Table of Contents

Pages
PreliminariesChapter I.
Questions and Answers on Comparative Police System………………………1

Chapter II.
Multiple
Choice Questions………………………………………………….…..23

Test I Comparative Police System…………………………………………………..23

Test II Comparative Police System………………………………………………….39

Suggested Answers………………………………………….………………..53
Test III Law Enforcement
Administration……………………………………..…….54

Suggested Answers……………………………………………...……………73

Previous Questions……………………………………………..……………..74

Test IV Law Enforcement Administration……………………………………….…..75

Chapter III.
Matrix on Police Force Highest to Lowest Rank in A
sian Countries…..…..93

Chapter IV.

List of Police Ranks ……………………………………………………………98

Chapter V.

Types of Police……………………………….…………………………….…..110

Guidelines in Reviewing ……………………………………………………………….……113

References ……………………………………………………………………………….…..115
 Chapter I
Questions and Answers

Chapter I
Contains introductory questions and answers on the salient features of
comparative police system (cps).
It is focused on the basic terms and topics covered on this subject prior to
the actual comparison of police system. Most questions in this

chapter begins with the word what.

What is Comparative Police System?

It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of
nations. It covers the study of police organizations, trainings and methods
of policing of various nations.

What is the Comparative Criminal Justice?

It is subfield of the study of Criminal Justice that compares justice systems
worldwide.Such study can take a descriptive, historical , or political
approach. It studies the similarities anddifferences in structure, goals,
punishment and emphasis on rights as well as the history andpolitical
stature of different systems.

What are the 3 basic functions of criminal justice system?

policing

adjudication

corrections

What is the International Criminal Justice?

It involves the study and description of one country’s law, criminal
procedure, or justice (Erika Fairchild). Comparative criminal justice system
attempts to build on the knowledge of criminal justice in one country by
investigating and evaluating, in terms of another country,culture, or
institution.

What is transnational crime?

It is a term that has been used in comparative and international criminal
justice study inrecent years to reflect the complexity and enormity of global
crime issues. It is defined by theUnited Nations (UN) offences whose
inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect effectsinvolve in more than
one country. Examples are:
Money laundering
Drug trafficking

Terrorism

 Human trafficking

Cyber crimes

What is International Crime?

Defined as crimes against the peace and security of mankind (Adler,
Mueller, andLaufer, 1994). The UN has identified the following as
international crimes.
Aggression (by one state against another)
Treat of aggression
Genocide (destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group)
Terrorism
Drug trafficking

What is meant by model system?

Model system is used to described the countries being used as topics of

discussion.These countries are chosen not because they are greater than
others but because they are thefocus of comparison being studied.

Why compare systems and issues in criminal justice?

According to Harry Damner there are many reasons why we need to

compare but thebasic reasons are:
To benefit from the experience of others

To broaden our understanding of the different cultures and approaches

toproblems

To help us deal with the many transnational crime problems that plague
ourworld today
What are the 4 types of societies?

The following are the four types of societies in the world that comparativists
study:

1.Folk-communal societies

are also called primitive societies.A folk-communal society has little

codification law, no specification among police, and asystem of punishment
that just lets things go for a while without attention until thingsbecome too
much, and then harsh, barbatic punishment is resorted to. Classic
examplesinclude the early Roman gentles, African and Middle Eastern
tribes, and Puritan settlements in North America (with the Salem
“with trials”).

2.Urban-commercial societies

which rely on trade as the essence of their market system.An urban-

commercial society has civil law (some standards and customs are written
down), specialized police forces (some for religious offenses, others for
enforcing the King’s
Law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes
lenient. Most of Continental Europe developed along this path.

