Na Graph PDF

Network Topology and Graph Theory
EE-304 ENT credits: 4 L{3} P{0} T{1}
Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh, PhD
Department of ECE,
North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU),
Shillong – 793 022
jplairen@nehu.ac.in
August 8, 2013
1 / 20 L. Joyprakash Singh (ECE, NEHU) EE-304 ENT :: Network topology and graph
Network Toplogy Terms & Definitions
Introduction to Electrical Network Topology
Terms and Definitions

Circuit elements

Circuit elements
Node

Circuit elements
Node
Branch

Circuit elements
Node
Branch
Path

Circuit elements
Node
Branch
Path
Closed path or Circuit or Loop or Mesh

Circuit elements
Node
Branch
Path
Topology, rather Electrical network topology

Circuit elements
Node
Branch
Path
- Graph and its types

Circuit elements
Node
Branch
Path
Tree

Circuit elements
Node
Branch
Path
Tree
Twigs

Circuit elements
Node
Branch
Path
Tree
Twigs
Co-tree

Circuit elements
Node
Branch
Path
Tree
Twigs
Co-tree
Links or Chords
Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - I

Circuit elements:

Circuit elements:
- The mathematical models of a two terminal electrical devices,

Circuit elements:
- Completely characterized by its voltage-current relationship,

Circuit elements:
- Can not be subdivided into other two-terminal devices.

Circuit elements:
Node:

Circuit elements:
Node:
- A point at which two or more circuit elements have a common
connection,

Circuit elements:
Node:
connection,
- The number of branches incident to a node is known as the
degree of that node.

Circuit elements:
Node:
connection,
Branch:

Circuit elements:
Node:
connection,
Branch:
- A single path, containing one circuit element, which connnects
one node to any other node,

Circuit elements:
Node:
connection,
Branch:
- Represented by a line in the graph.

Circuit elements:
Node:
connection,
Branch:
Path:

Circuit elements:
Node:
connection,
Branch:
Path:
- A set of elements that may be traversed in order without passing
through the same node twice.
Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - II

Loop:
1 Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8e


Loop:
- A close path or a closed contour selected in a network/circuit,


Loop:
- A path that may be started from a prticular node to other nodes
through branches and comes to the original/starting node,


Loop:
- Also known as closed path or circuit.


Loop:
Mesh1 [2]:


Loop:
Mesh1 [2]:
- A loop that does not contain any other loops within it,


Loop:
Mesh1 [2]:
- Any mesh is a circuit/loop but any loop/circuit may not be a
mesh.


Loop:
Mesh1 [2]:
mesh.
Network:


Loop:
Mesh1 [2]:
mesh.
Network:
- The interconnection of two or more circuit elements forms an
electical network.


Loop:
Mesh1 [2]:
mesh.
Network:
electical network.
Circuit:


Loop:
Mesh1 [2]:
mesh.
Network:
electical network.
Circuit:
- Network that contains at least one closed path,


Loop:
Mesh1 [2]:
mesh.
Network:
electical network.
Circuit:
- Every circuit is a network, but not all networks are circuits.


Loop:
Mesh1 [2]:
mesh.
Network:
electical network.
Circuit:
Planar circuit:


Loop:
Mesh1 [2]:
mesh.
Network:
electical network.
Circuit:
Planar circuit:
- A circuit that may drawn on a plane surface in such a way that
no branch passes over or under any other branch.
Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - III

Topology:

Topology:
- Deals with properties of networks which are unaffected when the
network is stretched, twisted, or otherwise distorted the size and
the shape,

Topology:
the shape,
- Not concerned with the particular types of elements appearing in
the circuit, but only with the way in which branches and nodes
are arranged.

Topology:
the shape,
are arranged.
Graph:

Topology:
the shape,
are arranged.
Graph:
- A graph corresponding to a given network is obtained by
replacing all circuit elements with lines.

Topology:
the shape,
are arranged.
Graph:
- Connected graph: A graph in which at least one path exists
between any two nodes of the graph. If the network has a
transformer as one of the element, then the resulted graph is
unconnected

Topology:
the shape,
are arranged.
Graph:
unconnected
- Directed or Oriented graph: A graph that has all the nodes
and branches numbered and also directions are given to the
branches.

