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ACI 216.

1M-07 / TMS-216-07

Code Requirements for


Determining Fire Resistance
of Concrete and Masonry
Construction Assemblies
An ACI / TMS Standard

Reported by Joint ACI / TMS Committee 216


®
American Concrete Institute
Advancing concrete knowledge

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ISBN 978-0-87031-304-2
ACI 216.1M-07
TMS-216-07

Code Requirements for Determining Fire Resistance


of Concrete and Masonry Construction Assemblies
An ACI/TMS Standard
Reported by Joint ACI-TMS Committee 216

Long T. Phan Venkatesh K. R. Kodur


Chair Secretary

Gene C. Abbate* Jeffrey H. Greenwald Phillip J. Iverson John P. Ries


Charles B. Clark, Jr. Thomas F. Herrell Tung D. Lin Thomas J. Rowe
Donald O. Dusenberry Thomas A. Holm Richard J. McGrath Jay G. Sanjayan
William L. Gamble James P. Hurst John D. Perry Jeffery F. Speck
Richard G. Gewain* Robert Iding Stephen Pessiki Robert E. Van Laningham
Dennis W. Graber Joel R. Irvine Walter J. Prebis

*
Deceased.

FOREWORD 2.4—Analytical methods for calculating structural fire


Fire resistance of building elements is an important consideration in resistance and cover protection of concrete flexural
building design. While structural design considerations for concrete and members
masonry at ambient temperature conditions are addressed by ACI 318M
2.5—Reinforced concrete columns
and ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402, respectively, these codes do not consider
the impact of fire on concrete and masonry construction. This standard 2.6—Structural steel columns protected by concrete
contains design and analytical procedures for determining the fire resistance
of concrete and masonry members and building assemblies. Where Chapter 3—Concrete masonry, p. 216.1M-17
differences occur in specific design requirements between this standard 3.1—General
and the aforementioned codes, as in the case of cover protection of steel 3.2—Equivalent thickness
reinforcement, the more stringent of the requirements shall apply.
3.3—Concrete masonry wall assemblies
3.4—Reinforced concrete masonry columns
Keywords: beams (supports); columns (supports); compressive strength;
3.5—Concrete masonry lintels
concrete slabs, fire endurance; fire ratings; fire resistance; fire tests;
masonry walls; modulus of elasticity; prestressed concrete; prestressing
3.6—Structural steel columns protected by concrete
steels; reinforced concrete; reinforcing steel; structural design; temperature masonry
distribution; thermal properties; walls.
Chapter 4—Clay brick and tile masonry, p. 216.1M-20
CONTENTS 4.1—General
Chapter 1—General, p. 216.1M-2 4.2—Equivalent thickness
1.1—Scope 4.3—Clay brick and tile masonry wall assemblies
4.4—Reinforced clay masonry columns
1.2—Alternative methods
4.5—Reinforced clay masonry lintels
1.3—Definitions 4.6—Expansion or contraction joints
1.4—Notation 4.7—Structural steel columns protected by clay masonry
1.5—Fire resistance determinations
ACI 216.1M-07 supersedes ACI 216.1-97, was adopted March 6, 2007, and published
Chapter 2—Concrete, p. 216.1M-4 September 2008.
Copyright © 2007, American Concrete Institute.
2.1—General All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any
means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or
2.2—Concrete walls, floors, and roofs mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction
or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing
2.3—Concrete cover protection of steel reinforcement is obtained from the copyright proprietors.

216.1M-1
216.1M-2 ACI/TMS STANDARD

Chapter 5—Effects of finish materials on fire blanket, ceramic fiber—mineral wool insulating material
resistance, p. 216.1M-21 made of alumina-silica fibers and having a density of 60
5.1—General to 130 kg/m3.
5.2—Calculation procedure
board, mineral—mineral fiber insulation board
5.3—Installation of finishes complying with ASTM C 726.
building code—a legal document that establishes the
Chapter 6—References, p. 216.1M-22
6.1—Referenced standards minimum requirements necessary for building design and
construction to provide for public health and safety.
APPENDIXES concrete, carbonate aggregate—concrete made with
Appendix A —Minimum cover for steel columns coarse aggregate consisting mainly of calcium carbonate or
encased in concrete, p. 216.1M-24 a combination of calcium and magnesium carbonate (for
example, limestone or dolomite).
Appendix B—Fire resistance of concrete- concrete, cellular—a low-density product consisting of
masonry-protected steel columns, p. 216.1M-26
portland-cement, cement-silica, cement-pozzolan, lime-
Appendix C—Fire resistance of clay-masonry- pozzolan, lime silica pastes, or pastes containing a blend of
protected steel columns, p. 216.1M-28 these ingredients and having a homogeneous void or cell
structure, attained with gas-forming chemicals or foaming
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL agents. (For cellular concretes containing binder ingredients
1.1—Scope other than, or in addition to, portland cement, autoclave
This standard describes acceptable methods for determining curing is usually employed.)
the fire resistance of concrete building and masonry building concrete, lightweight-aggregate—concrete made with
assemblies and structural elements, including walls, floor aggregates conforming to ASTM C 330 or C 331.
and roof slabs, beams, columns, lintels, and masonry fire
concrete, normalweight—concrete made with aggregates
protection for structural steel columns. These methods shall
conforming to ASTM C 33.
be used for design and analysis purposes and shall be based
on the fire exposure and applicable end-point criteria of concrete, perlite—nonstructural lightweight insulating
ASTM E 119. This standard does not apply to composite concrete having a density of approximately 480 kg/m3, made
metal deck floor or roof assemblies. by mixing perlite aggregate complying with ASTM C 332
The primary intended use of this document is for determining with portland cement slurry.
the design requirements for concrete and masonry elements concrete, plain—structural concrete with no reinforcement
to resist fire and provide fire protection. Tolerance compliance or less reinforcement than the minimum amount specified in
to the provisions for concrete shall be based on information ACI 318M for reinforced concrete.
provided in ACI 117. Consideration for compliance to the concrete, reinforced—structural concrete reinforced with
provisions for masonry shall be based on the information no less than the minimum amount of prestressing tendons or
provided in ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602. nonprestressed reinforcement as specified by ACI 318M.
concrete, semi-lightweight—Concrete made with a combi-
1.2—Alternative methods nation of lightweight aggregates (expanded clay, shale, slag,
Methods other than those presented in this standard shall or slate, or sintered fly ash) and normalweight aggregates,
be permitted for use in assessing the fire resistance of having an equilibrium density of 1680 to 1920 k/m3 in
concrete and masonry building assemblies and structural accordance with ASTM C 567.
elements if the methods are based on the fire exposure and concrete, siliceous aggregate—normalweight concrete
applicable end-point criteria specified in ASTM E 119. having constituents composed mainly of silica or silicates.
Computer models, when used, shall be validated and supported
concrete, structural—all concrete used for structural
by published material to substantiate their accuracy.
purposes, including plain and reinforced concrete.
concrete, vermiculite—concrete in which the aggregate
1.3—Definitions
The following definitions apply for this standard: consists of exfoliated vermiculite.
approved—approved by the building official responsible end-point criteria—conditions of acceptance for an
for enforcing the legally adopted building code of which this ASTM E 119 fire test.
standard is a part, or approved by some other authority end-point, heat transmission—An acceptance criterion
having jurisdiction. of ASTM E 119 limiting the temperature rise of the unexposed
bar, high-strength alloy steel—steel bars conforming to surface to an average of 121 °C for all measuring points or a
the requirements of ASTM A 722/A 722M. maximum of 160 °C at any one point.
barrier element—a building member that performs as a end-point, integrity—an acceptance criterion of ASTM E
barrier to the spread of fire (for example, walls, floors, and 119 prohibiting the passage of flame or gases hot enough to
roofs). ignite cotton waste before the end of the desired fire-
beam—a structural member subjected primarily to endurance period. The term also applies to the hose-stream
flexure, but also to axial loads. test of a fire-exposed wall.
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-3

