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THE STUDY
ON
COMPREHENSIVE FLOOD MITIGATION FOR
CAVITE LOWLAND AREA
IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
DRAFT SCOPING FOR MASTER PLAN STUDY
July 13, 2007
CTI ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

in association with
NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.
Table of Contents
1. Full Title of the Study and Relevant Report .................................................................................... 1
2. Type of the Study ............................................................................................................................. 1
3. Environmental Category and Reason for Categorization ................................................................ 1
4. Agency Responsible for Implementation of the Project .................................................................. 1
5. Outline of the Project Proposed in the Study................................................................................... 1
5.1 Objective of the Project.......................................................................................................... 1
5.2 Location of the Project Area................................................................................................... 1
5.3 Justification of the Project Proposed in the Study.................................................................. 2
5.4 Proposed Activities................................................................................................................. 3
5.5 Scope of the Study.................................................................................................................. 4
6. Description of the Project Area........................................................................................................ 5
6.1 Natural Environment .............................................................................................................. 5
6.1.1 Topography ................................................................................................................. 5
6.1.2 Geology and Soils....................................................................................................... 5
6.1.3 Rivers .......................................................................................................................... 6
6.1.4 Climate........................................................................................................................ 7
6.1.5 Ecology ....................................................................................................................... 7
6.2 Socio-economic Condition..................................................................................................... 9
6.2.1 Population ................................................................................................................... 9
6.2.2 Economic Profile ...................................................................................................... 10
6.2.3 Land Use ................................................................................................................... 11
6.2.4 Water Use.................................................................................................................. 12
6.3 Public Hazard ....................................................................................................................... 13
6.3.1 Water Pollution ......................................................................................................... 13
6.3.2 Solid Waste ............................................................................................................... 14
6.4 Flood Problems .................................................................................................................... 16
6.4.1 Flood Conditions....................................................................................................... 16
6.4.2 Flood Damages ......................................................................................................... 17
7. Legal Framework of Environmental and Social Considerations ................................................... 17
7.1 Low and Administration....................................................................................................... 17
7.1.1 Law and Registration for EIS ................................................................................... 17
7.1.2 Competent Agency of EIS ........................................................................................ 18
7.2 Implementation Framework of EIS...................................................................................... 18
7.2.1 Project Proponent...................................................................................................... 18
7.2.2 Framework of Resettlement...................................................................................... 18
7.3 Disclosure and Public Participation ..................................................................................... 18
7.3.1 Information Disclosure ............................................................................................. 18
7.3.2 Public Participation................................................................................................... 18
7.4 Procedures and Documentary Requirements ....................................................................... 19
7.4.1 Procedures of EIS ..................................................................................................... 19
7.4.2 Categorization of Projects in Philippines.................................................................. 19
7.4.3 Requirements for Documents ................................................................................... 19
7.5 Result of the Consultation with Recipient Government....................................................... 20
8. Flood Mitigation Measures............................................................................................................ 21
8.1 Principal Concepts ............................................................................................................... 21
8.2 Structural Flood Mitigation Measures.................................................................................. 21
8.2.1 Potential Measures against Flash Flood.................................................................... 21
8.2.2 Potential Measures for Inland Drainage ................................................................... 24
8.2.3 Alternative Plans of Structural Flood Mitigation Measures ..................................... 26
8.3 Non-structural Flood Mitigation Measures .......................................................................... 26
8.3.1 Activities for Removal of Garbage in the Waterways .............................................. 27
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8.3.2 Administration of River Area.................................................................................... 27
8.3.3 Control of Excessive Land Development and Legislation on Constriction of
On-site Flood Detention Facility by Land developer................................................ 27
8.3.4 Diffusion of Flood Hazard Map and Establishment of
Flood Warning/Evacuation System........................................................................... 27
9. Programs for Stakeholder Meetings............................................................................................... 28
10. Scoping of Environmental and Social Impact Study ..................................................................... 28
10.1 Identification of Environmental Elements to be assessed .................................................... 28
10.1.1 Methodology............................................................................................................. 28
10.1.2 Identified Environmental Elements .......................................................................... 29
11. Terms of Reference for IEE on the Master Plan ............................................................................ 29
Appendix Draft of Terms of Reference for IEE on the Master Plan
List of Table
Table 1 City and Municipalities Overlapped with the Study Area .............................................. 2
Table 2 Topographic Divisions in the Project Area ..................................................................... 5
Table 3 Salient Features of Principal Rivers in the Project Area................................................. 6
Table 4 Probable Daily and Hourly Rainfall ............................................................................... 7
Table 5 Mammal in Cavite Province Listed on Red List for Conservation................................. 7
Table 6 Existing Mangrove in the Project Area........................................................................... 8
Table 7 Fish and Selfish Cultivation in the Project Area............................................................. 9
Table 8 Population in the Project Area ........................................................................................ 9
Table 9 Number of Employment in Cavite Province ................................................................ 10
Table 10 Existing Industrial Estates in Project Area ................................................................... 11
Table 11 Distribution of Family Income ..................................................................................... 11
Table 12 Existing and Projected Land Use of City and Municipalities Overlapped with
Project Area .................................................................................................................. 12
Table 13 Classification of River Water Defined by DOE............................................................ 13
Table 14 Water Quality of Rivers in Study Area ......................................................................... 13
Table 15 Cloiform of Imus and San Juan River .......................................................................... 14
Table 16 Detailed Analysis on River Water Quality in the Study Area ....................................... 14
Table 17 Volume of Household Wastes and Collection System for the Wastes .......................... 15
Table 18 Volume of Market Wastes and Collection System for the Wastes ................................ 15
Table 19 Disposal Site of Household Waste in Project Area ....................................................... 16
Table 20 Recent Representative Flood Damage in the Project Area ........................................... 17
Table 21 Barangays in Flood Prone Area in the Study Area ....................................................... 17
Table 22 Category and Reason .................................................................................................... 19
Table 23 Preliminary Estimation on Stretch of Necessary River Improvement and
Number of House Relocations...................................................................................... 22
Table 24 Preliminary Estimation on Probable Location and Extent of Flood Retarding Basin .. 23
Table 25 Preliminary Estimation on Probable Root of Flood Diversion Channel for
San Juan River .............................................................................................................. 23
Table 26 Proposed Flap Gate along Estuary Section of River..................................................... 24
Table 27 Proposed Tidal Gate, New Drainage and Interceptor ................................................... 25
Table 28 Alternative Measures against Flash Flood.................................................................... 26
Table 29 Alternative Measures for Inland Drainage ................................................................... 26
Table 30 Eligible Non-structural Flood Mitigation Measures..................................................... 26
Table 31 Program for Stakeholder Meeting ................................................................................ 28
Table 32 Major Impacts by Alternative Measures against Flash Flood....................................... 30
Table 33 Major Impacts by Alternative Measures for Inland Drainage ...................................... 30
Table 34 Score of Environmental Impacts of Alternative Plans for Flood Mitigation ................ 31
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1. Full Title of the Study and Relevant Report
Title of the Study is “The Study on Comprehensive Flood Mitigation for Cavite Lowland Area in the
Republic of the Philippines” (hereinafter referred to as the Study). The Study commenced in March
2007 and it is now in the first field survey stage, which continues until middle of June 2007.
During this first field stage, the Inception Report was submitted to the Project Proponent in order to
confirm the procedures/schedules of the Study and other necessary items for commencement of the
Study. Collection and review of relevant data and information as well as the topographic survey and
interview/questionnaire survey was also carried, during this first field survey period, to clarify the
present conditions of the Project Area.
The Initial Environmental Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as IEE) is to be undertaken in the next
second field survey stage from July to December 2007. In advance to IEE, the draft of Scoping for IEE
has been preliminarily prepared as described in this document during this field survey stage.
2. Type of the Study
The Study covers the types of study

(1) Master Plan Study to be carried out in Phase I Study (from March 2007 to March 2008) and
(2) Feasibility Study to be carried out in Phase II Study (from May 2008 to February 2009).
3. Environmental Category and Reason for Categorization
The proposed project in the Study would be classified as the Category A specified in the JICA’s
Guideline for Environmental and Social Consideration (hereinafter referred to as JICA’s Guideline),
since the project may possibly cause the significant adverse effects of land acquisition and
resettlement of residents.
4. Agency Responsible for Implementation of the Project
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) and Provincial Government of Cavite would be
responsible for implementation of the project proposed in the Study.
5. Outline of the Project Proposed in the Study
5.1 Objective of the Project

The objective of the Project is to mitigate the flood in Cavite Lowland Area through the following
measures:
(1) Formulation of flood mitigation master plan for three river basins of San Juan, Imus and Canas.
(2) Feasibility study for the priority components of the Project selected in the above master plan; and
(3) Development of flood management capacity for counterpart organizations.
5.2 Location of the Project Area
The Project Area covers three river basins, namely those of San Juan, Imus and Canas river basins,
which extend over an area of about 407.4km2 in total. These three river basins are located eastern part
of Cavite Province and close to the border of Metro Manila.
The Project Area is administratively divided into three districts, one city/eleven municipalities and
further 513 balangays. The city and municipalities overlapped with the Project Area are as listed
below:
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Table 1 City and Municipalities Overlapped with the Study Area
District City/Municipality
District I Bacoor Municipality
Kawit Municipality
Noveleta Municipality
Rosario Municipality
District II Trece Martires City
Dasmarinas Municipality
General Trias Municipality
Imus Municipality
Tanza Municipality
District III Amadeo Municipality
Indang Municipality
Silang Municipality
5.3 Justification of the Project Proposed in the Study

The aforesaid Project Area is adjacent to Manila International Port and Airport in Metro Manila. Due
to such particular location, the intensive industrialization has been introduced to the Project Area since
1990s. Investors have established their businesses in industrial estates offered by the Cavite Province,
which opened the job opportunities and magnetized people to migrate to the Project Area. As the
results, the dynamic change in the land use and population are projected in the Project Area as below:
(1) The built-up area (the commercial area, industrial area and residential area) in the Project Area is
projected to cover about 65% of the entire area in 2010, which is far lager than the present
coverage of about 27% as of 2003.
(2) The annual population growth in the Project Area from 1995 to 2000 was recoded at 5.43%,
which is far higher than the national average of 2.32%. The population of the Project Area in
2010 is estimated to increase to about 2.6 million, which is 1.7 times of the population in 2000.
The major river basins of Imus, San Juan and Canas in the Project Area are essentially vulnerable to
flood because of the extremely low ground elevation along the coastal area in the lower reaches and
insufficient flow capacity of river/drainage channels. In spite of the vulnerability, the intensive
industrialization is induced to the river basins without adequate consideration for flood, and the recent
flood damages in the river basins deems to exceed the tolerable level due to the flowing backgrounds:
(1) The natural flood retarding basins are being reclaimed, and a considerable part of the ground is
being covered with pavement. These decrease flood retention capacity of the river basins and
increase the flood peak runoff discharge.
(2) The residential area spills over the habitual flood inundation area due to rapid increment of the
population, which leads to significant increment of the flood damage potential.
(3) The areas along the river and drainage channels are being densely packed with the houses. The
houses are further constructed overhanging of the drainage channels. These houses in and around
the river and drainage channels tend to dump a large volume of solid wastes into the
river/drainage channels, which seriously reduce the channel flow capacity and deteriorates the
river environment.
The flashflood of Imus, San Juan and Canas has caused death of people and damages of many houses
in the recent typhoons 2000, 2002 and 2006. Some hundred thousand residents in the lowland area of
the river basins also suffer from the prolonged inundation of storm rainfall and/or high tide every year.
Such chronic inundation has not only affected the living conditions of the residents but also hampered
economic and social development in the Province.
The project proposed in the Study includes the structural measures for physical increment of flood
mitigation capacity and the non-structural measures, which is oriented to control of the excessive land
development in the river basin and other necessary approach for sustainable flood management. These
comprehensive flood mitigation approaches would be indispensable to cope with the complex factors
of flashflood and inland inundation.
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5.4 Proposed Activities
The following items were agreed as the proposed activities for the Study between the JICA
Preparatory Study Team and the Counterpart agencies of Government of Philippines.
Phase1: Master Plan Study
(1) Collection, review and analysis of data and information
(a) Natural Condition
• Meteorology and Hydrology
• Topography and Geology
• River Environment
(b) Socio-Economy
• Population
• Land use
• Regional and other relevant development program
• Industry
• Agriculture and Irrigation
• Laws, regulation and policies
• Institutional structures for related sector
(c) Historical records on flood inundation and flash flood
(d) Existing related studies
(e) Existing system and facilities on flood control drainage
(f) Water quality and environment
(g) Other related information
• Flow measurement of flood and low flow at designated points.
• Longitudinal and cross-sectional surveys
• Plane survey and Aerial-photo shooting (if necessary)
(2) Examination on the characteristic of vulnerability and hazard
(3) Evaluation of current disaster mitigation measures
(4) Flood risk assessment
(5) Preparation of Master Plan
(6) Review and modification of existing land use plans and ensuring of their implementation
(7) Initial environmental examination
(8) Public consultation meeting with stakeholders
(9) Selection of priority projects
(10) Preparation of priority projects
(11) Establishment of Flood Mitigation Committee in Cavite Province
(12) Promoting community-based flood mitigation activities
(13) Pilot project, if necessary
(14) Capacity development of counterpart organizations
(a) Needs assessment on capacity building
(b) Implementation of capacity building activities including the following items.
• Recommendation of capacity building
• Workshop and Seminars
• Provision of technical advise on a day-to-day basis
Phase2: Feasibility Study
(1) Additional data collection and survey
(2) Environmental and social considerations
(3) Plan of priority projects
(a) Plan and design of systems and facilities
(b) Operation and maintenance plan
(c) Resettlement plan, if necessary
(d) Implementation schedule
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(e) Cost estimation
(4) Economic evaluation of the plans
5.5 Scope of the Study
The following items were set up as the Scope of Study:
Phase 1: Mater Plan Study
(1) Preparation of and discussion on Inception Report
(2) Collection and analysis of related data and information
(3) River channel survey and ground level survey
(4) Survey on social environment
(5) Hydrological and hydraulic analysis
(6) Initial environmental evaluation (IEE)
(7) Evaluation on on-going disaster prevention measures
(8) Analysis of vulnerability against flooding
(9) Formulation of comprehensive flood mitigation strategy
(a) Determination of project design scale and target project completion year
(b) Selection and comparison of Alternative Structural Flood Mitigation Measures
(c) Selection and Comparison of alternative non-structural flood mitigation measures
(d) Selection of the optimum combination of flood mitigation measure
(10) Selection of Priority Project
(11) Proposal on regulations for control of land use/development
(12) Support for execution of proposed regulations on control of land use/development
(13) Support for organization of stakeholder meetings
(14) Capacity development of counterparts
(15) Holding of first technology transfer seminar
(16) Establishment of flood mitigation committee
(17) Promotion of community-based flood mitigation activities
(18) Execution of pilot project
Phase 2: Feasibility Study
(1) Holding of second technology transfer Seminar
(2) Supplementary data collection and field reconnaissance
(3) Feasibility study on structural measures
(a) Preliminary design
(b) Preparation of construction schedule
(c) Preparation of operation & maintenance manual for the proposed structures
(d) Environmental and social consideration (EIA)
(e) Holding of stakeholder meetings
(f) Preparation of appropriate house relocation plan
(4) Feasibility study on promotion of community-based flood mitigation activities
(5) Feasibility study on enhancement of land-use regulation
(6) Feasibility Study on the overall proposed project
(a) Formulation of project Implementation Plan
(b) Estimation of Project Cost
(c) Evaluation on economic viability of the proposed project
(d) Formulation of improvement plan for relevant organization setup
(7) Continued Activity on Capacity Development
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6. Description of the Project Area
6.1 Natural Environment

