) Protease
endodermis
(c) RNase (d) Hind II
13. What is the concentration of micronutrients in the
7. In summer, cambium
dry mass of plants per gram
(a) Is not active (b) Dies
(a) 1-10 mg (b) 0.1 mg or more than
(c) Is more active (d) Is less active
that
8. A major ingredient of gobar gas is
(c) 0.1mg (d) 10 mg or more than
(a) Butane (b) Butene
that

49
Biology Times April 18

14. Who proposed Blackmann’s law of compound (c) i) Hershey and Chase
interest ? ii) Bacteriophage and E.coli
(a) C. H Blackmann (b) P. H Blackmann (d) i) Frederick Griffith
(c) M. H Blackmann (d) V. H Blackmann ii) Mouse and S-strain bacteria
15. Find the set of features related to Equisetum 22. Match the following
i. Strobilus, ii. Stem, iii. Roots, iv. Node and Column I Column II
internode, v. Leaves, vi. Branch, vii. Rhizome A. Chitinase 1. Plant cells
(a) i, iv, vi,vii (b) i, ii, v, iv B. Cellulase 2. Bacteria
(c) i, ii, iii, vii (d) i, vii, iii, ii C. Lysozyme 3. RNA
16. From among the sets of terms given below, D. Ribonuclease 4. Fungus
identify those that are associated with gynoecium (a) A - 2, B - 3, C - 4, D - 1
(a) Stigma, ovule, embryo sac, placenta (b) A - 4, B - 1, C - 2, D - 3
(b) Thalamus, pistil, style, ovule (c) A - 1, B - 4, C - 3, D - 2
(c) Ovule, ovary, embryo sac, tapetum (d) A - 2, B - 1, C - 3, D - 4
(d) Ovule, stamen, ovary, embryo sac 23. The chief function of sieve tube element is
17. In a cross between axial and terminal flowered (a) To translocate the organic materials from
pea plants, F2 progeny show source to sink
(a) axial flowers (b) none of these (b) to conduct minerals
(c) terminal flowers (d) both (a) and (c) (c) to conduct water from roots to leaves
18. The characteristic fruit of family- Leguminosae is (d) to help the plants in forming wood
(a) Cremocarp (b) Regma 24. Wine and beer are produced directly by
(c) Siliqua (d) Legume or pod fermentation whereas brandy and whisky require
19. Chromosomes can be stained with which one of both fermentation and distillation. This is because
the following? (a) Fermentation is inhibited at an alcohol level of
(a) Janus green (b) Agent orange 10-18%
(c) Eosin (d) Acetocarmine (b) Distillation prolongs storage
20. Identify the correct formula regarding NPP and (c) Distillation improves quality
GPP (d) Distillation purifies the beverage
(a) NPP= GPP + Animal respiration 25. The enzyme that is not found in C3 plant is
(b) NPP = GPP – Plant respiration (a) RuBP carboxylase (b) NADP reductase
(c) NPP = GPP + Plant respiration (c) ATP synthase (d) PEP carboxylase
(d) NPP= GPP –Animal respiration 26. Assertion -Cherapunji in khasi hills has the
21.Who performed the following experiment as given heaviest rainfall along with teral region of
in the figure? Name the organisms with which the Himalayas
experiment was conducted. Reason – South- East monsoon strikes the
Himalayas at right angles and the vapour laden
monsoon air gets condensed and causes heavy
rainfall
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true and but
Reason is not correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
27. Which of the following companies started selling
humulin in the year1983?
(a) Eli Lily (b) GEAC
(c) Genetech (d) Syngene
28. Mass flow of water occurs due to which properties
(a) i)Avery, MacLeod and McCarty of water
ii) Bacteriophage and E.coli (a) Adhesion (b) Cohesion
(b) i) Hershey and Chase (c) Surface tension (d) both A and B
ii) Mouse and R-strain bacteria
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 Biology Times April 18

29. State deficiency symptoms of Mo. 38. In gel electrophoresis, when a gel is examined,
(a) fruit yield decreases where would smallest fragment of the DNA
(b) whiptail disease would be found?
(c) N-deficiency appears. (a) Near the top, near the negative pole
(d) death of root-apex and shoot-apex. (b) Near the middle, they tend to slow down
30. Match the phytohormones with its respective after the first few minutes
functions (c) Near the negative electrode, close to the wells
Phytohormone Functions (d) Near the positive electrode, farthest away
A. Abscisic acid i. Triple response from the wells
B. Ethylene ii.Trophic response 39. In floating aquatic plants, stomata occur on
C. Auxin iii. Morphogenesis (a) Lower surface (b) upper surface
D. Cytokinin iv. Abcission (c) both sides (d) absent
(a) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv 40. The biological control of agricultural pests, unlike
(b) A-iv, B-i, C-ii, D-iii chemical control is......................
(c) A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii (a) Very expensive (b) Polluting
(d) A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv (c) Toxic (d) self perpetuating
31. Find the correct match: 41. How many turns of Calvin cycle yield one
Column I Column II molecule of glucose (AIPMT 2000)
A. Green algae M. Volvox (a) 8 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 4
B. Brown algae N. Dictyota 42.Consider the following four conditions (I -IV) and
C. Red algae O. Polysiphonia select a correct pair of them as adaptation to
D. Blue green algae P. Nostoc environment in desert lizards Conditions:
(a) A-P, B-O, C-N, D-M I. Burrowing in soil to escape high temperature
(b) A-M, B-N, C-O, D-P II. Losing heat rapidly from the body during high
(c) A-M, B-P, C-O, D-N temperature
(d) A-O, B-N, C-M D-P III. Bask in sun when temperature is low
32. Perisperm differs from endosperm in IV. Insulating body due to thick fatty dermis
(a) Its formation by fusion of secondary nucleus (a) III ,IV (b) I,III
with several sperms (c) II,IV (d) I,II
(b) Being haploid tissue 43. Transgenic animals are those which are having
(c) Having no reserve food (a) Foreign DNA in some of its cells
(d) Being a diploid tissue (b) Foreign DNA in all its cells
33. The expressions of genes for the production of (c) Foreign RNA in all its cells
milk in only females is a (d) both (a) and (c)
(a) Sex limited genes (b) Sex influenced genes 44. Assertion : We are able to produce electricity
(c) X linked character (d) Y linked character from water fall stored water in dams
34. Major source of protein is Reason: The gravitational pull is responsible for
(a) Oryza sativa (b) Beta vulgaris conversion of potential energy of water in the
(c) Cicer arietinum form of energy which can do work.
(d) Rhizobium leguminosarum (a) If A and R both are true and R is correct
35. Genetic diversity is greatest in explanation of A
(a) Parthenogenesis (b) Sexual reproduction (b) If A and R both are true but R is not correct
(c) Asexual reproduction (d) Binary fission explanation of A
36. In an ecosystem the rate of production of organic (c) If A is correct and R is wrong
matter during photosynthesis is termed as (d) If A is wrong and R is true
(a) gross primary productivity 45. Pedigree analysis is the study of particular traits
(b) secondary productivity in
(c) net productivity (a) A several generation
(d) net primary productivity (b) Two generation only
37. Central dogma was proposed by (c) Two species
(a) Beadle and Tatum (b)Temin and Baltimore (d) Two families
(c) Crick (d) Klug
51
Biology Times April 18

