Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ceng 501
Table of content
Acknowledgement ………………………………………
Index …………………………………………………….
1. Introduction..................................................................
2. Literature survey………………………………………
2.1 Definition………………………………………………
2.2 Terms in stair…………………………………………...
2.3 Essential requirement…………………………………..
2.4 Classification of stair …………………………………..
2.4.1 Based on material of construction……………….
2.4.2 Based on type…………………………………….
2.5 helical stair…………………………………………….
2.5.1 Geometric stair………………………………….
2.5.2 Spiral stair………………………………………
3. Design procedures………………………………………
3.1 Design procedure of geometric stair…………………...
3.2 Design procedure of spiral stair…………………………
4. Result and discussion………………………………………
4.1 Design of geometric stair………………………………
4.2 Design of helical stair………………………………….
5. Recommendation and future work………………………….
6. Reference…………………………………………………...
Acknowledgement
Of all, our deepest appreciation goes to our instructor Mr.Mebrehatom G. for getting us
acquainted with civil engineering concepts through this mini project as part of structural
design. And also we would like to thank our advisor Mr. Ashenafi and Mr.yonas for their
unlimited support from the begging of the project to this final form. And of the last but not
the least appreciation goes to our classmates for giving us some advice from the preparation
till the edition of the project.
Index
as…............................................ Area of standard diameter reinforcement
1. Introduction
Structural design is a very essential in many civil engineering works due to the result
of safe design and economical of the structure. In structural design of reinforced concrete
structures it involves the determination of the size and appropriate reinforcement so that the
structure will serve for its purpose for the intended design period.
So in this project we dealt about helical stairs which are astatically improved type of
stairs that are used to link two floors in a public building. We hope that these two designs can
be an alternative stair in the building where the obviously dog type stairs are inappropriate
.we use Ethiopian building code (EBCS) in the limit state design of these helical stair.
This project comprises
Literature survey
Design procedure
Result and discussion
Recommendation and future work
In the literature part it gives detailed information about stairs and helical stairs
particularly. In the second part (body text), it sort out the procedure and approaches that
should be followed in the design of helical stair case.
In the third part there is detailed figural calculation using the procedures in the body text for
the two stairs and there is a detailed reinforcement of both stair cases.
In the last part we will recommend the feasibility of the design with respect to economy and
site constraints.
2. Literature survey
2.1 Definition
A stair may be defined as a set of steps leading from one floor to the other to afford
a means of communications between the various floors of a building. The space in a building
where the stair is located is called staircase for multi-storied flat buildings the staircase
should be located either centrally or two staircases at two ends of the building.
There are some thumb rules for proportioning steps. These are
Rise + Tread=42.5 to 45cm
2 Rise +Tread=58.0 to 62cm
Rise *Tread=420 to 460 sq.cm
2.5.1 Spiral (circular) stair –commonly provided at the back side of a building. In this
form of stair all the steps radiate from the newel post or well hole, in the form of winders.
These kinds of Rc stair cases can be analyzed as curved beam and there are internal stresses
developed due to the specialty of the structure. The two critical moments are bending
moment about the principal plane and the torsional moment and also shear force transferred
to the circular column also create stress on the column.
2.5.2 Geometric stair – These type of stair have same principal like spiral one where
the steps radiate from the shear wall and the forward and backward flight is curved and the
change in direction is obtained through winder.
3. Design procedure
3.1 design procedure of geometric stair
Step 1 depth determination
Step 2 design load calculation
Step 3 moment and shear calculation
Step 4 check depth for flexure
Step 5 area of reinforcement calculation
Step 6 reinforcement detail
Using the procedure above
=106.25mm.
5*1*0.15 =0.75KN/m
Pd=1.3D.L+1.6L.L
=1.3*5.304+1.6*0.75KN/m 8.1KN/m
=8.1KN/m
Moment and shear calculation
1.5m
2 2
M=wl /2 = 8.1*1.5 /2 =9.113KN.m
M=9.113KN/m
km =((M/b)0.5)/d =9.1130.5/0.122
=24.74
From the table ks = 3.975
S=b* as/As
=1000*78.5/296.92 where as =area of Φ10mm bar
=264.38mm
Asmin=0.5*b*d/ fyk
=0.5*1000*122/300=203.33mm2
Spacing=b*as/As
=1000*78.5/203.33=386.129mm
Use Φ10mm c/c 380mm where minimum reinforcement required.