6.1.1 Topography
The study area is topographically divided into three divisions, namely: the lowland area, the central
undulating area and the upland hilly/mountainous area. The approximate extent of each topographic
division is as listed in the following Table and its features are further described in the under-mentioned
items (1) to (3):
Table 2 Topographic Divisions in the Project Area
Ground Slope Ground Elevation
Division Extent (km2) City/Municipality Overlapped
(%) (EL. m)
Extremely Low Land
Area
4.0 Almost Flat EL. 0 to 2 m Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario
Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario,
Lowland Area 97.5 Less than 0.5% EL. 2 to 30 m
General Trias, Imus, Tanza
Trece Martires City, Dasmarinas,
Central Hilly Area 236.7 0.5% to 2% EL. 30 to 400 m
Indang, Silang
Upland Mountainous
69.2 More 2% EL. 400 to 650 m Amadeo, Tagaytay
Area
Total Area 407.4
(1) Lowest Lowland Area

The coastal plain in particular, which lays in Municipalities of Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, and
Rosario has the extremely low ground level of EL. 0 to 2m, and the tidal food often occurs in
its substantial part even without storm rainfall. Such tidal inundation is being aggravated by
the progress of land subsidence.
(2) Lowland Area
The lowland area consists of coastal and alluvial plains, which have the flat ground slope of
less than 0.5% and low ground elevation of EL. 2 to 30m as listed above. The alluvial plain is
developed by lateral erosion or deposition of sediment from rivers and has the flat and/or
gently ground slope. The alluvial plain extends over Imus Municipality and Southern part of
General Trias forming the transition area between the coastal plain and central hilly area.
(3) Central Hilly Area
The central area is located on the mountain foot slope forming the undulating tuffaceous
plateau, which includes steep hills, ridges and elevated inland valley. The plateau is
characterized with the ground elevation ranging from 30 m to nearly 400 m, and the ground
slope of 0.5 to 2%.
(4) Upland Mountainous Area
The upland area is at very high elevation above EL. 400 m with slopes of more than 2%. This
area includes Tagaytay Ridge with the peak elevation of 650 m.
6.1.2 Geology and Soils
The salient features of geology and soils in the Project Area are as described below:
(1) Geology
The study area is underlain by rock of various origins and characteristics consisting of
primarily Quaternary Alluvium and Taal Tuff. The Quaternary Alluvium consists of
unconsolidated deposits of silt, sand and gravel. It exists along valleys and coastal plains. The
Taal Tuff is thin to medium-bedded consisting of fine grained vitric tuffs, welded volcanic
breccia with conglomerate, tuffaceous sand stone and shale. Soil erosion in the study area is
moderate and no severely eroded area is identified.
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(2) Soils
The soil in Cavite Province is classified into several types according to the results of the
survey conducted by the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM). The lowland area
is primarily composed of Guadalupe clay and clay loam. These are coarse and granular when
dry but sticky and plastic when wet. This substratum is solid volcanic tuff. These types of
soils are suited to lowland rice and corn while those in the upland are suited for orchard and
pasture. Guadalupe clay adobe abounds in the southern part of Bacoor and Imus bordering
Dasmariñas. The soil is hard and compact and difficult to cultivate. It is very sticky when wet
and granular when dry. Forage grass is advised for this type of soil. Hydrosol and Obando
sand are found along Bacoor Bay. The shoreline of Rosario, Tanza, Naic and Ternate are
lined with Guadalupe sand.
The central area principally consists of Magallanes loam with streaks of Magallanes clay loam
of sandy texture. This is recommended for diversified farming such as the cultivation of
upland rice, corn, sugarcane, vegetables, coconut, coffee, mangoes and other fruit trees. The
steep phase should be forested or planted to root crops. Fruit trees such as mango, avocado
and citrus, which are grown in the soil type of Guingua fine sandy loam, is found along the
lower part of Malabon and Ylang Ylang River at Noveleta.
The upland area principally consists of Tagaytay loam and Tagaytay sandy loam with
mountain soil undifferentiated found on the southeastern side bordering Laguna province.
Also on the southern tip are Magallanes clay and Mountain soil undifferentiated with
interlacing of Magallanes clay loam steep phase. The Tagaytay loam contains fine sandy
materials, moderately friable, and easy to work on when moist. In an undisturbed condition, it
bakes and becomes hard when dry. About one-half of this soil type is devoted to upland rice
and upland crops. On the other hand, Tagaytay sandy loam is friable and granular with
considerable amount of volcanic sand and underlain by adobe clay. Mountain soil
undifferentiated is forested with bamboos found in the seacoast. Patungan sand is
characterized by pale gray to almost white sand with substratum of marine conglomerates.
6.1.3 Rivers
As described above, there are three principal rivers, namely Imus, San Juan and Canas, in the Project
Area. Of these rivers, San Juan River further has the major tributary, Ylang Ylang River, which meets
the mainstream about 4.8 km upstream from the river mouth. Imus River has also the major tributary,
Bacoor River, which meets the mainstream about 1.5 km upstream from the river mouse. All of these
rivers originate from the aforesaid Tagaytay ridge, run northward in parallel and finally flow into the
Manila Bay/Bacoor Bay. The rivers in the aforesaid “Central Hilly Area” and “Upland Mountainous
Area” shape the deep gorge with a steep riverbed slope, while those in the “Low Land Area” tend to
shape U-shape channel section with rather gentle river slope. The salient features of the rivers are as
listed below:
Table 3 Salient Features of Principal Rivers in the Project Area
Topographic
Description Imus River San Juan River Canas River
Division
Ex. Low Land 1.5 2.0 0.0
Low Land 28.2 47.7 13.8
Catchment Area (km2) Central 79.5 103.4 53.8
Upland 6.8 19.5 42.9
Whole 116.0 172.6 110.0
Ex. Low Land 1.6 2.0 0.0
Low Land 5.1 11.8 9.7
River Length (km) Central 31.6 18.2 16.8
Upland 6.7 11.4 15.5
Whole 45.0 43.4 42.0
Ex. Low Land Flat Flat Flat
Low Land 1/522 1/474 1/313
River Slope Central 1/74 1/79 1/77
Upland 1/39 1/42 1/40
Whole (Ave.) 1/80 1/79 1/66
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There exist a rather large number of irrigation dams and head works on the above three rivers, and
further the channel revetments along the downstream stretches of the rivers. Some of these river
facilities are, however, heavily damaged and a certain extent of rehabilitation works area required.
6.1.4 Climate
The climate of the Project Area is characterized by two pronounced seasons: dry season from
November to April and wet season during the rest of the year. The annual mean rainfall of the study
area is 1,821 mm at Bacoor rainfall station, and 89 % of it concentrates during the wet season from
May to October. The maximum mean monthly rainfall occurs in August, recording 416 mm.
The annual temperatures in the Project Area varies from 27.8℃ recorded at Sangley Point in the
coastal area to 24.4℃ at Tagaytay City in the upland. January is normally the coldest month of a year,
while May or June is the hottest month. According to the record at Sangley Point, the monthly mean
temperatures vary from 22.7℃ in January to 37.7℃ in July.
Tropical storm usually occurs during June to October and about 20 typhoons enter into the territory of
the Philippines. Of the typhoons, about sixteen (16) percents pass through the middle part of the Luzon
Island where the Project Area is located. These typhoons cause strong wind and storm rainfall,
resulting in severe damages on property and life. Both daily and hourly storm rainfall data are
available at the aforesaid Sangley Point. The probable daily and hourly rainfalls estimated based the
data are as listed below.
Table 4 Probable Daily and Hourly Rainfall
Probability Daily Rainfall (mm) Hourly Rainfall (mm)
2-year return period 170 47.9
10 year return period 303 85.6
Source: Master Plan Study on Flood Mitigation and Enhancement of River Environment for Cavite Lowland Area,
by Infrastructure Development Institute-Japan
6.1.5 Ecology
(1) Fauna
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) designated 125 species of birds,
27species of mammals and 11 species of reptile as species for conservation in Philippines
(refer to the DENR Administrative Order, DAO 48). DENR further prepared a national red list
of Philippine wild life for the above species describing name, conservation status, known
occurrence/distribution and habitat. According to the red list, only one species of mammal is
listed for Cavite Province. The name and habitat are as below.
Table 5 Mammal in Cavite Province Listed on Red List for Conservation
Common Name Philippine Nectar Bat/Philippine Dawn Bat
Scientific Name Eonycteris robusta
Habitat Until the 1960s, it was commonly taken in caves adjacent to forest and commonly netted
in adjacent to primary forest from sea level to 1,100 m, often in areas with mixed forest
and clearings but never in primarily agricultural area.
Source: 2002 statistics on Philippine Protected Areas and Wildlife Resources, 2002, DENR Protected Areas
and Wildlife Bureau
There remains only small forestland in the Project Area. Forest for habitat of the above
Philippine Nectar Bat/Philippine Dawn Bat could not be identified in the Project Area, and
therefore, it is evaluated that there exist no rare species to be conserved in the Project Area.
The results of the relevant previous study also concluded that the above species are not
identified within the Project Area (refer to EIA on the Feasibility Study and Implementation
Support on the CALA East-West National Road by JICA, hereunder referred to as “JICA
CALA East-West Road Project”).
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(2) Flora
The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
designated 213 species of flora as endangered species and, 13 species of them are imposed
with severe restrictions on trade under the Convention on International Trade of Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). According to the results of the previous relevant
study and interview survey, however, there is no endangered species within the Project Area
(refer to the JICA CALA East-West Road Project).
(3) Protected Area
The National Integrated Protected Areas System Act (NIPAS Act) prescribes the following
eight categories of protected areas: (i) strict nature reserve, (ii) natural park, (iii) natural
monument, (iv) wildlife sanctuary, (v) protected landscapes and sea scapes, (vi) resource
reserve, (vii) natural biotic areas; and (viii) other categories established by law, conventions or
international agreements which the Philippine Government is a signatory.
According to the results of interview survey with the relevant agencies, there is no protected
area in the Project Area. Moreover, the Project Area has no wetland designated under the
Ramsar Convention, World Heritage-listed area and Man; and the Biosphere Reserve
designated by UNESCO.
(4) River Ecology
The most common vegetation within the rivers in the Project Area is the common kangkong.
There is no rare species of fish in the rivers of the Project Area. The common fishes found in
the rivers are bia or biya (Glossogobius), tilapia (Tilapia), dalag (Ophicephalus spp.), hito
(Clarias) and ell (Anguilla).
(5) Mangrove Area
The mangrove area of the Cavite Province has been largely converted to fishponds, salt-beds
and built-up/settlement areas. The mangrove currently remains area-wise in the coastal area
and its quantity in the provincial total is estimated at only 23.9 ha, of which 19.9 ha is located
in the Project Area. Aside from the mangrove existing area-wise, there also remain the
mangroves strip-wise along the river/canals of 14.3km in total. The quantities of existing
mangroves in each of Municipalities in the Project Area are as listed below:
Table 6 Existing Mangrove in the Project Area
Strip-wise along
Municipality Area-wise (ha) Function/Utilization
River/Canal (km)
Bacoor - 0.6
Kawit 6.6 12.2 Ecological
Noveleta 4.1 - Ecological, Charcoal Production
Rosario 3.0 - Ecological
Tanza 6.2 1.5 Ecological, Charcoal Production
Total 19.9 14.3
Source: Ground Truthing Report of the Mangrove and Mudflat Areas in the Province of Cavite, 2005
(6) Fish Cultivation in the Coastal Area