3.Urban-industrial societies,

which produce which produce most of the goods and servicesthey need
without government interference. An urban-industrial society not only has
codified laws (statutes that prohibit) but lawsthat prescribes good behavior,
police become specialized in how to handle property crimes,and the
system of punishment is run on market principles of creating incentives
anddisincentives. England and the U.S. followed this positive legal path.
4.Bureaucratic societies are modern post-industrial societies

where the emphasis is upon technique or the “technologizing”

of everything, with the government.A bureaucratic society has a system of
laws (along with armies of lawyers), police whotend to keep busy handling
political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishmentcharacterized by
over criminalization and overcrowding. The U.S. and perhaps only
eightother nations fit the bureaucratic pattern. Juvenile delinquency is a
phenomenon that onlyoccurs in a bureaucratic society.

What are the 10 types of criminal justice law in the world?

1.Common Law System

These are also known as Anglo-American justice, and exist in most

English-speakingcountries of the world, such as the U.S., England,
Australia, and New Zealand. They aredistinguished by a strong adversarial
system where lawyers interpret and judges are boundby precedent.
Common law systems are distinctive in the significance they attach
toprecedent (the importance of previously decided cases). They primarily
rely upon oralsystems of previously in which the public trial is a main
focal point.
2.Civil Law System

Also know as Continental justice or Romano-Germanic justice, and practice

through out most of the European Union as well as elsewhere, in places
such as Sweden, Germany,France, and Japan. They are distinguished by a
strong inquisitorial system where fewer rights are granted to the accused,
and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation. For
example, a French maxim goes like this: “If judge knows the answer, he
must not be prohibited from achieving it by undue attention to regulations of
procedure and evidence. By contrast, the common law method is for a
judge to at least suspend belief until the sporting event of a trial is over.
Legal scholarship is much more sophisticated and elitist in civil law
systems, as opposed to the more democratic common law countries
where just about anybody can get into law school. Romano-Germanic
systems are founded on the basis of natural law, which is a respect for
traditional and custom. The sovereigns, or leaders, of a civil law system are
considered above the law, as opposed to the common law notion that
nobody is above the law.

3.Socialist Systems

These are also known as Marxist-Leninist justice, and exist in many places,
such as Africa and Asia, where there has been a Communist revolution or
the remnants of one. They are distinguished by procedures designed to
rehabilitate or retrain people into fulfilling the irresponsibilities to the state. It
is the ultimate expression of positive law, designed to move the state
forward toward the perfectibility of state and mankind. It is also primarily
characterized by administrative law, where non-legal officials make most of
the decisions.For example, in a socialist state, neither judges nor lawyers
are allowed to make law. Law isthe same as policy, and an orthodox
Marxist view is that eventually, the law will not be necessary.

4.Islamic System

Are also known as Muslim or Arabic justice, and derive all their procedures
and practices from interpretation of the Koran. These are exceptions,
however. Various tribes (such as the Siwa in the desert of North Africa) are
descendents of the ancient than the harsher Shariah punishments. Islamic
systems in general are characterized by the absence of positive law(the
use of law to move societies forward toward some progressive future) and
are based more on the concept of natural justice (crimes are considered
acts of injustice that conflict with tradition). Religion plays an important role
that Islamic systems, so much a role that most nations of this type are
theocracies, where legal rule and religious rule go together.

What are the Comparative Research Methods?

Comparative research is usually carried out by the following:

A.“Safari” method (a researcher visits another country) or “collaborative”

method (the researcher communicates with a foreign researcher).

B.Published works tend to fall into three categories:

Single culture studies (the crime problem of a single foreign country is
discussed)

Two-culture studies (the most common type) Comprehensive textbooks (it

coversthree or more countries). The examination of crime and its control in
thecomparative context often requires an historical perspective since the
phenomenaunder study are seen as having developed under unique social,
economic, andpolitical structures.

C.Historical-comprehensive method the most often employed by

researchers. It is basically analternative to both quantitative and qualitative
research methods that is sometimes calledhistoriography or holism.12.

What are the Countries with lesser or no crime?

a.Switzerland

For many years used to have travel brochures saying “there is no crime in
Switzerland”,
and criminologist were stumped on why this was so, whether because of
the high rate of firearm ownership or the extensive welfare system. It turned
out that the Swiss (along withsome other welfare nations, like Sweden)
were not reporting all their crime rate. However,it was true that their crime
rate was fairly low.Reasons of having low crime rates
They did not remarkable job managing their underclass population, the
poorpeople who lived the ghettos and slums.