EVA AITS (NEET [ZOOLOGY] -14)

13.Sol: Calcium ions bind to troponin and tropomysoin

on the actin filamentswhich changes the three
dimensional shape of the actin–troponin–
1. a 2. a 3. a 4. d 5. a tropomyosin complex, and the active site for
6. c 7. d 8. b 9. b 10. b myosin present on the actinfilament is exposed.
11. d 12. a 13. a 14. a 15. c Myosin then binds to the active site on the actin
16. b 17. a 18. a 19. d 20. c filament and forms the cross-bridge.
21. a 22. a 23. a 24. b 25. d 14. Sol: Leghorn is an improved breed of chicken;
26. c 27. b 28. b 29. c 30. b they are very good egg layers, laying around 250
31. c 32. d 33. b 34. a 35. b or more eggs per year.
36. a 37. a 38. a 39. d 40. d 16. Sol: Green revolution was the notable increase
41. c 42. b 43. d 44. c 45. d in cereal-grains production in Mexico, India,
Pakistan, Philippines and other developing
countries in the 1960’s, this resulted in introduction
of hybrid strains of wheat, rice and corn and the
adoption of modern agricultural technologies.
3.Sol: In Dugesia, the development of young ones is 18.Sol: Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle
direct i.e. no larval stages are found. stimulating hormone (FSH) are called
4.Sol: Ostrich males take care of eggs by incubating gonadotropins (GTH) because stimulate the gonads
them. - in males, the testes, and in females, the ovaries.
6.Sol: Clamp junctions occurs to separate a set of These two hormones are secreted from cells in the
nuclei . It ensures that each cell is binucleate after anterior pituitary called gonadotrophs.
sexual reproduction. Clamp junction are present in 19. Sol: In Platyhelminthes (Planaria, liverfluke and
Basidiomycetes. tapeworm) excretory organs are flame cells which
9.Sol: Hemichordata are soft-bodied, worm-like are enlarged terminal ends of capillaries arising
marine organisms which are often found in U from excretory canals. The lumen of each flame
shaped burrows on sandy or muddy sea bottoms cell has a bunch of cilia which propels urine into
and any animal that has a spinal cord is a its capillary vessel.
chordate Both chordates, and hemichordates are 20. Sol: The part of the heart propelling blood through
deuterostomes with pharyngeal gill slits and most the systemic circulation specifically: The left
have a dorsal (and sometimes hollow) nerve cord atrium and ventricle of higher vertebrates.
10. Sol: Birds are strictly oviparous. 23. Sol: The adrenal glands are located on the
11.Sol: Origin of a eukaryotic cell is by a symbiotic upper pole of each kidney. The adrenal medulla
origin or by invagination. As per symbiotic origin forms from ectoderm (outer layer) very near the
of eukaryotic cell , primitive aerobic bacteria embryonic spinal cord
was engulfed by anaerobic predator cell and 24.Sol: In the given structures, 5 parts are of
it could not digest the engulfed particle. So the mammalian bone. They are Periosteum, Haversian
engulfed anaerobic particle got itself established canal, Volkmann’s canal, Bone marrow cavity and
into the host cell as an symbiont (Endosymbiont). endosteum.
Predator host cell became an eukaryotic cell The 26. Sol: Respiration is a chemical reaction that happens
predator host cell which captured both aerobic in all living cells. It is the way that energy is
bacteria and blue green algae became an eukaryotic released from glucose, for our cells to use to keep
plant cell. Aerobic bacteria established itself as us functioning.
mitochondria and blue green algae established 27.Sol: Liver: Although considered a secondary, or
itself as chloroplast. accessary excretory system organ, the liver plays

52
 Biology Times April 18

a vital part in keeping the body clean. Harmful
poisons and chemicals that are either produced
in the body or consumed are broken down and
detoxified by the liver. For example, a bi-product of
the metabolic process within the body is ammonia
and the liver processes this into urea, a less harmful
substance which continues to be filtered and
excreted by the kidneys as urine.
31. Sol: The temporal lobe controls hearing.
32.Sol: Asthenospermia refers to reduced motility
of sperms.
33.Sol:.Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted
by adrenal medulla in response to stress or during
emergency. These are called emergency hormones
or hormones of flight, fright or fight.
34. Sol:
In some conditions the fats are burnt chiefly by
the body like in cases of starvation or advanced
diabetes mellitus; the respiratory quotient (RQ)
will be about 0.7. Whereas, in carbohydrate
combustion the RQ will be 1. Thus, Both Assertion
and Reason are true and Reason is correct
explanation of Assertion.
36. Sol: Adrenal gland it is correctly mentioned.
It is located at the anterior part of kidney.
Secrete catecholmines which stimulate glycogen
breakdown.
37.Sol: Gastric juice contains the enzymes chymosin
in infants and lipase, the inactive precursor of
pepsin (pepsinogen), intrinsic factor, mucin, etc.
38. Sol: If an emulsion is left to stand, eventually a
layer of oil will form on the surface of the water.
Emulsifiers are substances that stabilise emulsions,
stopping them separating out. Egg yolk contains a
natural emulsifier. Mayonnaise is a stable emulsion
of vegetable oil and vinegar with egg yolk.
40. Sol: Vitamin B2 i.e. Riboflavin acts as an integral
component of two coenzymes: FAD and FMN
which are also known as flavins. They serve
as cofactors for a family of proteins called
flavoenzymes.
42. Sol:
To apply Koch’s postulates, we have to culture
the suspected causal organism in vitro Mycobacterium
43. Sol: Spinal reflex does not involve processing by
the brain.
44. Sol: Glomus is a fungus that is symbiotically
form endomycorrhiza that helps in absorption
of nutrition specially phosphorus from soil.
Azotobacter, Aspergillus and Trichoderma are
the free living microbes that helps plants in their
nutrition but are not symbiotically associated .
45.Sol: Both Flagellum of Euglena and the cilium of
Paramecium are similar in function (locomotion)
and are homologous to each other.

