MAT 5104 PROBABILITY, RANDOM VARIABLES AND STOCHASTIC PROCESSES [4 0 0 4]

Total number of lecture hours – 48

Statistical Inference:
Random Sampling, Sampling distributions, Parameter Estimation and Hypothesis Testing, Regression,
Correlation and Analysis of Variance - Examples.
Stochastic Processes :
Static probabilities : review and prerequisites generating functions, difference equations. Dynamic probability :
definition and description with examples. Markov chains, transition probabilities, Chapmen Kolmogrov
equations. Classification of states, chains of Markov process. Stability of Markov systems, limiting behaviour,
random walk.
Poisson Processes : assumptions and derivations, related distributions, birth and death processes. Queuing
System, general concepts, Model M/M/1 and M/M/S, steady state behvaour, transient behaviour.
Reference Books:
1. Hogg & Craig (1975), “Introduction to Mathematical Statistics”, 4th Edn., MacMillan,
2. J.Medhi, “Stochastic Processes”.
3. A. Papoulis and S.U. Pillai, Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes, McGraw Hill, 2002.
4. P. Z. Peebles Jr., Probability, Random Variables and Random Signal Principles, McGraw Hill
International Edition, 2001, Singapore.

ECE - 5121 ADVANCED DIGITAL VLSI DESIGN [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48

MOS Transistor theory: Operation and characteristics, Threshold voltage, Body effect, Sub threshold conduction,
Channel length modulation, mobility variation, Tunneling, Drain punch through and Hot electron effect. MOS
models, small signal AC characteristics. CMOS inverter, βn/βp ratio, noise margin, static load MOS inverters,
tri-state inverter. Advantages of CMOS over NMOS, CMOS/SOI technology, CMOS/Bulk technology, latch up
in bulk CMOS and its prevention.

Principles of Digital VLSI Design using CMOS: Principles of circuit design using pass transistors and
transmission gates. Combinational Logic circuit design using CMOS logic. Sequential logic Circuit design using
CMOS, Flip Flops, synchronous sequential circuits and clocked storage elements.

Basic circuit concepts and performance estimation: Introduction, Resistance Estimation Capacitance Estimation
and switching characteristics of CMOS gates. Transistor Sizing, Power dissipation, Sizing Routing Conductors,
Design Margins and Reliability.

BiCMOS Logic circuits: Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) structure and operation, Dynamic behavior of BJTs,
Basic BiCMOS Circuits - static Behavior, switching delay in BiCMOS logic circuits and BiCMOS applications.

Dynamic CMOS logic and clocking: Introduction, static CMOS design, Pseudo-NMOS circuits, Domino CMOS
structure and design, Charge sharing, Clocking, clock generation and distribution,
Semiconductor memories: Read only memory (ROM) circuits, Static Read/Write memory (SRAM) circuits and
Dynamic Read/Write memory (DRAM) circuits, Erasable PROMs and flash memories.

Chip input and output (I/O) circuits: ESD protection, Input circuits, Output circuits, L(di/dt) noise and VLSI
Packaging technology.

VLSI design methodologies: VLSI design flow, design hierarchy, Concepts of Regularity, Modularity and
Locality, VLSI design styles, Design Quality and Computer Aided Design.

References:

1. Neil Weste and K. Eshragian, “Principles of CMOS VLSI Design: A System Perspective,” Pearson
Education, 2000.
2. Jan M, Rabaey, et al, “Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective”, Prentice Hall, 2003.
3. Wayne, Wolf, “Modern VLSI design: System on Silicon” Pearson Education, 2005.
4. Sung, Mo Kang and Yosuf Leblebici, “CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits: Analysis and Design”, TMH,
2003
5. Douglas A Pucknell and Kamran Eshraghian, “Basic VLSI Design” PHI, 2005.
6.

ECE – 5122 ANALOG & RF VLSI DESIGN [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48

Introduction to Analog Design: Design flow, Digital v/s Analog Design, MOS device physics, Long-channel and
short-channel devices, Second-order effects-Channel length modulation, Bulk effect, Low-frequency and high-
frequency MOS models in saturation, MOS SPICE models, Noise in MOS devices, Design issues, Analog Design
Octagon, Analog design applications.

Current sources and sinks: simple and cascode current mirror, Widlar current mirror, Wilson Current mirror,
sensitivity analysis, High-performance wide-swing current mirrors.

Active Loads & Voltage & current references.

CMOS Amplifiers: CS, CD, CG with different active loads (diode-connected MOS load, current source/sink load,
ideal current load etc) considering second-order effects, voltage gain, input and output impedances, Miller effect,
frequency response, noise and distortion analysis, Telescopic and Folded cascode amplifiers, Differential
amplifier, Differential and common-mode gain, CMRR, Cascode differential amplifier, Gilbert cell, Current
differential amplifiers.

CMOS Operational Amplifier: Basic two-stage CMOS Op-amp design (with and without buffer), frequency
response & compensation, Operational Transconductance Amplifiers(OTA) , Wide-swing OTA, Folded-cascode
OTA, Fully differential Op-amp/OTA.

Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), Phase Locked Loops (PLL), dynamics and applications.

Analog Layout considerations: Review of CMOS layout and design rules, CMOS process errors due to lateral
diffusion, oxide encroachement, over etching etc, antenna effect, Layout for resistor and capacitor, Analog layout
techniques like interdigitization ,symmetry, common centroid geometry, dummy strip etc, Layout of analog
circuits like current mirror, difference amplifier, cascode amplifier etc
CMOS RF Circuit Design: MOSFET models at RF frequencies, Noise Performance and limitations of devices,
Integrated parasitic elements at high frequencies, overview of RF circuit design: Design issues involved, Design
of basic blocks in RF systems like Mixers, VCOs, RF synthesizers, frequency dividers, RF power amplifier, RF
filters.
References:
1Behzad Razavi,Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits,Tata McGraw-Hill, 2002.
2David A.Johns, Ken Martin, Analog Integrated Circuit Design, Johns Wiley & Sons, 2002.
3 R.Jacob Baker, Harry W.Li, David E.Boyce, CMOS circuit design, Layout, and Simulation, IEEE Press, PHI
Pvt Ltd, 1998.
4Phillip. E. Allen, and Douglas R. Holberg , CMOS Analog Circuit Design ,Second edition, Oxford University
Press,2004.
5 Thomas H.Lee, "Design of CMOS RF Integrated Circuits" Cambridge University, 2004.
6

ECE – 5123 PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE & APPLICATIONS [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48

Processor Datapath and control: Building a Datapath, A simple implementation scheme, A Multicycle
Implementation.
Pipelining: Pipelining Basics, Pipeline Hazards, Pipelined Datapath, Pipelined Control, Data Hazards &
Forwarding, Data Hazards & stalls, Branch Hazards, HDL model of a pipeline, Advanced Pipelining, Pentium 4
pipeline.
Memory Hierarchy : Introduction, Basics of Cache,
Measuring & improving Cache Performance, Six Basic cache optimizations, Virtual Memory, Memory Hierarchy
Design.
I/O interface: Programmed I/O, Interrupt I/O, DMA
Instruction-Level Parallelism: Concepts & Challenges, Basic Compiler techniques, Branch Prediction, Dynamic
Scheduling, Hardware-Based Speculation, Multiple Issue & Static Scheduling, Advanced Techniques for
Instruction Delivery & Speculation, Intel Pentium 4, Limitations of ILP.
Multiprocessors :Taxonomy of Parallel Architectures, Symmetric Shared-Memory Architectures, Cache
Coherence, Basic Schemes for enforcing Coherence, Snooping Protocols & Directory-Based Coherence, Vector
processors.
MSP430 Microcontroller Architecture & Applications.
Architecture of Digital Signal Processors: Need for special DSPs, Special features of Digital Signal Processors,
finite word length effects, quantization errors.
Architecture and features of floating point processors (TI 6X, families).
DSP development tools - introduction to ccs studio & Simulink.
Applications using Digital Signal Processors: Digital filtering, Speech and image processing etc.