Swiss crime control is highly effective in using an “iron fist, velvet glove”
approach toward those who commit crime and come from the bottom
echelons of Swiss society. For example, when a poor person commits a
crime, thegovernment goes to work analyzing the family, educational, and
employmentneeds of everyone in that poor person’s family. Then, after
some punishment (which the offender frequently agrees with as deserved,
a long term treatmentplan is put into effect to raise that family out of
poverty.

b.Japan
Another country with an interestingly low crime rate is Japan where the
crime rates arenot necessarily that low, but stable and resistant to
fluctuating spikes.Some reasons of having low crime rates are the
characteristics of this country whichinclude:
community policing
a patriarchal family system
the importance of higher education,
and the way businesses serve as surrogate families.Asian societies
are also “shamebased” rather than guilt based” as Western societies are.
For example, it is unthinkable to commit a crime in such places because of
shame it would bring upon one’s family and the business or corporation
with which that family is associate
d with.

c.IrelandIreland

is another place with a unexpectedly low crime rate. Despite a serious

unemployment, the presence of large urban ghettos, and a crisis with
religious terrorism, the Irish pattern of urban crime is no higher than its
pattern or rural crime.The key reason of having low crime rate is the factor
that appears to be:

a. A sense of hope and confidence among the people Legitimate

surveys, for example,show that 86% of more of the population believe
that the local authorities are well-skilled and doing everything they
can.
b. People felt like they had a high degree of population participation in
crime control.

d.Egypt

The Siwa Oasis in Egypt is another place with little or no crime. The
population of 23,000consists of 11 tribes who are the descendants of
ancient Greeks, and it is said that Plato himself fashioned his model or
perfect government in the Republic there. The inhabitants practice a
moderate form of Islamic justice, rejecting Shariah punishment and
embracing Urrf law (the law of tradition). Conflicts are resolved by a tribal
council, and there are no jailsor prisons. The last known crime occurred
around 1950, and was an act of involuntary manslaughter. The typical
punishment of wrong doing is social ostracization (shunning). This type of
society is an excellent example of the folk-communal, or informal justice
system.

What are the 7 Theories of Comparative Criminology?

1.Alertness to crime theory is that as a nation develops, people’s

alertness to crime is heightened, so they report more crime to police and
also demand the police become more effective at solving crime problems.

2.Economic or migration theory is that crime everywhere is the result of

unrestrained migration and over population in urban areas such as ghettos
and slums.

3.Opportunity theory is that along with higher standards of living, victims

become more careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing
crime multiply.

4.Demographic theory is based on the event of when a greater number of

children are being born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent
subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis. Deprivation theory
holds that progress comes along with rising expectations, and people at the
bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the
top don’t see themselves rising fast enough.

5.Modernization theory sees the problem as society becoming

too complex.

6.Theory of anomie and synomie (the latter being a term referring to

social cohesion on values), suggests that progressive lifestyle and norms
result in the disintegration of older norms that once held people
together (anomie).

What are the types of police in the world?

The following are some of the types of police

1.Uniformed police

2.Detectives

3.Auxiliary

4.Special police

5.Military police

6.Religious police

7.Border police

8.Transport police

Differentiate centralized from decentralized system of

law enforcement?

Decentralized Law Enforcement Decentralized police refers to a

system where police administrations and operations are independent from
one state to another. It is more applicable to countries with federal
government.In many countries, particularly those with a federal system of
government, there may be several police or police-like organizations, each
serving different levels of government and enforcing different subsets of the
applicable law. The United States has a highly decentralized and
fragmentedsystem of law enforcement, with over 17,000 state and local law
enforcement agencies. Germanyand UK have also decentralized law
enforcement agencies.Countries with Centralized policing systemSimply
means on police force operating in a country.Some countries, such as
Chile, Israel, Philippines, France, Austria, use a centralized system
of policing. A country with only one recognized police force which operates
entire that country is calledis called centralized police. Thus, Philippines is
an example of centralized police because thePhilippine National Police has
one central office with many regional, provincial and local branches
throughout the country.
What can the Philippines National Police Adopt?