EVA AITS (NEET [ZOOLOGY] -15)

2.Sol: Rhizobium, Frankia and Vibrio are

heterotrophic organisms.
1. b 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. b 3.Sol: After infecting the host, the eggs hatch and
6. a 7. b 8. b 9. a 10. a the larvae mature as adults in the large intestine
11. a 12. a 13. b 14. c 15. b where they feed on the blood from the intestinal
16. b 17. a 18. c 19. b 20. d wall.
21. a 22. a 23. c 24. a 25. a 4.Sol: An earthworm does not have a skeleton It has
26. c 27. a 28. a 29. a 30. b bristles on each segment called setae that help
31. a 32. d 33. c 34. a 35. c the earthworm move. Earthworms have rings of
36. d 37. d 38. b 39. d 40. b muscles that are filled with flui making their
41. a 42. a 43. d 44. c 45. b entire body hydrostatic.
5.Sol: Dinoflagellates are of different colour, Blue,
red, brown . They multiply very rapidly and when
they are found in sea , the tides is observed red in
1.Sol: The famous botanical garden Kew is located in colour . Hence they are called Red Tides.
England. It is also called as “The Royal Botanical Example: Gonyaulax
Garden”. It is also the biggest botanical garden in
the world.

53
Biology Times April 18
6.Sol: Sexual reproduction is not known in class
Deuteromycetes of Kingdom fungi. It is also
called “Fungi imperfecti”.
Aseptate mycelium is found in class
Phycomycetes. Septate mycelium is formed
in class Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and
Deuteromycetes.
7.Sol: Genital papillae are present on the 17th and
19th segments . Accessory glands is also present
in 17th and 19th segments of an earthworm.
8.Sol: Earthworm are hermaphrodite which means
both male and female reproductive organs are
present in the same individual. Self- fertilization
will not occur because the testes mature earlier
than the ovaries, Such a condition is called
Protandry. Self-fertilization will not occur also
because of the relative position of opening of
male and female reproductive organs(gonopores).
9.Sol: In cockroach the food is ground with the help
of mandibles and gizzard.
10.Sol: The microscopic larva of Sacculina seeks
out a crab using specialised sensory organs.
Parasitic castration is the strategy, by a parasite,
of blocking reproduction by its host, completely
or in part.
11.Sol: Both natural selection and genetic drift can
be observed in both small and large population
but small population feels its effect more strongly.
Hence small, isolated population is more likely to
undergo speciation than a large population.
12.Sol: “Green revolution” is term referring to the
reformation of agricultural practices resulting in
drastic increase in crop yields. “White revolution”,
also known as operation flood, was a plan of 3
phases by the National Dairy Development Board
to revitalize India’s dairy production until India
became self – sufficient in milk. The program
was so successful that by 1998, India was world’s
largest producer of milk.“Blue revolution” refers
to the remarkable emergence of aquaculture as an
important and highly productive activity and it
refers to all forms of culturing of aquatic animals
and plants occurring in marine, brackish or fresh
waters
14.Sol: Callus is an unorganised proliferative mass of
cells, produced from isolated plant cells, tissues or
organs when grown on artificial nutrient medium
in glass vials under controlled conditions.
15.Sol: Sesmoid bone is a bone embedded within a
tendon or a muscle. Ex: Patella or knee cap.
54
16.Sol: Lampreys and Hag fishes are commonly
called as jawless fishes.
19.Sol: Blood comes to the kidneys from the
abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava, the large
arteries and veins that are part of the ascending
aorta. Oxygenated blood is brought to the kidneys
from a small branch called the renal artery. The
renal veins carry blood away from the kidneys.
20.Sol: Hepatic portal system is found in all
chordates.
22.Sol: The exoskeleton of arthropods is formed
of chitin which is a structural polysaccharide. It
is a complex carbohydrate which is formed by
monomers of N-acetyl glucosamine by 1, 4-b
linkages.
24.Sol: Hyaline cartilage is present in sternal ribs
where it allows expansion of chest during
inspiration. It also forms the tracheal and
bronchial rings, and supports larynx and nasal
septum and also at the end of the long bones.
25.Sol: Muscle fatigue is a condition where there is a
reduction in force of contraction of muscle after a
prolonged stimulation . Muscle fatigue is caused
due to accumulation of lactic acid. A muscle
that has undergone fatigue needs extra oxygen to
remove excess lactic acid.
26.Sol: Arterial Blood Gas analysis typically
measures: pH (Acidity) pCO2 (Partial Pressure
of Carbon Dioxide) pO2 (Partial Pressure of
Oxygen) CO2 (Carbon Dioxide Content)
PCO2: 35-45 torr
PH: 7.35-7.45
CO2: 23-30 mmol/L
Base Excess/Deficit : ± 3 mEq/L
27.Sol: The bladder is a hollow organ of variable
capacity, with a powerful intermediate muscle
coat that empties the organ when it contracts,
and two muscular sphincters that keep the exit
closed at all other times. This smooth muscle coat
constitutes the powerful detrusor muscle.
In micturition the longitudinal muscle of the
bladder shortens to widen the bladder neck and
allow urine to enter the urethra.
28.Sol: Gonorrhoea is caused by Neisseria
gonorrhoeae (Bacteria), Hepatitis B is caused by
Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Chlamydiasis is caused
by Chlamydia trachomatis (Bacteria).
30.Sol: Due to pressure difference between the post
caval and atrium, the blood passes from the post
caval to the diastole right atrium of heart.
 Biology Times April 18

