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ISBN 978-0-87031-304-2
ACI 216.1M-07
TMS-216-07
*
Deceased.
216.1M-1
216.1M-2 ACI/TMS STANDARD
Chapter 5—Effects of finish materials on fire blanket, ceramic fiber—mineral wool insulating material
resistance, p. 216.1M-21 made of alumina-silica fibers and having a density of 60
5.1—General to 130 kg/m3.
5.2—Calculation procedure
board, mineral—mineral fiber insulation board
5.3—Installation of finishes complying with ASTM C 726.
building code—a legal document that establishes the
Chapter 6—References, p. 216.1M-22
6.1—Referenced standards minimum requirements necessary for building design and
construction to provide for public health and safety.
APPENDIXES concrete, carbonate aggregate—concrete made with
Appendix A —Minimum cover for steel columns coarse aggregate consisting mainly of calcium carbonate or
encased in concrete, p. 216.1M-24 a combination of calcium and magnesium carbonate (for
example, limestone or dolomite).
Appendix B—Fire resistance of concrete- concrete, cellular—a low-density product consisting of
masonry-protected steel columns, p. 216.1M-26
portland-cement, cement-silica, cement-pozzolan, lime-
Appendix C—Fire resistance of clay-masonry- pozzolan, lime silica pastes, or pastes containing a blend of
protected steel columns, p. 216.1M-28 these ingredients and having a homogeneous void or cell
structure, attained with gas-forming chemicals or foaming
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL agents. (For cellular concretes containing binder ingredients
1.1—Scope other than, or in addition to, portland cement, autoclave
This standard describes acceptable methods for determining curing is usually employed.)
the fire resistance of concrete building and masonry building concrete, lightweight-aggregate—concrete made with
assemblies and structural elements, including walls, floor aggregates conforming to ASTM C 330 or C 331.
and roof slabs, beams, columns, lintels, and masonry fire
concrete, normalweight—concrete made with aggregates
protection for structural steel columns. These methods shall
conforming to ASTM C 33.
be used for design and analysis purposes and shall be based
on the fire exposure and applicable end-point criteria of concrete, perlite—nonstructural lightweight insulating
ASTM E 119. This standard does not apply to composite concrete having a density of approximately 480 kg/m3, made
metal deck floor or roof assemblies. by mixing perlite aggregate complying with ASTM C 332
The primary intended use of this document is for determining with portland cement slurry.
the design requirements for concrete and masonry elements concrete, plain—structural concrete with no reinforcement
to resist fire and provide fire protection. Tolerance compliance or less reinforcement than the minimum amount specified in
to the provisions for concrete shall be based on information ACI 318M for reinforced concrete.
provided in ACI 117. Consideration for compliance to the concrete, reinforced—structural concrete reinforced with
provisions for masonry shall be based on the information no less than the minimum amount of prestressing tendons or
provided in ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602. nonprestressed reinforcement as specified by ACI 318M.
concrete, semi-lightweight—Concrete made with a combi-
1.2—Alternative methods nation of lightweight aggregates (expanded clay, shale, slag,
Methods other than those presented in this standard shall or slate, or sintered fly ash) and normalweight aggregates,
be permitted for use in assessing the fire resistance of having an equilibrium density of 1680 to 1920 k/m3 in
concrete and masonry building assemblies and structural accordance with ASTM C 567.
elements if the methods are based on the fire exposure and concrete, siliceous aggregate—normalweight concrete
applicable end-point criteria specified in ASTM E 119. having constituents composed mainly of silica or silicates.
Computer models, when used, shall be validated and supported
concrete, structural—all concrete used for structural
by published material to substantiate their accuracy.
purposes, including plain and reinforced concrete.
concrete, vermiculite—concrete in which the aggregate
1.3—Definitions
The following definitions apply for this standard: consists of exfoliated vermiculite.
approved—approved by the building official responsible end-point criteria—conditions of acceptance for an
for enforcing the legally adopted building code of which this ASTM E 119 fire test.
standard is a part, or approved by some other authority end-point, heat transmission—An acceptance criterion
having jurisdiction. of ASTM E 119 limiting the temperature rise of the unexposed
bar, high-strength alloy steel—steel bars conforming to surface to an average of 121 °C for all measuring points or a
the requirements of ASTM A 722/A 722M. maximum of 160 °C at any one point.
barrier element—a building member that performs as a end-point, integrity—an acceptance criterion of ASTM E
barrier to the spread of fire (for example, walls, floors, and 119 prohibiting the passage of flame or gases hot enough to
roofs). ignite cotton waste before the end of the desired fire-
beam—a structural member subjected primarily to endurance period. The term also applies to the hose-stream
flexure, but also to axial loads. test of a fire-exposed wall.
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-3
end-point, steel temperature—an acceptance criterion of die; for concrete reinforcement of a diameter not less than 2 mm
ASTM E 119 defining the limiting steel temperatures for nor greater than 16 mm.
unrestrained assembly classifications. standard fire exposure—the time-temperature relationship
end-point, structural—ASTM E 119 criteria that specify defined by ASTM E 119.
the conditions of acceptance for structural performance of a standard fire test—the test prescribed by ASTM E 119.
tested assembly. steel, hot-rolled—steel used for reinforcing bars or structural
endurance, fire—a measure of the elapsed time during steel members.
which a material or assembly continues to exhibit fire strand—a prestressing tendon composed of a number of
resistance. As applied to elements of buildings with respect wires twisted about a center wire or core.
to this standard, it shall be measured by the methods and temperature, critical—temperature of reinforcing steel in
criteria contained in ASTM E 119. unrestrained flexural members during fire exposure at which
fiberboard, glass—fibrous glass insulation board the nominal flexural strength of a member is reduced to the
complying with ASTM C 612. moment produced by application of service loads to that
fiber, sprayed mineral—a blend of refined mineral fibers member.