As to organization, decentralization of regional or city police office that can

befinancially support its operation. This is to do away with the scenario that
the fault of Manila isthe fault of the entire officers of the PNP.As the
responsibilities, the specific functions of officers assigned in the Koban
andChuzaizho can be applied hence, the new PNP officers can be
assigned to

A.Gather data related to his jurisdiction (for city police officer) like list of
people who areworking late at night who might be of help as witnesses to
crime not engage in formal employment (stand by) owns gun or swords
with mental illness old living in the area alone who should be visited
periodically leaders of legitimate organizations leaders of illegitimate
organization total population list of households, rented homes and
apartments

B.Conduct the following (for provincial or municipal police officer) like

Visit each house twice a year to be acquainted and to determine their

needs related tolaw enforcement

Seminars among barangay leaders related to peace and orderAs to the

general entry qualification, height must not be a requirement (from UK
LawEnforcement) when the applicant has an above average intelligent
quotient.As to participation of civilian, accreditation of individuals who are
not members of the PNP butwith specialization in the fields related to law
enforcement is encourage.

For example, priest, pastors and ministries may be involved in values

trainings of the PNP.Biologist, Ballisticians and other related profession
may be accredited to help in law enforcementexercises.Another on
organization and supervision, the PNP may be separated and be fully
controlled andsupervised by the National Police Commission without
interference of local executives

.For example, a City Chief of Police could have same position as a City
Mayor. The former is incharge with peace and order and law enforcement
concerns while the last later is more an
administration of the city’s concern not covering the concern of the chief
of police. Coordination and cooperation are imperative in this
recommendation. This idea will empower the PNP to initiatea more
constructive and practical ways to improve peace and order. This
recommendation may alsoreduce the incidence of taking orders from the
whims and caprices of corrupt politicians, examplesis the Maguindanao
Massacre.

What are the 2 Types of Court Systems of the World?

1.Adversarial System

In adversarial the accused is innocent until proven guilty, and inquisitorial,

where theaccused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated. The U.S.
adversarial system is unique inthe world. No other nation, not even the U.K.
places as much emphasis upon determinationof factual guilt in the
courtroom as the U.S. does. Outside the U.S. most trials are concernedwith
legal guilt where everyone knows the offender did it, and the purpose is to
get theoffender to apologize, own up to their responsibility, argue for mercy,
or suggest anappropriate sentence for themselves.

2.Inquisitorial Systems

Where lesser rights are granted to the accused, and the written law is taken
as gospeland subject to little interpretation.

What is Globalization?

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people,

companies,and government of different nations, as process driven by
international trade and investmentand aided by information technology.
This process has effects on the environment, on culture,on political
systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical
well-being in societies around the world.In economic context, it refers to the
reduction and removal of barriers between nationalborders in order to
facilitate to flow of goods, capital, services and labor..although
considerablebarriers remain to the flow of labor.
What are Effects of Globalization to La w Enforcement in the
Philippines? (V. Delos Santos)

The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily

achieved.

There is a need for transnational policing. The cooperation among police

organization inthe world is vital.

Training instructional for incoming law enforcement officers must include

advancecomputer to prepare them as cyber cops so they can be better
prepared to deal withcyber crimes.

Development of new strategies to deal with international organized crimes

is a must.

Provisions of law enforcement with updated legislations related to

modernizationtheory of crime.