References :
1. David A.Patterson & John L.Hennessy, ‘Computer Organization and Design-The Hardware/Software
Interface’, Third Edition, Elsevier, 2005
2. John L.Hennessy and David A.Patterson, ‘Computer Architecture-A Quantitative Approach’, Fourth
Edition, Elsevier,2007

3. Phil Lapsley, ‘DSP Processor Fundamentals’, IEEE Press, 1997

5. Sen M. Kuo, Woon-Seng Gan “Digital Signal Processors”, Pearson, 2005
 ECE 5124 VLSI PROCESS TECHNOLOGY [4 0 0 4]

Total number of Lectures: 48

Material Properties: Physical properties, Crystal structure, Miller indices, Packing Density, Defects, Dislocation.

Crystal Growth: Silicon Crystal Growth - Czochralski and Float Zone Technique, Distribution of dopants,
Segregation/Distribution coefficient.
Silicon Oxidation: Thermal Oxidation process- Kinetics of Growth, Deal-Grove Model, Impurity Distribution,
Masking properties
Photolithography: Photo resists, Lift Off technique, Optical Lithography, Next generation lithography
Diffusion: Basic diffusion process- Fick’s first and second law, Pre-deposition and drive-in diffusion, Diffusion
profile for various dopants, Lateral Diffusion.
Ion Implantation: Range, straggle, ion stopping, ion Channeling, RTA
Etching: Wet and dry etching- Plasma fundamentals
Film Deposition: PECVD, and Epitaxy
Metallization: evaporation and sputtering
Realizing resistor, capacitor, diode, BJT, MOSFET, CMOS structures, Twin Tub process, High-k Dielectrics,
elctromigartion. Single and Double Damascene process.
IC assembly techniques: Dicing, Bonding and Packaging process.
References:
1.S.K. Gandhi, “VLSI Fabrication Principles”, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1983.
2.S. M. Sze, “VLSI Technology”, Second Edition, McGraw Hill, 1988.
3.Stephen A. Campbell, “The Science & Engineering of Microelectronic Fabrication”, Second Edition,
Oxford University Press, 2005.
4.Gary S. May and S. M. Sze, “Fundamentals of Semiconductor Fabrication”, Wiley Student edition, 2004.
5.Douglas A. Pucknell, Kamran Eshraghian, “Basic VLSI Design”, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, 1994.

HSS-5101 Research Methodology and Technical Presentation [1 0 3 2]

Mechanics of Research Methodology- Types of research, Significance of research, Research framework, Case
study method, Experimental method, Sources of data, Data collection using questionnaire, Interviewing, and
experimentation. Research formulation- Components, selection and formulation of a research problem,
Objectives of formulation, and Criteria of a good research problem. Research hypothesis- Criterion for hypothesis
construction, Nature of hypothesis, Need for having a working hypothesis, Characteristics and Types of
hypothesis, Procedure for hypothesis testing. Sampling Methods- Introduction to various sampling methods and
their applications. Data Analysis- Sources of data, Collection of data, Measurement and scaling technique, and
Different techniques of Data analysis. Thesis Writing and Journal Publication-Writing thesis, Writing journal and
conference papers, IEEE and Harvard styles of referencing, Effective presentation, Copyrights, and avoiding
plagiarism.
References:

1. Dr Ranjit Kumar, Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners, SAGE, 2005.
2. Geoffrey R. Marczyk, David DeMatteo & David Festinger, Essentials of Research Design and
Methodology, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
3. John W. Creswel , Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, SAGE,
2004
4. Suresh C. Sinha and Anil K. Dhiman, Research Methodology (2 Vols-Set), Vedam Books, 2006.
5. C. R. Kothari, Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, New Age International Publisher, 2008.
6. Donald R Cooper & Pamela S Schindler, Business Research Methods, McGraw Hill International, 2007.
7. R. Pannershelvam, Research Methodology, Prentice Hall, India, 2006
8. Manfred Max Bergman, Mixed Methods Research, SAGE Books, 2006.
9. Paul S. Gray, John B. Williamson, David A. Karp, John R. Dalphin, The Research Imagination,
Cambridge University press, 2007.
10. Cochrain & Cox, Experimental Designs, II Edn. Wiley Publishers, 2006.

ECE-5221 LOW POWER VLSI DESIGN [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48
Introduction: Need for Low Power VLSI chips, Sources of power dissipation in Digital Integrated circuits.
Emerging low power approaches, Hierarchical Low Power Design Methodologies.

Device & Technology Impact on Low Power: Physics of power dissipation in CMOS devices. Dynamic and static
power dissipation, Transistor sizing & gate oxide thickness. Impact of technology Scaling and Device innovation.

Probabilistic Power Analysis: Random logic signals, probability and frequency, probabilistic power analysis
techniques, signal entropy.
Power estimation, Simulation and Power analysis: SPICE circuit simulators, gate level logic simulation,
capacitive power estimation, static state power, gate level capacitance estimation, architecture level analysis, data
correlation analysis in DSP systems, Monte Carlo simulation.
Circuit level Power reduction techniques: Power consumption in circuits. Design of Flip Flops and Latches. High
capacitance nodes, interconnects and repeaters. Low power digital cell library.
Logic level Power reduction techniques: Gate reorganization, pre-computation logic, signal gating, logic
encoding, state machine encoding, reduction of power in address and data buses.
Low power Architecture and Systems: Power and performance management, switching activity reduction, parallel
architecture with voltage reduction, flow graph transformation, low power arithmetic components, low power
memory design.
Low power Clock Distribution: Power dissipation in clock distribution, Single driver versus Distributed buffers,
Zero skew versus Tolerable skew, chip and package co design of clock network.

Algorithm and Architectural level Methodologies: Introduction, design flow, Algorithmic level analysis and
optimization, Power aware software designs, Architectural level estimation and synthesis.

References:
1. Gary K. Yeap, “Practical Low Power Digital VLSI Design”, KAP, 2002.
2. Rabaey, Pedram, “Low power design methodologies” Kluwer Academic, 1997.
3. Kaushik Roy, Sharat Prasad, “Low Power CMOS VLSI Circuit Design” Wiley, 2000.
4. Kiat, Samir S, Rofail-Seng Yeo, Wang-Ling Goh, “CMOS/BiCMOS ULSI Low
Voltage Low Power”, Pearson, 2002.

ECE 5222 CMOS MIXED SIGNAL DESIGN [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48

Introduction to Mixed-Signal Design (MSD): Continuous-time and sampled-data signal processing, Issues in
mixed-signal-design,noise immunity,harmonic distortion,Electro migration. Basic building blocks: data
converters, transconductors, transresistors, integrators, current scaling amplifier.
Non-linear Analog Circuits: CMOS voltage comparator, Source follower, Adaptive Biasing, CMOS Analog
multipliers
Dynamic Analog Circuits: Transmission gate, Charge injection, Capacitive feedthrough, kT/C noise, Sample and
Hold(S/H) circuits
Discrete-time Filters: Basic building blocks- fully-differential Op-amp, capacitors, switches, Non-overlapping
clocks, Switched-capacitor (SC) circuits, parasitic-insensitive SC integrators, Ladder Filters, Capacitor Layout,
Switched-current (SI) based integrators and filters.
Continuous-time(CT) Filters: OTA-C and gm-C based integrators, differential transconductance amplifier, fully-
differential integrators, high-frequency transconductors, first-order and second-order filters,Ladder
filters,Transconductor-C implementation of Current-mode filter topologies, phase compensation, Q-peaking,
Effects of finite BW, Sensitivity, Dynamic range performance
Data Converters: Fundamentals, DAC and ADC specifications,Implementing data-converters: DAC
architectures-Current-mode R-2R Ladder Networks, Current steering DAC, Charge scaling DAC, Layout
considerations, Cyclic DAC, Pipeline DAC, ADC Architectures- Flash ADC, Successive approximation
ADC,Data converter SNR, Noise-shaping Data Converters. Oversampling ADC, Sigma-delta A/D conversion.
Mixed Signal Layout Issues:Power-supply and grounding issues, Fully-differential design, Device matching,
Substrate coupling-Guard Rings, Shielding from substrate noise, capacitance shielding,switching noise and
grounding of mixed-mode circuits, and ESD Protection for current-mode circuits ,sensor interfaces,VLSI
interconnects
References:
1. R. Jacob Baker, CMOS: Mixed-Signal Circuit Design, volume II, Wiley, 2002.
2. Rudy van de Plassche, CMOS Integrated Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog
Converters, Springer, 2003.
3.P.V.Anand Mohan, Current-mode VLSI Analog Filters: Design and Applications,Birkhauser,
2003.
4. T Deliyanis, Y Sun and J K Fidler, Continuous-Time Active Filter Design, CRC Press,
1999.
5. R.Jacob Baker, Harry W.Li, David E.Boyce, CMOS circuit design, Layout, and Simulation,
IEEE Press, PHI,1998.