end-point, steel temperature—an acceptance criterion of die; for concrete reinforcement of a diameter not less than 2 mm
ASTM E 119 defining the limiting steel temperatures for nor greater than 16 mm.
unrestrained assembly classifications. standard fire exposure—the time-temperature relationship
end-point, structural—ASTM E 119 criteria that specify defined by ASTM E 119.
the conditions of acceptance for structural performance of a standard fire test—the test prescribed by ASTM E 119.
tested assembly. steel, hot-rolled—steel used for reinforcing bars or structural
endurance, fire—a measure of the elapsed time during steel members.
which a material or assembly continues to exhibit fire strand—a prestressing tendon composed of a number of
resistance. As applied to elements of buildings with respect wires twisted about a center wire or core.
to this standard, it shall be measured by the methods and temperature, critical—temperature of reinforcing steel in
criteria contained in ASTM E 119. unrestrained flexural members during fire exposure at which
fiberboard, glass—fibrous glass insulation board the nominal flexural strength of a member is reduced to the
complying with ASTM C 612. moment produced by application of service loads to that
fiber, sprayed mineral—a blend of refined mineral fibers member.
and inorganic binders. tendon—a steel element such as strand, bar, wire, or a
fire resistance—the property of a material or assembly to bundle of such elements, primarily used in tension to impart
withstand fire or provide protection from it. As applied to compressive stress to concrete.
elements of buildings, it is characterized by the ability to wallboard, gypsum type “X”—mill-fabricated product,
confine a fire or, when exposed to fire, to continue to complying with ASTM C 36/C 36M, Type X, made of a
perform a given structural function, or both. gypsum core containing special minerals and encased in a
fire-resistance rating (sometimes called fire rating, fire- smooth, finished paper on the face side and liner paper on
resistance classification, or hourly rating)—a legal term the back.
defined in building codes, usually based on fire endurance;
fire-resistance ratings are assigned by building codes for 1.4—Notation
various types of construction and occupancies, and are A1, A2,
usually given in half-hour or hourly increments. and An = air factor for each continuous air space having a
fire test—see standard fire test. distance of 13 to 89 mm between wythes
joist—a comparatively narrow beam, used in closely (nondimensional)
spaced arrangements to support floor or roof slabs (that Aps = cross-sectional area of prestressing tendons, mm2
require no reinforcement except that required for temperature As = cross-sectional area of non-prestressed longitudinal
and shrinkage stresses); also a horizontal structural member tension reinforcement, mm2
such as that which supports deck form sheathing. Ast = cross-sectional area of the steel column, mm2
masonry, plain—masonry in which the tensile resistance a = depth of equivalent rectangular concrete
of masonry is taken into consideration and the resistance of compressive stress block at nominal flexural
the reinforcing steel, if present, is neglected. strength, mm
masonry, reinforced—a material in which the masonry
aθ = depth of equivalent concrete rectangular stress
tensile strength is neglected and the effects of stress in
block at elevated temperature, mm
embedded reinforcement are included in the design.
B = least dimension of rectangular concrete column, in.
masonry unit, clay—solid or hollow unit (brick or tile)
b = width of concrete slab or beam, mm
composed of clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring
bf = width of flange, mm
earthen substances shaped into prismatic units and subjected
to heat treatment at elevated temperature (firing), meeting cc = ambient temperature specific heat of concrete,
requirements of ASTM C 34, C 56, C 62, C 126, C 212, C J/(kg/°C)
216, C 652, or C 1088. Dc = oven-dried density of concrete, kg/m3
masonry unit, concrete—hollow or solid unit (block) d = effective depth, distance from centroid of tension
made from cementitious materials, water, and aggregates, reinforcement to extreme compressive fiber or
with or without the inclusion of other materials, meeting the depth of steel column, mm
requirements of ASTM C 55, C 73, C 90, C 129, or C 744. def = distance from centroid of tension reinforcement to
mastic, intumescent—spray-applied coating that reacts to most extreme concrete compressive fiber at which
heat at approximately 150 °C by foaming to a multicellular point temperature does not exceed 760 °C, mm
structure having 10 to 15 times its initial thickness. dl = thickness of fire-exposed concrete layer, mm
material, cementitious—cements and pozzolans used in dst = column dimension, mm
concrete and masonry construction. ºC = degrees Celsius
material, vermiculite cementitious—cementitious material fc = measured compressive strength of concrete test
containing mill-mixed vermiculite to which water is added to cylinders at ambient temperature, MPa
form a mixture suitable for spraying. fc′ = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa
reinforcement, cold-drawn wire—steel wire made from ′
fcθ = reduced compressive strength of concrete at
rods that have been rolled from billets, cold-drawn through a elevated temperature, MPa
216.1M-4 ACI/TMS STANDARD