What are the Threats to Law Enforcement

Brought by Globalization International criminal networks have been quick

to take advantage of the opportunitiesresulting from the revolutionary
changes in world politics, technology, and communication thathave stre
ngthened democracy and free markets, brought the world’s nations closer
together and given the some countries unprecedented security and
prosperity.Globalization allowed international criminals to expand their
networks and increasetheir cooperation in illicit activities and financial
transactions.Criminals have taken advantage of transitioning and more
open economies to establishfront companies and quasi-legitimate
businesses that facilitates smuggling, money laundering,financial frauds,
intellectual property piracy, and other illicit ventures.Criminal groups have
taken advantage of the high volume of legitimate trade to smuggledrugs,
arms, and other contraband across national boundaries.Criminals are able
to exploit the complexity of the international system to hide drugs orother
contraband or to conceal the true origin and ownership of cargo within
contraband ishidden.Through the use of computers, international criminals
have an unprecedented capabilityto obtain, process, and protect
information and sidestep law enforcement investigations. Theycan use the
interactive capabilities of advanced computer and telecommunications
systemstoplot marketing strategies for drugs and other illicit commodities,
to find the most efficientroutes and methods for smuggling and moving
money or banking security. Internationalcriminals also take advantage of
the speed and magnitude of financial transactions and the factthat there
are few safeguards to prevent abuse of the system to move large amounts
of moneywithout scrutiny. More threateningly, some criminals organizations
appear to be adept at usingtechnology for counter intelligence purpose and
for tracking law enforcement activities.

What are the Different Police Global Organizations?

The different police international associations in the world are

ASEAN Chiefs of Police

Europol

IACP

Interpol

UN policing

When was ASEAN Chiefs of Police Establish?

Aseanapol (ASEAN Chiefs of police) was established in 1998.

What are the member of countries of ASEAN CP?

Indonesia

Malaysia

Philippines

Singapore

Thailand
Brunei Darussalam

Vietnam

Lao PDR

Myanmar

Cambodia.

What are the objectives of ASEANAPOL?

1.Enhancing police professionalism

2.Forging stronger regional co-operation in police work and promoting

lasting friendshipamong the police officers of ASEAN countries.

What is EUROPOL?

It means European Police Office or Europol

Europal is the European Union’s criminal intelligence agency. It
became fully operational
on 1 July 1999.

What is the aim of Europol?

Europol’s aim to improve the effectiveness and cooperation between the

competentauthorities of the member states primarily by sharing and pooling
intelligence to prevent andcombat serious international organized crime. Its
mission is to make a significant contribution to the European Union’s law
enforcement efforts targeting organized crime.

What is the mission of Europol?

The mission of Europol is to make a significant contribution to the
European Union’s law enforcement action against organized crime and
terrorism with an emphasis on targetingcriminal organizations.

How does Europol Assist Member States Investigations?

Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the member states

by:Facilitating the exchange of information between Europol and Europol
Liaison Officers (ELO’s) are seconded the Europol by the Members States
as representatives of their national lawenforcement agencies, thus they are
not under the command of Europol and its Director assuch. Furthermore,
they act in accordance with their national law.Providing operational analysis
and support to Member States operations;Providing expertise and technical
support for investigations and operations carried outwithin the EU, under
the supervision and the legal responsibility of the Member States;
Generating strategic reports (e.g. threat assessment) and crime analysis on
the basis of information and intelligence supplied by Member States or
gathered from other sources.

What is Europol’ss mandate?

Europols supports the law enforcement activities of the member states

mainly against:

Illicit drug trafficking

Illicit immigration networks;

Terrorism; Forgery of money (counterfeiting of the euro) and other means

of payment;
Trafficking in human beings (including child pornography);

Illicit vehicle trafficking;

Money laundering.

Does Europol only act on request?

Yes, Europol only acts on request at present. However, the Protocol of the
28 November2002 amending the Europol convention, allows Europol to
request the competent authorities of the Member States to investigate.
Article 3 b) of the Protocol states that “MemberStates shouldbe deal with
any request from Europol to initiate, conduct or co-ordinate investigations
inspecific cases and should give such requests due consideration. Europol
should be informed whether the requested investigation will be initiated”.

What is the added value of having Europol as a European law

enforcement agency?

There are numerous advantages for the European law enforcement

community. Europolis unique in this field as it is multi-disciplinary agency,
comprising not only regular price officers but staff members from the
various law enforcement agencies of the Member States andcovering
specialized areas such as customs, immigration services, intelligence
services, borderand financial police.