ECE - 5250 OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48

Eigenvalue equation and its solution for planar waveguides. Modes supported by a planar waveguide. Power
associated with modes, weakly guiding approximation, birefringence.

Derivation of eigenvalue equation for step index fibers and its solution. Modes in an optical fiber. Linearly
polarized modes and weakly guiding approximation. Birefringnece in optical fibers

Losses in optical fibers due to absorption and scattering. Signal distortion due to dispersion. Intermodal and
intramodal dispersion. Material and waveguide dispersion. Polarization mode dispersion. Dispersion
compensation techniques.

Theory of optical amplification. Energy levels in EDFA. Pump threshold condition. Applications of EDFA.

Review of semiconductor theory. Semiconductor sources and detectors for optical fiber communication,
Introduction to Quantum well structures.
Optical power coupling into fibers. Fiber splicing and connectors. Link power and rise time budgeting. Analog
and digital fiber optic communication system analysis. WDM systems and components. Impacts of fiber
nonlinearities on fiber optic communication system.

Attenuation and dispersion measurements in an optical fiber. OTDR. Concept of RMS pulse and spectral width.

References:

1. G. Keiser, ‘Optical Fiber Communication’, McGraw Hill, 2010.

2. M. Sathish Kumar, ‘Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Communication’, Prentice Hall of India, 2009.
3. J. Senior and M. Y. Jamro, ‘Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice’, Pearson, 2009.
4. A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, ‘Introduction to Fiber Optics’, Cambridge University Press, 1998
5. A. Yariv and P. Yeh, ‘Photonics: Optical Electronics in Modern Communications’, Oxford University
Press, 2007

ECE – 5246 MICROWAVE & MILLIMETER ANTENNAS [4-0-0-4]

Total Number of lecture hours: 48
Types of pure mode horns, design of pyramidal horns, wide band range loaded horns, multi mode horns,
corrugated and their radiation characteristics.
Analysis and radiation characteristics of symmetrical paraboloidal reflector antennas; Different types of dual
reflector antennas and their characteristics, offset reflector antennas.
Basic lens antenna operation, lens shape design.
Basic configuration and advantages, radiation mechanism, Basic characteristics, feeding techniques, Broad-
banding techniques, phased arrays, conformal Microstrip antennas, future developments.
Periodic dielectric antennas, leaky wave antennas, tapered slot antennas, printed circuit antennas.
Introduction to active integrated antennas, active devices and passive elements, quasi optical systems, spatial
power combining oscillator and amplifier, active antenna characteristics and measurements.
Beam forming antennas, satellite antennas, antennas for medical applications, antenna for radiometry and remote
sensing.
Outdoor and compact range measurement arrangements, anechoic chamber, pattern measurement, gain
measurement, polarization measurement.
References:
1. C. A. Balanis, ‘Antenna Theory’, John Wiley and Sons. Inc., 2010
2. John Kraus, ‘Antenna and wave Propagation’, Tata McGraw Hill, 2010
3. Warren L. Stutzman, Gary A. Thiele, ‘Antennas Theory and Design’, John Wiley and sons, 2009
4. P. S. Neelakanta and R. Chatterjee, ‘Antennas for Information Super Skyways-An Exposition to Outdoor and
Indoor Wireless Antennas’, Prentice Hall of India, 2008

ECE - 5252 RADAR SYSTEMS [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48
Introduction to Radar Systems – Radar block diagram, Radar Equation, Target echo information extraction,
Integration of Radar Pulses, Pulse Repetition Frequency and Range Ambiguities, General Radar range equation,
Beacon and Repeater equations.
Radar transmitters- high power transmitting devices, Receivers- special design considerations, low noise
receivers, Duplexer, Indicators and Displays.
Radar Antennas- Forms of antennas, side lobe suppression techniques, Electronically Steered Phased Array
Antennas.
Tracking Radar - Tracking with Radar, Sequential Lobing, Conical Scan, Monopulse Tracking Radar – Amplitude
Comparison Monopulse (one- and two- coordinates), Phase Comparison Monopulse. Target Reflection
Characteristics and Angular Accuracy. Tracking in Range, Acquisition and Scanning Patterns.

Detection of radar signals in noise- Matched filter receiver, correlation detection, detection criteria, Noyman-
Pearson observer. Detection characteristics. Envelop detector, optimum detector low logarithmic detector, zero
crossing detector, coherent detector, Automatic detection - CFAR Receiver, Cell Averaging CFAR Receiver,
CFAR uses in Radar.

Extraction of information from radar signals - Phase and amplitude measurements, statistical estimation of
parameters, likelihood function, theoretical accuracy of range and Doppler, velocity measurements, uncertainty
relation, angular accuracy, transmitted waveforms, ambiguity diagram, pulse compression, clutter. Digital signal
processing of radar signals, digital matched filters for radar signals, Doppler processing to combat clutter
problems.
High Resolution Radar-Synthetic Aperture Radar, Bistatic Radar, comparison of bistatic and monostatic radar,
Fundamentals of bistatic synthetic aperture Radar(BSAR).

References:

1. M.I.Skolnik, ‘Introduction to Radar Systems’, 3rd Ed., McGraw Hill, 2003.

2. Peyton Z. Peebles Jr., ‘Radar Principles’, John Wiley, 2004.
3. Edde Byron, ‘Radar: Principles, Technology, Applications’, Prentice- Hall education ,2004.
4. David Barton , ‘Radar system analyses and Modeling’, Artech house, 2005.
5. Moccia Antonio, ‘ Bistatic radar emerging technology’, John Wiley, 2008.

ECE - 5238 DATA COMPRESSION [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48

Compression techniques, modeling and coding. Introduction to information theory, models, coding

Algorithm, Adaptive Huffman coding, Golomb codes, Rice codes, Tunstall codes Coding sequence, generating
a binary code, comparison of Huffman and Arithmetic coding, Applications

Static dictionary, adaptive dictionary, applications.

Prediction with partial match, the Burrows-Wheeler transform, CALIC, JPEG-LS, multi resolution approaches,
Facsimile encoding, dynamic Markov compression.

Information theory revised, Distortion criteria, models

The quantisation problem, uniform quantizer, adaptive quantizer, non uniform quantizer, entropy-coded
quantization
Advantages, the Linde-Buzo-Gray algorithm, tree-structured vector quantizers, structured vector quantizers,
variations on the theme, Trellis-coded quantization.

Algorithm, prediction in DPCM, adaptive DPCM, Delta modulation, speech coding

Vector spaces, Fourier series, Fourier Transforms, Sampling, DFT, Z-transform.

The Transform, types, quantization and coding of transform coefficients, Applications to image compression and
audio compression

Filters, the basic sub band coding algorithms, bit allocation, application to speech coding and audio coding,
Application to image compression
Wavelets, multi resolution analysis and the scaling function, implementation using filters, image compression,
JPEG 2000

References:

1. Khalid Sayood, “Introduction to Data Compression," Addison Wesley. 2000.

2. Jayanth, Peter, Noll, “Digital Coding & Waveforms”, Prentice Hall, 1984.
3. David Salomon, "Data Compression," 2nd Edn., Springer,2000.
4. Toby Berger, "Rate Distortion Theory: A Mathematical Basis for Data Compression,"Prentice Hall, 1971.
5. Thomas M. Cover, Joy A. Thomas, "Elements of Information Theory", John Wiley & Sons, Inc,1991.
6. Ali N. Akansu, Richard A. Haddad, "Multi resolution signal decomposition: Transforms, Subbands and
Wavelets," Academic Press, 1992.