There are many fishponds of blackish water with a total area of 369 ha in the coastal zones
(Bacoor, Kawit and Noveleta) of the Project Area. Prawn and milkfish are cultivated from
these fishponds. The fishpond area, fish production and number of operator by municipality in
2005 are as listed in the following Table 7. Further, shellfishes of oyster and mussel are
cultivated in the Bacoor Bay. The area, production and number of operator for shellfish
cultivation by municipality in 2005 are also shown in the Table below.
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Table 7 Fish and Selfish Cultivation in the Project Area
Fish Cultivation by Fishpond (Blackish Water) Shellfish Cultivation
Municipality Production Number of Production Number of
Area (ha) Area (ha)
(ton/year) Operator (ton/year) Operator
Bacoor 40.0 25.9 28 106.0 3,180.0 106
Kawit 257.0 183.3 107 20.0 720.0 100
Noveleta 71.5 28.9 21 - - -
Total 368.5 238.8 156 126.0 3,90.0 206
Source: Agricultural Data CY-2005, Office of Provincial Agriculturalist
6.2 Socio-economic Condition

6.2.1 Population
The population of the Cavite Province has steadily increased, in over nine decades, as shown below.
The increment of population was accelerated after 1990s in particular due to introduction of the
intensive industrialization to the Province as described in the foregoing Section 5.3. As the results, the
population of in 2000 reached 1.8 times of the population in 1990.
Pupulation
2,500,000
2,063,161
2,000,000
1,610,324
1,500,000
1,152,534
1,000,000
771,320
628,321
500,000 520,180
238,561 262,550 378,136
134,779 157,356
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Historical Growth of Population in Cavite Province

(Source: 2005 Socio-Economic Profile Provincial Planning and Development Office)
The population in the Project Area is estimated at 786 thousand in 1990 and 1,542 thousand in 2000,
which correspond to 68% and 75% of the provincial total, respectively, as listed below. Thus, the
Project Area contains a substantial part of the provincial population.
Table 8 Population in the Project Area
Population
Population (thousand) Population Density (person/km2)
City/Municipality Area (km2) Growth
1995 2000 2010 1995 2000 2010 1996-2000
District I 76.9 389 474 703 5,063 6,166 9,149 4.02%
Bacoor 52.4 251 306 454 4,787 5,834 8,666 4.04%
Kawit 13.4 57 63 76 4,253 4,683 5,677 1.94%
Noveleta 5.4 27 32 44 5,047 5,907 8,092 3.20%
Rosario 5.7 54 74 137 9,539 12,992 24,101 6.37%
District II 441.2 605 835 1,590 1,371 1,892 3,604 6.65%
Trece Martires City 47.9 20 42 173 427 870 3,607 15.29%
Dasmarinas 82.3 262 380 794 3,187 4,609 9,642 7.66%
General Trias 117.7 67 108 280 568 915 2,376 10.01%
Imus 97.0 177 195 237 1,829 2,015 2,447 1.96%
Tanza 96.3 78 111 223 808 1,148 2,313 7.26%
District III 293.5 190 233 353 646 794 1,202 4.23%
Amadeo 47.9 23 26 33 474 537 689 2.52%
Indang 89.2 43 51 74 479 575 827 3.70%
Silang 156.4 124 156 247 793 998 1,581 4.71%
Total in Project Area 811.6 1,184 1,542 2,617 1,458 1,900 3,225 5.43%
Cavite Province 1,427.1 1,610 2,063 3,387 1,128 1,446 2,373 5.08%
Note: A part of Tagaytay City is overlapped with the Project Area, but its population is likely to be negligible small.
Accordingly, the population of the City is not listed in the above Table.
-9-
The population density of the whole Province was 1,446 person/km2 in 2000. Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board classifies the population density of less than 1,500 person/km2 as “low density”.
With referring to the classification, the Cavite Province is to be still the area of the low population
density as a whole. Nevertheless, the municipality of Dasmarinas in District II (the central area) and
the municipalities in the District I (coastal area) such as Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta and Rosario have the
far higher population density than 1,500 person/km2.
In contrast of Dasmarinas and the aforesaid four Municipalities in the coastal area, other
municipalities have the low population density as of 2000. However, The population growth of all
other municipalities, except Indang and Amadeo have recorded the high annual population growth of
more than 5%/year in a decade 1990 –2000 as compared with the national average of 2.3%.
Dasmarinas Municipality and other two municipalities of Imus and General Trias in particular have
recorded remarkably high annual population growth of more than 7%. The Provincial Government of
Cavite attributes this intensive population growth to the rapid migration of farmers from other
provinces looking for jobs and better lives in the Project Area.
The Provincial Government of Cavite projected a provincial average annual population growth rate of
5.45%, which is set slightly higher than the actual growth rate of 5.08% for the period of 1995-2000.
On the premises of the actual population growth of each of municipalities in the Project Area in
1995-2000, the population in the Project Area is estimated to increase to 2,617 thousand by 2010.
6.2.2 Economic Profile
(1) GDP and Industry
Cavite Province rapidly promotes the industries as the core of the CALABARZON Economic
Development Zone, which is placed as one of the highest priority of economic development
areas in Philippines. Cavite Province recorded the GDP of about 29,160 million pesos in 2000,
which corresponds to 3.0% of the National GDP and 20.6% of GDP in CALABARZON.
The total number of employment in Cavite Province has increased from 445,800 in 1995 to
585,136 in 2003. These numbers of employment both in 1995 and 2003 correspond to about
28% of the whole provincial population. Of the sectors, the manufacturing sector takes the
highest share of 45.3% of the employments followed by 20.7% for service sector, and 15.1%
for construction sector as of 2003 as listed below. The manufacturing sector also shows the
second highest growth rate of 172% after 224% in electricity, gas & water sector in terms of
growth rate of number of employment from 1995 to 2003. On the other hand, agricultural &
forestry sector and mining& quarrying sector tends to dwindle.
Table 9 Number of Employment in Cavite Province
Number of Employment
Growth Rate
Sector 1995 2003
1995 to 2003
Number Share Number Share
Manufacturing 97,500 21.9% 264,894 45.3% 172%
Services 98,750 22.2% 121,197 20.7% 23%
Construction 56,500 12.7% 88,108 15.1% 56%
Transportation, etc. 54,750 12.3% 82,819 14.2% 51%
Trade Real Estate 58,500 13.1% 75,929 13.0% 30%
Agriculture & Forestry 59,250 13.3% 46,820 8.0% -21%
Finance, Dwelling & Real Estate 15,250 3.4% 15,610 2.7% 2%
Electricity, Gas & Water 4,300 1.0% 13,926 2.4% 224%
Mining & Quarrying 1,000 0.2% 803 0.1% -20%
Provincial Total 445,800 100.0% 585,136 100.0% 31%
Source: Provincial Physical Framework Plan 2005 – 2010, Cavite Province, by Provincial Planning and
Development Office.
Provincial Physical Framework Plan/Comprehensive Provincial Land Use Plan, Province of Cavite,
Planning Period 1998 to 2002, by Provincial Planning and Development Office
- 10 -
There are 31 industrial estates in Cavite Province, of which 16 industrial estates are located
covering an area of 1,284ha in total in the Project Area as listed below
Table 10 Existing Industrial Estates in Project Area
Land Area Number of
Name of Industrial Estate/ Location
(ha) Companies
1. First Cityland Heavy Industrial Center 32.10 1 Langkaan, Dasmariñas
2. First Cavite Industrial Estate (FCIE) 155.00 69 Langkaan, Dasmariñas
3. Dasmariñas TechnoPark 38.00 6 Paliparan. Dasmariñas
4. New Cavite Industrial City 52.00 24 Manggahan, Gen. Trias
5. Gateway Business Park 167.92 20 Javalera, Gen. Trias
6. Manggahan Industrial Estate 10.20 3 Manggahan, Gen. Trias
7. Golden Gate Business Park 65.16 Buenavista II, Gen. Trias
8. Golden Gate II Business Park 16.58 Buenavista II, Gen. Trias
9. Cavite Eco-Industrial Estate 104.95 Pasong Kawayan II, Gen. Trias
10. Imus Informal Industrial Estate 200.00 13 Imus
11. Anabu Hills Industrial Estate 10.85 3 Anabu, Imus
12. EMI Special Economic Zone 12.20 1 Anabu II, Imus
13. Cavite Economic Zone 278.50 253 Rosario
14. PNOC Development & Management Corp. 50.32 2 Rosario
15. Cavite Economic Zone (Annexation) 9.88 Bacao, Gen. Trias
16. Fil-Estate Industrial Park, Inc. 80.62 Trece Martires City & Tanza
Total 1,284.28
Source: Provincial Physical Framework Plan 2005 – 2010, Cavite Province, by Provincial Planning and
Development Office
(2) Family Income

Cavite Province ranks the second highest average family income among all provinces for the
areas outside Metro Manila. The average family income of Cavite Province was 196,401
pesos in 2000 at current price. GINI coefficient is low compared to those of Metro Manila and
Philippine.
Table 11 Distribution of Family Income
Description Cavite Metro Manila Philippines
< 50,000 pesos 4.49% 1.06% 24.39%
50,000 – 100,000 pesos 21.91% 13.17% 30.62%
Distribution
100,000 – 250,000 pesos 56.14% 49.80% 31.52%

250,000 – 500,000 pesos 13.63% 24.38% 10.01%
> 500,000 pesos 3.73% 11.59% 3.22%
Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
GINI coefficient* 0.3554 0.4462 0.4814
Source: Philippine Statistical Yearbook
Note:*: Index of income distribution with limits 0 for perfect equality and 1 for perfect inequality
6.2.3 Land Use