What is IACP?

It stands for International Association of Chiefs of Police. The International

Association
of Chiefs of Police is the world’s oldest and largest nonprofit membership
organization of police
executives, with over 20,000 members in over 80 different countries
. IACP’s leadership consists
of the operating chief executes of international, federal, state and local
agencies of all sizes.

What are the Missions of IACP?

The IACP shall

1.Advance professional police services

2.Promote enhanced administrative, technical, and operational police

practices, fostercooperation and the exchange of information and
experience among police leadersand police organizations of recognized
professional and technical standingthroughout the world.
What is Interpol?

Interpol is the short form of International Criminal Police Organization. It

began in 1923,and at the same time its name was International Criminal
Police Commission. In 1956, its namebecame International Criminal Police
Organization. The word Interpol was a short of International Criminal Police
Organization. This short form served as the address to receivetelegrams.
Slowly, the name of this international organization became famous as
Interpol. Now,Interpol is the second biggest international organization; the
United Nations is the first. Someimportant information about
Interpol:Interpol is crime fighting organization, just like your local police
department. Instead,they help other member countries that need to co-
operate by connecting all members of Interpol by a network of files of
criminals and cases if any of Interpol’s 182 nations need them.

What does Interpol do?

Interpol records any information about something that was in a criminal

case, ex:information on criminals, type of crime, vehicles, anything to help
any police officer withinformation about a certain crime.

Why was Interpol created?

The countries in Europe needed a co-operation between countries. This

was neededbecause criminals would commit crimes in one country in
Europe and then skip to anothercountry to avoid prosecution. Since Europe
is a tightly packed continent, police didn’t have enough time to catch
criminals, and the idea was created.

What UN Police Do?

One of the objectives of the Philippine National Police Officers being

deployed in the UN mission is for mentoring other law enforcement
of foreign countries like East Timor and Kosovo .Assistance to host-state
police and other law enforcement agencies. United NationsPolice Officers
support the reform, restructuring and rebuilding of domestic police and
other law enforcement agencies through training and advising. Direct
assistance is also provided, often through trust funds, for the refurbishment
of facilities and the procurement of vehicles, communication equipment and
other law enforcement material. Such assistance has been provided in the
past, for example, by the police components of peace operations in Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Burundi, Cote dlvoire, Democratic Republic of Congo,
Haiti, Kosovo, Liberia and Sierre Leone.

What is Transnational Organized Crime?

Transnational organized crime involves the planning and execution of illicit

businessventures by groups or networks of individuals working in more
than one country. These criminalgroups use systematic violence and
corruption to achieve their goal. Crimes commonly includemoney
laundering; human smuggling; cybercrime; and trafficking of humans,
drugs, weapons,endangered species, body parts, or nuclear
material.Transnational crime ring activities weaken economies and financial
systems andundermine democracy. These networks often prey on
governments that are not powerfulenough to oppose them, prospering on
illegal activities, such as drug trafficking that bring themimmense profits. In
carrying out illegal activities, they upset the peace and stability of
nationsworldwide, often using bribery, violence, or terror to achieve their
goals.

What the Major Transnational Organized Crime Groups?

Transnational crime often operate in well-organized groups, intentionally
united to carryout illegal actions. Groups typically involve certain
hierarchies and are headed by a powerfulleader. These transnational
organized crime groups work to make a profit through illegalactivities.
Because groups operate internationally, their activity is a threat to global
security,often weakening governmental institutions or destroying legitimate
business endeavors.Well-known organized crime groups include:

Russian Mafia.Around 200 Russian groups that operate in nearly 60

countries worldwide. Theyhave been involved in racketeering, fraud, tax
evasion, gambling, drugtrafficking, ransom, robbery and murder.

La Cosa Nostra.Known as the Italian or Italian-American mafia. The most

prominent organized
crime group in the world from the 1920’s to the 1990’s. They have been
involved in violence, arson, bombings, torture, sharking, gambling,
drugtrafficking, health insurance fraud, and political and judicial corruption.
YakuzaJapanese criminal group. Often involved in multinational criminals
activities,including human trafficking, gambling, prostitution, and
undermining licitbusinesses.