ECE – 5234 CAD TOOLS FOR VLSI [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48

Semiconductor device fabrication techniques-NMOS, PMOS and CMOS. Stick diagram and Design rules for
MOS Circuits. PLA circuit implementation. Semiconductor TCAD Tool-SILVACO.

Basic of Graph Theory- Types of graph.Graph optimization problems and Algorithms.

Introduction to PLDs, Types, Boolean logic implementation, Classification of FPGA, Switching technology.

Cell-library binding-Subject graph, Pattern Graph and simple library design. Tree based covering using Dynamic
programming and using Automata.Look-up table and Anti-fuse based FPGAs.

State diagram, state flow sequencing graph, Architectural synthesis:- strategies for architectural optimizations,
Area/Latency,Cycle-time/Latency and Cycle-time/Area optimizations.

Model for scheduling problems, scheduling with resource and without resource constraints.

Two level combinational logic synthesis and optimization- Exact and Heuristic method, Sequential logic
Optimization.

Fault simulation techniques, automatic test pattern generation method (ATPG), Fault collapsing Technique, design
for testability (DFT) techniques.

References:
1.Pucknell D.A., Eshraghian K. , ‘Basic VLSI design’, PHI publication, New Delhi,2004.
2.Giovanni De Michelli , “Synthesis and Optimisation of Digital Circuits”, Tata-McGraw Hill, New Delhi,1994.
3.Gary D. Hachtel, Fabio Somenzi , “Logic Synthesis and Verification Algorithm”, Kluwer Academic
Publication, Boston,2002.
4. A.Anand Kumar, ‘Switching Theory and Logic Design’, PHI publication, New Delhi, 2009.
5. M.J.S.Smith , ‘Application Specific ICs’, Addison Wesley,1997.
6. Charles Roth and Lizy John, ‘Principles of Digital System Design’, Cengage Learning ,2009.

ECE -5243 HIGH SPEED DIGITAL DESIGN [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture Hours: 48

Introduction to high speed digital design: Frequency, time and distance issues in digital VLSI design. Capacitance
and inductance effects, high speed properties of logic gates, speed and power. Modeling of wires, geometry and
electrical properties of wires, Electrical models of wires, transmission lines, lossless LC transmission lines, lossy
RLC transmission lines and special transmission lines.

Power distribution and Noise: Power supply network, local power regulation, IR drops, area bonding. On-chip
bypass capacitors and symbiotic bypass capacitors. Power supply isolation. Noise sources in digital systems,
power supply noise, crosstalk and inter symbol interference.

Signaling convention and circuits: Signaling modes for transmission lines, signaling over lumped transmission
media, signaling over RC interconnect, driving lossy LC lines, simultaneous bi-directional signaling terminations,
transmitter and receiver circuits.

Terminations and vias: Types of terminations. AC biasing for end terminations, resistor selection, crosstalk in
terminators, properties of vias, capacitance of vias, inductance of vias, return current and its relation to vias.

Timing convention and synchronisation: Timing fundamentals, timing properties of clocked storage elements,
signals and events, open loop timing, level sensitive clocking, pipeline timing, closed loop timing, clock
distribution, synchronization failure and meta-stability, clock distribution, clock skew and methods to reduce
clock skew, controlling crosstalk in clock lines, delay adjustments, clock oscillators and clock jitter - PLL and
DLL based clock aligners.
References:

1. William S. Dally & John W. Poulton, “Digital Systems Engineering”, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
2. Howard Johnson & Martin Graham, “High Speed Digital Design: A Handbook of Black Magic”, Prentice
Hall PTR, 1993.
3. Masakazu Shoji, “High Speed Digital Circuits”, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1996.
4. Jan M, Rabaey, et al, “Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective”, Pearson, 2003.
 ECE – 5257 TIME-FREQUENCY AN WAVELET TRANSFORMS [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48

Time-frequency analysis and wavelet transforms. Stationary and non-stationary signals. Short-time Fourier
transform (STFT). Need for Wavelet transform.
Multi-resolution analysis and Continuous Wavelet Transform (Qualitative treatment)

Two-channel filter bank and analysis,Quadrature mirror filters and conjugate quadrture filters, Haar transforms.
Daubechies four-coefficient wavelet. Sampling.

Continuous wavelet transform: Energy spectrum of a wavelet, energy of Mexican hat wavelet, wavelet
manipulations, Relation between scale and (pseudo) frequency, CWT coefficients, Identification of coherent
structures, edge detection, Wavelet transform of an intermittent signal, fractal signals, Inverse wavelet transform,
Signal energy, wavelet based energy, and power spectra. Wavelet transform in terms of Fourier transform, Short
time Fourier transform and Heisenberg boxes. Spectrogram, Wavelet transforms in two or more dimensions.
Discrete wavelet transform: Frames and orthogonal wavelet bases, dyadic grid scaling and orthonormal wavelet
transforms, Scaling function and multiresolution representation. Scaling equation, scaling coefficients and
associated wavelet equation, Haar wavelet, Coefficients from coefficients : fast wavelet transform, Discerete input
signals of finite length,Multi-resolution algorithm
Designing orthogonal wavelet systems: Refinement relation for orthogonal wavelet systems, restrictions on filter
coefficients. Designing Daubechies orthogonal wavelet system wavelets
Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and relation to filter banks: Signal decomposition (analysis), relation with
filter banks, Frequency response, signal reconstruction, upsampling and filtering, perfect matching filters.

Generating and plotting of parametric wavelets, Orthogonality conditions and parameterization,

polyphase matrix and recurrence relation. Precise numerical evaluation of Ф and Ψ, cascade algorithm,
Biorthogonal wavelets

Applications of Wavelet transform.

References:
1. P. S Addison, “The illustrated Wavelet transform Handbook”, Institute of Physics Publishing, 2002.
2. C S Burrus, A Gopinath, and Haitao Guo, “Introduction to wavelets and wavelet transforms”, Prentice-
Hall, 1998.
3. K P Soman and K. I. Ramachandran, “Insight into Wavelets from theory to practice”, Prentice-Hall of
India, 2005.

ECE 5254 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE PHYSICS [ 4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours:48

Basic physics: Review of quantum mechanics:- Electrons in periodic lattices, E-k diagrams, Quasi particles in
semiconductors, electrons, holes and phonons ,Wave particle Duality, Schrödinger Wave equation,Crystalline
Solids and Energy Bands: - Bonding of atoms, crystalline state, Lattice Vibrations, Phonons, Energy band of
Metal and Insulator.
Fundamentals of semiconductors: Semiconductor Materials and their properties, Semi conducting Materials,
Energy Band Model, Fermi level and energy distribution of carriers inside the energy bands, temperature
dependence of carrier concentrations.

Carrier Transport in Semiconductors: - Boltzmann transport equation and solution in the presence of low electric
and magnetic fields - mobility and diffusivity; Carrier statistics; Continuity equation, Poisson's equation and their
solution, trap rate, Finite difference formulation of these equations in 1D, High field effects: velocity saturation,
hot carriers and avalanche breakdown, Physical/empirical models of semiconductor parameters-mobility,
lifetime, band gap.

Junction and interfaces: PN junction:- Description of p-n junctions , Abrupt junction , Linearly graded junction,
Diffused junction , I-V characteristic of diode in forward and reversed biased condition, Schottky barrier diode ,
Ohmic contacts, Heterojunctions.

MOS Transistors:- Semiconductor Surfaces , C-V characteristic of the MOS capacitors , Effects of oxide charges,
defects and interface states; Characterization of MOS capacitors, I-V characteristic of MOSFET , Short-Channel
effects , MOSFET structures , Charge Coupled Devices, Semiconductor devices:- Tunnel Diode , Solar cell ,
Photo detectors , Light Emitting Diodes , Semiconductor Lasers.

Semiconductor measurements: Conductivity type, Resistivity, Hall Effect Measurements, Drift Mobility,
Minority Carrier Lifetime, Diffusion Length, CVs for dopant profile characterization; Capacitance transients and
DLTS.