31.Sol: Pre optic nucleus in the anterior part of
hypothalamus is responsible for physiological
sweat secretion.
32.Sol: Amniotic fluid is drawn out during
amniocentesis for checking congenital disorders
and infections.
35.Sol: Marijuana is a hallucinogen obtained from
dry hemp plant (Cannabis sativa)
36.Sol: In human beings, the principle nitrogenous
excretory compound (i.e, urea) is synthesised in
liver by Ornithine cycle and is eliminated mostly
through one molecule of CO2 is activated by
biotin and combines with two molecules of NH3
in the presence of carbamyl phosphate and one
molecule of H2O is released.
Carbamyl phosphate reacts with Ornithine and
forms Citrulline. Citrulline combines with another
molecule of ammonia and form arginine that is
broken into urea and Ornithine in the presence of
an enzyme arginase and water.
37.Sol: The goblet cells are found in the intestinal
mucosa or mucosal epithelium. These secrete
mucus for the easy passage of the food. The
mucus also protects the intestinal lining from the
harsh action of acids and along with pancreatic
bicarbonates creates an alkaline environment for
enzymes to function.
38.Sol: When two reactants combine to form a larger
product is synthesis reaction.
39.Sol: Marasmus is a form of severe malnutrition
characterized by energy deficiency. It can
be distinguished from kwashiorkor in that
kwashiorkor is protein deficiency with adequate
energy intake whereas marasmus is inadequate
energy intake in all forms, including protein.
Edema is characteristic of kwashiorkor but is
absent in marasmus. Therefore, both Assertion
and Reason are false.
40. Sol: Unlike other biomolecule groups, fatty acid
monomers are not directly bonded to each other in
polymer chains. Dehydration synthesis reactions
in lipids form an ester linkage between the
carboxyl group of a fatty acid and the hydroxyl
group of an alcohol monomer such as glycerol.
41.Sol: The ampulla of Vater, also known as the
hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic
duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic
duct and the common bile duct.
43.Sol: Organ of Ruffini are mechanoreceptors which
are responsible to sense the stretch in the skin,
pressure on the skin and also perception of heat.
44.Sol: Some fungi establish a close relationship
with roots of higher plants and help them in
obtaining nutrition from soil. This is referred as
Mycorrhiza . Well marked Mycorrhiza is found in
roots of Pinus.
45.Sol: When Charles Darwin went on a voyage
towards the Galapagos Island he saw variations
in the kind of bird called as Finches. Their
beak was of different size and shape according
to its different food habit. He concluded that
the ancestral finches on reaching the different
islands occupied empty ecological niches and
in the absence of competition they evolved into
different species. This provided evidences for the
origin of species by natural selection.

EVA AITS (NEET [ZOOLOGY] -16)

1. d 2. a 3. b 4. d 5. b
6. c 7. d 8. b 9. b 10. d 1.Sol: Systematics is the branch of biology that deals
11. d 12. d 13. b 14. b 15. b with classification and nomenclature; taxonomy
16. a 17. a 18. a 19. c 20. b -which is useful in studying the plant
21. a 22. c 23. a 24. d 25. c 2.Sol: Teichoic acid is present in gram positive
26. b 27. c 28. d 29. d 30. d bacteria. Gram negative bacteria are not sensitive
31. a 32. d 33. b 34. c 35. b to penicillin.
36. a 37. c 38. b 39. a 40. a 3.Sol: Culex are vectors that transmit the infective
41. a 42. c 43. a 44. c 45. c larvae that cause lymphatic filariasis.

55
Biology Times April 18
4.Sol: Chloragogen cells are cells in annelids that
function similarly to the liver in vertebrates.
These cells are derived from the inner coelomic
epithelium, and help in excretory functions, as
most commonly demonstrated in earthworms.
5.Sol: Facultative anaerobes are the organisms which
are not compulsory anaerobs. Under certain
situations they will switch to an aerobic mode
(use oxygen.) Ex: Pseudomonas
6.Sol: Some of the protistan member resemble
multicellular animals in case of nutrition i.e.,
redator and Parasitic. An animal that naturally
preys on others by chasing and killing it is called
as Predator. Parasites means depending on the
living plants and animals for the sake of getting
nutrition.
8.Sol: Pheretima posthuma has the habit of
burrowing and swallowing makes the soil porous
and increases the fertility of the soil. The burrows
permit the penetration of air and moisture in poros
soil and its excretory wastes and other secretions
enrich soil by adding nitrogenous matter to the
soil. Hence they are highly useful and beneficial
in agriculture.
9.Sol: Due to the presence of large pectoral fins,
Exocoetus is known as the flying fish.
10.Sol: Euplectellabelongs to class Hexactinellida.
11.Sol: Immigration is process where an organism
will permanently move from one area to another
effecting the new population that it has entered.
Gene flow refers to movement of alleles from one
population to another as a result of Emmigration
is the movement of organism from its natural
habitat to another geographical habitat.
13.Sol: Joint between Atlas and axis is pivot joint
Joint between Femur and acetabulum is ball &
socket joint
Joint between cranial bones is fibrous joint.
14.Sol: Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation is a
disinfection method that uses short wavelength
ultraviolet (UV-C) light to kill or inactive
microorganisms by destroying nucleic acid and
disrupting the DNA and leaving them unable to
perform vital cellular functions.
15. Sol: Neurons have least regeneration power
hence they are least likely to be replaced by new
cells. Liver cells and Malpighian layer of the skin
have regeneration power. Osteocytes are the bone
forming cells.
56
16. Sol: Germplasm is living tissue from which new
plants can be grown, it can be a seed or another
plant part- a leaf, a piece of stem, pollen or even
just a few cells that can be turned into whole
plant. Germplasm contains the information for a
species ‘Genetic makeup’ a valuable resource of
plant diversity.
17.Sol: Camouflage is a defense or tactic that
organisms use to blend with their background.
Praying mantis shows camouflage by which it can
hide from predators. This helps it in increasing its
chances of survival.
18.Sol: B.M.R will be affected
19.Sol: Ureotelic animals have the ability to produce
urea has a nitrogen based compound. The livers
of ureotelic animals have the ability to hydrolyse
l-arginine and other guanidino compounds.
The chemical reactions involving urea, include
the water soluble compound O=C-(NH2)2. The
compund is produced in produced in the animal’s
liver. The process is called the ornithine cycle.
The ornithine cycle is a series of chemical
reactions that happen in the liver. Ammonia is
changed to urea using ornithine as a carrier.
20.Sol: The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic
vessel, which lies in the thoracic cavity behind
the aorta.
23.Sol: Juvenile hormones in insects is secreted from
the corpora allata and regulates the development,
reproduction, diapause, etc. It helps in growth of
the larva while preventing metamorphosis. Thus,
Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
correct explanation of Assertion.
24.Sol: All the six matches properly.
26. Sol: The pneumotaxic center, also known as the
pontinerespiratory group (PRG), is a network
of neurons in the rostral dorsal lateral pons. It
consists of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and the
medial parabrachial nucleus.
27.Sol: The urinary bladder is the organ that collects
waste excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal by
urination. It is a hollow muscular, and distensible
(or elastic) organ, and sits on the pelvic floor.
Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits
via the urethra.
28.Sol: Chancres on gentials are symptoms of
syphilis. Syphilis is caused by a spirochete,
Treponema pallidum. The organism is transmitted
by sexual contact and it may also be transmitted
to the fetus during pregnancy.
 Biology Times April 18