FukChing.Chinese organized group in the United States. They have been

involved insmuggling, street violence, and human trafficking.

Triads.Underground criminal societies based in Hong Kong. They control

secretmarkets and bus routes and are often involved in money laundering
and drugtrafficking.

HeijinTaiwanese gangsters who are often executives in large

corporations. They areoften involved in white collar crimes, such as illegal
stock trading and bribery,and sometimes run for public office.

Jao Pho.Organized crime group in Thailand. They are often involved in

illegal politicaland business activity.

Red Wa.Gangsters from Thailand. They are involved in manufacturing

and traffickingmethamphetamine.

What is Human Trafficking?

Human Trafficking is the illegal in human beings for the purposes of

commercial sexualexploitation or forced labor: a modern-day form of
slavery. It is the fastest growing criminalindustry in the world, and tied with
the illegal arms industry as the second largest, after thedrug, trade.Human
Trafficking is a crime against humanity. It further defined as an act of
recruiting,transporting, transferring, harboring or receiving a person through
a use of force, coercion orother means, for the purpose of exploiting them.
Every year, thousands of men, women andchildren fall into the hands of
traffickers, in their own countries and abroad. Every country in theworld is
affected by trafficking, whether as a country of origin, tansit or destination
for victims.UNODC, as guardian of the United Nations Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime(UNTOC) and the Protocols thereto, assists
States in their efforts to implement the Protocol toPrevent, Suppress and
Punish Trafficking in Person (Trafficking in Persons Protocol).

What are the Elements of Human Trafficking?

On the basis of the definition given in the trafficking in persons protocol, t is
evidentthat trafficking in persons has three constituent elements;

The Act (What is done)Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or

receipt of persons

The Means (How it is done)Threat or use of force, coercion, abduction,

fraud, deception, abuse of power orvulnerability, or giving payments or
benefits to a person in control of the victim

The Purpose (Why it is done)For the purpose of exploitation, which

include exploiting the prostitution of others, sexual exploitation, forced
labor, slavery or similar practices and theremoval of organs.To ascertain
whether a particular circumstances constitutes trafficking in persons,
consider thedefinition of trafficking in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol
and the constituent elements of theoffence, as defined by relevant
domestic legislation.

What is Drug Trafficking?

Drug trafficking involves selling drugs and drug paraphernalia, whether is it

localexchange between a user and a dealer or a major international
operation. Drug trafficking I aproblem that affects every nation in the world
and exists in many levels.Drug trafficking is the commercial exchange of
drugs and drug paraphernalia. Thisinclude any equipment used to
manufacture illegal drugs or use them.

What are Cybercrimes?

Cybercrimes are generally defined as any type of illegal activity that makes
use of theInternet, a private or public network, or an in-house computer
system. While many forms of cybercrime revolve around the appropriation
of proprietary information for unauthorized use,other examples are focused
more on a invasion of privacy. As a growing problem around theworld,
many countries are beginning to implement laws and other regulatory
mechanisms in anattempt to minimize the incidence of cybercrime.44.

What is Terrorism?
1.The use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for
politicalpurposes.

2.The state of fear and submission produced by terrorism for terrorization.

3.A terroristic method of governing or of resisting a government.Terrorism is

the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. At
present,the International community has been unable to formulate a
university agreed, legally binding,criminal law definition of terrorism.
Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violentacts which are
intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for a religious, political,
orideological goal, and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-
combatants (civilians).

Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence and war. This
history of terrorismorganizations suggest that they do not select terrorism
for its political effectiveness. Individualterrorists tend to be motivated more
by a desire for social solidarity with other members of their organization
than by political platforms or strategic objectives, which are often murky
andundefined.45.

What is Money Laundering?