References:
1. M.S.Tyagi , “Introduction to Semiconductor Materials and Devices” , John Wiley and Sons , 2004.
2. S. Selberherr, “Analysis and Simulation of Semiconductor Devices”, Springer-Verlag, 1984.
3. J. P. McKelvey, “Introduction to Solid State and Semiconductor Physics”, Harper and Row and John Weathe
Hill, 1966.
4.D.K. Schroder, “Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization”, John Wiley, 1990.
5. S. M. Sze, “Physics of Semiconductor Devices”,John Wiley, 1981.
6. C. T. Sah, “Fundamentals of Solid-State Electronic Devices”, Allied Publishers and World Scientific, 1991.
7. Physics of Semiconductor devices. , M. Shur, PHI, 2008.

ECE-5256 SYSTEM ON CHIP DESIGN [4-0-0-4]

Total number of Hours: 48

Introduction to Processor Design, Processor architecture and organization, Abstraction in hardware design,
Processor design trade-offs, Design for low power consumption, Architecture for low power.
Subsystem design principles- pipelining, Data paths, Combinational shifters, Adders, ALUs, Multipliers, High
density memory, Field-Programmable Gate Arrays, Programmable Logic Arrays.
Pipeline ARM organization, ARM instruction execution, ARM implementation, Development tools,
Architectural Support for System Development, The ARM memory interface, The Advanced Micro controller
Bus Architecture (AMBA), The ARM reference peripheral specification, Hardware system prototyping tools,
The ARMulator, The JTAG boundary scan test architecture , The ARM debug architecture, ARM Processor
Cores, ARM CPU cores, Intellectual property design, Memory Hierarchy, Memory size and speed, On-Chip
memory, Caches and design, Memory management.
Floor planning, Floor planning methods, Off- chip connections, Architecture Design, Register –Transfer Design,
High level synthesis, System on –chips Embedded CPUs, Architecture Testing, Chip design, Design
Methodologies, Microprocessor Data path, Hardware/ Software Co –Design
References:
1. Steve Furber “ARM System-on- Chip Architecture”, Second Edition , Pearson,2000
2. Wayne Wolf, “Modern VLSI Design , System –on- Chip Design”, Pearson, 2005
3.F.Balarin, “Hardware-software co-design of embedded systems” , Kluwer academic publishers, 1997
 ECE – 5255 SPREAD SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION [4-0-0-4]
Total number of lecture hours: 48
Review of digital communication concepts, direct sequence and frequency hop spread spectrum systems. Hybrid
direct sequence/frequency hop spread spectrum. Complex envelop representation of spread spectrum signals.
Sequence generator fundamentals, Maximum length sequences. Gold and Kasami codes, Nonlinear Code
generators.
Spread spectrum communication system model, Performance of spread spectrum signals in jamming
environments, Performance of spread spectrum communication systems with and without forward error
correction.
Diversity reception in fading channels, Cellular radio concept, CDMA cellular systems. Examples of CDMA
cellular systems. Multicarrier CDMA systems. CDMA standards.
References:
1. R. L. Peterson, R. E. Zeimer and D. E. Borth, ‘Introduction to Spread Spectrum Communications’,
Pearson, 1995.
2. J. D. Proakis and M. Salehi, ‘Digital Communication’, McGraw Hill, 2008.
3. A. J. Viterbi, ‘CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communications’, Addision Wesley, 1995.
4. S. Verdu, ‘Multiuser Detection’, Cambridge University Press, 1998

ECE 5249 NONLINEAR FIBER OPTICS [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48

Physical origin of nonlinear optical effects in crystals. Review of fiber modes, Pulse propagation through optical
fibers. Nonlinear Schroedinger equation.
Group velocity dispersion. Different propagation regimes, Dispersion induced pulse broadening. Third order
dispersion, Dispersion management. Self phase modulation. SPM induced spectral broadening, Effect of group
velocity dispersion. Higher order nonlinear effects. Optical Solitons, modulation instability, fiber solitons.
Nonlinear birefringence, Nonlinear phase shift. Cross phase modulation. XPM induced nonlinear coupling. XPM
induced modulation instability. Applications of XPM.
Stimulated Raman and Brillouin Scattering, Quasi continuous SRS and SBS, SRS with short pump pulses,
Dynamic aspects, SBS applications.
Parametric processes, Origin and theory of FWM, Phase matching techniques, parametric amplification. FWM
applications, Second harmonic generation.
References:
1. G. P. Agarwal, ‘Nonlinear Fiber Optics’, Academic Press, 2007.
2. A. Yariv and P. Yeh, ‘Photonics: Optical Electronics in Modern Communications’, Oxford University
Press, 2007
3. G. P. Agarwal, ‘Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics’, Academic Press 2008.
4. R. W. Boyd, ‘Nonlinear Optics’, Academic Press 2008

ECE-5235 CODING THEORY [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48

Information and Entropy: Sources of information, DMS and Markov. Properties of Entropy. Entropy of
information sources, Extension of a DMS.

Information channels, probability relations in a channel, A Priori, A Posteriori Entropies, Equivocation, Mutual
information, Capacity of BSC, BEC, Noiseless and deterministic channels.
Source coding: Uniquely decodable codes, Instantaneous codes and its construction, Average length of a code,
Bounds for Average Length, Kraft's Inequality. R-ary compact codes. Code efficiency, Redundancy. Shannon-
Fano and Huffman code
Algebra: Groups, rings and fields, properties of finite fields, Galois field arithmetic and its realization, Vector
spaces, Matrices.
Channel Coding: Block codes, Minimum distance of a block code, Singleton bound. Performance of Codes.
Hamming codes. Cyclic codes, Golay Codes BCH codes, R-S codes. Convolutional codes. Viterbi Algorithm.
LDPC Codes.
References:
1. S. Lin and D. J. Costello Jr, “Error Control Coding”, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.
2. T. K. Moon, ‘Error Correction Coding: Mathematical Methods And Algorithms’, Student Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, 2005.
3. R. M. Roth, ‘Introduction to Coding Theory’, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
4. F. MacWilliams and N. Sloane, ‘The Theory of Error-Correcting Codes’. North-Holland, 1988.
5. S. B. Wicker, ‘Error Control Systems for Digital Communication and Storage’, Prentice-Hall, 1995.
6. Hamming, Richard Wesley, ‘Coding and Information Theory’ Prentice Hall International, 1980.
.

ECE-5240 DIGITAL SPEECH PROCESSING [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48

Anatomy and Physiology of speech production, Categorization of speech sounds, Acoustic theory of speech
production, Uniform lossless tube model, Effects of losses in the vocal tract, Digital models for speech signals.
Time-dependent processing of speech, Short time energy and Average magnitude, Short time average zero-
crossing rate, Speech Vs Silence Discrimination using Energy and Zero crossings, Short time Auto-correlation
function, Pitch period estimation using Auto-correlation function.
Short Time Fourier Transform Analysis, Spectrographic Displays, Linear Predictive Coding of speech signals,
Pitch detection and Formants analysis using LPC.
Speech redundancies, Measure to evaluate Speech quality. Waveform Coding, differential PCM, LPC vocoders.
Frequency Domain Coders, analysis by Synthesis, Phase, Channel, and Homomorphic Vocoders.
Principles of Speech Synthesis, LPC synthesis, Unrestricted Text to Speech systems.
Feature Extraction: LPC, Cepstral Coefficients, MFCC, Pattern Matching by Dynamic Time Warping (DTW),
Hidden Markov Models (HMM), Artificial Neural Networks for speech recognition.
References:
1. Rabiner L.R and Schaffer R.W, “Digital Processing of Speech Signals”, Prentice Hall, NJ, 2007.
2. Thomas F. Quatieri, “Discrete-time Speech Signal Processing—Principles and Practice”, Pearson Education
Inc, 2004.
3. Douglas O' Shaughnessy, “Speech Communications: Human and Machine Reading”, Addison-Wesley. 1987.
4. Deller J.R, Proakis G.J and Hansen J.H.L, “Discrete Time Processing of Speech Signals”, IEEE Press. 2000.
5. Rabiner L.R and Jaung, “Fundamentals of Speech Recognition”, Prentice Hall. 1993.
 ECE – 5259 VLSI TESTING & TESTABILITY [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48

Introduction to testing and testability: Need for testing, digital and analog testing, Controllability and
observability, Design-for-test (DFT), Test process and ATE, Test economics.