29.Sol:Neutrophils are granulocytes, they are
phagocytic in nature. Macrophage and
Lymphocytes are agranulocytes. Monocyte is
phagocytic and lymphocytes produce antibodies.
30. Sol: A person suffering from high blood
pressure should avoid emotional disturbance and
excitement.
31.Sol: A reflex action is controlled by the central
nervous system and involves a very simple
nervous pathway.
32.Sol: CDRI, lucknow developed the contraceptive
pill, Saheli.
33. Sol: The most abundant cation in the intracellular
fluid (ICF) is potassium (K+); whereas, the most
abundant cation (or positively charged ion) in the
extracellular fluid (ECF) is sodium (Na+).
34.Sol: Parathyroid and adrenal glands are only
the endocrine glands. The pancreas and the
gonads (both ovaries and testes) are examples
of organs that have both endocrine and exocrine
functions. Exocrine function of the pancreas is
the production of digestive enzymes which travel
down a duct or tube from the pancreas into the
small intestine. The exocrine function of the
gonads is the production of the gametes (sperm or
eggs)which travel through ducts to the exterior or
interior site of use.
36.Sol: Urine is formed through a combination of
four basic processes: 1) glomerular filtration, 2)
tubular reabsorption, 3) tubular secretion, and 4)
water conservation. Blood is under high pressure
in the glomerulus; thus, plasma (except for plasma
proteins) moves into the glomerular capsule. This
fluid is called filtrate.
37.Sol: The small intestine is the site where most of
the nutrients from the ingested food are absorbed.
In upper part of small intestine i.e. duodenum
most of the digestion occurs. The large intestine
has smooth muscles for the passage of digested
food (faeces). Therefore, Assertion is true but
Reason is false.
38.Sol: Glucosamine is an amino sugar and a
prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis
of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Glucosamine
is part of the structure of the polysaccharides.
39.Sol: Arginine and histidine form the group of so-
called semi-essential amino acids.
40.Sol: Max Schultze (1861) established similarity
between Protoplasm and Sarcode and proposed a
theory which later on called “Protoplasm theory”.
41.Sol: Digestion is the process in which the
insoluble and non-diffusible components of food
are broken down and by the action of enzymes are
converted into soluble and diffusible substance to
be absorbed into the blood stream.
42. Sol: Amoebiasis is defined as the condition of
harbouring the protozoan parasite Entamoeba
histolytica. It is acommon infection of the human
gastro-intestinal tract. It is wide spread in India
due to poor sanitary conditions and polluted
drinking water.
43.Sol: Talking and cycling are examples of learned
reflexes. Conditioned reflexes are learned reflexes
that have been created or modified through a
particular training or conditioning experience.
44.Sol: Diatoms have a diploid body. Protozoans
include unicellular eukaryotes.

EVA AITS (NEET [BOTANY] -14)

1. a 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. b
6. c 7. c 8. c 9. b 10. b 1.Sol: British geneticist, Reginald C. Punnet developed
11. b 12. c 13. c 14. b 15. b the graphical representation to calculate the
16. b 17. d 18. c 19. b 20. b probability of all possible genotypes of offsprings
21. a 22. b 23. b 24. a 25. d in a genetic cross.
26. d 27. b 28. a 29. a 30. c 3.Sol: Nostoc is a cyanobacteria (prokaryote). So
31. b 32. b 33. d 34. d 35. a it lacks true nucleus, thus nuclear membrane is
36. c 37. c 38. a 39. a 40. b absent.
41. a 42. c 43. a 44. b 45. c 4. Sol: The amount of living biomass present in an
ecosystem at a given time is called Standing crop.