Topology:
the shape,
are arranged.
Graph:
unconnected
- Directed or Oriented graph: A graph that has all the nodes
and branches numbered and also directions are given to the
branches.
- Subgraph: The subset of a graph. If the number of nodes and
branches of a subgraph is less than that of the graph, the
subgraph is said to be proper.
Network Toplogy Network Circuits & Their Graphs
Network Topology: An example

A circuit with topologically equivalent graphs:
L
IL
R1 R2 2 2
IR1 2 I R2
1 3 1 3 1 3
Is IR3
IC
+
Vs − C R3
4 4 4
i) A Circuit ii) its graph iii) directed graph

2
2
2
1 3
1 3
4
4 4
1 3
Three topologically equivalent graphs of figure ii).
An Electrical Network & its Graph - I
R1 R2
1 2 3 a 2 b
1 3
5A R3 C R4 d e f
c
4 4
(a) (b)
Figure 1 : (a) A circuit and (b) its graph.
Note:
The maximum number of branches possible, in a circuit, will be equal
to the number of nodes or vertices.
There are at least two branches in a circuit.
An Electrical Network & its Graph - II
R1 R2
1 IR1 2 IR2 3 a 2 b
1 3
IR3 IR4
IC
5A R3 C R4 d e f
c
4 4
(a) (b)
Figure 2 : (a) A circuit and (b) its directed graph.
Note:
Each of the lines of the graph is indicated a reference direction by an
arrow, and the resulted graph is called oriented/directed graph.
An Electrical Network & its Graph - III
L
IL
a a
R1 R2
I1 2 I2
1 3 b 2 c b 2 c
1 3 1 3
I3
R IC
d
5 C R3
Is e f d e f
+ 5
Vs −
g
4 4 4, 5
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 3 : (a) A circuit, (b) its directed graph and (c) simplified directed
graph of (b).
Note:
The active element branch is replaced by its internal resistance to
simplify analysis and computation.
An Electrical Network & its Graph - IV
L
IL
a
R1 R2
I1 2 I2
1 3 b 2 c a
1 3 1 3
R IC
b c
C Is
Ivs d e d 2
+
Vs −
e
4 4 4
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 4 : (a) A circuit, and (b),(c) its directed graphs.
Note:
The active elements are excluded from the graph to simplify analysis
and computation.
An Electrical Network & its Graph - V
1A 1V
−+
1Ω
1Ω 1Ω
1Ω 1Ω
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 5 : (a) A circuit, and its- (b) simplified graph and (c) directed
graph.
Note:
When voltage source is not in series with any passive element in the
given network, it is kept in the graph as a branch.
Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - IV

Tree:

Tree:
- A connected subgraph having all the nodes of a graph without
any loop.

Tree:
any loop.
- Thus, a tree is a subgraph that has the following properties:
- It must consist of all nodes of a complete graph.
- For a graph having n number of nodes, the tree of the given graph
will have n − 1 branches.
- There exists one and only one path between any pair of nodes.
- A tree should not have any closed path.
- The rank of a tree is (n − 1). This is also the rank of the graph to
which the tree belongs.

Tree:
any loop.
Twigs:

Tree:
any loop.
Twigs:
- The branches of a tree are known as twigs,

Tree:
any loop.
Twigs:
Links or Chords:

Tree:
any loop.
Twigs:
Links or Chords:
- The branches that are removed from the graph while forming a
tree are termed as links or chords,

Tree:
any loop.
Twigs:
Links or Chords:
- Links are complement of twigs.