Fault modeling: Introduction to faults in digital circuits, Fault models - Stuck-at faults, Bridging faults, Iddq
faults, delay faults, intermittent faults.
Testing of combinational circuits: Various types of faults. Functional v/s structural approach to testing, test vector
generation for a single stuck-at-fault in combinational logic, Algebraic algorithms :Boolean difference method.
Structural algorithms: D-algorithm, FAN, PODEM algorithm, SOCRATES, Recursive learning. Pseudorandom
test pattern generation.

Test optimization and fault coverage

Testability Techniques: Need for enhancing controllability and observability through the addition of DFT
hardware, partitioning, adhoc and structured approaches to DFT, various scan design approaches, scan-path
testing, Boundary scan.

Testing of sequential circuits: Test pattern generation for sequential circuits, Exhaustive, non-exhaustive and
pseudorandom test pattern generation, Delay fault testing.

Signatures and self test: Testing with random patterns. LFSRs, random test generation and response compression,
Built-in self test (BSIT), Input compression Output compression Arithmetic, Reed-Muller and spectral
coefficients, Coefficient test signatures, Signature analysis and Online self test.

Analog testing: DSP based analog test and model based analog test. Testing techniques for Filters, A/D
Converters.

References:

1 M. Abramovici, M. A. Breuer, and A.D. Friedman, "Digital Systems Testing and Testable Design",
Piscataway, New Jersey: IEEE Press, 1994.
2 M. L. Bushnell and V. D. Agrawal, "Essentials of testing for digital, memory and mixed-signal VLSI
circuits", Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
3 Miczo, "Digital Logic Testing and simulation". New York: Harper & Row, 1986.
4 Krstic and K-T Cheng, "Delay Fault Testing for VLSI Circuits", Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.
5 P.K. Lala, "Fault Tolerant & Fault Testable hardware Design", BS Publications, 1998
6 Stanley L. Hurst, “VLSI Testing: digital and mixed analogue digital techniques” Pub:Inspec/IEE, 1999.

ECE-5242 EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN [4-0-0-4]

Total number of Hours: 48
Classification and major application areas of embedded System, design issues, characteristics and quality
attributes, design cycle in the development phase, and Embedded Product Development Life Cycle.

Design using 8 bit microcontrollers, Hardware-Software Co-design and program modeling, fundamental issues
and computational models, hardware software trade-offs.
Integrated Development Environment, Compilers, Simulators, Emulators, Debugging.

Real Time Operating System: Types of operating systems, Tasks, Process and Threads. Semaphores and shared
Data, task scheduling, multiprocessing and multitasking, Operating system Services -Message queues-Timer
Function-Events-Memory Management, device drivers, design Using RTOS.

Networks for Embedded Systems: I2C, CAN, SHARC, Ethernet, Myrinet, Internet.

Introduction to Blue tooth: Specification, Core Protocol, Cable replacement protocol, IEEE 1149.1 (JTAG).

Testability: Boundary Scan Architecture.

Processor trends in embedded system, development language trends. Overview of PIC and AVR family of
microcontrollers and ARM processors.

References:

1. Raj Kamal , “Embedded Systems: Architecture, Programming and Design”, TMH, Second edition, 2008
2. K.J. Ayala,Dhananjay V. Gadre “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems”, CENGAGE
Learning,2010
3. Shibu K.V, “Introduction to Embedded sytems,” McGraw Hill, 2009
4. Sam Siewert, “Real time embedded systems and components”, CENGAGE Learning,2007
5. Frank Vahid, Tony Givargis “ Embedded Systems”, Wiley India Edition, 2002

ECE - 5244 INTRODUCTION TO MEMS TECHNOLOGY [4 0 0 4]

Total Number of Lectures: 48
Historical Background of MEMS
Bulk Micromachining: Isotropic Etching and Anisotropic Etching, Wafer Bonding, High Aspect-Ratio Processes
(LIGA).
Surface Micromachining: Sacrificial layer etching issues, stiction.
Micro cantilevers as test structures, sensors and actuators
Design of MEMS pressure sensors, accelerometer, gyroscope
RF MEMS Devices
Biosensors
MEMS device packaging
References:
1. Stephen D. Senturia, "Microsystem Design", Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
2. Marc Madou, “Fundamentals of Microfabrication”, CRC Press, 1997.
3. H. Bao, “Micromechanical Transducers: Pressure sensors, accelerometers, and gyroscopes” Elsevier, New
York, 2000.
4. Wanjun Wang & Steven A. Soper, “Bio-MEMS Technologies and Applications”, CRC Press.
5. Gabriel M. Rebeiz, “RF MEMS Theory, Design, and Technology”, Wiley Inter science.
6. Sergey Y.Yurish & Maria Teresa S.R. Gomes, “Smart Sensors and MEMS”, Kluwer Academic
Publishers.
7. Vijay K. Varadan, K.J. Vinoy & K.A. Jose, “RF MEMS and Their Applications”, Wiley Eastern.
8. Tai Ran Hsu, “MEMS and Microsystems: Design and Manufacture” TMH.
9. Nadim Maluf & Kirt Williams, “An Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems Engineering”
Artech House.
 ECE- 5258 VLSI PHYSICAL DESIGN & VERIFICATION [ 3 1 0 4 ]

Total Number of Hours: 48

Types of ASICs, ASIC/FPGA design flow, Programmable ASICs, Programmable ASIC Interconnect, ASIC
economics.
Transistor as resistors, Transistor as parasitic capacitance, Logic Effort, library cell design.
FSM Synthesis, Timing Analysis-Static Timing Analysis, Clock tree Synthesis, clock
skew analysis and power grid analysis.
Introduction to Physical design, Physical design cycle, Partitioning, Floor planning, Placement and
Routing. Algorithms for physical design automation. Layout compaction. Case study.

Transmission line effects, Impedance mismatch, cross talk and issues in high speed design. Verification
challenges, Verification of complex logic design, Verification issues like verification plan, verification
methodology, Advanced functional verification, unified verification methodology. Timing
verification,Hardware design verification, Software design verification , verification automation, physical
verification, Layout planning and verifications

References:
1. M.J.S.Smith, “Application Specific ICs”, Pearson, 1997.
2. Nigel Horspool and Peter Gorman, “The ASIC Handbook “, Prentice Hall, 2001.
3. Sabin H. Gerez, “Algorithms for VLSI Design Automation”, John Wiley & Sons,1999.
4. Naveed Sherwani, “Algorithm for VLSI Physical Design Automation”, Kluwer Academic Publishers,1998.
5. Paul Wilcox, “Professional Verification – a guide to advanced functional verification”, Springer India,
2004.
6. S. Sait, H. Youssef, “VLSI Physical Design Automation: Theory and Practice”, World Scientific, 1999.

ECE- 5251 QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48

Finite dimensional vector space, inner-product, complex numbers, linear adjoints, unitary maps, projectors, tensor
product of Hilbert spaces, bit, qubit, entanglement, no-cloning, quantum circuits, quantum gates, Shor's algorithm.

Quantum Fourier transform and phase estimation algorithms, order-finding and factoring, Quantum search
algorithms, quantum counting.
Grover's algorithm, quantum teleportation, quantum key-exchange, Generalized measurements, distance
measurements for quantum information, Teleportation and measurement based quantum computing.

Decoherence, quantum error-correction, Shor code, quantum Hamming bound, Calderbank-Shor-Steane codes,
stabilizer codes.
Mixed states, quantum information, Quantum information theory, Holevo theorem, quantum data compression.

References:
1. Gruska, J, “Quantum Computing”. McGraw-Hill,1999
2. Nielsen, M. and Chuang, I. L, “Quantum Computation and Quantum Information”. Cambridge University
Press, 2011.
 ECE-5253 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48

Digital Image fundamentals, Image Acquisition System, Image Sampling and Quantization
Point Processing, Spatial operations, gray level transformation, Histogram Processing, Image enhancement,
Smoothing and sharpening spatial filters. 2D DFT, Cosine and Hadamard Transform, Transform Operations,
Smoothing and sharpening using frequency domain filters, Homomorphic Filtering.