and inorganic binders. tendon—a steel element such as strand, bar, wire, or a
fire resistance—the property of a material or assembly to bundle of such elements, primarily used in tension to impart
withstand fire or provide protection from it. As applied to compressive stress to concrete.
elements of buildings, it is characterized by the ability to wallboard, gypsum type “X”—mill-fabricated product,
confine a fire or, when exposed to fire, to continue to complying with ASTM C 36/C 36M, Type X, made of a
perform a given structural function, or both. gypsum core containing special minerals and encased in a
fire-resistance rating (sometimes called fire rating, fire- smooth, finished paper on the face side and liner paper on
resistance classification, or hourly rating)—a legal term the back.
defined in building codes, usually based on fire endurance;
fire-resistance ratings are assigned by building codes for 1.4—Notation
various types of construction and occupancies, and are A1, A2,
usually given in half-hour or hourly increments. and An = air factor for each continuous air space having a
fire test—see standard fire test. distance of 13 to 89 mm between wythes
joist—a comparatively narrow beam, used in closely (nondimensional)
spaced arrangements to support floor or roof slabs (that Aps = cross-sectional area of prestressing tendons, mm2
require no reinforcement except that required for temperature As = cross-sectional area of non-prestressed longitudinal
and shrinkage stresses); also a horizontal structural member tension reinforcement, mm2
such as that which supports deck form sheathing. Ast = cross-sectional area of the steel column, mm2
masonry, plain—masonry in which the tensile resistance a = depth of equivalent rectangular concrete
of masonry is taken into consideration and the resistance of compressive stress block at nominal flexural
the reinforcing steel, if present, is neglected. strength, mm
masonry, reinforced—a material in which the masonry
aθ = depth of equivalent concrete rectangular stress
tensile strength is neglected and the effects of stress in
block at elevated temperature, mm
embedded reinforcement are included in the design.
B = least dimension of rectangular concrete column, in.
masonry unit, clay—solid or hollow unit (brick or tile)
b = width of concrete slab or beam, mm
composed of clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring
bf = width of flange, mm
earthen substances shaped into prismatic units and subjected
to heat treatment at elevated temperature (firing), meeting cc = ambient temperature specific heat of concrete,
requirements of ASTM C 34, C 56, C 62, C 126, C 212, C J/(kg/°C)
216, C 652, or C 1088. Dc = oven-dried density of concrete, kg/m3
masonry unit, concrete—hollow or solid unit (block) d = effective depth, distance from centroid of tension
made from cementitious materials, water, and aggregates, reinforcement to extreme compressive fiber or
with or without the inclusion of other materials, meeting the depth of steel column, mm
requirements of ASTM C 55, C 73, C 90, C 129, or C 744. def = distance from centroid of tension reinforcement to
mastic, intumescent—spray-applied coating that reacts to most extreme concrete compressive fiber at which
heat at approximately 150 °C by foaming to a multicellular point temperature does not exceed 760 °C, mm
structure having 10 to 15 times its initial thickness. dl = thickness of fire-exposed concrete layer, mm
material, cementitious—cements and pozzolans used in dst = column dimension, mm
concrete and masonry construction. ºC = degrees Celsius
material, vermiculite cementitious—cementitious material fc = measured compressive strength of concrete test
containing mill-mixed vermiculite to which water is added to cylinders at ambient temperature, MPa
form a mixture suitable for spraying. fc′ = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa
reinforcement, cold-drawn wire—steel wire made from ′
fcθ = reduced compressive strength of concrete at
rods that have been rolled from billets, cold-drawn through a elevated temperature, MPa
216.1M-4 ACI/TMS STANDARD
fps = stress in prestressing steel at nominal flexural uef = an adjusted value of u to accommodate beam
strength, MPa geometry where fire exposure to concrete surfaces
fpsθ = reduced stress of prestressing steel at elevated is from three sides, mm
temperature, MPa Vn = net volume of masonry unit, mm3
fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressing tendons, psi W = average weight of the steel column, kg/m
fy = specified yield strength of non-prestressed w = sum of unfactored dead and live service loads
reinforcing steel, MPa wc = density of concrete, kg/m
fyθ = reduced yield strength of non-prestressed reinforcing wcm = density of masonry protection, kg/m3
steel at elevated temperature, MPa x0 = distance from inflection point to location of first
H = specified height of masonry unit, mm interior support, measured after moment redistribu-
Hs = ambient temperature thermal capacity of steel tion has occurred, mm
column, J/(m/°C) x1 = distance at which maximum value of redistributed
h = average thickness of concrete cover, mm positive moment occurs measured from: (a) outer
kc = thermal conductivity of concrete at room support for continuity over one support; and (b)
temperature, kcal/(h/m/°C) either support where continuity extends over two
kcm = thermal conductivity of concrete masonry at room supports, mm
temperature, kcal/(h/m/°C) x2 = in continuous span, distance between adjacent
L = specified length of masonry unit or interior inflection points, mm
dimension of rectangular concrete box protection θ = subscript denoting changes of parameter due to
for steel column, mm elevated temperature
l = clear span between supports, mm or m ρ = reinforcement ratio
ρg = ratio of total reinforcement area to cross-sectional
M = moment due to full service load on member, N-m
area of column
Mn = nominal moment capacity at section, N-m
ωp = reinforcement index for concrete beam reinforced
Mnθ = nominal moment capacity at section at elevated
with prestressing steel
temperature, N-m
+ ωr = reinforcement index for concrete beam reinforced
Mnθ = nominal positive moment capacity of section at
with non-prestressed steel
elevated temperature, N-m
– ωθ = reinforcement index for concrete beam at elevated
Mnθ = nominal negative moment capacity of section at temperature
elevated temperature, N-m
Mx1 = maximum value of redistributed positive moment 1.5—Fire resistance determinations
at some distance x1, N-m The fire resistance of materials and assemblies shall be
m = equivalent moisture content of the concrete by determined by one of the methods given in 1.5.1 to 1.5.4.
volume (percent) 1.5.1 Qualification by testing—Materials and assemblies
p = inner perimeter of concrete masonry protection, mm of materials of construction tested in accordance with the
ps = heated perimeter of steel column, mm requirements set forth in ASTM E 119 shall be rated for fire
R = fire resistance of assembly, hours resistance in accordance with the results and conditions of
R0 = fire resistance at zero moisture content, hours such tests.