Design of landing
Take maximum diameter as a unit strip. Due to the uniformity of the structure, depth
requires is the same.
Total dead load (due to depth of lading, cement screed, floor finish)
=24*0.15+24*0.02+27*0.03
=4.89KN/m
Live load =0.75KN/m
M=8.5KN-m
km = ((M/b)0.5)/d =6.61570.5/0.122
=23.9
→ ks =3.97 As = ks*M/d =276.6mm2
Spacing =b*as/As
=1000*78.5/276.6 =283.8mm
Then use Φ10mm c/c 280mm as the main reinforcement.
Asmin=0.5*b*d/ fyk
=0.5*1000*122/300=203.33mm2
Spacing =b*as/As
=1000*78.5/203.33=386.129mm
landing.
Pd = (1.3*1.2) + 11.34
=12.9KN/m
L =1.5m
Aef = (D-2d’)*(b-2d’)
= (400-2*35)*(250-2*35)
=59.4E3 mm2
h ef =def /5 = (b-2d’) /5
=26mm < A/U = (400*250)/ ((250+400)*2) = 76.92mm)
Tc = 1.2*fctd*Aef*hef
=1.2*1.165*59.4E3*26 = 3.05KN.m
By drawing the torsion diagram we will have a torsion of
Tsd =8.5KN.m/m*1.5m =12.75KN.m
12.75KN.m
1.5m
21.69KN
0.357m 1.5m-0.357m=1.143m
∅8 C/C 160mm
Shear design
Vc, cor =3.91KN , Vsd =16.53KN , VRd, cor =21.53KN
3.91KN
16.53KN
X
0.357m
1.5-0.357m
16.53/1.5 =3.91/X
X =0.355mm
Therefore from X=0 to x =0.355mm, provide minimum reinforcement with spacing
eequ=etot(1 + kα)
Dimension
l-direction
l=2700mm
b=200mm
l-direction
l
y
C =a2 + y2
2
= 2.72 + 1.752
=3.217m
=0.13m =130mm
ea = Le /300 = 8000/300
=26.67mm
Total eccentricity
etot = ee + ea = 26.67+130
=156.67mm
Then Msd =188.95*0.15667
=29.6KN.m
Therefore the relative eccentricity
erel =156.67/2700 =0.058
b –direction
Pd =43.38KN is the force transferred from the beam
Total axial load including the self weight at the
bottom of the wall
Nsd = 188.95KN
Mb =29.32KN.m
Le =8000mm
Eccentricities
ee= Ml / Nsd =29.32/188.95
=0.155m =155mm
ea = Le /300 = 8000/300
=26.67mm
Total eccentricity
etot = ee + ea = 26.67+155
=181.67mm
Msd = Nsd * etot =188.95*0.18167
=34.33KN.m
The relative eccentricity
erel =181.67 / 200 = 0.908
Hence, relatively eccentricity ratio
K = (smaller relative eccentricity)/ (larger relative eccentricity)
= 0.058/0.908 =0.064
ν = Nsd / (Ac *fcd)
= (188.95E-03) / (13.4 *(2.7*0.2)
=0.03
From table 4.1 of EBCS-2, 1995 we get
a=0.63
=181.67*(1+ (0.064*0.63))
=189mm
The equivalent moment becomes
Msd =0.189*188.95
=35.71KN.m
Then w=0.015
The total reinforcement is
As = w*Ac *fcd/260.87
=0.015*13.4*0.2*2.7/260.87
=416.07
►For vertical reinforcement in walls the code gives the upper and lower limits as follows
Asmax = 0.04 * Ac =0.04*0.2*2.7 =0.0216m2 =21600mm2
Asmin =0.004* Ac =0.004*0.2*2.7 =2160mm2
Then use the minimum longitudinal reinforcement
As =2160mm2
Use 20 ∅12
For the given room height considering the requirements of the stair we fix the dimension
of trade and rise.
Use radius of circular column(r) =0.6
Radius from column center to slab center(R) =1.35
h=R (2ϑ)tana
=39.53 =400
=106.25mm.