As early as the late 1800’s the study area was predominantly agricultural land managed by the Spanish
friars. From the 1980’s to the present time, the land primarily cultivated for agricultural production has
been converted and transformed into agro-industrial, economic and real estate housing development.
At present, there is no primary forest in the Project Area.
The existing land use maps were produced based on the satellite image developed by the JICA CALA
East-West Road Project, and the future land use plan in 2010 based on the land use plans of cities and
municipalities in the province as summarized in the following page.
- 11 -
Table 12 Existing and Projected Land Use of City and Municipalities Overlapped with Project Area
(Unit: ha)
Existing as of 2003 Projected for 2010
City/
Total Area Built-up Area Non Built-up Area Built-up Area Non Built-up Area
Municipality
Area (ha) Share (%) Area (ha) Share (%) Area (ha) Share (%) Area (ha) Share (%)
District I 4,619 2,148 46.5% 2,471 53.5% 4,365 94.5% 254 5.5%
Bacoor 1,809 1,027 56.7% 782 43.3% 1,809 100.0% - 0.0%
Kawit 1,548 375 24.2% 1,173 75.8% 1,436 92.8% 111 7.2%
Noveleta 585 247 42.2% 338 57.8% 480 82.1% 105 17.9%
Rosario 677 499 73.7% 178 26.3% 640 94.4% 38 5.6%
District II 24,496 6,778 27.7% 17,719 72.3% 16,880 68.9% 7,616 31.1%
Trece Martires 2,313 412 17.8% 1,901 82.2% 1,978 85.5% 335 14.5%
Dasmarinas 7,012 2,595 37.0% 4,417 63.0% 5,736 81.8% 1,276 18.2%
Gen. Trias 8,482 1,725 20.3% 6,757 79.7% 4,576 54.0% 3,906 46.0%
Imus 5,160 1,710 33.1% 3,450 66.9% 4,126 80.0% 1,034 20.0%
Tanza 1,530 337 22.0% 1,193 78.0% 464 30.3% 1,066 69.7%
District III 11,628 1,859 16.0% 9,769 84.0% 5,079 43.7% 6,549 56.3%
Amadeo 4,287 551 12.9% 3,736 87.1% 1,456 34.0% 2,832 66.0%
Indang 1,204 57 4.7% 1,147 95.3% 123 10.2% 1,082 89.8%
Silang 5,108 607 11.9% 4,501 88.1% 2,839 55.6% 2,269 44.4%
Tagaytay 1,029 644 62.6% 385 37.4% 662 64.3% 367 35.7%
Total 40,743 10,784 26.5% 29,959 73.5% 26,324 64.6% 14,419 35.4%
Note: Built-up area covers urban centers, industrials areas (including large scale industrial estates), residential area
(including large scale housing estates) and tourism zones.
Production area covers the croplands, livestock areas and forest.
Source: JICA CALA East-West Road Project and
Provincial Physical Framework Plan 2005–2010, Cavite Province, by Provincial Planning and
Development Office
As shown in the above Table 12, it is clear that the local government (city and municipality
government) project the built-up area in 2010 to be more than two times of the present area as of 2003.
The four municipalities in District I (the low land area in coastal zone) currently keep 53% of their
land as the non-built up area, most of which is used as the fishpond, while such non built-up area is
projected to be almost zero by the year 2010, which would seriously aggravate the inland drainage
capacity. Both of the District II (central hilly area) and District III (upland mountainous area) also
show the dynamic reduction of the non built-up area, which would read to serious increment of the
basin flood peak discharge.
As explained above, the land-use plans have been delineated by each city/municipality based on their
regulations. These land use plans are, however, likely to follow the natural transition of land-use
associated with the urban development and not positively control the excessive urban development in
the province. Moreover, a certain extent of the previous non-built up area has been converted to
residential area without revision of plans as well as approval by the government agencies concerned.
The effective land-use controls and guides by LGU would be required to minimize loss of properties
by flood in the province and lead to proper land development.
6.2.4 Water Use
Use of the surface water and ground water resources are as described below:
(1) Surface Freshwater Resources
The river water of the study area is used only for irrigation. It is not used for any other
purposes such as drinking/industrial water, hydropower, fishery and recreation except local
uses in the upstream reaches. Local people use the river water for washing, bathing and
sometimes cooking in the upstream reaches but water use is limited due to the difficulty in
access to the rivers. There are approximately 70 intake dams in the Imus, San Juan and Canas
rivers including tributaries. Among them, about 10 dams are located in the lowland area
- 12 -
(downstream river reaches), while the rest of them are all in the central area (middle river
reaches).
(2) Ground Water Resources
In the lowland and central hilly areas covering the towns of Bacoor, Imus, General Trias,
Dasmariñas, Tanza, hundreds of artesian wells and deep wells provide the water supply for
both domestic and irrigation purposes. Due to the presence of numerous wells in the said
municipalities, over extraction takes place resulting to salt intrusion in the aquifers. Most of
the ground water is stored in the pyroclastic rock reservoir and little in the volcano and clastic
rock. Potable water is not reported in the near shore due to the presence of alluvium deposits,
which may be brackish and saline.
Free-flowing wells occur in the 30 meter elevation of Southern Tanza. In Imus, free-flowing
well yields were 120 ft. deep wells drilled at elevation of about 15 meters.
A source of groundwater is infiltrated rainfall, which serves as the direct source of most near
surface aquifers. Inflow from surface water reservoir and irrigation water contributes to the
ground water.
6.3 Public Hazard
6.3.1 Water Pollution
DENR define the classes of river water according to the following applicable usages, based on a
concept such that the quality of waters in Philippines shall be maintained in a safe and satisfactory
condition according to their best uses (refer to DAO 90-34).
Table 13 Classification of River Water Defined by DOE
River Water Class Applicable Water Use
Public Water Supply Class I. This class is intended primarily for waters having watersheds, which
AA are uninhabited and otherwise protected and which require only approved disinfections in order to
meet the National Standards for Drinking Water (NSDW) of the Philippines.
Public Water Supply Class II. For sources of water supply that will require complete treatment
A
(coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection) in order to meet the NSDW.
Recreational Water Class I. For primary contact recreation such as bathing, swimming, skin
B
diving, etc. (particularly those designated for tourism purpose)
(1) Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources
C (2) Recreational Water Class II (Boating, etc.)
(3) Industrial Water Supply Class I (For manufacturing processes after treatment)
Source: DENR Administrative Order No. 34, Series of 1990
DENR categorizes the water use of Imus River and Canas River as the aforesaid Class C for the whole
reaches. On the other hand, the San Juan River is categorized as Class C water for the lower and
middle reaches and Class B water for the upper reaches.
DENR has also analyzed the water quality of the Imus, San Juan and Canas rivers since 2004. The
average water quality during dry season at the key stations is summarized below.
Table 14 Water Quality of Rivers in Study Area
(Unit: mg/l)
River Reaches Station pH DO BOD TSS
Aguinaldo
Imus Lower Reaches 7.9 4.1 10.2 21
Highway Br.
San Juan Lower Reaches
Noveleta Bridge/1 8.1 4.7 2.5 16
(After Confluence of Ylang Ylang R.)
San Juan Lower Reaches
San Francisco 8.0 3.5 4.5 13
(Before Confluence. of Ylang Ylang R.)
Canas Lower Reaches Tejero Bridge 8.5 7.5 1.5 13
DENR Criteria for Class C Water 6.5-8.5 >5.0 <7 (10)/2 See /3
Note /1: Tidal area,
/2: Figures out parenthesis are for rainy season and those in parenthesis for dry season.
/3: Not more than 30mg/l increase
- 13 -
The JICA study team for the Feasibility Study and Implementation Support on the CALA East-West
National Road (JICA study team for CALA East-West Road Project) analyzed the total coliform of the
Imus and San Juan rivers in March 2005. The results are shown below.
Table 15 Cloiform of Imus and San Juan River
Analyzed Total Coliform (MPN/100ml)
River Criteria
Lower Reaches Middle Reaches Upper Reaches
Imus 20,000 500,000 30,000
< 5,000
San Juan 100,000 700,000 100,000
As shown in the above two Tables 14 and 15, the Imus River and San Juan River is much polluted due
to the domestic wastewater. However, the water of the Canas River is kept still rather clean. For details
of the DENR Analysis, see the following Table 16.
Table 16 Detailed Analysis on River Water Quality in the Study Area
(Unit: mg/l)
River Sampling Location Sampling Date pH DO BOD TSS
3 rd Quarter 2004 - 4.1 5.0 13
4 th Quarter 2004 7.8 7.3 5.0 23
Feb. 2005 7.9 0.0 32.0 17
Jun. 2005 8.1 3.2 21.0 99
Sep. 2005 7.8 5.8 3.0 122
Aguinaldo Highway Bridge
Imus Nov. 2005 7.9 4.2 6.0 28
(in lower reaches)
1 st Quarter 2006 8.0 3.7 8.0 10
2 nd Quarter 2006 8.0 2.1 5.0 25
3 rd Quarter 2006 8.4 3.6 4.0 6
4 th Quarter 2006 7.8 7.3 5.0 23
Average 8.0 (7.9) 4.1 (4.1) 9.4 (10.2) 37 (21)
4 th Quarter 2004 8.4 5.2 3.0 21
Noveleta Bridge (in tidal 1 st Quarter 2005 7.7 4.1 2.0 11
area) Average 8.1 4.7 2.5 16
(8.1) (4.7) (2.5) (16)
1 st Quarter 2006 8.2 3.0 5.0 16
San San Francisco (downstream 2 nd Quarter 2006 7.7 3.9 4.0 9
Juan of General Trias) 4 th Quarter 2006 7.4 5.9 3.0 500
Average 7.8 (8.0) 4.3 (3.5) 4.0 (4.5) 175 (13)
1 st Quarter 2006 8.4 7.4 1.0 24
Pasong Kawayan (in middle 2 nd Quarter 2006 8.1 7.3 1.0 22
reaches) 4 th Quarter 2006 7.6 7.6 1.0 236
Average 8.0 (8.3) 7.4 (7.4) 1.0 (1.0) 94 (23)
2 nd Quarter 2004 8.6 7.3 1.0 8
Canas Tejero Bridge (in lower ) 4 th Quarter 2004 8.4 7.6 2.0 18
Average 8.5 (8.5) 7.5 (7.5) 1.5 (1.5) 13 (13)
Note: Figures in the parentheses are average water quality during dry season.
Source: DENR
6.3.2 Solid Waste

Disposal of the household wastes, the industrial wastes and health care wastes in the Project Area are
as described herein after:
(1) Household Waste and Market Waste
According to information from the Provincial Government of Cavite, the total volumes of
household and market wastes as of 2002 generated in the city/municipalities overlapped with
the Project Area are estimated at about 1,540 m3/day and 225 m3/day, respectively (refer to
Table 17 and 18 in the following page).
- 14 -
Table 17 Volume of Household Wastes and Collection System for the Wastes
Total Collection System
Municipality
Population Volume (m3/day) Dump Truck (no.) Frequency of Collection
District I
Bacoor 305,699 260 6 mini. Daily
Kawit 62,751 40 3 Daily
Noveleta 31,939 120 1 and 2 mini. Daily
Rosario 66,721 15 3 Daily
District II
2 Dump: 5 days a week
Trece Martires 41,653 240 2 and 2 mini.
2 Mini.: 7 days a week
Dasmarinas 379,512 295 15 Once a week
Gen. Trias 109,845 166 9 Twice a week
Imus 195,482 226 14 Once a week
Tanza 127,147 120 15 mini. Every other day
District III
Amadeo 27,737 10 ton 1 3 times a week
Indang - - - -
Silang 156,628 50 2 3 times a week
Total 1,505,114 1,542
Source: Provincial Government of Cavite
Table 18 Volume of Market Wastes and Collection System for the Wastes
Size of Market Collection System
Municipality Total Area Number of Frequency of 3 Number of Frequency of
Volume (m /day)
(ha) Stalls Market Opening Dump Trucks Collection
District I
Bacoor Unknown 612 Everyday 72 2 Daily
Kawit 0.7 582 Everyday 12 1 Daily
Noveleta 0.1 177 Everyday 4 1 Daily
Rosario 0.3 468 Everyday 6 3 Daily
District II
Trece Martires 0.9 202 Everyday 12 1 mini. Twice a day
Dasmarinas 1 819 Everyday 36 2 Daily
Gen. Trias 1.5 293 Everyday 8 1 Twice a day
Imus 2.5 860 Everyday 61 2 Daily
Tanza 4.0 504 Everyday Unknown 1 mini. 3-4 times a day
District III
Amadeo 1.1 191 Twice a week 4 1 Twice a week
Indang - - - - - -
Silang 0.8 820 4 times a week 10 Unknown Daily
Total 225
The measure for disposal of the above household and market wastes in the Province could be
classified, in general, into open dumping, composting and burning. The local government
units (city/municipalities) in the Project Area operate their own designated open dumping site
(refer to Table 18 in the next page). In spite of the designated dumping site, a considerable
volume of the solid wastes is being dumped into open spaces, bridges, canals and rivers,
which cause water pollution.
Of the local government units in Project Area, Imus Municipality has established an
eco-center. The eco-center produces and provides the compost free to farmers and to other
residents who are interested to use compost as organic fertilizer to their garden plants.
Majority of cities/municipal governments in Cavite Province currently use collection open
dump trucks and/or compactors trucks for collection of solid wastes. Such vehicles for
collection of solid wastes are, however, likely to be in adequate and hardly achieve the
appropriate level of collection.
- 15 -
Table 19 Disposal Site of Household Waste in Project Area
Location
Municipality Type of Disposal Area (ha) Lifespan
(Barangay)
District I
Bacoor Open dumping Molino IV 5.0 Unknown
Kawit Open dumping, Burning Batong Dalig 0.01 5 years
Noveleta Open dumping Salcedo II 0.5 None
Rosario Open dumping, Burning, Composting Kanluran 3.0 5 years
District II
Trece Martires Semi-land fill De Ocampo 1.9 10 years
Dasmarinas Open dumping Lankaan II 1.0 1 year
Gen. Trias Open dumping Tapia 1.5 1 year 3 months
Imus Open dumping Pasong Buaya 1.0 2 years
Tanza Open dumping Sahod Uldan 5.0 Temporary
District III
Amadeo Open dumping, Burning V Poblacion 1.0 5 years
Indang - - - -
Silang Open dumping, Burning Lalaan I 0.5 Temporary
(2) Industrial Waste

According to “2005 Socio-Economic Profile, Cavite Province”, the present total industrial
wastes generated daily in Cavite Province is estimated at about 1,000 metric tons and its fifty
percent is considered hazardous. Toxic and hazardous wastes generated by industries within
the Province are currently collected and transported to Manila and Laguna by the particular
firms accredited for treatment of toxic and hazardous wastes.
(3) Health Care Waste
The Cavite Province has procured an autoclave system through Pan Asia Environment (PAE)
Phil., Inc., for the sake of treatment of the health care waste. The autoclave system currently
serves all the government hospitals in the province and six private hospitals.
6.4 Flood Problems
6.4.1 Flood Conditions
The causes of the floods in the Project Area are broadly classified into the two types, namely:
(1) The flash flood caused by the flood overflow of the river channels; and
(2) The inland flood, which is caused by stagnant of storm rainfall and high tide.
The Imus/Bacoor River, San Juan/Ylang Ylang River and Canas River have inadequate flow capacity,
which lead to the flash floods. Flash floods tend to occur at the narrow/bottleneck sections, low dike
section and debris clogging section. Moreover, the flood peak discharge tends to increase in the recent
years due to the intensive land development for industrial and housing uses in the middle and upper
reaches of the river basins.
The coastal areas are prone to inland flood due to their low-elevated and flat topography. Further, the
areas are affected by tide of the sea. Hence, the areas are habitually flooded by inland water during
rainy season and severely flooded, when it rained at the time of high tide. The flood condition has
become more serious in the recent years due to the clogging of drainage channels by dumped garbage,
and illegal reclamation of drainage channels. The land development will decrease the basin retarding
capacity of inland floodwater, resulting increase of the flood damage.
It is also reported that a developer narrowed the cross-section of a waterway that caused the water to
overflow during heavy rains. Another developer also filled up a waterway because his land
development area has to cross the waterway. As the results, the water in the waterway flows to
adjacent low-lying areas and causing flood during heavy rains.
- 16 -
6.4.2 Flood Damages
The interview survey on flood damage is currently in progress. According to the preliminary results of
the interview survey, the following four major flash floods have occurred during a period from 1995 to
2006 affecting some thousand hundreds people with casualties.
Table 20 Recent Representative Flood Damage in the Project Area
Name of
Date Affected Area Remarks
Typhoon
Lowland Area Death: 10
Oct. ‘00 Reming
(Bacoor, Noveleta, Rosario, Imus, Kawit etc.) Affected population: 380,616
Lowland Area
Jul. ‘02 Gloria Affected population: 173,075
(Bacoor, Noveleta, Rosario, Imus, Kawit etc.)
Lowland Area Death: 1
Jul. ‘02 Inday
(Bacoor, Noveleta, Rosario, Imus, Kawit etc.) Affected population: 168,025
Lowland Area (Bacoor, Noveleta, Rosario, Imus,
Sep. ‘06 Milenyo Death: 30 by flood
Kawit etc.) and General Trias
Of the above flash floods, the flood caused by Typhoon Milenyo in September 2006 could be
preliminarily assumed as the recoded maximum flood. The Typhoon Milenyo caused overflow along a
substantial length of Imus, San Juan as well as Canas River and, the overflow discharge extended over
an extensive area of middle and lower reaches including Municipalities, Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario,
Imus and General Trias.
The Typhoon Milenyo also caused an overflow above the crest of Butas Dam on Canas River in
Barangay Buena Vista General Trias, which is managed by NIA. During the overflow, the upstream
river water level of the dam reached the critical level, and the riprap along the riverbanks on both sides
of the dam cracked and the dam body was finally collapsed, widening the river channel to double.
As the results, 30 onlookers on the clapped riverbank were drawn into the river and died.
In addition to the above flash flood, the lowland area in the Project Area suffers the habitual flood
inundation by the stagnant of storm rainfall and the high tide. The prone areas of inland flood are
tabulated below.
Table 21 Barangays in Flood Prone Area in the Study Area
Municipality Barangays
Bacoor Talaba 2, 3, 5, 6, Maliksi 3, Digman, Alima, Sineguelasan, Banalo, Mabolo 1
Imus Calsadag Bago 1, 2, Poblacion 4, Alapan 1, Pag-asa 1, 2, Medicion 1, 2
Kawit Gahak, Binakayan, Panamitan, Sta. Isabel, Tabon, Poblacion, Magdiwang, San Juan, Kaingen, Wakas
Noveleta San Antonio 1, 2, Sta. Rosa 1, 2, San Juan 1, 2, San Jose 1, 2
Rosario Ligtong, Silangan, Muzon, Wawa, Kanluran, Bagbag, Sapa, Tejero, Poblacion
Tanza Julugan, Daang Amaya, Poblacion
7. Legal Framework of Environmental and Social Considerations
7.1 Low and Administration