R1, R2,...Rn= fire resistance of layer 1, 2,...n, respectively, 1.5.2 Calculated fire resistance—The fire resistance
hours associated with an element or assembly shall be deemed
s = center-to-center spacing of items such as ribs or acceptable when established by the calculation procedures in
undulations, mm this standard or when established in accordance with 1.2.
T = specified thickness of concrete masonry and clay 1.5.3 Approval through past performance—The provisions
masonry unit, mm of this standard are not intended to prevent the application of
Te = equivalent thickness of concrete, concrete fire ratings to elements and assemblies that have been applied
masonry and clay masonry unit, mm in the past and have been proven through performance.
Tea = equivalent thickness of concrete masonry assembly, 1.5.4 Alternative methods—The provisions of this standard
mm are not intended to prevent the application of new and
Tef = equivalent thickness of finishes, mm emerging technology for predicting the life safety and
property protection implications of buildings and structures.
t = time, min.
te = equivalent thickness of a ribbed or undulating
CHAPTER 2—CONCRETE
concrete section, mm 2.1—General
tmin = minimum thickness, mm The fire resistance of concrete members and assemblies
ttot = total slab thickness, mm designed in accordance with ACI 318M for reinforced and
tw = thickness of web, mm plain structural concrete shall be determined based on the
u = average thickness of concrete between the center of provisions of this chapter. Concrete walls, floors, and roofs
main reinforcing steel and fire-exposed surface, mm shall meet minimum thickness requirements for purposes of
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-5
A1, A2, and An = 0.30; the air factor for each continuous air
space having a distance of 13 to 90 mm between
layers.
Fig. 2.2—Fire resistance of two-layer concrete walls, floors, Obtain values of R n for individual layers for use in Eq. (2-4)
and roofs. from Table 2.1 or Fig. 2.3 for concrete materials, from Table 3.1
for concrete masonry, and Table 4.1 for clay masonry.
Interpolation between values in the tables shall be permitted.
Equation (2-4) does not consider which layer is being
R = 0.057(2ttot2 – dl ttot +6/ttot ) (2-2) exposed to the fire.
2.2.5.4 Sandwich panels—Determine the fire resistance
(b) When the fire-exposed layer is of lightweight or semi- of precast concrete wall panels consisting of a layer of foam
lightweight concrete plastic sandwiched between two layers of concrete by using
Eq. (2-4). For foam plastic with a thickness not less than 25 mm,
use Rn0.59 = 0.22 hours in Eq. (2-4). For foam plastic with a
R = 0.063(ttot2 + 2dlttot – dl2 + 4/ttot ) (2-3)
total thickness less than 25 mm, the fire resistance contribu-
tion of the plastic shall be zero. Foam plastic shall be
where protected on both sides with not less than 25 mm of concrete.
R = fire resistance, hours;
2.2.6 Insulated floors and roofs—Use Fig. 2.4(a), (b), and
ttot = total thickness of slab, mm; and (c) or Fig. 2.5(a) and (b) to determine the fire resistance of
dl = thickness of fire-exposed layer, mm floors and roofs consisting of a base slab of concrete with a
2.2.5.3 Alternative numerical solution—Determine the topping (overlay) of cellular, perlite or vermiculite concrete,
fire resistance from Eq. (2-4) for walls, floors, and roofs not or insulation boards and built-up roof. Where a three-ply
meeting the criteria of 2.2.5.1 and consisting of two or more built-up roof is installed over a lightweight insulating, or
layers of different types of concrete, or consisting of layers semi-lightweight concrete topping, it shall be permitted to
of concrete, concrete masonry, clay masonry, or a combination add 10 minutes to the fire resistance determined from
Fig. 2.4(a), (b), (c) or Fig. 2.6.
R = (R10.59 + R20.59 +...+ Rn0.59 + A1 + A2 +...+ An)1.7 (2-4) 2.2.7 Protection of joints between precast concrete wall
panels and slabs—When joints between precast concrete
where wall panels are required to be insulated by 2.2.7.1, this shall
R = fire resistance of assembly, hours; be done in accordance with 2.2.7.2. Joints between precast
R1, R2, and Rn = fire resistance of individual layers, hours; concrete slabs shall be in accordance with 2.2.7.3.
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-7
Table 2.3—Minimum cover in concrete floors and slabs and beams as restrained or unrestrained in accordance
roof slabs with Table 2.2.
2.3.1.1 Cover for reinforcement in slab—The minimum
Cover*† for corresponding fire resistance, mm
thickness of concrete cover to positive moment reinforcement
Aggregate Restrained Unrestrained
(bottom steel) for different types of concrete floor and roof
type 4 or less 1 hour 1-1/2 hours 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
slabs required to provide fire resistance of 1 to 4 hours shall
Nonprestressed
conform to values given in Table 2.3. Table 2.3 is applicable
Siliceous 20 20 20 25 30 40
to one-way or two-way cast-in-place beam/slab systems or
Carbonate 20 20 20 20 30 30
precast solid or hollow-core slabs with flat undersurfaces.