Image Degradation / Restoration Process, noise models and filter types, Geometric Transformation
Color fundamentals, Color Models, Pseudo and Full-Color Image processing, Color Transformations, smoothing
& sharpening.
Detection of Discontinuities, Edge Linking and Boundary detection, Boundary extraction, Region based
segmentation, Classification Technique.
Image Compression and standards, Interframe coding Image reconstruction from projection: Radon transform,
Back projection operator, Projection theorem.
Wavelets and its applications in Image Processing.

Image processing applications in Character Recognition, Biomedical Imaging, Remote sensing, Digital
Broadcasting and multimedia.
References:

1. R. C. Gonzalez, R. E. Woods, ‘Digital Image Processing’, Pearson, 2008.

2. Anil K Jain, ‘Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing’, Pearson, 2001
3 W. K. Pratt, ‘Digital Image Processing’, Wiley 2010

ECE - 5236 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS & PROTOCOLS [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48

Uses of computer networks, types of networks, network hardware, network software, network design issues,
network design tools, ISO-OSI reference model, TCP/IP reference model, examples networks, network
standardization. Components of a data communication – Data flow– Network criteria – Types of Connections:
Point to point – multipoint; Topologies

Transmission & switching, frequency division multiplexing, time division multiplexing, switch mode, integrated
– services digital network (ISDN) ISDN services, evolution of ISDN, ISDN interface, ISDN system architecture,
the digital PBX signaling, perspective on ISDN, terminal handling, applications for global ISDN and future
trends.
Introduction, error detection and correction, elementary data link protocol, sliding window protocols, protocol
performance, protocol specification and verification, data link layer. HDLC standard. Types of errors – detection
versus correction – CRC – Hardware implementation - parity check and checksum – Hamming code.

Introduction, channel allocation, multiple access protocol, IEEE standards, fibre optic networks, satellite
networks. 802.3, 802.4, 802.5.
Introduction, design issues, routing algorithms, congestion control algorithm, internetworking, network layer in
internet, internet control protocols, limitations of IPv4 , Introduction to IPV6 Protocol.

Introduction, the transport services, elements of transport protocols, simple transport protocols, the internet
transport protocol TCP and UDP, performance issues, connection management (Handshaking).

Frame format – Advanatges and disadvantages of FDDI, Network Security

References:

1. William Stallings,“Data & Computer communication “ 6th Edition. Prentice Hall of India, 1996.
2. Tanenbaum , “Computer Networks” , 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall of India, 1998.
3. William Stallings ,” Local area network” , Prentice Hall, 2000.
4. Gallager ,”Data networks “Prentice Hall of India,2002.

ECE 5247 NANOPHOTONICS [4 0 0 4]

Introduction: nanophotonics at a glance. Foundations for nanophtonics , wave equations, dispersion, material
models, evanescent fields. Spatial resolution and position accuracy. The point-spread function; resolution limit;
position accuracy

Optics of inhomogeneous medium: Basics; matrix formulation; 1-D periodic structures and introduction to
forbidden bands. Photonic crystal (PhC), theoretical modelling of photonic crystals Features of photonic crystals;
phase, group and energy velocity; defect mode

Near-field interaction and microscopy, near-field optics and theoretical modelling of near-field nanoscopic
interactions, near-field microscopy.

Plasmonics: Plasmonic fundamentals and sensors, local field enhancement, Plasmonic waveguiding Super-
resolution imaging

Metamaterials

References
1. L. Novotny and B. Hecht, Principles of Nano-optics (Cambridge, 2006).
2. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of
Light (Cambridge, 1999)
3. M. Fox, Optical Properties of Solids (Oxford, 2001).
4. S. A. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications (Springer, 2007)
5. John D. Joannopoulos, Steven G. Johnson, Joshua N. Winn, and Robert D. Meade, Photonic Crystals:
Molding the Flow of Light (Princeton University Press, 2008)
8. P. N. Prasad, Nanophotonics (John Wiley &Sons, 2004).
 ECE - 5237 CRYPTOGRAPHY & NETWORK SECURITY [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48

Security trends, The OSI security architecture, security attacks, services and mechanism, model for network
security.
Classical encryption techniques, Block cipher and data encryption standard, finite field, advanced encryption
standard, string ciphers, confidentiality using symmetric encryption.
Public key encryption, Chinese reminder theorem, RSA algorithm, Key management, Elliptic curve cryptography,
Message authentication and hash functions, Digital signatures and authentication protocol.
Authentication applications, Electronic mail security, IP security, WEB security, System security, intruders,
malicious software firewalls.

References:
1. William Stalling ,`Cryptography and Network Security` , Pearson Education, 2010.
2. Forouzan and Mukhopadhyay , `Cryptography and Network security`, TMH, 2007.
3. Bernard Menezes, `Network Security and Cryptography`, Cengage Learning 2010.
4. Neal Krawetz, `Introduction to Network Security`, Thomson, Delmar Learning 2007.
5. Randall K Nichols, Panos C Lekkas, `Wireless Security- Models, Threats and Solutions` TMH, 2007

ECE – 5245 LARGE AREA MICRO-ELECTRONICS [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours:48

Introduction, Growth of amorphous and micro /nano crystalline hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H) and its alloys,
doping in amorphous semiconductors, defect densities, electron transport , optoelectronic properties , contact,
interfaces, multilayers

P-I-N devices, Thin film transistors, LEDs, Memory Switches, Novel Processing Technology for
Macroelectronics, Amorphous silicon Solar cells, TFT based LCD displays, Passive and Active Matrix displays
, Photoreceptors, Large Area Image Sensor Arrays, Image pick up tubes, High energy Radiation imaging,
Multilayer Color Detectors, Thin Film Position Sensitive Detectors.
Introduction to organic semiconductors, structure and properties, device configurations, Applications:
Optoelectronics devices ,Solar cells, Photodiodes, LEDs ,Active Matrix displays , Organic Thin film transistors,
Device structure and characteristics , Circuit systems based on organic devices, Organic Lasers.
Displays - LCD, Plasma, Electroluminescent, Electrophoretic (Electronic paper), and Field emission displays.
Introduction to Flexible Electronics.
References:
1. R.A.Street, ‘Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon’, Cambridge University Press,1991.
2. Robert A. Street , ‘Technology and Applications of Amorphous Silicon’,. Springer-Verlag New York, LLC
Series: Series in Materials Science, 2004.
3. A.Madan & M.P.Shaw , ‘The Physics and Technology of Amorphous silicon’, Elsevier Science & Technology
books,1988.
4. Richard Zallen, ‘The Physics of Amorphous solids’, Wiley,1998.
5.Tim.M.Searle, ‘Properties of Amorphous Silicon and Its Alloys’, IEEE Publication,1988.
6. "Macroelectronics – Large area and Flexible Electronics” Special Issue, MRS Bulletin, USA Vol. 31, June 2006.
 ECE- 5253 RF MICROELECTRONICS CHIP DESIGN [4-0-0-4]
Total number of lecture hours: 48
Introduction to RF design: Frequency spectrum, RF design, complexity and choice of technology, application
areas, RF design issues: nonlinearity, selectivity, sensitivity, and dynamic range, impedance matching ,insertion
loss, noise, distortion.
Basic RF modules: Review of basic blocks like amplifier, modulator /demodulator, mixer, filter, isolator, RF
oscillators, coupler, phase shifters, tuner etc

Passive RF components: RF behavior of passive components, High Frequency Resistors, High Frequency
Capacitors, High frequency inductors, chip components, surface mount inductors

Active RF components: RF diodes, BJT and RF Field-Effect Transistors, diode models-transistor models, BJT
and MOSFET behavior at RF frequencies, measurement of active devices-scattering parameter device
characterization.
RF transistor amplifier design: characteristics of amplifiers, classes of operation and biasing networks, amplifier
power relations, stability considerations, constant gain, unilateral and bilateral design, broad-band, high power,
and multi-stage amplifiers, low noise amplifiers(LNA) impedance matching using discrete components,
microstrip line matching networks.