7.1.1 Law and Registration for EIS
Presidentia1 Decree (PD) No.1151 promulgated in 1977, known as the Philippine Environment Policy
first set the tone for the requirement of Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) for projects, which
might have an impact on the environment. The requirement for EISs was formalized by the
promulgation of PD 1586 in 1978. Under the promulgation, environmental considerations must be
incorporated at earliest stage of project development and disclosure of projects information and public
participation in the EIS process are required.
Presidentia1 Proclamation 2146 provided for environmentally critical Projects (ECPs) and
environmentally critical areas (ECAs) as the classification of projects in 1981. DENR Administrative
Order No.12 prescribed Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) for the condition of the
construction of projects in 1992. Procedural Manual for DENR Administrative Order No.30 Series
2003 can be referred to as guidelines in the Philippine EIS system. EIS related law could be seen in the
WEB page of EMB.（www.emb.gov.ph/eia.htm）
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7.1.2 Competent Agency of EIS
The Environmenta1 Management Bureau (EMB) in the Department of Environment and Natura1
Resource (DENR) is responsible for policies and programs for environmental management such as
environmental conservation, condition of air, water and chemicals, pollution control, capability
building and environmental education programs, EMB also administers EIS system, which requires all
government agencies and private sectors to come up with EIS for ECPs, as well as projects that are
located in an ECA. EMB examines EIS submitted by the proponent and ECCs is issued after the
project is identified not to have a serious impact on the environment.
7.2 Implementation Framework of EIS
7.2.1 Project Proponent
Proponent agency of this Project is Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). The DPWH
has the responsibility for preparation and submission of the EIS. DPWH usually establishes a Project
Management Office–F/S (PMO-F/S) prior to feasibility studies and the PMO-F/S prepares the EIS.
Once the execution of projects starts, PMO, which is converted from PMO-F/S, has responsibilities for
implementation of environmental and social considerations such as land acquisition and resettlement
in cooperation with local government unites. Environmental Social Services Office (ESSO) in the
Development Planning Division of DPWH has the functions to support and supervise preparation of
EIS.
7.2.2 Framework of Resettlement
Implementation of resettlement is carried out by the related local government units (LGUs). The
related cities/municipalities carry out investigation of residents’ consciousness, new resettlement sites,
compensation for land and property loss, means for an alternative sustainable livelihood, monitoring
of resettled residents, and so forth for DPWH projects. The Cavite Province has been supporting
cities/municipalities in this regard, and it established the Urban Development and Housing Board in
2005 to cover difficult issues beyond cities/municipalities’ capacity, such as the provision of housing
to the poverty and informal settlers.
7.3 Disclosure and Public Participation
7.3.1 Information Disclosure
Article IV Section 2 of DAO 96-37 details the following requirements of public information to be
complied by the project proponent. Evidence demonstrating compliance with these requirements will
form part of the supporting documents to be submitted with the IEE/EIS.
(1) The proponent will disclose all information about the proposed project to the public in the
language and manner that are easily understood (i.e., evaluation of public health, environment,
population, gender, socio-economic and cultural impacts, as well as the appropriate mitigation
and enhancement measures).
(2) The proponent will post a notice of the submission of an IEE/EIS, in coordination with the
DENR Regiona1 Office or EMB, together with a summery of the proposed project.
7.3.2 Public Participation
The Philippine EIS System states that the acceptability of the environmental impact of a project can
only be fully determined through meaningful public participation and a transparent EIS process. In
conformity with the requirements delineated in Article IV Section 3 of DAO No 96-37，proponents of
projects that are required to undergo an EIA will initiate the conduct of public consultations as
provided in the EMB Guidelines to ensure that the public concerns are fully incorporated in the EIA
process.
To secure Environmenta1 Compliance Certificate (ECC) and Certificate of Non-Coverage(CNC)，
following procedures are required, as mentioned in Article 5.3，DAO 30-2003.
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“For projects under Category A, the conduct of public consultation as part of the EIS reviews is
mandatory unless otherwise determined by EMB. For all other undertakings，a public consultation is
not mandatory unless specifically required by EMB.
Proponents should initiate pubic consultation early in order to ensure that environmentally relevant
concerns of stakeholders are taken into consideration in the EIA study and the formulation of the
management plan.”
7.4 Procedures and Documentary Requirements
7.4.1 Procedures of EIS
The first activity in the procedures of EIS is the submission of a project belief by a project proponent
to EMB of DENR. EMB judge the project to correspond to the Environmentally Critical Projects
(ECPs) and Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs). If a project doesn’t fall under ECP or ECA, the
Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC) is issued.
If a project is categorized as ECP, the proponent submits Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) after
the preparation of scoping, baseline study, identification, prediction, evaluation and mitigation of
impact and environmental management plan to EMB. The EIS review is generally a two-stage process.
The first stage is a procedural review by the receiving staff of EMB. The second stage is substantive
review by the Environmental Impact Assessment Review Committee (EIARC). DENR issues
Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECCs) if DENR judges that the project doesn’t have a serious
impact on the environment, after EIARC’s investigation of ESC and holding of public consultation.
If the project is not ECP but falls under ECA, the proponent must submit Initial Environmental
Examination (IEE) Report and the project goes through investigation of DENR.
7.4.2 Categorization of Projects in Philippines
Projects are categorized into A, B, C and D based on the significance of adverse impacts on
environment and they have deferent procedure depending on its category.
Table 22 Category and Reason
Category Reason
Category A ECPs with significant potential to cause negative environmental impacts
Projects that are not categorized as ECPs, but which may cause negative environmental impacts because
Category B
they are located in ECAs
Projects intended to directly enhance environmental quality or address existing environmental problems
Category C
not falling under Category A or B
Category D Projects unlikely to cause adverse environmental impacts
Projects under Category A and B must obtain Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC), which is
the permission of the project in terms of environment.
For projects under Category A, the proponent must submit EIS report and hold public consultation,
and EMB will review the document. For projects under Category B, the proponent must submit EIS
report or IEE report, depending on the size of the projects, and EMB regional office will review the
document. EMB can request the proponent to hold public consultation, if the project under Category B
is required to submit EIS report.
7.4.3 Requirements for Documents
The EIS should be submitted to the EMB Central Office, and will be reviewed by an EIA Review
Committee (EIARC), and endorsed by the EMB Director to the approving authority (DENR Secretary).
The maximum time necessary for the approval of ECC is 120 working days after the EIS had been
received by EMB. Requirement for the minimum contents of EIS is as follows:
Contents of EIS
• EIS Executive Summary;
• Scoping report identifying critical issues and concerns, as validated by the EMB;
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• Project Description;
• Baseline environmental conditions focusing on the sectors (and resources) most significantly
affected by the proposed action;
• Impact assessment focused on significant environmental impacts (in relation to project
construction/commissioning, operation and decommissioning), taking into account cumulative
impacts;
• Environmental Risk Assessment (if EMB decides it to be mandatory during scoping);
• Environmental Management Program/Plan;
• Supporting documents, including technical/socio-economic data used/generated; certificate of
zoning viability and municipal land use plan; and proof of consultation with stakeholders;
• Proposals for Environmental Monitoring and Guarantee Funds including justification of amount,
when required;
• Accountability statement of EIA consultants/preparators and the project proponent; and
• Other clearances and documents, which may be determined and agreed upon during scoping.
The IEE Report should be submitted to the EMB regional office of the project area. EIA Division will
examine the document and the EIA Division Chief will endorse it. The EMB Regional Director will
give the final approval. The maximum time necessary for the approval of IEE report is 60 working
days after the IEE Report is received by EMB. Requirement for the minimum contents of IEE report is
as follows:
Contents of IEE Report
• Project description;
• A brief of the environmental setting and receiving environment, including the primary and
secondary impact areas;
• A brief description of the project or undertaking and its process of operation;
• A brief description of the environmental impact of the project or undertaking, including its
socio-economic impact;
• A matrix of mitigation and enhancement measures;
• A documentation of the consultative process undertaken, when appropriate;
• Other clearances and documents that may be determined and agreed upon during scoping.
• Accountability Statements of the preparator and the proponent.
7.5 Result of the Consultation with Recipient Government
Results of the consultation with the DPWH and Province of Cavite on environmental and social
consideration are as follows.
• The DPWH and Province of Cavite will be responsible for conducting necessary procedures for
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in
accordance with both Philippines and JICA guidelines, in collaboration with the Japanese study
team.
• The DPWH and Province of Cavite will have public consultation with stakeholders at its
expense in principle and confirm favorable perception among the communities and the
stakeholders before proceeding to the next step of the Study at each stage
• The disclosure of information by both sides will be ensured.
• Participation and dialogues with various stakeholders will be ensured in order to achieve
appropriate environmental and social considerations.
• The DPWH and Province of Cavite will dispose counterpart personnel for environmental and
social consideration in the Study.
Results of the consultation with the EMB on environmental and social consideration are as follows.
• EIS is not necessary for master plan study.
• If the construction of reservoir is chosen as a priority project of F/S, the project will fall under
Category B. In this case, submission of EIS report (in case the area of the reservoir is over 25ha)
or IEE report (under 25ha) is necessary.
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• EIS or IEE report should be submitted to the EMB regional office.
8. Flood Mitigation Measures
8.1 Principal Concepts

As described above, the Project Area currently has the intensive industrialization because of easy
accessibility between the Project Area and Metro Manila, which leads to the rapid increment of
population and the intensive land development. On the other hand, the Project Area suffers from the
habitual inundation by storm rainfall/high tidal and the occasional flash flood by overflow of the river,
which deteriorates the regional economy and results in the great hindrance of the daily life of the
residents. Under these circumstances, the Project aims at minimizing the damage caused by the said
habitual inundation and/or flash flood through formulation of the comprehensive flood mitigation
plan.
The comprehensive flood mitigation plan consists of the structural and non-structural measures. Of
them, the optimum combination of structural measures would be contemplated through comparative
study of alternatives taking the topographies, land uses and other geophysical/social conditions of the
Project Area into consideration. Difficulties are, however, foreseeable in setting the adequate design
flood scale for the structural measures in due consideration of the following constrains.
(1) The existing river flow capacity is evaluated extremely small.
(2) A large-scale river/drainage channel improvement is hardly executed due to the existing densely
packed houses along the river/drainage channel.
(3) The affordable budget for cost of the structural measure would be rather limited.
The structural measures would need to allow a certain extent of flood inundation due to the above
physical, social and financial constrains. Hence, the non-structural flood mitigation measures, which
would include the following varieties, would play an important and effective role for flood mitigation
as good as the structural measures.
(1) Community-based flood mitigation works such as restraint of garbage dumping into and/or
removal of garbage accumulated in the river/drainage channels, which could keep the channel
flow capacity,
(2) Revision and/or control of the excessive land use/development plan, which would function to
refrain increment of basin peak runoff discharge;
(3) Flood hazard map, which enables the residents to know the flood hazardous area and the eligible
flood evacuation routes and centers, and
(4) Flood warning and evacuation system, which enable the residents to know the actual flood
information and evacuate in the event of the flood, which exceeds the flood control capacity of
the structural measures.
Details of the above non-structural measures would be clarified through the further study on the
hydrological/hydraulic and land use conditions of the Project Area and the discussions with the
stakeholder. Regardless to the results of the detailed study, however, the non-structural measures are
essential to ensure and sustain the function for all of the proposed structural flood mitigation measures.
Accordingly, the non-structural plans are assumed to be the common preconditions for all of the
alternative structural measures.
8.2 Structural Flood Mitigation Measures
8.2.1 Potential Measures against Flash Flood
The flash flood is herein defined as the flood discharge, which runoff from a large catchment area and
spills over the inland due to the overflow of riverbank. In accordance with the definition, the
objective rivers for proposal of measures against flash flood could be addressed to Imus, San Juan and
Canas River, all of which has a catchment area of more than 100 km2. According to the field
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reconnaissance and interview survey to the residents, the flash flood of the above three rivers is likely
to have the following particular characters:
(1) The flood overflow has occurred four times in the recent seven years from 2000 to 2007 (refer to
subsection 6.4.2).
(2) The flood overflow has occurred along rather extensive river stretch not only in the lower reaches
but also in the middle reaches.
(3) The areas along the river channels in the lower reaches in particular are densely packed with the
houses. In spite of such dense houses along the river and the extensive area of flood overflow, the
number of causalities was rather small. This could be attributed to the condition such that most of
the existing river bank elevation is almost same as the hinterland ground level and therefore, a
large volume of the overflow discharge due to breach of river dike hardly occur within a short
duration.
(1) Full-scale River Channel Improvement
All of the objective rivers, Imus, San Juan and Canas River deem to possess rather small
channel flow capacity judging from the aforesaid frequent occurrence of the flood over flow.
Accordingly, the river channel improvement is firstly conceived as the eligible measure to
increase the channel flow capacity.
The method of increment of channel overflow is oriented to widening of the river channel
instead of elevating of the river dike in order to minimize the flood damage potential in case
of the flood overflow. The major work for widening of the river channel would be excavation
and dredging of the river channel.
The widening of the river channel would be required in the downstream stretches, which
would require an extremely large number of house relocations. The necessary stretch of the
river channel improvement and number of house relocations are very preliminarily estimated
based on the results of field reconnaissance, interview survey and interpretation of the existing
topographic maps/aerial photo as listed below.
Table 23 Preliminary Estimation on Stretch of Necessary River Improvement and
Number of House Relocations
Approx. Number No. River
Objective River Stretch of River Improvement of House Structures
Evacuations Crossing
The mainstream of about 6.4km in length starting
Imus River 800 Bridge: 4
from the river mouth
San Juan River 500 Bridge: 6
from the river mouth to confluence with Ylang Ylang
Canas River 800 Bridge: 2
from the river mouth
Note: (1) * : A shortcut channel of about 1.0 km in length in right bank around town proper of Gen. Trias
(2) : All estimated figures are subject to change based on the results of the on-going river
channel/ground level survey and hydrological analysis.
(2) Construction of Flood Retarding Basin