fps = stress in prestressing steel at nominal flexural uef = an adjusted value of u to accommodate beam
strength, MPa geometry where fire exposure to concrete surfaces
fpsθ = reduced stress of prestressing steel at elevated is from three sides, mm
temperature, MPa Vn = net volume of masonry unit, mm3
fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressing tendons, psi W = average weight of the steel column, kg/m
fy = specified yield strength of non-prestressed w = sum of unfactored dead and live service loads
reinforcing steel, MPa wc = density of concrete, kg/m
fyθ = reduced yield strength of non-prestressed reinforcing wcm = density of masonry protection, kg/m3
steel at elevated temperature, MPa x0 = distance from inflection point to location of first
H = specified height of masonry unit, mm interior support, measured after moment redistribu-
Hs = ambient temperature thermal capacity of steel tion has occurred, mm
column, J/(m/°C) x1 = distance at which maximum value of redistributed
h = average thickness of concrete cover, mm positive moment occurs measured from: (a) outer
kc = thermal conductivity of concrete at room support for continuity over one support; and (b)
temperature, kcal/(h/m/°C) either support where continuity extends over two
kcm = thermal conductivity of concrete masonry at room supports, mm
temperature, kcal/(h/m/°C) x2 = in continuous span, distance between adjacent
L = specified length of masonry unit or interior inflection points, mm
dimension of rectangular concrete box protection θ = subscript denoting changes of parameter due to
for steel column, mm elevated temperature
l = clear span between supports, mm or m ρ = reinforcement ratio
ρg = ratio of total reinforcement area to cross-sectional
M = moment due to full service load on member, N-m
area of column
Mn = nominal moment capacity at section, N-m
ωp = reinforcement index for concrete beam reinforced
Mnθ = nominal moment capacity at section at elevated
with prestressing steel
temperature, N-m
+ ωr = reinforcement index for concrete beam reinforced
Mnθ = nominal positive moment capacity of section at
with non-prestressed steel
elevated temperature, N-m
– ωθ = reinforcement index for concrete beam at elevated
Mnθ = nominal negative moment capacity of section at temperature
elevated temperature, N-m
Mx1 = maximum value of redistributed positive moment 1.5—Fire resistance determinations
at some distance x1, N-m The fire resistance of materials and assemblies shall be
m = equivalent moisture content of the concrete by determined by one of the methods given in 1.5.1 to 1.5.4.
volume (percent) 1.5.1 Qualification by testing—Materials and assemblies
p = inner perimeter of concrete masonry protection, mm of materials of construction tested in accordance with the
ps = heated perimeter of steel column, mm requirements set forth in ASTM E 119 shall be rated for fire
R = fire resistance of assembly, hours resistance in accordance with the results and conditions of
R0 = fire resistance at zero moisture content, hours such tests.
R1, R2,...Rn= fire resistance of layer 1, 2,...n, respectively, 1.5.2 Calculated fire resistance—The fire resistance
hours associated with an element or assembly shall be deemed
s = center-to-center spacing of items such as ribs or acceptable when established by the calculation procedures in
undulations, mm this standard or when established in accordance with 1.2.
T = specified thickness of concrete masonry and clay 1.5.3 Approval through past performance—The provisions
masonry unit, mm of this standard are not intended to prevent the application of
Te = equivalent thickness of concrete, concrete fire ratings to elements and assemblies that have been applied
masonry and clay masonry unit, mm in the past and have been proven through performance.
Tea = equivalent thickness of concrete masonry assembly, 1.5.4 Alternative methods—The provisions of this standard
mm are not intended to prevent the application of new and
Tef = equivalent thickness of finishes, mm emerging technology for predicting the life safety and
property protection implications of buildings and structures.
t = time, min.
te = equivalent thickness of a ribbed or undulating
CHAPTER 2—CONCRETE
concrete section, mm 2.1—General
tmin = minimum thickness, mm The fire resistance of concrete members and assemblies
ttot = total slab thickness, mm designed in accordance with ACI 318M for reinforced and
tw = thickness of web, mm plain structural concrete shall be determined based on the
u = average thickness of concrete between the center of provisions of this chapter. Concrete walls, floors, and roofs
main reinforcing steel and fire-exposed surface, mm shall meet minimum thickness requirements for purposes of
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-5

Table 2.1—Fire resistance of single-layer concrete


walls, floors, and roofs
Aggregate Minimum equivalent thickness for fire-resistance rating, mm
type 1 hour 1-1/2 hours 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
Siliceous 90 110 125 157 175
Carbonate 80 100 115 145 170
Semi-
lightweight 70 85 95 115 135

Lightweight 65 80 90 110 130

barrier fire resistance. Concrete containing steel reinforcement


shall additionally meet cover protection requirements in this
chapter for purposes of maintaining fire resistance.
In some cases, distinctions are made between normalweight
concrete made with carbonate and siliceous aggregates. If
the type of aggregate is not known, the value for the aggregate
resulting in the greatest required member thickness or cover Fig. 2.1—Equivalent thickness of flanged, ribbed, and
to the reinforcement shall be used. undulating panels.