Semi-
lightweight 20 20 20 20 30 30 2.3.1.2 Cover for nonprestressed flexural reinforcement
Lightweight 20 20 20 20 30 30 in beams—The minimum thickness of concrete cover to non-
Prestressed prestressed bottom longitudinal steel reinforcement for
Siliceous 20 30 40 45 60 70 restrained and unrestrained beams of different widths
Carbonate 20 25 35 40 55 55 required to provide fire resistance of 1 to 4 hours shall
Semi- conform to values given in Table 2.4. Values in Table 2.4 for
20 25 35 40 50 55
lightweight restrained beams apply to beams spaced more than 1.2 m
Lightweight 20 25 35 40 50 55 apart on center. For restrained beams and joists spaced 1.2 m
*
Shall also meet minimum cover requirements of 2.3.1. or less on center, 20 mm cover shall be permitted to meet fire-
†
Measured from concrete surface to surface of longitudinal reinforcement.
resistance requirements of 4 hours or less. Determine cover
for intermediate beam widths by linear interpolation.
2.3—Concrete cover protection of steel The concrete cover for an individual bar is the minimum
reinforcement thickness of concrete between the surface of the bar and the
Cover protection determinations in this section are based fire-exposed surface of the beam. For beams in which several
on the structural end-point. Assemblies required to perform bars are used, the cover, for the purposes of Table 2.4, is the
as fire barriers shall additionally meet the heat transmission average of the minimum cover of the individual bars. For
end-point and comply with the provisions in 2.2. corner bars (that is, bars equidistant from the bottom and
2.3.1 General—Determine minimum concrete cover over side), the minimum cover used in the calculation shall be
bottom longitudinal steel reinforcement (positive moment 1/2 the actual value. The actual cover for any individual bar
reinforcement in simple spans) for floor and roof slabs and shall be not less than 1/2 the value shown in Table 2.4 or
beams using methods described in 2.3.1.1 through 2.3.1.3. 20 mm, whichever is greater.
Concrete cover shall not be less than required by ACI 318M. 2.3.1.3 Cover for prestressed flexural reinforcement—
For purposes of determining minimum concrete cover, classify For restrained and unrestrained beams and stemmed units
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-9
Table 2.4—Minimum cover in nonprestressed beams Table 2.5—Minimum cover in prestressed concrete
Beam Cover for corresponding fire-resistance rating, mm
beams 200 mm or greater in width
width, Cover thickness for corresponding
Restraint mm 1 hour 1-1/2 hours 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours fire-resistance rating, mm
Beam
125 20 20 20 25 30 Aggregate width, 1-1/2
Restrained 175 20 20 20 20 20 Restraint type mm 1 hour hours 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
≥250 20 20 20 20 20 Carbonate 200 40 40 40 45 65
or siliceous ≥300 40 40 40 40 50
125 20 25 30 NP* NP
Restrained*
Unrestrained Semi- 200 40 40 40 40 50
175 20 20 20 45 75
lightweight ≥300 40 40 40 40 40
≥250 20 20 20 25 45
*
Not permitted. Carbonate 200 40 45 65 125 NP‡
or siliceous ≥300 40 40 50 65 75
Unrestrained
(Table 2.2), the minimum thickness of concrete cover over Semi- 200 40 40 50 85 NP
bottom longitudinal steel reinforcement required to provide lightweight ≥300 40 40 40 50 65
fire-resistance of 1 to 4 hours shall conform to values given *
Tabulated values for restrained beams apply to beams spaced at more than 1.2 m on centers.
†
in Tables 2.5 and 2.6. Values in Table 2.5 apply to members ‡
Not practical for 200 mm-wide beams, but shown for purposes of interpolation.
Not permitted.
with carbonate, siliceous, or semi-lightweight aggregate and
widths not less than 200 mm. Values in Table 2.6 apply to
prestressed members of all aggregate types and widths that Table 2.6—Minimum cover in prestressed concrete
have cross-sectional areas not less than 26,000 mm2. In case beams of all widths
of conflict between the values, it shall be permitted to use the Cover thickness for
corresponding fire-resistance
smaller of the values from Tables 2.5 or 2.6. The cover to be rating, mm
used with Tables 2.5 or 2.6 values shall be a weighted Aggregate Area,* 1 1-1/2 2 3 4
average, computed following the provisions in 2.3.1.2, with Restraint type mm2 × 103 hour hours hours hours hours
“strand” or “tendon” substituted for “bar.” The minimum All 26 ≤ A ≤ 100 40 40 50 65 NP†
cover for nonprestressed bottom longitudinal steel reinforce- Carbonate or 100 ≤ A ≤ 200 40 40 40 45 65
ment in prestressed beams shall be determined in accordance Restrained siliceous 200 < A 40 40 40 40 50
with 2.3.1.2. Lightweight
or semi- 100 < A 40 40 40 40 50
lightweight
2.4—Analytical methods for calculating structural All 26 ≤ A ≤ 100 50 65 NP NP NP
fire resistance and cover protection of concrete
flexural members Carbonate or 100 ≤ A ≤ 200 40 45 65 NP NP
Instead of using methods described in 2.3, the calculation Unrestrained siliceous 200 < A 40 40 50 75‡ 75‡
methods in this section shall be permitted for determining Lightweight
fire resistance and the adequacy of cover protection in or semi- 100 < A 40 40 50 75‡ 100‡
lightweight
concrete flexural members based on the ASTM E 119 time- *
In computing the cross-sectional area for stems, the area of the flange shall be added to
temperature fire exposure. The provisions in 2.4 do not the area of the stem, and the total width of the flange, as used, shall not exceed three
times the average width of the stem.
explicitly account for the effects of restraint of thermally †
Not permitted.