57
Biology Times April 18
5. Sol: A single mRNA molecule codes for may be one
or many polypeptide chains in prokaryotes, If it
transports the code for only polypeptide, then the
mRNA is monocistronic and if it is two or more
than two polypeptides , then it is polycistronic.
But in eukaryotes, most of the mRNAs are
monocistronic. Stop codons UAA, UGA, UAG
are there on mRNA and are able to discharge
polypeptide chain.
6.Sol: Direct injection of recombinant DNA into
nucleus of animal cell is called microinjection
7.Sol: Parenchyma cells are loosely arranged with
intercellular space present in the soft parts of the
plants
8.Sol: Acidogenesis is not included in biogas
production.
12.Sol: Ion uptake takes place both by active and
passive transport
13.Sol: Mineral absorption may occur by active or
either passive process but during active absorption
of minerals it requires energy in the form of ATP
14.Sol: 2, 4 – D and gibberellic acid are pair of
hypothetical hormone
15.Sol: Volvox is hallow ball like colony with a fixed
number of cells is called as Coenobium.
16.Sol: Double fertilization means, a male gamete
fused with egg and second male gamete fused with
secondary nucleus.
17.Sol: When a gene masks the expression of another
non-allelic gene, this effective gene is called
epistatic gene. And the interaction factor is known
as epistatic factor.
19.Sol: Pili are long and thick tubular outgrowths,
which develop in response F+ or fertility factor
58
in gram negative bacteria. They are made up of
protein pilin. A donor bacterial cell having fertility
factor develops 1-4 pili. Pili are helpful in attaching
to recipient cell cell and forming conjugation tube.
21.Sol: The trp operon is a group of genes which
encode biosynthetic enzymes for the amino acid
tryptophan. In E.coli when tryptophan levels
are low, the trp operon is turned ‘on’ and turned
‘off’ or repressed when they are high. The trp
repressor regulates the trp operon. The trp repressor
blocks expression of the operon, when bound to
tryptophan.
22.Sol: Ti plasmid integrates segment of its DNA into
chromosomal DNA of its host plant cell.
23.Sol:
24.Sol: A- Rod shaped – Bacilli, B- Spherical shaped
– Cocci
25.Sol: In PS I the reaction centre chlorophyll a has an
absorption peak at 700 nm, hence is called P700,
while in PS II it has absorption maxima at 680 nm,
and is called P680. Mn and Cl are essential for
photolysis of water The cyclic flow results only
in the synthesis of ATP,
26.Sol: Population is a group of group of individuals
of same species living together in a habitat. Which
have certain characteristic like birth rate,death
rate,age distribution and sex ratio.
27.Sol: Meloidogyne incognita cause root-knot
disease in tobacco plant.
30.Sol: Parthenocarpy is the development of fruits
without prior fertilization which results in the
formation of seedless fruits. In some plant species,
parthenocarpic fruits may be produced naturally
or they may be induced by treatment of the
unpollinated flowers with auxin e.g. Parthenocarpic
tomato fruits can be produced by treating the
plants with low concentration of gibberellic
acid (promotes fruit set) and auxin (completes
development process). Removal of androecium,
before pollen release is called emasculation which
is helpful in preventing unwanted poor pollination.
 Biology Times April 18

Vernalized seeds are the chill treated seeds for
breaking dormancy.
31.Sol: In alternation of generation, the gametophyte
undergoes syngamy to produce spore.
32.Sol: Meiosis occurs in pollen mother cells of anther.
33.Sol: The allele that cannot express its effect in the
hybrid or in the presence of some other dominant
allele is known as recessive and it is generally,
denoted by small letter.
35.Sol: Interphase – It is the first stage of the cell
cycle and the period before cell division. During
this phase, the cell matures, replicates its DNA and
prepare to divide.
37.Sol: The DNA carries and transfers the genetic
information from one generation to another. That
is why it is indicated as connecting link between
two generations. For the transmission of inherited
traits DNA codes genetic information.
39.Sol: Roots have radial vascular bundles while stems
have conjoint vascular bundles. Dicot roots have
3-6 vascular bundles while monocot roots have
more than 6 vascular bundles.
40.Sol: During biogas formation, digestion of cellulose
is slow and most of the lignin is not decomposed.
After cellulose lignin is the most abundant plant
polymer.
44.Sol: Phloem sap is moderately alkaline 7.3- 8.5.
45.Sol: The figure represents the inversion type
of mutation. An inversion is a chromosome
rearrangement where a piece of chromosome is
reversed end to end. It occurs when a piece of
chromosome breaks and rearranges within itself.

EVA AITS (NEET [BOTANY] -15)

detached and fall on the moist soil, e.g., Begonia,

Saintpaulia, and Streptocarpus.
3.Sol: Centriole will take part in cell division.
4.Sol: NPP means Net primary productivity. NPP
1. b 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. c is equal to the rate of organic matter created by
6. d 7. b 8. d 9. b 10. a photosynthesis – the rate of respiration and other
11. a 12. d 13. b 14. b 15. c losses.
16. b 17. d 18. c 19. a 20. a NPP= GPP –RL (Respiratory loss)
21. b 22. b 23. d 24. b 25. d GPP- Gross primary productivity.
26. d 27. b 28. c 29. d 30. b 5.Sol: The process of turning the genetic code in
31. c 32. d 33. d 34. a 35. c mRNA into an amino acid chain in preparation to
36. a 37. c 38. a 39. c 40. b make proteins is called translation. It starts with
41. a 42. d 43. d 44. d 45. d mRNA that is coded sequence of nucleotide bases
called by A, G, C and U.
6.Sol: Endonuclease is a type of restriction enzymes
which cut DNA at specific sites and Not all
endonuclease cut DNA at specific sites .They are
1.Sol:When two or more autonomous genes are not found in virus But they are found in bacteria.
present on same or different chromosomes, they 7.Sol: Sclerenchyma is the dead mechanical tissue
combine to form a new expression and they are which is devoid of protoplasm
called intergeneric cross. 8.Sol: Formation of flocs means bacteria associated
2.Sol: Leaves of a number of plants possess with the solid waste of the water.
adventitious buds for vegetative propagation, e.g., 10.Sol: These organisms are found in dry habitats.
leaf tips of walking fern (Adiantum caudatum), They have a thick skin adapted to survive at high
marginal notches in Kalanchoe and Bryophyllum. temperatures
In Bryophyllum, the marginal buds sprout while 11.Sol: Transgenic animals are produced to study
the leaf is attached to plant. In some other plants, of diseases, to check biological product, to test
the buds develop only when the leaf is injured or vaccine safety and chemical safety, to check the