2.2—Concrete walls, floors, and roofs


Plain and reinforced concrete bearing or nonbearing walls thickness used to calculate the net cross-sectional area shall
and floor and roof slabs required to provide fire-resistance not exceed two times the minimum thickness; and
ratings of 1 to 4 hours shall comply with the minimum 3. Where the center-to-center spacing of ribs or undulations
equivalent thickness values in Table 2.1. For solid walls and exceeds two times the minimum thickness but is not more
slabs with flat surfaces, the equivalent thickness shall be than four times the minimum thickness, calculate the equivalent
determined in accordance with 2.2.1. The equivalent thickness thickness te from the following equation
of hollow-core slabs or walls, or slabs, walls, or other barrier
elements with surfaces that are not flat shall be determined te = tmin + [(4tmin/s) – 1](te2 – tmin) (2-1)
in accordance with 2.2.2 through 2.2.4. Provisions for cover
protection of steel reinforcement are contained in 2.3. where
2.2.1 Solid walls and slabs with flat surfaces—For solid s = spacing of ribs or undulations, mm;
walls and slabs with flat surfaces, the actual thickness shall tmin = minimum thickness, mm; and
be the equivalent thickness. te2 = equivalent thickness, mm, calculated in accor-
2.2.2 Hollow-core concrete walls and slabs—For walls dance with Item 2 of Section 2.2.4.
and slabs constructed with precast concrete hollow-core 2.2.5 Multiple-layer walls, floors, and roofs—For walls,
panels with constant core cross section throughout their floors, and roofs consisting of two or more layers of different
length, calculate the equivalent thickness by dividing the net types of concrete, masonry, or both, determine the fire
cross-sectional area by the panel width. Where all of the core resistance in accordance with the graphical or numerical
spaces are filled with grout or loose fill material, such as solutions in 2.2.5.1, 2.2.5.2, or 2.2.5.3. The fire resistance of
perlite, vermiculite, sand or expanded clay, shale, slag, or insulated concrete floors and roofs shall be determined in
slate, the fire resistance of the wall or slab shall be the same accordance with 2.2.6.
as that of a solid wall or slab of the same type of concrete. 2.2.5.1 Graphical and analytical solutions—For solid
2.2.3 Flanged panels—For flanged walls, and floor and walls, floors, and roofs consisting of two layers of different
roof panels where the flanges taper, the equivalent thickness types of concrete, fire resistance shall be determined through
shall be determined at the location of the lesser distance of the use of Fig. 2.2 or from Eq. (2-2) or (2-3). Perform separate
two times the minimum thickness or 150 mm from the point fire-resistance calculations, assuming each side of the
of the minimum thickness of the flange (Fig. 2.1). element is the fire-exposed side. The fire resistance shall be
2.2.4 Ribbed or undulating panels—Determine the the lower of the two resulting calculations, unless otherwise
equivalent thickness te of elements consisting of panels with permitted by the building code. For floors and roofs, the
ribbed or undulating surfaces as follows: bottom surface shall be assumed to be exposed to fire.
1. Where the center-to-center spacing of ribs or undulations 2.2.5.2 Numerical solution—For floor and roof slabs and
is more than four times the minimum thickness; the equivalent walls made of one layer of normalweight concrete and one
thickness te is the minimum thickness of the panel neglecting layer of semi-lightweight or lightweight concrete, where
the ribs or undulations (Fig. 2.1); each layer is 25 mm or greater in thickness, the combined
2. Where the center-to-center spacing of ribs or undulations fire resistance of the assembly shall be permitted to be deter-
is equal to or less than two times the minimum thickness, mined using the following expressions:
calculate the equivalent thickness te by dividing the net (a) When the fire-exposed layer is of normalweight
cross-sectional area by the panel width. The maximum concrete
216.1M-6 ACI/TMS STANDARD

Fig. 2.3—Effect of slab thickness and aggregate type of fire


resistance of concrete slabs based on 139 °C rise in tem-
perature of unexposed surface.

A1, A2, and An = 0.30; the air factor for each continuous air
space having a distance of 13 to 90 mm between
layers.
Fig. 2.2—Fire resistance of two-layer concrete walls, floors, Obtain values of R n for individual layers for use in Eq. (2-4)
and roofs. from Table 2.1 or Fig. 2.3 for concrete materials, from Table 3.1
for concrete masonry, and Table 4.1 for clay masonry.
Interpolation between values in the tables shall be permitted.
Equation (2-4) does not consider which layer is being
R = 0.057(2ttot2 – dl ttot +6/ttot ) (2-2) exposed to the fire.
2.2.5.4 Sandwich panels—Determine the fire resistance
(b) When the fire-exposed layer is of lightweight or semi- of precast concrete wall panels consisting of a layer of foam
lightweight concrete plastic sandwiched between two layers of concrete by using
Eq. (2-4). For foam plastic with a thickness not less than 25 mm,
use Rn0.59 = 0.22 hours in Eq. (2-4). For foam plastic with a
R = 0.063(ttot2 + 2dlttot – dl2 + 4/ttot ) (2-3)
total thickness less than 25 mm, the fire resistance contribu-
tion of the plastic shall be zero. Foam plastic shall be
where protected on both sides with not less than 25 mm of concrete.
R = fire resistance, hours;
2.2.6 Insulated floors and roofs—Use Fig. 2.4(a), (b), and
ttot = total thickness of slab, mm; and (c) or Fig. 2.5(a) and (b) to determine the fire resistance of
dl = thickness of fire-exposed layer, mm floors and roofs consisting of a base slab of concrete with a
2.2.5.3 Alternative numerical solution—Determine the topping (overlay) of cellular, perlite or vermiculite concrete,
fire resistance from Eq. (2-4) for walls, floors, and roofs not or insulation boards and built-up roof. Where a three-ply
meeting the criteria of 2.2.5.1 and consisting of two or more built-up roof is installed over a lightweight insulating, or
layers of different types of concrete, or consisting of layers semi-lightweight concrete topping, it shall be permitted to
of concrete, concrete masonry, clay masonry, or a combination add 10 minutes to the fire resistance determined from
Fig. 2.4(a), (b), (c) or Fig. 2.6.
R = (R10.59 + R20.59 +...+ Rn0.59 + A1 + A2 +...+ An)1.7 (2-4) 2.2.7 Protection of joints between precast concrete wall
panels and slabs—When joints between precast concrete
where wall panels are required to be insulated by 2.2.7.1, this shall
R = fire resistance of assembly, hours; be done in accordance with 2.2.7.2. Joints between precast
R1, R2, and Rn = fire resistance of individual layers, hours; concrete slabs shall be in accordance with 2.2.7.3.
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-7

Fig. 2.5—Fire resistance of concrete roofs with board


insulation.

Fig. 2.4—Fire resistance of concrete base slabs with overlays


of insulating concrete, 480 kg/m3.

2.2.7.1 Joints in walls required to be insulated—Where


openings are not permitted or where openings are required to
be protected, use the provisions of 2.2.7.2 to determine the
required thickness of joint insulation. Joints between
concrete wall panels that are not insulated as prescribed in
2.2.7.2 shall be considered unprotected openings. Where the
percentage of unprotected openings is limited in exterior
walls, include uninsulated joints in exterior walls with other Fig. 2.6—Fire resistance of semi-lightweight concrete
unprotected openings. Insulated joints that comply with overlays on normalweight concrete base slabs.
2.2.7.2 shall not be considered openings for purposes of
determining allowable percentage of openings.
2.2.7.2 Thickness of ceramic fiber insulation—The used. Where a concrete topping is not used, joints shall be
thickness of ceramic fiber blanket insulation required to grouted to a depth of at least 1/3 of the slab thickness. In the
insulate joints of 10 and 25 mm in width between concrete case of hollow-core slabs, the grout thickness need not
wall panels to maintain fire-resistance ratings of 1 to 4 hours exceed the sum of the thicknesses of the top and bottom
shall be in accordance with Fig. 2.7. For joint widths shells. It shall be permitted to use ceramic fiber blanket
between 10 and 25 mm, determine the thickness of insulation insulation in accordance with 2.2.7.2.
by interpolation. Other approved joint treatment systems that 2.2.8 Effects of finish materials on fire resistance—The
maintain the required fire resistance shall be permitted. use of finish materials to increase the fire-resistance rating
2.2.7.3 Joints between precast slabs—It shall be shall be permitted. The effects of the finish materials,
permitted to ignore joints between adjacent precast concrete whether on the fire-exposed side or the non-fire-exposed
slabs when calculating the equivalent slab thickness, side, shall be evaluated in accordance with the provisions of
provided that a concrete topping not less than 25 mm thick is Chapter 5.
216.1M-8 ACI/TMS STANDARD