induced expansion; however, the use of comprehensive ‡Adequate provisions against spalling shall be provided by U-shaped or hooded stirrups
spaced not to exceed the depth of the member, and having a cover of 25 mm.
analysis and design procedures that take into account the
effects of moment redistribution and the restraint of thermally
induced member expansion shall be permitted. In no case shall 2.4.1.2 Calculation procedure for simply supported
cover protection be less than that required by ACI 318M. beams—The same procedures that apply to slabs in 2.4.1.1
2.4.1 Simply supported and unrestrained one-way slabs shall apply to beams with the following difference: when
and beams—On the basis of structural end-point behavior, determining an average value of u for beams with corner bars
the fire resistance of a simply supported, unrestrained, flexural or corner tendons, an “effective u,” uef , shall be used in its
member shall be determined by place. Values of u for the corner bars or tendons used in the
computation of uef shall be equal to 1/2 of their actual u
Mn ≥ Mnθ ≥ M value. Figure 2.8 shall be used in conjunction with the
computed uef .
Assume that the unfactored full service load moment M is 2.4.2 Continuous beams and slabs—For purposes of the
constant for the entire fire-resistance period. method within this section, continuous members are defined
The redistribution of moments or the inclusion of thermal as flexural members that extend over one or more supports or
restraint effects shall not be permitted in determining the fire are built integrally with one or more supports such that moment
resistance of members classified as both simply supported redistribution can occur during the fire-resistance period.
and unrestrained. On the basis of structural end-point behavior, the fire resis-
2.4.1.1 Calculation procedure for slabs—Use Fig. 2.8 to tance of continuous flexural members shall be determined by
determine the structural fire resistance or amount of concrete
+
cover u to center of the steel reinforcement of concrete slabs. Mnθ = Mx1
216.1M-10 ACI/TMS STANDARD
Fig. 2.8—Fire resistance of concrete slabs as influenced by aggregate type, reinforcing steel type, moment intensity, and u, as
defined in 1.4.
Fig. 2.10(a)—Temperatures within slabs during ASTM E Fig. 2.10(b)—Temperatures within slabs during ASTM E
119 fire tests—carbonate aggregate concrete. 119 fire tests—siliceous aggregate concrete.
–
x1 = l/2 – Mnθ /wl
–
x0 = 2Mnθ /wl
–
Mnθ = As fyθ(def – aθ/2)
+ /w)1/2
x2 = (8Mnθ
where
x2 = distance between inflection points of the span in Fig. 2.13(a)—Temperatures in normalweight concrete
rectangular and tapered units at 1 hour of fire exposure.
question;
Mnθ– = (wl2)/8 – Mnθ+ ;
x0 = (l – x2)/2.
The distance x0 reaches a maximum when the minimum
anticipated uniform service load w is applied.
2.4.2.3 Calculation procedure for continuous beams—
The calculation procedure shall be the same as in 2.4.2.2(a)
for continuous slabs over one support or in 2.4.2.2(c) for
continuous slabs over two supports with the following
differences.
Figure 2.13(a) through (m) shall be used for determining
concrete and steel temperatures as described in 2.4.2.2(a).
For purposes of calculating an average u value, an
“effective u” shall be used by considering the distance of corner
bars or tendons to outer beam surfaces as 1/2 of the actual
distance.
Fig. 2.13(g)—Measured temperature distribution at 2-hour fire Fig. 2.13(i)—Temperature distribution in a normalweight
exposure for semi-lightweight concrete rectangular unit. concrete rectangular unit at 1 hour of fire exposure.
Fig. 2.13(h)—Measured temperature distribution at 2-hour fire Fig. 2.13(j)—Temperature distribution in a normalweight
exposure for semi-lightweight concrete tapered unit. concrete rectangular unit at 2 hours of fire exposure.
216.1M-16 ACI/TMS STANDARD
Limestone, cinders, or
air-cooled slag 50 60 70 85 100 125 150
where
R = fire resistance of the column assembly, hours;
Ast = cross-sectional area of the structural steel Fig. 3.2—Expansion or construction joints in masonry
column, mm2; walls with 13 mm maximum width having 2- or 4-hour fire
wcm = density of the concrete masonry protection, kg/m3; resistance.
p = inner perimeter of concrete masonry protection
(Fig. 3.3(a)), mm;
ps = heated perimeter of steel column (Eq. (3-4), (3-5),
and (3-6)), mm;
Tea = equivalent thickness of concrete masonry protection
assembly, mm; and
kcm = thermal conductivity of concrete masonry
((Eq. (3-7)), kcal/(h/m/°C)
where
bf = width of flange, mm;
dst = column dimension (Fig. 3.3), mm;
ps = heated perimeter of steel column (Eq. (3-4), (3-5),
and (3-6)), mm; and
tw = thickness of web (Fig. 3.3, w-shape), mm
It shall be permitted to calculate the thermal conductivity
of concrete masonry for use in Eq. (3-3) as
CHAPTER 4—CLAY BRICK AND TILE MASONRY Table 4.1—Fire resistance of clay masonry walls
4.1—General Minimum equivalent thickness
The calculated fire resistance of clay masonry assemblies for fire resistance, mm*†‡
shall be determined based on the provisions of this chapter. Material type 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
Except where the provisions of this chapter are more stringent, Solid brick of clay or shale§ 70 95 125 150
the design, construction, and material requirements of clay Hollow brick or tile of clay or shale, unfilled 60 85 110 125
masonry including units, mortar, grout, control joint Hollow brick or tile of clay or shale,
materials, and reinforcement shall comply with ACI 530/ grouted or filled with materials specified 75 110 140 170
ASCE 5/TMS 402 and ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602. Clay in 4.2.3
*
masonry units shall comply with ASTM C 34, C 56, C 62, C 73, Equivalent thickness as determined from 4.2.