There still remains a rather extensive non-built up area (i.e., the agricultural land and/or the
grass land) in the lower and middle reaches of all of the objective river basins. Taking such
land use conditions into consideration, the off-site flood-retarding basin in the present
non-built up area is conceived as one of the potential flood mitigation measures to temporarily
store the basin runoff discharge and reduce the flood flow discharge of the downstream river
channel. It is, however, noted that a partial river channel improvement for the downstream
bottleneck sections would be unavoidable even on the premises of flood retarding basin.
The measure would have an advantage to minimize the house relocations but may require a
large extent and cost for land acquisition. The possible side and required extent of the flood
retarding basins for each of the objective river is very preliminarily assumed as listed below
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based on the results of field reconnaissance, interpretation of the existing topographic
maps/aerial photos and hydrological assumptions:
Table 24 Preliminary Estimation on Probable Location and Extent of Flood Retarding Basin
Objective River Location Extent
Along left bank in the lower reaches from the proposed alignment of About 20 to 30 ha in
Imus River
CALA Road. total
Along left or right bank between the confluence with Ylang Ylang About 40 to 50ha in
San Juan River
River and the proposed alignment of CALA Road total
Along left or right bank in the lower reaches from the proposed About 50 to 60ha in
Canas River
alignment of CALA Road total
Note: The above estimated figures are subject to change based on the results of the on-going river
channel/ground level survey and hydrological analysis.
(3) Construction of Flood Diversion Channel

The flood diversion channel aims at diverting a part of river flood discharge into the sea or a
new waterway so as to reduce the necessary scale of the aforesaid river improvement work
and the off-site flood-retarding basin. The prominent advantage of the flood diversion channel
contains the following prominent advantages:
• The food diversion channel would require the less number of house relocations as
compared with the aforesaid full-scale river channel improvement, when its alignment
could be placed along less populated area.
• The flood diversion channel would require less land acquisition as compared with the
off-site flood-retarding basin, when the objective diversion point could be placed
relatively near to the sea and/or another river channel, which are proposed as the outlet
of the diversion channel.
Taking the above advantages into account, the following two potential routes for flood
diversion channels for San Juan River are preliminarily conceived:
Table 25 Preliminary Estimation on Probable Root of
Flood Diversion Channel for San Juan River
Approx. No. of No. River
Route Location Extent House Structures
Evacuations Crossing
From the point around Noveleta
Bridge: 3
Route A Bridge to the river mouth at the left About 2.3 km 90
Canal: 3
bank side
From the point upstream from Bayan Bridge: 1
Route B About 0.8 km 30
Dam to Canas River Canal: 1
Note: The above estimated figures are subject to change based on the results of the on-going river channel/ground
level survey and hydrological analysis.
(4) Systematization of On-site Flood Retention Pond

The study would be made on a regulatory approach to oblige the land developer to install a
certain scale of on-site flood retention facility for their new industrial and housing estate. The
on-site flood retention facility would function to offset the increment of the peak flood runoff
discharge caused by pavement in the new industrial/housing estate.
There are various types of the on-site flood detention facility as listed below. Nevertheless, the
types other than the flood detention pond have never been induced to Philippines, and
difficulties are foreseeable in establishing them due to the regulatory constraint and the high
cost required. From this point of view, the objective of IEE Study is addressed to the flood
retention pond as the most eligible off-site flood retention facility.
• Flood retention pond, which is installed at the downstream end of the compound of the
new industrial and/or housing estate,
• Rainfall tank to be installed at each of the houses/buildings in the new industrial/
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housing estate,
• Temporary flood retention by using the space of the public open places such park and
sport ground, and
• Permeable pavement for the new road and a large scale of parking space.
8.2.2 Potential Measures for Inland Drainage
The inland drainage aims at reducing the duration, extent and depth of inundation caused by stagnant
of the storm rainfall and/or the high tide. The objective areas of such inland drainage are preliminarily
placed in the low land area in the Project Area including municipalities of Rosario, Noveleta, Kawit,
and General Trias.
The potential measures for inland drainage for the above objective areas are preliminarily conceived
based on the results of the field reconnaissance, the interview survey to the residents/relevant
government agencies and interpretation of the existing topographic maps/aerial photos as described
hereinafter:
(1) Coastal Dike
A certain part of the coastal area has the ground level below the tidal level during high tide.
Due to such low ground level, the tidal flood occurs even during the time of no rainfall. The
tidal flood is further aggravated, when the intensive rainfall occurs during the high tide. In
order to mitigate such tidal flood, the costal dike is proposed to shut out the high tide for the
area where the ground level is lower than the high tide level. The coastal dike is provisionally
proposed as Alternative 1 along the eastern part of Municipality of Kawit:
(2) Tidal Gate with Options of New Drainage Main and Interceptor
A certain part of the coastal area hardly drains the storm rainfall during the time of high tide
due to the backwater effect of the tidal level. In order to retrieve such hindrance, the tidal gate
is proposed at the outlet of the representative drainage main. The tidal gate is closed during
the high tide, and it is opened when the tidal level is lowered.
Construction of the new drainage main may be also required, when the objective drainage area
does not possess the representative drainage channel to collect the storm rainfall and drain to
the sea through the tidal gate. At the same time, when the storm rainfall is hardly collected to
the drainage main, an interceptor would be proposed along the costal line in order to collect
the storm rainfall to the drainage main. The tidal gate and the interceptor is provisionally
proposed at the following locations:
Table 26 Proposed Flap Gate along Estuary Section of River
Objective
Tidal Gate New Drainage Main and Interceptor
Drainage Area
Rosario • Outlet of a newly proposed drainage • A new drainage main may be required to
main traversing in the eastern part of the traverse in the eastern part of the area
area • An interceptor along the coastal line
• Outlet of the existing drainage main, would be required to collect the
which runs through the industrial area of discharge of the existing laterals, which
Cavite Economic Zone, and then passes run in parallel toward the sea, into the
through western part of the area finally drainage main.
glowing into the sea.
Noveleta • Outlet of the existing waterway in the • Not required
eastern area
Kawit • Outlet of Triona River • Not required
Bacoor • Outlet of C. Gawarang St. • Not required
(3) Flap Gate along River

Some of the existing drainage channels are connected to the estuary section of Imus, San Juan
and Canas River. These drainage channels hardly fulfill the function to drain the storm rainfall
due to the backwater effect of the rivers during the high tide. In order to retrieve such
backwater effect, the following flap gates are proposed.
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Table 27 Proposed Tidal Gate, New Drainage and Interceptor
Objective
Number and Location
Drainage Area
Rosario • One flap gate at right bank of Canas River
Noveleta • One flap gate at each of left and right banks of San Juan River
Kawit (Alt.1) • One flap gate along a tributary of San Juan River
Kawit (Alt. 2) • Five flap gates along tributaries of San Juan River
Bacoor • Three flap gates along Imus River
(4) Ring Dike

The ring dike has been proposed by DPWH and supported by the community to wall in the
low land area in the eastern part of Municipality of Kawit (including barangays of Kaingen,
Ponblacion, Wakas 1& 2, Gahak- Maruas), where the ground level is extremely low of EL. 0
to 1m, and the intrusion of sea water as well as overflow from Triona River often occurs. A
certain flood regulation pond would be also required to temporally store the storm rainfall
with the ring dike. This scheme could be regarded as the possible alternative of the scheme
(Alternative 2), which consists of combination of the aforesaid costal dike and tidal gate.
(5) Off-site Flood Retention Pond
The following two-types of off-site flood retention pond are provisionally proposed:
(a) Off-site Flood Retention Pond along Southern Side of Rosario-Noveleta-Kawit
Diversion Road
There is a national road called “Rosario-Noveleta-Kawit Diversion Road” (referred to as
the “Diversion Road”), which runs the east to the west in the low land area of the
Project Area. The Diversion Road deems to currently work as a buffer to check the
storm rainfall in the northern part of the Road to flow into the southern coastal lowland
area. Thus, the Diversion Road functions to mitigate the inland inundation in the coastal
low land area. At the same time, however, the inundation occurs along the southern side
of the Diversion Channel. In order to retrieve such inundation, two off-site flood
retention ponds are provisionally proposed along the southern side of the Diversion
Channel in Municipality of Kawit and General Trias.
(b) Off-site Flood Retention Pond in Municipality of Bacoor
The existing fishponds currently function well as the outlet for inland drainage in the
coastal area of Bacoor Municipality. The fishponds are, however, currently being
reclaimed and shifting to the residential area. According to the land use plan, Bacoor
Municipality projects to reclaim the whole extent of the fishponds by the year 2010,
which would lead to difficulties in inland drainage. In order to cope with the said issue,
it is provisionally proposed to construct two off-site flood retention ponds with using the
space of existing fishponds.
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8.2.3 Alternative Plans of Structural Flood Mitigation Measures
The alternative flood mitigation measures against flashflood and for inland drainage are proposed
through combinations of the aforesaid potential flood mitigation measures. The alternative measures
thus proposed are as listed below:
Table 28 Alternative Measures against Flash Flood
Component of Flood Mitigation Measures
Alt. Full Scale of On-site Flood
Objective River Partial River Off-site Flood Flood Diversion
No. River Retention
Improvement Retarding Basin Channel
Improvement Facility
F_I.1 ●
F_I.2 Imus River ● ●
F_I.3 ● ● ●
F_S.1 ●*
F_S.2 ● ●
San Juan River
F_S.3 ● ● ●
F_S.4 ● ● ● ●
F_C.1 ●
F_C.2 Canas River ● ●
F_C.3 ● ● ●
*: The alternative F_S.1 may include construction of short cut channel at right bank around town proper of Gen. Trias.
Table 29 Alternative Measures for Inland Drainage

Component of Measures
Objective Off-site
Alt. New Flap Gate
Drainage Area Coastal Flood
No. Tidal Gate Interceptor Drainage along Ring Dike
(Municipality) Dike Retention
Main River
Pond
Rosario ● ● ● ●
Noveleta ● ● ●
D-1 Kawit ● ● ● ●
General Trias ●
Bacoor ● ● ●
Rosario ● ● ● ●
Noveleta ● ● ●
D-2 Kawit ● ● ●
General Trias ●
Bacoor ● ● ●
Note: The difference of Alternative D-1 and D-2 is only in the measures applied to Kawit Municipality.
8.3 Non-structural Flood Mitigation Measures