Tree:
any loop.
Twigs:
Links or Chords:
Co-tree:

Tree:
any loop.
Twigs:
Links or Chords:
Co-tree:
- The graph constituted with links is known as co-tree.
Tree and Cotree

Given a Graph:
1 a 2 b 3
c d e
f
Tree Twigs of tree Links of cotree

a 2 b 3
1
c d e
f
4 {a,b,d} {c,e,f}
a 2 b 3
1
c d e
f
4 {a,d,f} {c,b,e}
Summary and a Question:

Q. Does the following graph with branches a and e form a tree?
a
b 2 c
1 3
d e f

a
b 2 c
1 3 + The number of nodes in this subgraph is
equal to that of the given graph.
d e f

a
b 2 c
1 3 + The number of nodes in this subgraph is
equal to that of the given graph.
d e f
+ But it has unconnected subgraphs and
moreover total number branches
6= n − 1(= 3). Therefore, it is not a tree.
4
Network Toplogy References
Text Books & References
M. E. Van Valkenburg
Network Analysis, 3/e.
PHI, 2005.
W.H. Hayt, J.E. Kemmerly, S.M. Durbin
Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8/e.
MH, 2012.
Network Toplogy References
Text Books & References
M. E. Van Valkenburg
Network Analysis, 3/e.
PHI, 2005.
W.H. Hayt, J.E. Kemmerly, S.M. Durbin
Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8/e.
MH, 2012.
M. Nahvi, J.A. Edminister

SchuamâĂŹs Outline Electric Circuits, 4/e.
TMH, SIE, 2007.
A. Sudhakar, S.S. Palli
Circuits and Networks: Analysis and Synthesis, 2/e.
TMH, 2002.
Network Toplogy Khublei Shibun!
Thank You!
Any Question?
Home Assignment Graph and Incidence Matrix
Problems for Practice: Graph and Incidence Matrix

1. Classify whether each of the following graphs as planar or
nonplanar.
2. Find the number of possible trees for each graph and draw all
possible trees.
1 2
2
1 3 5 3
b c
a d
4 4
(a) (b) (c)
Problems for Practice - II

Note: While replacing all elements of the network with lines to form a
graph, we replace active elements by their internal resistances
to simplify analysis and computation.
For example - 1:
L
IL
R2 R3
I1 3 I2 4
2
Is
I3
IC
R1
C R4 Is
1
+
Vs −
(a)

Note: While replacing all elements of the network with lines to form a
graph, we replace active elements by their internal resistances
to simplify analysis and computation.
For example - 1:
L
IL
I1
R2 R3 3
3 I2 4 2 4
2
Is
I3
IC
R1
C R4 Is
1
+
Vs −
5 1, 5
(a) (b)

Note: Transformer gives a unconnected graph!
For example - 2:
C
R2
I2 2 3 IC 4
1
I3
R1 K
I1
R3 I
+
Vs −
6 5
(a)

Note: Transformer gives a unconnected graph!
For example - 2:
C
R2
I2 2 3 IC 4 2 3
1 1 4
I3
R1 K
I1
R3 I
+
Vs −
6 5 6 5
(a) (b)
Few non-planar Graphs
2 1 2
1 3
6 3
4
5 4
(a) (b)

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Network Topology and Graph Theory

EE-304 ENT credits: 4 L{3} P{0} T{1}

Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh, PhD

Introduction to Electrical Network Topology

Terms and Definitions

Introduction to Electrical Network Topology

Terms and Definitions

Introduction to Electrical Network Topology

Terms and Definitions

Introduction to Electrical Network Topology

Terms and Definitions

Introduction to Electrical Network Topology

Terms and Definitions

Introduction to Electrical Network Topology

Terms and Definitions

Introduction to Electrical Network Topology

Terms and Definitions

Introduction to Electrical Network Topology

Terms and Definitions

Introduction to Electrical Network Topology

Terms and Definitions

Introduction to Electrical Network Topology

Terms and Definitions

Introduction to Electrical Network Topology

Terms and Definitions

Introduction to Electrical Network Topology

Terms and Definitions

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - I

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - I

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - I

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - I

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - I

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - I

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - I

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - I

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - I

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - I

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - I

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - I

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - II

1 Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8e

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - II

1 Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8e

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - II

1 Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8e

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - II

1 Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8e

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - II

1 Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8e

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - II

1 Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8e

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - II

1 Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8e

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - II

1 Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8e

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - II

1 Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8e

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - II

1 Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8e

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - II

1 Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8e

Network Topology: Terms and Definitions - II

1 Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8e