†
Calculated fire resistance between the hourly increments listed shall be determined
C 126, C 212, C 216, or C 652. by linear interpolation.
‡
Where combustible members are framed into the wall, the thickness of solid material
between the end of each member and the opposite face of the wall, or between members
4.2—Equivalent thickness set in from opposite sides, shall not be less than 93% of the thickness shown.
§
The equivalent thickness of clay masonry assemblies shall be Units in which the net cross-sectional area of cored or frogged brick in any plane
parallel to the surface containing the cores or frog is at least 75% of the gross cross-
determined in accordance with the provisions of this section. sectional area measured in the same plane.
The equivalent thickness of hollow clay masonry
construction shall be based on the equivalent thickness of the
clay masonry unit as determined by 4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.2.3, and 4.3.3.1 Multi-wythe clay masonry walls with dimensionally
Eq. (4-1). dissimilar wythes—The fire resistance of multi-wythe clay
masonry walls consisting of two or more dimensionally
Te = Vn /LH (4-1) dissimilar wythes shall be based on the fire resistance of each
wythe. Equation (2-4) shall be used to determine fire resis-
where tance of the wall assembly.
Te = equivalent thickness of the clay masonry unit, mm; 4.3.3.2 Multi-wythe walls with dissimilar materials—
For multi-wythe walls consisting of two or more wythes of
Vn = net volume of the masonry unit, mm3;
dissimilar materials (concrete or concrete masonry units), the
L = specified length of the masonry unit, mm; and
fire resistance of the dissimilar wythes Rn shall be determined in
H = specified height of the masonry unit, mm accordance with 2.2; Fig. 2.2 for concrete; and 3.3 and Table 3.1
4.2.1 Ungrouted or partially grouted construction—The for concrete masonry units. Equation (2-4) shall be used to
equivalent thickness Te of an ungrouted or partially grouted determine fire resistance of the wall assembly.
clay masonry unit shall be taken equal to the value determined 4.3.3.3 Continuous air spaces—The fire resistance of
by Eq. (4-1). multi-wythe clay brick and tile masonry walls separated by
4.2.2 Solid grouted construction—The equivalent thickness continuous air spaces between each wythe shall be determined
of solidly grouted clay masonry units shall be taken as the using Eq. (2-4).
actual thickness of the unit.
4.2.3 Air spaces and cells filled with loose fill material— 4.4—Reinforced clay masonry columns
The equivalent thickness of hollow clay masonry units The fire resistance of reinforced clay masonry columns
completely filled shall be taken as the actual thickness of the shall be based on the least plan dimension of the column in
unit when loose fill materials are: sand, pea gravel, crushed accordance with the requirements of Table 3.2. The minimum
stone, or slag that meet ASTM C 33 requirements; pumice, cover for longitudinal reinforcement shall be 50 mm.
scoria, expanded shale, expanded clay, expanded slate,
expanded slag, expanded fly ash, or cinders in compliance with 4.5—Reinforced clay masonry lintels
ASTM C 331; perlite meeting the requirements of ASTM C The fire resistance of clay masonry lintels shall be
549; or vermiculite meeting the requirements of ASTM C 516. determined based on the nominal width of the lintel and the
minimum cover for the longitudinal reinforcement in
4.3—Clay brick and tile masonry wall assemblies accordance with Table 3.3.
The fire resistance of clay brick and tile masonry wall
assemblies shall be determined in accordance with the 4.6—Expansion or contraction joints
provisions of this section. Expansion or contraction joints in fire-rated clay masonry
wall assemblies shall be in accordance with 3.3.3.
4.3.1 Filled and unfilled clay brick and tile masonry—The
fire resistance of clay brick and tile walls shall be determined
4.7—Structural steel columns protected
from Table 4.1, using the equivalent thickness calculation by clay masonry
procedure prescribed in 4.2. 4.7.1 Calculation of fire resistance—It shall be permitted to
4.3.2 Single-wythe walls—The fire resistance of clay brick calculate fire resistance of a structural steel column protected
and tile masonry walls shall be determined from Table 4.1. with clay masonry, or to determine the thickness of clay
4.3.3 Multi-wythe walls—The fire resistance of multi- masonry necessary for meeting a fire-resistance requirement,
wythe walls shall be determined in accordance with the following the methods of 3.6. For this calculation, the thermal
provisions of this section and Table 4.1. conductivity of the clay masonry shall be taken as follows:
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-21
Density = 1920 kg/m3 kcm = 1.86 kcal/(h/m/°C) Table 5.1—Multiplying factor for finishes on non-
fire-exposed side of concrete slabs and concrete
and masonry walls
Density = 2080 kg/m3 kcm = 3.35 kcal/(h/m/°C)
The minimum required equivalent thicknesses of clay Type of finish applied to slab or wall
masonry for specified fire resistance of several commonly Portland
cement-sand Gypsum- Gypsum-
used column shapes and sizes are shown in Appendix C. Type of material used plaster* or sand vermiculite or Gypsum
in slab or wall terrazzo plaster perlite plaster washboard
CHAPTER 5—EFFECTS OF FINISH Concrete slab or wall
MATERIALS ON FIRE RESISTANCE Concrete—siliceous,
5.1—General carbonate, air-cooled 1.00 1.25 1.75 3.00
blast-furnace slag
Determine the contribution of additional fire resistance
Concrete— 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.25
provided by finish materials installed on concrete or semi-lightweight
masonry assemblies in accordance with the provisions of this Concrete—
chapter. The increase in fire resistance of the assembly shall lightweight, 0.75 1.00 1.25 2.25
insulating concrete
be based strictly on the influence of the finish material’s
Concrete masonry wall
ability to extend the heat transmission end-point in an ASTM
Concrete masonry—
E 119 test fire. siliceous, calcareous,
limestone, cinders, 1.00 1.25 1.75 3.00
air-cooled blast-
5.2—Calculation procedure furnace slag
The fire-resistance rating of walls or slabs of cast-in-place Concrete masonry—
or precast concrete, or walls of concrete or clay masonry made with 80% or
more by volume of
with finishes of gypsum wallboard or plaster applied to one expanded shale, slate 0.75 1.00 1.25 2.25
or both sides of the wall or slab shall be determined in or clay, expanded
slag, or pumice
accordance with this section.