The non-structural measures are broadly classified into three categories of the following items (I) to
(III) according to the functions required to them.
Table 30 Eligible Non-structural Flood Mitigation Measures
Classification Measures
(I) Measures for Flow of Waterways (1) Restraint of garbage dumping into in the river/drainage channels and/or
(To maintain flow capacity of the removal of garbage accumulated in the river/drainage channels.
river/drainage channel and safely (2) Restraint of illegal land occupation in the river area.
convey the flood discharge to the
sea)
(II) Measures for Basin Runoff (3) Revision of land use/zoning plan for control of excessive land
(To maintain the retention capacity development, and/or legislation on obligation for constriction of on-site
of the river basin and refrain the flood detention facility by the land developer.
increment of basin peak flood
runoff discharge)
(III) Measures for Flood Evacuation (4) Diffusion of flood hazard map and establishment of eligible flood warning
(To mitigate the flood damage and evacuation system.
through capacity building for
dealing with the flood)
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The above non-structural measures are closely related to the local communities as well as other
stakeholders and could be attained only when they could acknowledge the necessity of the measures
and participate themselves to plan formulation, implementation and monitoring/evaluation for the
measures. From these viewpoints, a variety of approaches to the local communities would be taken
during the Study such as opening of public consultation meetings/workshops, questionnaire surveys to
the communities, and implementation of the pilot project for the non-structural measures, which would
be carried out in collaboration with the local communities. In order to facilitate these approaches, the
Flood Mitigation Committee would be established during the study period The Committee is assumed
to be the executing body for promoting the non-structural measures. The details of the approaches for
each of the non-structural measures are further elaborated as below:
8.3.1 Activities for Removal of Garbage in the Waterways
A large volume of garbage is now illegally damped into the river and/or the drainage channels, which
hampers the flood flow. Some of local communities have attempted to enlighten for refraining the
garbage dumping and/or make river patrol. Such community-based activities are, however, still within
the rather limited area, and hardly diffused over the whole river basin.
The JICA Study Team would support the above community-based activities through execution of pilot
project and at the same time, make the necessary transfer of knowledge to the counterpart personnel of
the Provincial Government of Cavite so as to expand the activities for removal garbage in the
waterway.
8.3.2 Administration of River Area
The water surface of the river together with the land within the distance of 3m from the edge of the
water surface is prescribed, in the law of Philippines, as the river area, where any occupation of the
water surface and the land is subject to approval of the river administrator. In spite of such prescription,
a large number of informal settlers illegally occupy the river area, which hamper the river channel
flow of the flood, in the Study Area. In order to retrieve such unfavorable conditions, studied are the
eligible measures for prevention of the further illegal occupations of the river area and evacuation of
the present illegal occupation, which would be required in the proposed river channel improvement
works. The good practices on administration of river area in the Philippines would be also introduced
to the stakeholders in order to give a boost to the necessary activities for administration of the river
area.
8.3.3 Control of Excessive Land Development and Legislation on Constriction of On-site Flood
Detention Facility by Land developer
The local governments (city and municipality) have prepared the land use plan for the Study Area
based on the applications from the land developers in principal. The applications are, however, likely
to be permitted with less reorganization on aggravation of flood damage caused by the excessive land
development. In this connection, the hydrological/hydraulic study as well as analysis on progress of
land development in the Study Area would be made to verify the increment of the basin peak runoff
discharge inflicted by the land development and preach the necessity of control of excessive land
development to the local governments. The works required to control of the excessive land
development would be further clarified and proposed with introducing the measures adopted in Japan
and other countries. The works would include (1) revision of the present land use plan, (2) delineation
of the necessary controlled urbanization area and (2) legislation on construction of on-site flood
detention facility obliged to the land developer. The JICA Study would be further extended to prepare
the draft of ordinance for execution of the works and support enforcement of the ordinance.
8.3.4 Diffusion of Flood Hazard Map and Establishment of Flood Warning/Evacuation System
There is no consistent flood warning and evacuation system in the Study Area, and there was an
accident in the Typhoon Milenyo, 2006 such that dozen of residents, who looked on the overflow on
the dam crest at the riverbank during the Typhoon, died due to collapse of their footing riverbank.
Such tragic accidents would be avoided, if the residents could be well guided through the flood
warning/evacuation system. From this point of view, the flood warning/evacuation system together
- 27 -
with the flood hazard map would be developed and diffused among the residents through the following
work program:
(1) The flood hazard map, which shows the extent of flood hazardous area, the flood evacuation
routes and centers, would be developed in collaboration with the local communities based on the
results of flood damage surveys (interview survey) and the hydrological simulation.
(2) The guideline for flood warning and evacuation would be developed and training for it would be
made in the pilot area.
9. Programs for Stakeholder Meetings
The stakeholder meeting will be held three times for preparation of the master plan according to the
JICA guidelines as shown below.
Table 31 Program for Stakeholder Meeting
Description First Meeting Second Meeting Third Meeting
At early time of the Second At mid time of Second Field At late time of Second Field
Time
Field Survey (August, 2007) Survey (October, 2007) Survey (November, 2007)
(1) Study Scope (objective, (1)) Alternative Structural (1) Proposed Master Plan
background, content, Plans, (structural and
schedule), and (2) Non-structural Measures, non-structural measures),
Agenda
(2) Scoping of Master Plan and and
Study (3) Preliminary Results of (2) Cost and Benefit, 3)
IEE Results of IEE
Responsible Agency Provincial Government of Cavite
(1) Concerned Dwellers, (1) Provincial Gov. of Cavite (1) Concerned Dwellers,
(2) Representative of (2) Central G’vt (DPWH, (2) Representative of
Barangay & Municipality, DENR, OCD, Other Barangay & Municipality,
(3) Cavite Province, Agencies) (3) Cavite Province,
(4) Central G’vt (DPWH, (Knowledgeable persons, who (4) Central G’vt (DPWH,
Participants
DENR, OCD, Other are mainly composed of the DENR, OCD, Other
Agencies) and members of the Steering Agencies) and
(5) Others (NGO, Acting Committee for the Study) (5) Others (NGO, Acting
Community for River Community for River
Environment) Environment)
Place pf Meeting A place, which would be the facility of the Provincial Government or Hotel.
Method to inform the The Provincial Government of Cavite would distribute its official letter among the stakeholders
Meeting more than 2 weeks before opening of the meeting.
Number of Attendance 100 persons 50 persons 100 persons
10. Scoping of Environmental and Social Impact Study
10.1 Identification of Environmental Elements to be assessed

10.1.1 Methodology
The environmental elements to be assessed are identified by two-dimensional matrix method. Those
environmental elements cover three categorized elements of social environment; natural environment
and public hazard with further subdivided several elements, respectively as listed below.
(1) Social Environmental Element includes (i) involuntary resettlement and land acquisition, (ii)
impact on livelihood and local economy, (iii) change in land use, (iv) social institution, (v) social
service and infrastructure, (vi) poverty, indigenous people and ethnic minority, (vii) uneven
distributed losses and benefits, (viii) historical and archaeological site, (ix) regional conflicts of
interests, (x) water use and (xi) invasion of squatter.
(2) Natural Environmental Element includes (i) topography and geology, (ii) groundwater, (iii) soil
erosion, (iv) river flow regime, (v) seashore, (vi) fauna, flora and ecological diversity, (vii)
landscape, and (viii) global warming.
(3) Public Hazardous Element includes (i) air pollution, (ii) water pollution, (iii) soil pollution, (iv)
solid waste, (v) noise and vibration, (vi) ground subsidence and (vii) odor.
- 28 -
The matrix is prepared for both construction and operation phases. The adverse impacts are evaluated
in terms of (a) magnitude/extent, (b) occurrence probability, (c) duration. These are then scored from A
to C as to (A) for large impact, (B) for medium impact, (C) for uncertain, and No Score for no or
negligible impact.
10.1.2 Identified Environmental Elements
As discussed in Section 8, the JICA study team proposes ten alternatives for the flashflood prevention
project and two alternatives for the inland drainage project. Anticipated adverse impacts by the
proposed projects are summarized as follows (refer to Tables 32 and 33).
(1) The full-scale river improvement will cause a large number of house relocation.
(2) The off-site flood-retarding basin is proposed to minimize the house relocation, by which the
full-scale river improvement is scaled down to partial improvement. A combination of partial
river improvement and off-site flood retarding basin will decrease the number of house relocation
to a large extent. On the other hand, it will require a considerable land acquisition of
farmland/grassland for off-site retarding basin.
(3) The diversion channel proposed for the San Juan River will reduce the scale of the off-site
retarding basin. However, an additional land acquisition will become necessary for the diversion
channel. The diversion channel will transfer a part of flood risk of the San Juan River to the
Canas River or the other area. This will cause a regional conflict between the benefited and
affected people/communities.
(4) The proposed structures for the inland drainage will also require a certain extent of house
relocation and land acquisition of farmland/grassland/fish pond.
(5) Some of the tenant farmers and fish farmers will lose their jobs due to relocation and land
acquisition of farmlands/fishponds.
(6) The improvement of the Imus River, San Juan diversion channel and coastal dikes for the inland
drainage may need to clear some existing mangrove in the river mouth and coastal areas.
(7) The proposed deep retarding basin and diversion channel may lower the groundwater table in the
surrounding area, causing some adverse impacts on the existing well water uses.
(8) The proposed off-site retarding basin and diversion channel may intersect the existing roads and
irrigation canals.
(9) The river improvement works will cause air pollution, water pollution and noise/vibration during
construction period. However, the off-site retarding and diversion channel cause only air
pollution and noise/vibration during the construction stage.
(10) The proposed on-site flood retention pond for large industrial and housing development projects
will require no land acquisition by public sector. However, some governmental regulations
become necessary to enforce the private sector to install such flood regulation ponds in their
development projects.
(11) In the operation phase;
(a) The banks of the improved river, off-site flood retarding basin, diversion channel,
interceptor and off-site retention pond might be occupied by squatters and further, these
banks might induce people’s garbage dumping.
(b) Wastewater might be discharged into the proposed off-site retarding basins, off-site retention
pond and on-site retention pond from the surrounding areas, resulting in emission of odor.
Taking into account the above-mentioned possible adverse impacts, the matrixes are prepared for the
12 alternatives as shown in Table 34 together with score of impact.
11. Terms of Reference for IEE on the Master Plan
The “Draft of Terms of Reference for IEE on the Master Plan” is as described in Appendix.
- 29 -
Table 32 Major Impacts by Alternative Measures against Flash Flood
Environmental Occurrence of
Alternatives Expected Adverse Impact Score
Factor Impact
Involuntary Resettlement of about 2,100 houses
Construction
Resettlement and in the coastal lowland area is A
Phase
Land Acquisition requires
Decrease of employments due to
Operational
control of land development for B
Phase
Livelihood and industrial estate
The Alternative, which
Local Economy Deterioration in industrial
requires the maximum Operational
development due to control of land B
number of house relocations Phase
development
Full-scale River Improvement Conflicts between the lower reaches
as the beneficial area for flood
(Alt. Nos. FI-1、FS-1、FC-1) Regional Conflicts Operational
mitigation and the upper reaches as B
of Interests Phase
the objective area for control of
land development
Deforestation of a part of the
Ecological Operational
existing Mangrove area around B
Diversity Phase
river mouth
Involuntary Land acquisition of about 140ha
Construction
Resettlement and (farmland/grass land) in the middle B
Phase
Land Acquisition reaches
Decrease of employment due to
Operational
control of land development for B
Phase
Livelihood and industrial estate
The Alternative which Local Economy Deterioration in industrial
Operational
requires the minimum development due to control of land B
Phase
number of house relocations development
Partial transfer of flood risk of San
Combination of Construction
Juan River to Canas River by A
Partial river Improvement, Phase
diversion channel
Flood retarding basin, Regional Conflicts Conflicts between the lower reaches
Flood diversion channel and of Interests as the beneficial area for flood
On-site flood Retention Facility Operational
mitigation and the upper reaches as B
Phase
(Alt. Nos.: FI-3、FS-4、FC-3) the objective area for control of
land development
Pollution of on-site retention pond
Operational
Water Pollution caused by inflow of the home C
Phase
wastewater.
Odor from the polluted water in the Operational
Odor C
on-site retention pond Phase
Table 33 Major Impacts by Alternative Measures for Inland Drainage

Measures as the Cause of the Occurrence of
Environmental Factor Expected Adverse Impact Score
Impact Impact
Resettlement of dozens of Drainage main, interceptor, ring Construction
Involuntary B
houses dike Phase
Resettlement and Land
Coastal dike, retention pond, ring Construction
Acquisition Land acquisition of fishpond B
dike Phase
Livelihood and Local Unemployment caused by Coastal dike, retention pond, ring Construction
B
Economy acquisition of fishpond dike Phase
Deforestation of a part of the
Coastal dike, retention pond, ring Construction
Ecological Diversity existing Mangrove area B
dike Phase
around river mouth
Damping of garbage into
Drainage main, interceptor, Operational
Solid Waste Disposal drainage channel and flood C
retention pond Phase
retention pond
Pollution by inflow of the Drainage main, interceptor, Operational
Water Pollution C
home wastewater retention pond Phase
Drainage main, interceptor, Operational
Odor Odor from the polluted water C
retention pond Phase
- 30 -
Table 34 Score of Environmental Impacts of Alternative Plans for Flood Mitigation
Imus River Flood Canas River Flood
Environmental Element/Alternative San Juan River Flood Prevention Inland Drainage Without
Prevention Prevention
Project Project
FI-1 FI-2 FI-3 FS-1 FS-2 FS-3 FS-4 FC-1 FC-2 FC-3 D-1 D-2
1. Construction Phase
1.1 Social Environment
(1) Involuntary Resettlement and
A B B A B B B A B B B B
Land Acquisition
(2) Impact on Livelihood and
A B B A B B B A B B B B A
Local Economy
(3) Infrastructure B* B B B* B B B B* B B B* A
(4) Poverty A B B A B B B A B B B B
(5) Regional Conflicts of
A A
Interests
(6) Water Use B* B B B* B B B B* B B
(1) Groundwater B B B B B B B
(2) Flora B B B B B
- 31 -
1.3 Public Hazard