59
Biology Times April 18
regulation of gene and its effect on normal function
of the body its development.
12.Sol: Capillarity force is mainly due to the small
diameter of the vessels and tracheids
13.Sol: Ammonium sulphate was one of the first
and most widely used nitrogen fertilizers for
crop production. It is now less commonly used,
but especially valuable where both nitrogen and
sulphur are required. Its high solubility provides
versatility for a number of agricultural applications.
14.Sol: Chrysanthemum, xanthium and sugarcane are
long day plants and radish is short day plant.
15.Sol: Marchantia is considered as a heterothallic
plant because it is dioecious. It has separate male
and female thallus.
16.Sol: Cleistogamous flower is found in pea, where
the flower remains closed unless pollination is
accomplished. Thus such flowers favour self
pollination but artificial cross pollination for the
experiments can be easily carried out in such
flowers. This was one of the reasons why Mendel
selected pea plant for the studies of Genetics.
17.Sol: If heterozygous dominant purple flower is test
crossed with the recessive white flower, then 50%
will be purple and the remaining 50% will be white
18.Sol: Victoria is a genus of water-lilies, in the plant
family Nymphaeaceae, with very large green
leaves that lie flat on the water’s surface. Victoria
amazonica has a leaf that is up to 3 metres in
diameter, on a stalk up to 8 metres in length.
19.Sol: The study of a cilium or the flagella shows
that they are covered with plasma membrane. It
possess a number of microtubules running parallel
to the long axis. The axoneme usually has nine
pairs or doublets of radially arranged peripheral
microtubules and pair of centrally located
microtubules such an arrangement of axonemal
microtubules is referred to as the 9+2 arrays.
20.Sol: Primary consumer belongs to second trophic
level (T2)
21.Sol: 1-inducer, 2-operator, 3-Lac-Z, 4-Lac-Y, 5-Lac
A, 6-β-galactosidase, 7- transacetylase, 8-permease
22.Sol: Plasmids are small extra nuclear circular DNAs
which carry extrachromosomal genes in bacteria
and some fungi. They replicate independently.
23.Sol: Cambium-interfascicular and intrafascicular
cambium bring about the secondary growth helpful
in increasing the growth of the girth of the plant
60
24.Sol: Bioactive molecule Cyclosporin A is obtained
from Trichoderma polysporum. It is antifungal,
anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drug.
26.Sol: Population changes depends on many
factors like food availability, predation pressure,
environmental condition and their ability to
reproduce.
28.Sol: Osmosis is the movement of molecules from
lower concentration region to higher concentration
region through semi permeable membrane. There is
raise in the level of sugar solution which indicated
the process taken place is osmosis.
30.Sol: During different phases of growth as well as
in response to environment different structures
are developed. To cope up with the changes in
environment. The plant organs also change their
structures, which is called plasticity. Heterophyll
is the occurrence of different types of leaves on
the same plant in different growth phases or under
different environmental conditions.
31.Sol: Presence of haploid endosperm is unique to
angiosperms.
32.Sol: Flowers with exposed stigma and anther are
called chasmogamous flower.
33.Sol: Human Skin colour is a very good example of
polygenic (i.e. multiple gene) inheritance.
34.Sol: Insectivorous plants grow in nutrient deficient,
especially nitrogen, which is much essential for
their growth and sustainability.
And for this reason, these plants have evolved to be
insectivorous. Insectivorous plants derive most of
their nutrients by trapping and consuming insects
and arthropods.
35.Sol: In Anaphase I, chaismata are pulled apart or
disappear. The homologous chromosome separate
and move towards opposite spindle poles. The
process is called disjunction.
37.Sol: Gene regulation governing lactose operon
of E.coli which includes the lac I gene product is
negative and inducible as the repressor protein
prevents transcription. The lac repressor protein
forces the operator, a negative regulatory site. The
operator overlaps with the promoter, and though
the lac repressor is restrained, the RNA polymerase
is not able to bind to the promoter and starts
transcription. The lac operon acts as an inducible
operon because it is generally turned off, but it
can be turned on when the inducer allolactose is
present.
 Biology Times April 18

39.Sol: Vessels are the characteristic features of dicot
plants which differentiates angiosperms from
gymnosperms
40.Sol: Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM)
increases water absorption and supply of inorganic
nutrients particularly phosphorus.
42.Sol: d is rate of population, t is time, N is number
of people at particular time, r is biotic potential
of organisms
43.Sol: Golden rice is developed by transferring the
β-carotene gene into it. β-carotene is the precursor
of vitamin A.
44.Sol: The presence of stomata on the lower surface is
a effective adaptation for better gaseous exchange
in plants.
45.Sol: A human male can be determined genetically
by the sex chromosomes.

EVA AITS (NEET [BOTANY] -16)

Edward Tatum in an influential paper on genetic

mutations in the mold Neurospora crassa in 1941.
The theory explains that each gene is responsible
for the synthesis of a single polypeptide.
1. c 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. a
6.Sol: Hind II is the first restriction endonuclease.
6. d 7. a 8. c 9. d 10. c
8.Sol: Gobar gas is combustible gas produced
11. a 12. d 13. b 14. d 15. a
through anaerobic breakdown of waste biomass.
16. a 17. c 18. d 19. d 20. b
The main ingredient of biogas is Methane (CH4
21. c 22. b 23. a 24. d 25. d
(50-70%)), other components CO2 (25 - 35%),
26. a 27. a 28. d 29. b 30. b
H2 (1 - 5%), Nitrogen (2 - 7%) and H2S traces.
31. b 32. d 33. a 34. c 35. b
9.Sol: Primary process of photosynthesis can
36. a 37. c 38. d 39. b 40. d
be referred to as light reaction and the
41. c 42. b 43. b 44. a 45. a
secondary process as dark reaction hence
light reaction occurs in the grana- thylakoids
and the site for dark reaction is stroma
10.Sol: As the plants are present in water currents the
1.Sol:In Codominance, both the alleles dominant or stem is soft and flexible to avoid damage.
recessive of a gene express themselves in the 13.Sol: Micronutrients are called trace elements
heterozygotes. Phenotypes of both the parents which are required in small amounts.
appear in F1 hybrid rather than the intermediate 14.Sol: V. H Blackman proposed Blackman’s law of
phenotype. compound interest.
2.Sol: In Litchi epicarp and mesocarp is fused 15.Sol: Equisetum contains Strobilus, Node and
and give leathery apperence. Endocarp is internode, Branch and Rhizome.
membrane like thin. Outer seed coat grows 16.Sol: the gynoecium is the innermost whorl of
forward and forms an additional coat around (one or more) pistils in a flower. Stigma is the
the seed which is called as aril. In mature sticky tip of a flower pistil, on which pollen
fruit, this aril is fleshy and is only edible part. is deposited at the beginning of pollination.
3.Sol: Microtubules are basic in cilia and Ovule is the part of the ovary of seed plants
microtubules are not made of tubulin molecules. that contains the female germ cell and after
4.Sol: Pyramid of energy is always upright as energy fertilization become seed. Embryosac is the
always flows in one direction from lower to female gametophyte of a seed plant consisting of
higher trophic level. a thin walled sac within the nucellus that contains
5.Sol: The one gene-one enzyme hypothesis was the egg nucleus and other nuclei which give rise
proposed by the US geneticists George Beadle and to endosperm on fertilization. Placenta is the