Clay masonry wall
5.2.1 Assume each side of wall or slab is the fire-exposed
Clay masonry—solid
side—For a wall or slab having no finish on one side or brick of clay or shale 1.00 1.25 1.75 3.00
having different types, thicknesses, or both, of finish on each Clay masonry—
side, perform the calculation procedures in 5.2.2 and 5.2.3, hollow brick or tile of 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.25
clay or shale
assuming that each side of the wall or slab is the fire-exposed *
For portland cement-sand plaster 16 mm or less in thickness and applied directly to
side. The resulting fire resistance of the wall or slab, concrete or masonry on the non-fire-exposed side of the wall, multiplying factor shall
including finishes, shall not exceed the smaller of the two be 1.0.
Table 5.2—Time assigned to finish materials on are revised frequently, the reader is advised to contact the
fire-exposed side of concrete and masonry walls proper sponsoring group if it is desired to refer to the latest
Finish description Time, minutes version.
Gypsum wallboard
10 mm 10 American Concrete Institute
13 mm 15 117-90 Standard Specification for Tolerances for
16 mm 20 Concrete and Construction and Materials
Two layers of 10 mm 25 318M-05 Building Code Requirements for Struc-
One layer of 10 mm and one layer of 13 mm 35 tural Concrete
Two layers of 13 mm 40 530-05 Building Code Requirements for Masonry
Type “X” gypsum wallboard Structures (document is also identified as
13 mm 25 ASCE 5-05/TMS 402-05)
16 mm 40 530.1-05 Specification for Masonry Structures
Direct-applied portland cement-sand plaster *
Portland cement-sand plaster on metal lath ASTM International
20 mm 20 A 722/A 722M-06 Standard Specification for Uncoated
22 mm 25 High-Strength Steel Bars for Prestressing
25 mm 30 Concrete
Gypsum-sand plaster on 10 mm gypsum lath C 33-03 Standard Specification for Concrete
13 mm 35 Aggregates
16 mm 40 C 34-03 Standard Specification for Structural Clay
20 mm 50 Load-Bearing Wall Tile
Gypsum-sand plaster on metal lath C 36/C 36M-03 Standard Specification for Gypsum Wall-
20 mm 50 board
22 mm 60 C 55-03 Standard Specification for Concrete
25 mm 80 Building Brick
*
For purposes of determining the contribution of portland cement-sand plaster to the C 56-05 Standard Specification for Structural Clay
equivalent thickness of concrete or masonry for use in Tables 2.1, 3.1, or 4.1, it shall
be permitted to use the actual thickness of the plaster or 16 mm, whichever is smaller. Non-Load-Bearing Tile
C 62-05 Standard Specification for Building Brick
(Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay or
10 mm into resilient steel furring channels running horizontally Shale)
and spaced at a maximum of 600 mm on center. C 73-05 Standard Specification for Calcium Silicate
5.3.1.1(b)—Lath nails shall be spaced at a maximum Brick (Sand-Lime Brick)
of 300 mm on center and shall penetrate 20 mm into nominal C 90-06b Standard Specification for Load-Bearing
25 x 50 mm wood furring strips that are secured to the Concrete Masonry Units
masonry by 50 mm concrete nails, and spaced at a maximum C 126-99(2005) Standard Specification for Ceramic
of 400 mm on center. Glazed Structural Clay Facing Tile,
5.3.1.2 Adhesive attachment to concrete and clay Facing Brick, and Solid Masonry Units
masonry—Place a 10 mm bead of panel adhesive around the C 129-06 Standard Specification for Nonload-
perimeter of the wallboard and across the diagonals. After bearing Concrete Masonry Units
the wall board is laminated to the masonry surface, secure it C 140-06 Standard Test Methods for Sampling and
with one masonry nail for each 18,600 mm2 of panel. Testing Concrete Masonry Units and
5.3.1.3 Gypsum wallboard orientation—Install gypsum Related Units
wallboard with the long dimension parallel to furring C 212-00(2006) Standard Specification for Structural Clay
members and with all horizontal and vertical joints Facing Tile
supported and finished. C 216-06 Standard Specification for Facing Brick
Exception: 16 mm thick Type “X” gypsum wallboard is (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay or
permitted to be installed horizontally on walls with the Shale)
horizontal joints unsupported. C 330-05 Standard Specification for Lightweight
5.3.2 Plaster and stucco—Plaster and stucco attached to a Aggregates for Structural Concrete
concrete or masonry surface for the purpose of increasing C 331-05 Standard Specification for Lightweight
fire resistance shall be applied in accordance with provisions Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units
of the building code. C 332-99 Standard Specification for Lightweight
Aggregates for Insulating Concrete
CHAPTER 6—REFERENCES C 516-02 Standard Specification for Vermiculite
6.1—Referenced standards Loose Fill Thermal Insulation
The standards listed below were the latest editions at the C 549-06 Standard Specification for Perlite Loose
time this document was prepared. Because these documents Fill Insulation
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-23
C 567-05a Standard Test Method for Determining 6-05 Specification for Masonry Structures (see
Density of Structural Lightweight Concrete also ACI 530.1-05/TMS 602-05)
C 612-04 Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber
Block and Board Thermal Insulation The Masonry Society
C 652-05a Standard Specification for Hollow Brick 402-05 Building Code Requirements for
(Hollow Masonry Units Made from Clay Masonry Structures (see also ACI 530-05/
or Shale) ASCE 5-05)
C 726-05 Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber 602-05 Specification for Masonry Structures (see
Roof Insulation Board also ACI 530.1-05/ASCE 6-05)
C 744-05 Standard Specification for Prefaced The above documents can be purchased from the
Concrete and Calcium Silicate Masonry following organizations:
Units
C 796-04 Standard Test Method for Foaming American Concrete Institute
Agents for Use in Producing Cellular P.O. Box 9094
Concrete Using Preformed Foam Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094