RF Filter Design : basic resonator and filter configurations, filter Types: LP, HP, BP and BS filters, insertion loss,
special filter realizations-butterworth-type and chebyshev-type filters, denormalization, filter implementation:
passive and active LC ladder filters, Design of CMOS RF biquadratic filters, RF filters using OTA, design issues
in integrated RF filters, microstip filter, coupled filter.

Other complex RF blocks: RF oscillators-basic topologies, voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), quadrature and
single sideband generators, design of mixers at GHz frequency range, various mixers-working and
implementation. RF modulation and detector design, RF synthesizers- PLLS, various architectures and frequency
dividers, mobile RF communication, down conversion blocks-heterodyne and homodyne, RF receiver and
transmitter architectures.
References:
1. Thomas H. Lee “Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits” Cambridge University press,
2003.
2. Behzad Razavi “RF Microelectronics”, Prentice Hall, 1998.
3. W. Alan Davis, Krishna K. Agarwal , Radio Frequency Circuit Design,John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2001.
4. Cotter W. Sayre, ‘Complete Wireless Design’, McGraw-Hill, 2008.
5John M. W. Rogers, John W. M. Rogers, Calvin Plett, ‘Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design’, Artech
House Publishers,2010.

ECE-5232 ANALOG VLSI FOR SIGNAL PROCESSING [4-0-0-4]

Total number of lecture hours: 48
Introduction to Analog Signal Processing (ASP): Sampled data signal processing, switched current filtering,
Continuous-time signal processing, merits and demerits. signal conditioning, signal normalization, Anti-aliasing
filter
Current trends: Current-mode signal processing (CMSP), Low-power/Low-voltage signal processing, nonlinear
signal processing for audio and biomedical applications, log-domain signal processing.
Introduction to Current-mode signal processing: Current-mode versus voltage-mode, Active elements for CMSP
like Operational transconductance amplifier(OTA), current conveyor(CC), current feedback Op-
amp(CFOA),Current-mode circuits: current integrators, current amplifier, current normaliser, current-mode
Winner-Take-All(WTA) circuits, current correlator, current bump circuits.
VLSI implementation of analog signal processing circuits: programmable transconductors, high-frequency
CMOS transconductors, low-voltage low-freqency transconductors for biomedical applications. Active-RC,
switched-capacitor (SC), and continuous-time (CT) integrated filters, Cascade design, Element substitution
method, Operational Simulation method.
Applications: High-frequency analog signal processing circuits for GSM, Analog signal processor for RF ID
applications, Continuous-time (CT) integrated filter for video frequency applications, Analog VLSI
implementation of artificial neural networks (ANN), auditory and vision signal processing, current-mode
transmitters, current-mode receivers for Data Communications.
References:
1 C.Toumazou,F.J.Lidgey &D.G.Haigh, “Analogue IC Design :the current-mode approach”, Peter
Peregrinus, London, 1990.
2 Mohammed Ismail ,”Analog VLSI : Signal and Information Processing”, McGraw-Hill
companies ,1994.
3 R.Schaumann,M.S.Ghausi,Kenneth R Laker, “Design of Analog Filters Passive, Active RC, and Switched
Capacitor”, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1995.
4. T Deliyanis, Y.Sun and J.K.Fidler , “Continuous-Time Active Filter Design”, CRC Press,
1999.
5. P.V.Anand Mohan, Current-mode VLSI Analog Filters : Design and Applications, Birkhauser,
2003.
6. Bram Nauta, Analog CMOS Filters for very high frequencies, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.

ECE 5233 ARM PROCESSOR AND APPLICATIONS [3-0-0-3]

Total number of lecture hours: 38

ARM embedded systems, RISC design philosophy, ARM processor fundamentals, Programmer’s model,
pipeline, ARM processor families.
ARM instruction set: Data processing, branch, load-store instructions. Software interrupt instruction, program
status register instructions, Manipulating bits and bit patterns, Arithmetic operations.
Input and output, semihosting, serial IO, Input from switches and external events, timing of IO actions.
ARM Hardware, ARM modes, Exceptions, Exception handlers, program structures and testing. Introduction to
THUMB instruction set, Thumb register usage, ARM thumb interworking.
Memory hierarchy and cache, memory protection units, protected regions, memory management units. Details
of ARM MMU.
Embedded ARM Applications, VLSI Ruby II Advanced communication processor, VLSI ISDN Subscriber
processor, Ericsson-Bluetooth baseband controller. ARM7100, SA-1100.
References:
1. Steve Furber “ARM System-on- Chip Architecture”, Second Edition , Pearson Education, 2000
2. J.R.Gibson “ARM Assembly Language-an Introduction” Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
The University of Liverpool, 2007
3. Andrew N.Sloss, Dominic Symes, Chris Wright, “ARM System Developer’s Guide” Elsevier,2004

ECE 5272 NANOELECTRONICS [3-0-0-3]

Total number of lecture hours: 38

Introduction to Nanomaterials: nanoscale and nanotechnology, Consequences of nanoscale for technology.

Beyond Moore’s Law. Introduction to Nanostructured materials, Atoms, clusters and nanomaterials, Influence on
properties by "nano-structure induced effects", Low-dimensional structures: Quantum wells, Quantum wires, and
Quantum dots, Nano clusters & Nano crystals, Electronic and optical properties of nanocrystallites, Metallic and
semiconducting superlattices, Synthesis of nanostructured materials, Vibrational properties of nanocrystallites,
Magnetic nanostructured materials; Nanoscale magnetism of fine particles of transition metals, alloys and oxides:
GMR, TMR, SPT, relaxation process and static and dynamic studies. Single electron devices. Some present and
future applications of nanomaterials

Preparation/Synthesis of nanomaterials: Methods for creating nanostructures, Top-down versus bottom-up

assembly. Visualisation, manipulation and characterisation at nanoscale, Processes for producing ultrafine
powders, Chemical Synthesis, Physical Synthesis, Biomimetic processes & systems, Assemblers.

Nanotechnology:Quantum well and quantum dot lasers, ultra-fast switching devices, nano magnets for sensors
and high density data storage, photonic integrated circuits, long wave length detectors, carbon nanotube,
lumineascence from porous silicon, spin-tronic devices, nanotechnology for biological system & bio-sensor
applications.

Nanoscale Manufacturing: Nanomanipulation, Nanolithography.

Applications in energy, informatics, medicine.

References:

1. Janos H. Fendler: “Nanoparticles and nanostructured films: preparation, characterization and applications”,
Wiley, 1998
2. Kenneth J. Klabunde:”Nanoscale materials in chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, 2001
3. Zhon Ling Wang:”Characterization of nanophase materials”, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH 2000

ECE 5248 NEURAL NETWORKS & FUZZY LOGIC [3-0-0-3]

Total number of lecture hours: 38

Biological neurons, Mc-culloch Pitt’s model, Feed forward and Feed back network, Supervised and unsupervised
learning. learning rules

Design of Linear classifiers,multi layer feedforward classifiers, error back propagation training,applications

Discrete time and gradient type Hopfield networks, Applications in optimization problems. Recurrent auto
associative and heteroassociative memories
Unsupervised learning methods,Hamming net and maxnet, Feature mapping, Kohenen’s self organizing feature
maps, cluster discovery network (ART1), Counter propagation networks. kernel methods ,applications
Fuzzy Logic: Different types of fuzzy systems,membership functions, Brief comparison of classical sets and fuzzy
sets, Basic operation on fuzzy sets.
Fuzzy relations, Cartesian product, composition of fuzzy relations projection and cylindrical extension, extension
principle,linguistic variables, fuzzy IF-THEN rules-fuzzy propositions, different implications. Fuzzy logic and
Approximate reasoning
Structure of fuzzy rule base and properties,Fuzzy inference engine,Fuzzifiers, Defuzzifiers, Design of Fuzzy rule
based systems, Introduction to Neuro fuzzy systems with GA optimization
References:
1. Jacek M Zurada, “Introduction to artificial Neural Systems”, Jaico publication. 2006
2. Simon Haykin, “Neural Networks and Learning Machines” ,Third edition, PHI edition private
Limited,New Delhi, 2009
3. Li Xin Wang, “Introduction to fuzzy systems and control”, Prentice Hall publication, 1997
4. Timothy J Ross, “Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications”, Intl. Edition, McGraw Hill publication,
2008