(1) Air Pollution B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B*
(2) Water Pollution B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B*
(3) Noise/Vibration B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B*
2. Operation Phase
2.1 Social Environment
(1) Impact on Livelihood and
B B B B B B B B B B
Local Economy
(2) Regional Conflicts of
B B B B B B B B B B
Interests
(1) No notable element
2.3 Public Hazard
(1) Solid Waste C C C C C C C C C C C C
(2) Water Pollution C C C C C C C C C
(3) Odor C C C C C C C C C
Note: (1) A: significant impact, B: moderate impact, C: uncertain, Blank: no impact,
(2) * During construction period
Appendix
Draft of Terms of Reference for IEE on the Master Plan
Appendix
1. Necessity of Comprehensive Flood Mitigation Measures
The Project Area is adjacent to Manila International Port and Airport in Metro Manila. Due to such
particular location, the intensive industrialization has been introduced to the Project Area since 1990s.
Investors have established their businesses in industrial estates offered by the Cavite Province, which
opened the job opportunities and magnetized people to migrate to the Project Area. As the results, the
dynamic change in the land use and population are projected in the Project Area as below:
(12) The built-up area (the commercial area, industrial area and residential area) in the Project Area is
projected to cover about 65% of the entire area in 2010, which is far lager than the present
coverage of about 27% as of 2003.
(13) The annual population growth in the Project Area from 1995 to 2000 was recoded at 5.43%,
which is far higher than the national average of 2.32%. The population of the Project Area in
2010 is estimated to increase to about 2.6 million, which is 1.7 times of the population in 2000.
The major river basins of Imus, San Juan and Canas in the Project Area are essentially vulnerable to
flood because of the extremely low ground elevation along the coastal area in the lower reaches and
insufficient flow capacity of river/drainage channels. In spite of the vulnerability, the intensive
industrialization is induced to the river basins without adequate consideration for flood, and the recent
flood damages in the river basins deems to exceed the tolerable level due to the flowing backgrounds:
(14) The natural flood retarding basins are being reclaimed, and a considerable part of the ground is
being covered with pavement. These decrease flood retention capacity of the river basins and
increase the flood peak runoff discharge.
(15) The residential area spills over the habitual flood inundation area due to rapid increment of the
population, which leads to significant increment of the flood damage potential.
(16) The areas along the river and drainage channels are being densely packed with the houses. The
houses are further constructed overhanging of the drainage channels. These houses in and around
the river and drainage channels tend to dump a large volume of solid wastes into the
river/drainage channels, which seriously reduce the channel flow capacity and deteriorates the
river environment.
The flashflood of Imus, San Juan and Canas has caused death of people and damages of many houses
in the recent typhoons 2000, 2002 and 2006. Some hundred thousand residents in the lowland area of
the river basins also suffer from the prolonged inundation of storm rainfall and/or high tide every year.
Such chronic inundation has not only affected the living conditions of the residents but also hampered
economic and social development in the Province.
The project proposed in the Study includes the structural measures for physical increment of flood
mitigation capacity and the non-structural measures, which is oriented to control of the excessive land
development in the river basin and other necessary approach for sustainable flood management. These
comprehensive flood mitigation approaches would be indispensable to cope with the complex factors
of flashflood and inland inundation.
2. Necessity and Objective of IEE
2.1 Necessity of IEE

The studies on environmental and social considerations of this project will be conducted to meet both
guidelines of the GOP and JICA according to the Implementation Arrangement agreed upon between
DPWH/Provincial Government of Cavite and JICA.
According to the guidelines of the GOP, any EIS is not necessary for the master plan study. However,
this project is classified as Category A by the guidelines of JICA. Hence, an IEE will be conducted for
preparation of the master plan as a strategic environmental assessment.
A-1
Appendix
2.2 Objectives of IEE

The objective of the IEE study is to assist the Project Proponent in preparation of the optimum master
plan by conducting a strategic environmental assessment on the proposed master plan. For this
purpose, the IEE study will
(17) Identify the environmental factors, which would receive the significant adverse impacts by
implementation of the proposed measures through Scoping,
(18) Assess the impacts on the environmental items identified by the Scoping as those that might be
subject to significant or moderate impacts by the proposed projects,
(19) Identify possible mitigation measures of the impacts where they exceed allowable limit.
Then, the optimum master plan will be prepared, taking into account the possibility of the mitigation
measures.
3. Study Area
The study area covers the three river basins of Imus, San Juan and Canas with a total area of
407.4 km2.
4. Study Schedule
The Study Schedule is as listed below:

(1) The first stakeholder meeting will be held in August 2007 to explain to and discuss with
stakeholders about the contents of Scoping.
(2) The IEE study will start in early September 2007 after finalization of the Scoping through the
discussion with the GOP and be completed in the end of November 2007.
(3) In the course of the study, the preliminary results of the study will be discussed in the meeting
to be held in October 2007.
(4) The study will be finalized after discussion in the third stakeholder meeting to be held in
November 2007.
The meetings relevant to the Study are to be held in the following manners:
Table35 Program for Meetings relevant to the Study
Description First Meeting Second Meeting Third Meeting
At early time of the Second At mid time of Second Field At late time of Second Field
Time
Field Survey (August, 2007) Survey (October, 2007) Survey (November, 2007)
(1) Study Scope (objective, (1)) Alternative Structural (1) Proposed Master Plan
background, content, Plans, (structural and
schedule), and (2) Non-structural Measures, non-structural measures),
Agenda
(2) Scoping of Master Plan and and
Study (3) Preliminary Results of (2) Cost and Benefit, 3)
IEE Results of IEE
Responsible Agency Provincial Government of Cavite
(1) Concerned Dwellers, (1) Provincial Gov. of Cavite (1) Concerned Dwellers,
(2) Representative of (2) Central G’vt (DPWH, (2) Representative of
Barangay & Municipality, DENR, OCD, Other Barangay & Municipality,
(3) Cavite Province, Agencies) (3) Cavite Province,
(4) Central G’vt (DPWH, (Knowledgeable persons, who (4) Central G’vt (DPWH,
Participants
DENR, OCD, Other are mainly composed of the DENR, OCD, Other
Agencies) and members of the Steering Agencies) and
(5) Others (NGO, Acting Committee for the Study) (5) Others (NGO, Acting
Community for River Community for River
Environment) Environment)
Place pf Meeting A place, which would be the facility of the Provincial Government or Hotel.
Method to inform the The Provincial Government of Cavite would distribute its official letter among the stakeholders
Meeting more than 2 weeks before opening of the meeting.
Number of Attendance 100 persons 50 persons 100 persons
A-2
Appendix
5. Scope of Work
5.1 Environmental Survey

(1) Establishment of Existing Environmental Conditions of the Study Area
The existing environmental conditions described in the Scoping Report will be finalized by
reviewing the Scoping Report and other previous reports, collecting additional data, and
interviewing with the concerned people/organizations.
(2) Major Environmental Elements to be Confirmed through Field Survey
(a) House Relocation
• Number of houses to be relocated will be estimated by interpreting the aero photos
with field check.
• Average household conditions of the anticipated PAPs will be established by
conducting a sampling interview survey. The survey items will include family
composition, income level, income sources of family, house ownership, difficult
reasons of resettlement, etc.
• Number of informal dwellers among the PAPs will be estimated by interview
survey with the concerned Barangay and other offices.
• Number of poor people among the PAPs will be estimated based on the results of
the above sampling interview survey.
(b) Land Acquisition
• The existing land use (farmland, grassland and fishpond) of the land acquisition
area will be estimated by interpreting the aero photos, from the data of agricultural
and other concerned offices, and by field inspection.
• Crop and fish productions of the land acquisition area will be estimated from the
data of agricultural and other concerned office.
• Number of land owner and tenant farmer/fish cultivator in the land acquisition
area will be estimated based on the data of the concerned offices.
• Average household conditions of the affected tenant farmer/fish cultivator by land
acquisition will be established by conducting a sampling interview survey. The
survey items will include family composition, income level, income sources of
family, difficulty in change of job, etc.
(c) Disruption of Infrastructures
• Intersection sites of the existing roads and irrigation canals by off-site retarding
basin and diversion channels will be identified by field inspection. The affected
irrigation areas will be estimated based on the data of the concerned office as well.
(d) Affected Groundwater Use
• The construction of deep off-site retarding basin and diversion channel might
lower the groundwater table in the surrounding area. The groundwater level and
uses in the surrounding area will be surveyed on the field.
(e) Affected Mangrove
• Construction of dike/revetment/channel excavation in the estuary and coastal areas
might affect the existing mangrove. The affected mangrove area will be estimated
by interpreting the aero photos with field check.
A-3
Appendix
5.2 Alternative Plans for IEE

The flood mitigation master plan consists of the flash flood prevention of the three rivers: Imus, San
Juan and Canas, and inland drainage of the low-lying area in the six municipalities: Rosario, Noveleta,
Kawit, Imus, Gen. Trias and Bacoor The study team proposes three or four alternatives for the flash
flood prevention of the three rivers, respectively. On the other hand, the team proposes two
alternatives for the inland drainage. The proposed alternatives are shown below. IEE will be conducted
for the following 12 alternatives along with “without project”.
(1) Flash Flood Prevention
Alt.
River Component Measures
No.
FI-1 Full-scale River Improvement
Imus FI-2 Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin
FI-3 Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin + On-site Retention Pond
FS-1 Full-scale River Improvement
FS-2 Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin

San
Juan
FS-3 Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin + Flood Diversion Channel
Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin + Flood Diversion Channel + On-site
FS-4
Retention Pond
FC-1 Full-scale River Improvement
Imus FC-2 Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin
FC-3 Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin + On-site Retention Pond
In the above table, both full-scale river improvement and partial river improvement include
rehabilitation of the existing dams.
(2) Inland Drainage
Alt. No. Municipality Component Measures
Rosario Drainage Main, Interceptor, Tidal Gate, Flap Gate
Noveleta Coastal Dike with Tidal Gate, Flap Gate
D-1 Kawit Coastal Dike with Tidal Gate, Flap Gate, Off-site Retention Pond, Interceptor
General Trias Flood Retention Pond, Interceptor
Bacoor Flood Retention Pond, Tidal Gate, Flap Gate
Rosario Drainage Main, Interceptor, Tidal Gate, Flap Gate
Noveleta Coastal Dike with Tidal Gate, Flap Gate
D-2 Kawit Polder Dike, Drainage Pump, Off-site Retention Pond, Interceptor
General Trias Flood Retention Pond, Interceptor
Bacoor Flood Retention Pond, Tidal Gate, Flap Gate
(3) Evaluation on “Without-Project

The evaluation would be made on the future flood damages assuming that the Project is not
implemented.
A-4
Appendix
5.3 Assessment of Environmental Impacts

(1) Assessment for Twelve Alternatives
Environmental impacts will be assessed on preliminary basis for the environmental elements
identified by the Scoping as those, which may be affected by implementation of the project.
The objective environmental elements and bases of the assessment are shown below.
Environmental Elements Bases of Assessment
1. Social Environment
(1) House Relocation • Number of PAPs
• Number of informal dweller among PAPs
• Number of poor people among PAPs
(2) Land Acquisition • Land acquisition area and its existing land use
• Number of land owner and tenant farmer/fish cultivator
(3) Livelihood/Local Economy • Number of affected poor people
(loss of employment due to • Number of affected tenant farmers/fish cultivator
resettlement and land • Sampling survey data on household conditions of affected people
acquisition)
(4) Disruption of Infrastructures • Intersection of roads
and Water Use • Intersection of irrigation canals
• Disruption of irrigation intake during construction period
(5) Regional Conflicts caused • Number of benefited people/communities and affected
by Diversion Channel people/communities by flood diversion
2. Natural Environment
(1) Groundwater • Extent of groundwater lowering and affected well water use
(2) Fauna/Flora and Ecological • Affected mangrove area
Diversity
3. Public Hazard
(1) Water Pollution • Specification of construction works which might cause water
pollution during construction period
(2) Noise/Vibration • Specification of construction works which might cause
noise/vibration during construction period
(2) Assessment for Without Project

Future flood and flood damage conditions without project in the lowland area will be
anticipated.
5.4 Identification of Possible Mitigation Measures
The possible mitigation measures will be identified for the impacts that exceed allowable limits. The
study will be done on conceptual basis, referring to the experiences in the past. The study will also
include the preliminarily proposal on the concrete procedures and the particular items to be paid
attention for the resettlement of residents.
A-5

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THE STUDY

DRAFT SCOPING FOR MASTER PLAN STUDY

July 13, 2007

CTI ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

2. Type of the Study

The Study covers the types of study

3. Environmental Category and Reason for Categorization

4. Agency Responsible for Implementation of the Project

5. Outline of the Project Proposed in the Study

5.1 Objective of the Project

5.3 Justification of the Project Proposed in the Study

6.1 Natural Environment

(1) Lowest Lowland Area

(6) Fish Cultivation in the Coastal Area

6.2 Socio-economic Condition

Historical Growth of Population in Cavite Province

(2) Family Income

100,000 – 250,000 pesos 56.14% 49.80% 31.52%

6.2.3 Land Use

6.3.2 Solid Waste

(2) Industrial Waste

7. Legal Framework of Environmental and Social Considerations

7.1 Low and Administration

8. Flood Mitigation Measures

8.1 Principal Concepts

(2) Construction of Flood Retarding Basin

(3) Construction of Flood Diversion Channel

(4) Systematization of On-site Flood Retention Pond

(3) Flap Gate along River

(4) Ring Dike

Table 29 Alternative Measures for Inland Drainage

8.3 Non-structural Flood Mitigation Measures

9. Programs for Stakeholder Meetings

10. Scoping of Environmental and Social Impact Study

10.1 Identification of Environmental Elements to be assessed

11. Terms of Reference for IEE on the Master Plan

Table 33 Major Impacts by Alternative Measures for Inland Drainage

1.3 Public Hazard

1. Necessity of Comprehensive Flood Mitigation Measures

2. Necessity and Objective of IEE

2.1 Necessity of IEE

2.2 Objectives of IEE

The Study Schedule is as listed below:

5.1 Environmental Survey

5.2 Alternative Plans for IEE

Imus FI-2 Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin

FS-1 Full-scale River Improvement

FS-2 Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin

Imus FC-2 Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin

Alt. No. Municipality Component Measures

Rosario Drainage Main, Interceptor, Tidal Gate, Flap Gate

Noveleta Coastal Dike with Tidal Gate, Flap Gate

General Trias Flood Retention Pond, Interceptor

Bacoor Flood Retention Pond, Tidal Gate, Flap Gate

Rosario Drainage Main, Interceptor, Tidal Gate, Flap Gate

Noveleta Coastal Dike with Tidal Gate, Flap Gate

General Trias Flood Retention Pond, Interceptor

Bacoor Flood Retention Pond, Tidal Gate, Flap Gate

(3) Evaluation on “Without-Project

5.3 Assessment of Environmental Impacts

(2) Assessment for Without Project

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