C 1088-06 Standard Specification for Thin Veneer
Brick Units Made from Clay or Shale
American Society of Civil Engineers
E 119-05a Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of
1801 Alexander Bell Dr.
Building Construction and Materials
Reston, VA 20191-4400
IEEE/
ASTM SI 10-02 American National Standard for Use of
the International System of Units (SI): The ASTM International
Modern Metric System 100 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
American Society of Civil Engineers
5-05 Building Code Requirements for Masonry The Masonry Society
Structures (see also ACI 530-05/TMS 3970 Broadway, Unit 201 D
402-05) Boulder, CO 80304
216.1M-24 ACI/TMS STANDARD
Table A.1—Minimum cover (mm) for steel columns encased in normalweight concrete* (Fig. 2.14(c))
Fire resistance rating, h
Structural shape 1 1-1/2 2 3 4
50
W360 x 347 40
25
W360 x 262
65
W360 x 196 25
25
W360 x 134
50
W360 x 91
40
W360 x 72 75
W360 x 64 40 65
W310 x 226 25
65
W310 x 143 25 50
W310 x 97 25
40
W310 x 74 75
40 65
W310 x 60
W250 x 131 50
W250 x 73 75
40
W250 x 67 25 40
65
W250 x 58
90
W250 x 49.1 50
W200 x 100 25 75
40
W200 x 86 65
W200 x 71
25 90
W200 x 46.1 40
50
W200 x 31.3 75
W200 x 26.6 100
90
40 50
W150 x 37.1
25
W150 x 29.8 75
W150 x 24
50 65
W150 x 22.5
40
W150 x 13.5 90
*Tabulated thicknesses are based on the assumed Dc = 2320 kg/m3, kc = 1.41 kcal/(h/m/°C), and cc = 920.48 J/(kg/°C).
Table A.2—Minimum cover (mm) for steel columns encased in structural lightweight concrete* (Fig. 2.14(c))
Fire resistance rating, h
Structural shape 1 1-1/2 2 3 4
25
W360 x 347 40
W360 x 287 25
25 25
W360 x 110 40 50
W360 x 91
65
W360 x 64 40 50
W310 x 97 40 50
25
W310 x 79 25 25
50 65
W310 x 60 40
W250 x 167
40 50
W250 x 131 25
25 25
W250 x 89
50 65
W250 x 49.1 40
W200 x 52 65
W200 x 41.7 25 50
25 40
W200 x 35.9 75
W200 x 26.6 40 65
*Tabulated thicknesses are based on the assumed Dc = 1760 kg/m3, kc = 0.52 kcal/(h/m/°C), and cc = 878.64 J/(kg/°C).
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-25
Table A.3—Minimum cover (mm) for steel columns encased in normalweight precast covers* (Fig. 2.14(a))
Fire resistance rating, h
Structural shape 1 1-1/2 2 3 4
W360 x347
40
W360 x 314 65
40
W360 x 262
50 90
W360 x 216
40
W360 x 162 75
W360 x 147
50 65
W360 x 91 100
90
W360 x 64 115
W310 x 283 40
65 90
W310 x 226
40
W310 x 179 50
W310 x 143 40 75
100
W310 x 129
W310 x 86 50 65
90
W310 x 60 115
W250 x 167 90
40 50
W250 x 131 75
W250 x 115 40 100
W250 x 80 50 65
90
W250 x 49.1 115
W200 x 100 40 50 75
W200 x 86 100
W200 x 71 50 65
40 90
W200 x 41.7
W200 x 31.3 115
65 75
W200 x 26.6 100
W150 x 37.1 50 65
90
W150 x 29.8 40
115
W150 x 24
65 75
W150 x 18 100
50
W150 x 13.5 125
*
Tabulated thicknesses are based on the assumed Dc = 2320 kg/m3, kc = 1.41 kcal(m/h/°C), and cc = 920.48 J/(kg/°C).
Table A.4—Minimum cover (mm) for steel columns encased in structural lightweight precast covers* (Fig. 2.14(a))
Fire resistance rating, h
Structural shape 1 1-1/2 2 3 4
W360 x 347
65
W360 x 262 50
W360 x 216 40
W360 x 196
40 40 75
W360 x 162
65
W360 x 147
W360 x 101 50
90
W360 x 64 75
W310 x 283
65
W310 x 226 50
W310 x 202 40
75
W310 x 158
40 40
W310 x 143
65
W310 x 129
90
W310 x 97 50
W310 x 60 75
W250 x 167 50
W250 x 149 40
75
W250 x 131
40 65
W250 x 115 40
W250 x 89
50
W250 x 58 90
75
W250 x 49.1 50
W200 x 100 40
65 75
W200 x 71 40
W200 x 52 40 50
90
W200 x 41.7 75
50
W200 x 26.6 65 100
W150 x 37.1 50 90
75
W150 x 22.5 40 50
65 100
W150 x 13.5 90
* 3
Tabulated thicknesses are based on the assumed Dc = 1760 kg/m , kc = 0.52 kcal/(h/m/°C), and cc = 878.64 J/(kg/°C).
216.1M-26 ACI/TMS STANDARD
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