Table 2.2—Construction classification, restrained


and unrestrained
Unrestrained
Single spans and simply-supported end spans of multiple
Wall bearing
bays such as concrete or precast units*
Restrained
Interior spans of multiple bays:
1. Cast-in-place concrete slab systems
Wall bearing 2. Precast concrete where the potential thermal expansion
is resisted by adjacent construction†
1. Beams fastened securely to the framing numbers
2. Cast-in-place floor or roof systems (such as beam/slab
systems, flat slabs, pan joists, and waffle slabs) where the
floor or roof system is cast with the framing members
3. Interior and exterior spans of precast systems with
Concrete cast-in-place joints resulting in restraint equivalent to that
framing of Condition 1, concrete framing
4. Prefabricated floor or roof systems where the structural
members are secured to such systems and the potential
thermal expansion of the floor or roof systems is resisted
by the framing system of the adjoining floor or roof
construction†
*It shall be permitted to consider floor and roof systems restrained when they are tied
into walls with or without tie beams, provided the walls are designed and detailed to
resist thermal thrust from the floor or roof system.
†For example, resistance to potential thermal expansion is considered to be
achieved when:
1. Continuous concrete structural topping is used;
2. The space between the ends of precast units or between the ends of units and the
vertical face of supports is filled with concrete or mortar; or
3. The space between the ends of the precast units and the vertical face of supports,
or between the ends of solid or hollow-core slab units, does not exceed 0.25% of
the length for normalweight concrete members or 0.1% of the length for structural Fig. 2.7—Ceramic fiber joint production.
lightweight concrete members.

Table 2.3—Minimum cover in concrete floors and slabs and beams as restrained or unrestrained in accordance
roof slabs with Table 2.2.
2.3.1.1 Cover for reinforcement in slab—The minimum
Cover*† for corresponding fire resistance, mm
thickness of concrete cover to positive moment reinforcement
Aggregate Restrained Unrestrained
(bottom steel) for different types of concrete floor and roof
type 4 or less 1 hour 1-1/2 hours 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
slabs required to provide fire resistance of 1 to 4 hours shall
Nonprestressed
conform to values given in Table 2.3. Table 2.3 is applicable
Siliceous 20 20 20 25 30 40
to one-way or two-way cast-in-place beam/slab systems or
Carbonate 20 20 20 20 30 30
precast solid or hollow-core slabs with flat undersurfaces.
Semi-
lightweight 20 20 20 20 30 30 2.3.1.2 Cover for nonprestressed flexural reinforcement
Lightweight 20 20 20 20 30 30 in beams—The minimum thickness of concrete cover to non-
Prestressed prestressed bottom longitudinal steel reinforcement for
Siliceous 20 30 40 45 60 70 restrained and unrestrained beams of different widths
Carbonate 20 25 35 40 55 55 required to provide fire resistance of 1 to 4 hours shall
Semi- conform to values given in Table 2.4. Values in Table 2.4 for
20 25 35 40 50 55
lightweight restrained beams apply to beams spaced more than 1.2 m
Lightweight 20 25 35 40 50 55 apart on center. For restrained beams and joists spaced 1.2 m
*
Shall also meet minimum cover requirements of 2.3.1. or less on center, 20 mm cover shall be permitted to meet fire-

Measured from concrete surface to surface of longitudinal reinforcement.
resistance requirements of 4 hours or less. Determine cover
for intermediate beam widths by linear interpolation.
2.3—Concrete cover protection of steel The concrete cover for an individual bar is the minimum
reinforcement thickness of concrete between the surface of the bar and the
Cover protection determinations in this section are based fire-exposed surface of the beam. For beams in which several
on the structural end-point. Assemblies required to perform bars are used, the cover, for the purposes of Table 2.4, is the
as fire barriers shall additionally meet the heat transmission average of the minimum cover of the individual bars. For
end-point and comply with the provisions in 2.2. corner bars (that is, bars equidistant from the bottom and
2.3.1 General—Determine minimum concrete cover over side), the minimum cover used in the calculation shall be
bottom longitudinal steel reinforcement (positive moment 1/2 the actual value. The actual cover for any individual bar
reinforcement in simple spans) for floor and roof slabs and shall be not less than 1/2 the value shown in Table 2.4 or
beams using methods described in 2.3.1.1 through 2.3.1.3. 20 mm, whichever is greater.
Concrete cover shall not be less than required by ACI 318M. 2.3.1.3 Cover for prestressed flexural reinforcement—
For purposes of determining minimum concrete cover, classify For restrained and unrestrained beams and stemmed units
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-9

Table 2.4—Minimum cover in nonprestressed beams Table 2.5—Minimum cover in prestressed concrete
Beam Cover for corresponding fire-resistance rating, mm
beams 200 mm or greater in width
width, Cover thickness for corresponding
Restraint mm 1 hour 1-1/2 hours 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours fire-resistance rating, mm
Beam
125 20 20 20 25 30 Aggregate width, 1-1/2
Restrained 175 20 20 20 20 20 Restraint type mm 1 hour hours 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
≥250 20 20 20 20 20 Carbonate 200 40 40 40 45 65
or siliceous ≥300 40 40 40 40 50
125 20 25 30 NP* NP
Restrained*
Unrestrained Semi- 200 40 40 40 40 50
175 20 20 20 45 75
lightweight ≥300 40 40 40 40 40
≥250 20 20 20 25 45
*
Not permitted. Carbonate 200 40 45 65 125 NP‡
or siliceous ≥300 40 40 50 65 75
Unrestrained
(Table 2.2), the minimum thickness of concrete cover over Semi- 200 40 40 50 85 NP
bottom longitudinal steel reinforcement required to provide lightweight ≥300 40 40 40 50 65
fire-resistance of 1 to 4 hours shall conform to values given *
Tabulated values for restrained beams apply to beams spaced at more than 1.2 m on centers.