61
Biology Times April 18
part of the ovary where the funiculus attaches.
17.Sol: In a cross between axial and terminal flowered
pea plants, F2 progeny shows both the types of
flowers, in F2 generation, both the dominant and
recessive characters are expressed . In addition, it lacks proteins and contains
19.Sol: Acetocarmine is a saturated solution of
Carmine in 45% acetic acid used especially for
the rapid staining of fresh unfixed chromosome.
20.Sol: Net primary productivity is gross production
minus the losses by the way of respiration and
decomposition. Gross primary productivity of an
ecosystem is the rate of production of
organic matter during photosynthesis.
21.Sol: Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase conducted
experiments on E. coli and bacteriophages
to confirm that DNA is a genetic materal
23.Sol: Loading of the sugar molecules takes place
from the companion cell where there is abundance
of sugars (leaf) called source and unloading of those
sugar molecules takes place in the other regions
where there is availability of sugar called sink
24.Sol: Beverages like Beer, Wine are fermented
but not distilled, they have relatively low alcohol
content typically less than 100%. Hard liquor
like Brandy and Whisky are produced by both
fermentation and distillation. Distillation process
purifies them and removes diluting components
like water and increases the alcohol content.
25.Sol: PEP carboxylase enzyme is used
during C4 cycle for the formation of
oxaloacetate, hence it is absent in C3 plants
27.Sol: In 1983, Eli Lily an American Company first
prepared and started selling Humulin
30.Sol: Abscisic acid promotes abscission of leaves,
fruits and fruits, it induces abscission layer in
the petiole and pedicle results in abscission.
Ethylene is associated with triple response
and it reduces stem elongation, increased stem
thickening and horizontal growth habit. Auxin
induces diferential growth in plant organs
under the influenceof stimuli termed tropic
response. Cytokinesis induces morphogenesis.
31.Sol: All the algal classes are classified
based on presence of pigments, Green algae
contains chlorophyll a, b, Volvox belongs to
chlorophyceae, Red algae contain Chlorophyll a,
d and Phycoerythrin and Polysiphonia belongs to
red algae, Blue green algae contains chlorophyll
c, phycocyanin and belongs to cyanophyceae.
32.Sol: Perisperm is a nutritive tissue in a seed
62
used by the embryo in sprouting. Functionally,
the perisperm is similar to the endosperm.
However, it forms from the nucellus and has
a diploid, and not triploid, chromosomal set.
chiefly starch and, less commonly, fat. The
perisperm constitutes all or part of the reserve
tissue. When it forms only part of the seed’s
reserve, it develops parallel with the endosperm.
33.Sol: The expressions of genes for the production
of milk in only females is a sexlimited genes.
These genes are present in both sexes of sexually
reproducing species but are expressed in only one
sex and remain ‘turned off’ in the other sex. These
are present in the autosomes but their expression
is determined due to the presence or absence of
one of the sex hormones and only in one sex.
35.Sol: Sexual reproduction which involved the
formation of gametes through meiosis and
the fertilization of the gametes where two
gametes fuse to make one diploid cell, offers
the greatest potential for genetic diversity,
crossing over, independent assortment and
randomized fertilization all contribute to
genetic diversity of sexual reproduction.
36.Sol: Amount of energy accumulation in
green plants as organic matter per unit area
over a time period is known as primary
productivity. The rate of total capture of energy
, or rate of total production of organic material
is known as gross primary productivity.
37.Sol: Francis Crick in 1958, proposed Central
Dogma. He described the all possible
outflow beteen DNA, RNA and proteins.
39.Sol: Floating aquatic plants are Epistomatous /
hyperstomatous (ex. water lily) have stomata
only on the top part of the leaf as the underside
of the leaf rests on the surface of the water and
the rest of the plant is submerged.Since the plant
is submerged in water the plant is not threatened
by drought or have to close its stomata during
the high heat of the day to conserve water.
40.Sol: Biological control of pests usually involves
living organisms. Here prey-predator
relationship is exploited and the organism
used as biocontrol agent can reproduce.
41.Sol: In Calvin cycle one molecule of carbon
is fixed in one turn of the Calvin cycle. Hence
6 turns of the cycle are required to fix the
glucose molecule containing 6 carbon atoms.

42.Sol: Desert lizards bask in the sun and absorb
heat when their body temperature drops below
the comfort zone, but move into shade when
the ambient temperature starts increasing. Some
species are capable of burrowing into soil to
hide and escape from the above ground heat.
43.Sol: Organisms that have had their DNA
manipulated to possess and express an foreign gene
Biology Times April 18
are called as Transgenic organisms. It is achieved
by integration of cloned DNA sequences following
their injection into fertilized egg. Fertilized egg
divide mitotically to form whole organism so
that cells of organism will carry the foreign gene.
45.Sol: Pedigree analysis includes the record of
inheritance of particular characters for two or more
than two ancestral generations of an individual.
63
Biology Times April 18

64
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