5*1*0.15=0.75KN/m
9.203KN/m
Design load calculation
Pd=1.3dl+1.6ll
=1.3*6.156+1.6*0.75 =9.203N/m
1.5m
Moment and shear calculation 1.5m
M=wl2/2 = 9.203 *1.52/2 =10.35KN-m
km = ((M/b)0.5)/d =10.350.5/0.122
=26.37
From the chart ks =3.98
S=b* as/As
=1000*78.5/337.65 where as =area of Φ10mm bar
=232.5mm
1. Meridonal trust, T, per unit of the circle of latitude ef acting tangentially or at right angleto
the radial line of.
2. The reaction of trust T+dT per unit length of the circle of latitude gh acting at right angle
to the radial line og.
Since the sum of the vertical component of the trust T, acting along the along the
Circumference of the circle must be equal to the weight of the portion the dome above
it,then we have
T=Wr((1-cos Q)/ sin2Q . On the account of the difference in the magnitude of T and
dT there is the rise of hoop force
Let H be the hoop force per unit length, the breadth of the ring rdQ
hoop force= H* rdQ
Horizontal component of T is T cosQ produces hoop tension
The magnitude of hoop tension = T cosQ*radius of the ring
= T cosQ*r sinQ
T+dT also produce the same effect but in opposite direction resulting hoop compression in
the ring.
H*r* dQ=d (T cosQ*r sinQ) from the above T=Wr ((1-cos Q)/ sin2Q
Maximum tension produced -164.6 at 900 at the free end of the slab then, hoop tension
tending to rapture the plate per meter length =-128.02*2.1=268.84KN
The area of the steel required = maximum tension/fyd
=268.84*1000/260.87 =1030.58mm2
S=1500*78.5/1030.58=114.25mm
Therefore use Φ10mm c/c 110mm.
F=18.8KN/m
M=10.35KN-M
The concentrated load will be
F=13.8*3.975 =54.85KN
M=10.35*3.975 =41.14KN-M
For the total height the critical force and moment is at the bottom of the column.
Axial load due to self weight.
=gc*t*h*l=24*0.15*4*1.885=27.144KN
Then Msd=90.137*0.88267=79.55KN-M
then w=0.3
= (0.3*0.15*1.885*13.4)/260.87
=4357.17mm2
For vertical reinforcement in walls, the code gives the upper and lower limit as follows
As(max)=0.04*0.15*1.885=11310mm2
As(min)=0.004*0.15*1.885=1131mm2
Then use As=4357.17mm2
the spiral reinforcement shall enclose and tied to the vertical bars so as to form a riged mat.
In conclusion to these designs, spiral and geometric as part of helical stair, we hope
that they can help as an alternative structures beside other staircases in which most building
comprise. The best example is doglegged staircase. The best alternative to apply these two
designs where when we don’t have any room for stair case installation in the building , so
that they can be construct out side the building.
The type of the building also have significant effect on the selection of stair cases
so,One should specify the use of the building. Since due to the aesthetic out put spiral
Rc designs can be applied for a places like cafeterias, trade centers.
Site condition should be investigated properly because each design needs safe and
sufficient foundation.
Height of the construction should be specified to select with respect to economy and
workability.
Since reinforcement placement and form work construction of the spiral stair is a little
bit complicated than other types there is a need for skilled person.
And finally we would like to inform for any one who reads this project work, it is
possible to know the best fit and economical structure by laying out a take off sheet for the
volume of the concrete, the total form work per meter square and bar schedule for the total
weight of the reinforcing bar and by providing their respective unit price then preparing bill
of quantity will tell as which is the most economical.
6. Reference
1. Sushil Kumar, “treasure of Rcc designs”, 15th edition, India, standard book house, 2003.
2. P.dayartnam,”design of reinforcing concrete structures”3rd edition, India , oxford and ibh
publishing co.pvt.ltd,1998.
3. EBCS 2, 1995,”structural use of concrete”, Ethiopia, ministry of works & urban
development,1995.
4. EBCS 1, 1995 ,” “,Ethiopia, ministry of works & urban
development,1995.
5. Reinforcing concrete text book.