in Tables 2.5 and 2.6. Values in Table 2.5 apply to members ‡
Not practical for 200 mm-wide beams, but shown for purposes of interpolation.
Not permitted.
with carbonate, siliceous, or semi-lightweight aggregate and
widths not less than 200 mm. Values in Table 2.6 apply to
prestressed members of all aggregate types and widths that Table 2.6—Minimum cover in prestressed concrete
have cross-sectional areas not less than 26,000 mm2. In case beams of all widths
of conflict between the values, it shall be permitted to use the Cover thickness for
corresponding fire-resistance
smaller of the values from Tables 2.5 or 2.6. The cover to be rating, mm
used with Tables 2.5 or 2.6 values shall be a weighted Aggregate Area,* 1 1-1/2 2 3 4
average, computed following the provisions in 2.3.1.2, with Restraint type mm2 × 103 hour hours hours hours hours
“strand” or “tendon” substituted for “bar.” The minimum All 26 ≤ A ≤ 100 40 40 50 65 NP†
cover for nonprestressed bottom longitudinal steel reinforce- Carbonate or 100 ≤ A ≤ 200 40 40 40 45 65
ment in prestressed beams shall be determined in accordance Restrained siliceous 200 < A 40 40 40 40 50
with 2.3.1.2. Lightweight
or semi- 100 < A 40 40 40 40 50
lightweight
2.4—Analytical methods for calculating structural All 26 ≤ A ≤ 100 50 65 NP NP NP
fire resistance and cover protection of concrete
flexural members Carbonate or 100 ≤ A ≤ 200 40 45 65 NP NP
Instead of using methods described in 2.3, the calculation Unrestrained siliceous 200 < A 40 40 50 75‡ 75‡
methods in this section shall be permitted for determining Lightweight
fire resistance and the adequacy of cover protection in or semi- 100 < A 40 40 50 75‡ 100‡
lightweight
concrete flexural members based on the ASTM E 119 time- *
In computing the cross-sectional area for stems, the area of the flange shall be added to
temperature fire exposure. The provisions in 2.4 do not the area of the stem, and the total width of the flange, as used, shall not exceed three
times the average width of the stem.
explicitly account for the effects of restraint of thermally †
Not permitted.
induced expansion; however, the use of comprehensive ‡Adequate provisions against spalling shall be provided by U-shaped or hooded stirrups
spaced not to exceed the depth of the member, and having a cover of 25 mm.
analysis and design procedures that take into account the
effects of moment redistribution and the restraint of thermally
induced member expansion shall be permitted. In no case shall 2.4.1.2 Calculation procedure for simply supported
cover protection be less than that required by ACI 318M. beams—The same procedures that apply to slabs in 2.4.1.1
2.4.1 Simply supported and unrestrained one-way slabs shall apply to beams with the following difference: when
and beams—On the basis of structural end-point behavior, determining an average value of u for beams with corner bars
the fire resistance of a simply supported, unrestrained, flexural or corner tendons, an “effective u,” uef , shall be used in its
member shall be determined by place. Values of u for the corner bars or tendons used in the
computation of uef shall be equal to 1/2 of their actual u
Mn ≥ Mnθ ≥ M value. Figure 2.8 shall be used in conjunction with the
computed uef .
Assume that the unfactored full service load moment M is 2.4.2 Continuous beams and slabs—For purposes of the
constant for the entire fire-resistance period. method within this section, continuous members are defined
The redistribution of moments or the inclusion of thermal as flexural members that extend over one or more supports or
restraint effects shall not be permitted in determining the fire are built integrally with one or more supports such that moment
resistance of members classified as both simply supported redistribution can occur during the fire-resistance period.
and unrestrained. On the basis of structural end-point behavior, the fire resis-
2.4.1.1 Calculation procedure for slabs—Use Fig. 2.8 to tance of continuous flexural members shall be determined by
determine the structural fire resistance or amount of concrete
+
cover u to center of the steel reinforcement of concrete slabs. Mnθ = Mx1
216.1M-10 ACI/TMS STANDARD

Fig. 2.8—Fire resistance of concrete slabs as influenced by aggregate type, reinforcing steel type, moment intensity, and u, as
defined in 1.4.

Fig. 2.9(b)—Redistributed applied moment diagram at


failure condition for a symmetrical uniformly loaded flexural
Fig. 2.9(a)—Redistributed applied moment diagram at
member continuous at both supports.
failure condition for a uniformly loaded flexural member
continuous over one support.
2.4.2.1 Reinforcement detailing—Design the member so
that flexural tension governs the design. Negative moment
+ is reduced to M , the maximum value of
that is, when Mnθ x1 reinforcement shall be long enough to accommodate the
the redistributed positive moment at distance x1. For slabs complete redistributed moment and change in the location of
and beams that are continuous over one support, this distance inflection points. The required lengths of the negative
is measured from the outer support. For continuity over two moment reinforcement shall be determined assuming that the
supports, the distance x1 is measured from either support span being considered is subjected to its minimum probable
(Fig. 2.9(a) and (b)). load, and that the adjacent span(s) are loaded to their full
+ shall be computed as required in 2.4.2.2(a). The unfactored service loads. Reinforcement detailing shall
Mnθ
required and available values of Mnθ shall be determined as satisfy the provisions in Section 7.13 and Chapter 12 of ACI
required in 2.4.2.2(b) and (d). 318M, and the requirement of 2.4.2.1(b) of this standard.
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-11

Fig. 2.10(a)—Temperatures within slabs during ASTM E Fig. 2.10(b)—Temperatures within slabs during ASTM E
119 fire tests—carbonate aggregate concrete. 119 fire tests—siliceous aggregate concrete.