Money Laundering is the process of creating the appearance that large

amounts of money obtained from serious crimes, such as drug trafficking,
originated from a legitimatesource. It is a crime in many jurisdictions with
varying definitions. It is a key operation of theunderground economy.46.

Who is the only Filipino Former President of the Interpol?Jolly R. Bugarin

was the Filipino President of the Interpol in 1980
–
1984 after the termof Carl G. Persson of Sweden.
 Chapter V
Types of Police
This chapter enumerates and summarizes the different types of police of
various countries.

Afghanistan

1.Afghan Boarder Police ABP

2.Afghan National Civil Order Police (ANCOP)

3.Afghan National Police ANP

4.Afghan Special Narcotics Force (ASNF)

5.Counter Narcoutics Police of Afghanistan (CNPA)

6.Khadamate Etela’ate Dawlati

7.National Directorate of Security (NDS

8.Ring of Steel

9.The Sarandoy

10.Vice and Virtue Ministry

Australia
2 Major Types of Police Australia

1.Australian Federal Police (AFP)

is responsible for the investigation of crimes againstCommonwealth law

which occurs throughout the nation. The AFP also have responsibility for
acommunity policing role (similar to the state police) in Commonwealth
territories such as theAustralian Capital Territory.

2.Various State Police

The state police forces are responsible for enforcing state law within their
own states (includingcities within the states)

China

1.Public Security Police.

It makes up to 86% of all police personnel in China. It provides not

onlybasic uniformed patrol but also twelve other specialized functions
including criminalinvestigations, fire control border patrol, and monitoring of
all modes of transportation.

2.State Security Police.

Established in 1983, it is responsible for preventing espionage,

sabotage,and conspiracies.

3.Prison Police.

It is responsible for supervision of convicted offenders in prison

4.Judicial Procuratorates Police.

They escort suspects in cases investigated by the

procuratorates(prosecutors in the Phils.)
5.Judicial People’s Court Police.

They maintain security and order in the various courts and also
may carryout death sentence.

Japan

1.Koban
2.Chuzaisho
3.Kidotai
4.Kempetai
5.Prefectural

Germany
1.Bundespolizie/Federal police

2.Landespolizie/state police

2.1Schutzpolizei.

This is the equivalent of municipal police particularly patrol officers in the

Philippines, they are the first to arrive at the scene of most crime and
handle all general aspects of law enforcement and simple investigations

2.2Kriminalpolizei. This is also called Kripo. They are plainclothes

police who handle seriouscrime investigation and situations that require
developing case against the suspect.

2.3Bereitschaftspolize. These are officers in training living in

barracks, but they serve as civilpolice when situation arises.

2.4 Kommunen/localThe Verkehrspolize (traffic police) was the traffic-

law enforcement agency and road safety administration of Germany.The
Wsserschutzpolizei (water protection police) was the coast guard of the
third reich. Tasked with the safety and security of Germany’s rivers,
harbors, and inland water ways.The Bahnschutzpolizei (railway police) was
made up of part time police officers who werealso employees of the
Reichbahn (state railway). The Bahnchutzpolizei was tasked with railway
safety and also preventing espionage and sabotage of railway property.
Postal police (Postchutz) was tasked with security at Germany’s post
offices and ensuring the security of other communications media such as
telephone and telegraph lines.The Feuerschutzpolizei fire protection
police) thus consisted of all professional fire departments under a national
command structure. The Orpo Hauptamt had also authorityover the
Freiwillige Feuerwehren,the local volunteer civilian fire brigades.

The security and assistance Service (Sicherheits and Hilfsdienst or SHD)

was created in 1935as air protection police. It was the civil protection
service in charge of air raid defense andrescue victims of bombings in
connection with the Technische Nothilfe (TechnicalEmergency Service) and
the Feuerschutzpolizei (FireBrigades).

United Kingdom

1. Terrotorial police forces

2. Special police forces,
3. Non-police law enforcement agencies
4. Miscellaneous police forces

USA

1. Federal
2. State Police, State Patrol or Highway Patrol
3. Country Police
4. Sheriffs’ department
5. Municipal
6. Special district police