2.4.2.1(a) To avoid compressive failure in the negative


moment region, the negative moment tension reinforcement
index ωθ shall not exceed 0.30. In the calculation of ωθ,
concrete hotter than 760 °C shall be neglected. In this case,
a reduced def shall be used in place of d, where ωθ = ρfyθ/fcθ

′ for nonprestressed reinforcement; and ωρθ =
= As fyθ/bdef fcθ
Aps fpsθ/bdef fcθ′ for prestressed reinforcement.
2.4.2.1(b) When the analysis in 2.4.2.1 indicates that
negative moments extend for the full length of the span, not
less than 20% of the negative moment reinforcement in the
span shall be extended throughout the span to accommodate
the negative moment redistribution and change of location of
the inflection points.
2.4.2.2 Calculation procedure for continuous slabs—
Procedures in 2.4.2.2(a) shall be used to determine structural
fire resistance and cover protection based on continuity over
one support. For continuity over two supports, the procedures
in 2.4.2.2(c) shall be used.
2.4.2.2(a) Determination of structural fire resistance
or amount of steel reinforcement for continuity over one
support—Obtain concrete and steel temperatures in the
region of maximum positive moment from Fig. 2.10(a)
through (c) based on the type of aggregate in concrete, the
required fire rating, and an assumed fire test exposure to the Fig. 2.10(c)—Temperatures within slabs during ASTM E
ASTM E 119 standard fire condition. 119 fire tests—semi-lightweight aggregate concrete.
Compute the positive moment capacities as Mnθ + =
+
As fyθ(d – aθ/2) for nonprestressed reinforcement, and Mnθ = fcθ
' = the reduced compressive strength of the concrete
Aps fpsθ(d – aθ/2) for prestressed reinforcement, where: in the zone of flexural compression based on the
fyθ, fpsθ= the reduced reinforcement strengths at elevated elevated temperature and concrete aggregate type,
temperatures, determined from Fig. 2.11; determined from Fig. 2.12; and
aθ = As fyθ/0.85fcθ ' b for reinforcing bars; d = distance from the centroid of the tension reinforce-
aθ = Aps fpsθ/0.85fcθ ' b for prestressing steel; ment to the extreme compressive fiber.
216.1M-12 ACI/TMS STANDARD

Fig. 2.12(a)—Compressive strength of siliceous aggregate


concrete at high temperatures and after cooling.

Fig. 2.11—Strength of flexural reinforcement steel bar and


strand at high temperatures.

Alternatively, it is also permitted to use Fig. 2.8 to determine


the available moment capacity Mnθ + as a fraction of M+.
n
2.4.2.2(b) Design of negative moment reinforcement—
Determine the required negative moment reinforcement and
location of an inflection point to calculate its development
length by the following procedures:
Calculate ωθ ≤ 0.30 as in 2.4.2.1(a), and increase compres-
sion steel or otherwise alter the section, if necessary.
For a uniformly distributed load w (Fig. 2.9(a))

Mx1 = (wlx1)/2 – (wx12)/2 – (Mnθ


– x )/l = M +
1 nθ
Fig. 2.12(b)—Compressive strength of carbonate aggregate

Mnθ 2
= (wl )/2 − wl 2 +
(2Mnθ 2 1/2
/wl ) concrete at high temperatures and after cooling.


x1 = l/2 – Mnθ /wl


x0 = 2Mnθ /wl

where x0 equals the distance from the inflection point after


moment redistribution to the location of the first interior
support. The distance x0 reaches a maximum when the
minimum anticipated uniform service load w is applied.
The available negative moment capacity shall be computed as


Mnθ = As fyθ(def – aθ/2)

where def is as defined in 2.4.2.1(a).


2.4.2.2(c) Determination of structural fire resistance Fig. 2.12(c)—Compressive strength of semi-lightweight
or amount of steel reinforcement for continuity over two concrete at high temperatures and after cooling.
supports—The same procedures shall be used in determining
structural fire resistance and cover protection requirements
for positive steel reinforcement as in 2.4.2.2(a) for slabs location of inflection points to calculate its development
continuous over one support. length by the following procedures.
2.4.2.2(d) Design of negative moment reinforcement— Calculate ωθ ≤ 0.30 as in 2.4.2.1(a), and increase
Determine the required negative moment reinforcement and compression steel or otherwise alter the section if necessary.
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-13

Table 2.7—Minimum concrete column size


Aggregate Minimum column dimension for fire-resistance rating, mm
type 1 hour 1-1/2 hours 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
Carbonate 200 230 250 280 300
Siliceous 200 230 250 300 350
Semi-
lightweight 200 220 230 270 300

Table 2.8—Minimum concrete column size with fire


exposure conditions on two parallel sides

Aggregate Minimum column dimension for fire-resistance rating, mm*


type 1 hour 1-1/2 hours 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
Carbonate 200 200 200 200 250
Siliceous 200 200 200 200 250
Semi- 200 200 200 200 250
lightweight
*
Minimum dimensions are acceptable for rectangular columns with a fire exposure
condition on three or four sides, provided that one set of the two parallel sides of the
column is at least 900 mm long.

For a uniformly distributed load w

Mx1 = (wx22)/8 = Mnθ


+

+ /w)1/2
x2 = (8Mnθ

where
x2 = distance between inflection points of the span in Fig. 2.13(a)—Temperatures in normalweight concrete
rectangular and tapered units at 1 hour of fire exposure.
question;
Mnθ– = (wl2)/8 – Mnθ+ ;

x0 = (l – x2)/2.
The distance x0 reaches a maximum when the minimum
anticipated uniform service load w is applied.
2.4.2.3 Calculation procedure for continuous beams—
The calculation procedure shall be the same as in 2.4.2.2(a)
for continuous slabs over one support or in 2.4.2.2(c) for
continuous slabs over two supports with the following
differences.
Figure 2.13(a) through (m) shall be used for determining
concrete and steel temperatures as described in 2.4.2.2(a).
For purposes of calculating an average u value, an
“effective u” shall be used by considering the distance of corner
bars or tendons to outer beam surfaces as 1/2 of the actual
distance.

2.5—Reinforced concrete columns


2.5.1 Columns having design compressive strength fc′ of
85 MPa or less⎯The least dimension of reinforced concrete
columns of different types of concrete having a specified
compressive strength equal to or less than 85 MPa for fire-
resistance rating of 1 to 4 hours shall conform to values given
in Tables 2.7 and 2.8.
2.5.2 Columns having design compressive strength fc′
greater than 85 MPa
2.5.2.1 The least dimension of reinforced concrete
columns of different types of concrete having a specified
compressive strength greater than 85 MPa for a fire-resis- Fig. 2.13(b)—Temperatures in normalweight concrete
tance rating of 1 to 4 hours shall be 600 mm. rectangular and tapered units at 2 hours of fire exposure.
216.1M-14 ACI/TMS STANDARD

Fig. 2.13(c)—Temperatures in normalweight concrete Fig. 2.13(e)—Temperatures in semi-lightweight concrete


rectangular and tapered units at 3 hours of fire exposure. rectangular and tapered units at 2 hours of fire exposure.

Fig. 2.13(d)—Temperatures in semi-lightweight concrete Fig. 2.13(f)—Temperatures in semi-lightweight concrete


rectangular and tapered units at 1 hour of fire exposure. rectangular and tapered units at 3 hours of fire exposure.
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-15

Fig. 2.13(g)—Measured temperature distribution at 2-hour fire Fig. 2.13(i)—Temperature distribution in a normalweight
exposure for semi-lightweight concrete rectangular unit. concrete rectangular unit at 1 hour of fire exposure.

Fig. 2.13(h)—Measured temperature distribution at 2-hour fire Fig. 2.13(j)—Temperature distribution in a normalweight
exposure for semi-lightweight concrete tapered unit. concrete rectangular unit at 2 hours of fire exposure.
216.1M-16 ACI/TMS STANDARD

Fig. 2.13(l)—Temperatures along vertical centerlines at


various fire exposures for 102 mm wide rectangular units
coated with SMF.

Fig. 2.13(k)—Temperature distribution in a normalweight


concrete rectangular unit at 3 hours of fire exposure.

2.5.2.2 Ties shall be formed with hooks having a six-


diameter extension that engages the longitudinal reinforcement
and projects into the interior of the hoop. Hooks for rectangular
hoops shall be formed with minimum 135-degree bends.
Hooks for circular hoops shall be formed with minimum
90-degree bends.
2.5.3 Minimum cover for reinforcement—The minimum
thickness of concrete cover to main longitudinal reinforcement
in columns, regardless of type of aggregate used in the
concrete and specified compressive strength of the concrete,
shall not be less than 25 mm times the number of hours of
required fire resistance, or 50 mm, whichever is less.

2.6—Structural steel columns protected by


concrete
The fire resistance of structural steel columns protected by
concrete, as illustrated in Fig. 2.14, shall be determined using
Eq. (2-5) and (2-6) or Tables A.1 to A.4 if an appropriate
combination of column size and concrete type and thickness
exists. Equations (2-5) and (2-6) apply to all three cases
shown in Fig. 2.14, but the case in Fig. 2.14(c) also requires Fig. 2.13(m)—Temperatures along vertical centerlines at
the application of Eq. (2-7) various fire exposures for 102 mm wide rectangular units
coated with VCM.
R = Ro(1 + 0.03m) (2-5)
As used in these expressions:
where R = fire resistance at equilibrium moisture conditions
(minutes);
Ro = 10(W/ps)0.7 + 17(h1.6/kc0.2)[1 + 26(Hs /wccch(L + h))0.8] (2-6) Ro = fire resistance at zero moisture content (minutes);
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-17

Fig. 2.14—Concrete-protected structural steel columns: (a) precast concrete column


cover; (b) concrete-encased structural tube; and (c) concrete-encased wide flange shape.

m = equilibrium moisture content of the concrete by Table 2.9—Thermal properties of concrete


volume (%); Thermal conductivity Specific heat cc,
W = average weight of the steel column, kg/m; Density Dc , kg/m3 kc , kcal/(m/h/°C) J/(kg/°C)
ps = heated perimeter of steel column, mm; 800 0.168 878.64
h = average thickness of concrete cover (Fig. 2.14) = 960 0.205 878.64
(h1 + h2)/2, mm; 1120 0.252 878.64
kc = ambient temperature thermal conductivity of the 1280 0.307 878.64
concrete, kcal/(h/m/°C); 1440 0.375 878.64
Hs = ambient temperature thermal capacity of the steel 1600 0.458 878.64
column = 0.11W, J/(m/°C); 1760 0.560 878.64
wc = concrete density, kg/m3; 1920 0.683 878.64
cc = ambient temperature specific heat of concrete, 2080 0.838 920.48
J/(kg/ºC); 2240 1.02 920.48
L = average interior dimension of rectangular concrete 2400 1.24 920.48
box protection = (L1 + L 2)/2 for precast concrete
column covers (Fig. 2.14(a)) or concrete-encased for normalweight concrete, and use Table A.4 for structural
structural tube (Fig. 2.14(b)); or = (d + bf )/2 for lightweight concrete to determine the thickness of the
concrete-encased wide flange shape (Fig. 2.14(c)), in. column covers required for various fire-resistance ratings for
For wide flange steel columns completely encased in typical wide flange shapes. The thicknesses of concrete
concrete with all reentrant spaces filled (Fig 2.14(c)), add the given in these tables also apply to structural steel columns
thermal capacity of the concrete within the reentrant spaces larger than those listed.
to the thermal capacity of the steel column, as follows Notes:
1. When the inside perimeter of the concrete protection is
Hs = 0.11W + (wccc/144)(bf d – Ast ) (2-7) not square, L shall be taken as the average of L1 and L2.
When the thickness of concrete cover is not constant, h shall
where be taken as the average of h1 and h2
bf = flange width of the steel column, mm; 2. Joints shall be protected with a minimum 1 in. thickness
d = depth of the steel column, mm; and of ceramic fiber blanket, but in no case less than 1/2 the
Ast = cross-sectional area of the steel column, mm2 thickness of the column cover (Fig. 2.14(a)).
When specific data on the properties of concrete are not
available, use the values given in Table 2.9. CHAPTER 3—CONCRETE MASONRY
For structural steel columns encased in concrete with all 3.1—General
reentrant spaces filled (Fig 2.14(c)), use Tables A.1 and A.2 The fire resistance of concrete masonry assemblies shall
(Appendix A) to determine the thickness of concrete cover be determined in accordance with the provisions of this
required for various fire-resistance ratings for typical wide chapter. The minimum equivalent thicknesses of concrete
flange sections. The thicknesses of concrete given in these masonry assemblies required to provide fire resistance of 1
tables also apply to structural steel columns larger than to 4 hours shall conform to values given in Tables 3.1, 3.2,
those listed. or 3.3, as is appropriate to the assembly being considered.
For structural steel columns protected with precast Except where the provisions of this chapter are more stringent,
concrete column covers, as shown in Fig 2.14(a), use Table A.3 the design, construction, and material requirements of
216.1M-18 ACI/TMS STANDARD

Table 3.1—Fire-resistance rating of concrete


masonry assemblies
Minimum equivalent thickness Tea for
fire-resistance rating, mm*†
1/2 3/4 1 1-1/2 2 3 4
Aggregate type hour hour hour hours hours hours hours
Calcareous or siliceous
gravel (other than limestone) 50 60 70 90 110 135 155

Limestone, cinders, or
air-cooled slag 50 60 70 85 100 125 150

Expanded clay, expanded 45 55 65 85 90 110 130


shale, or expanded slate
Expanded slag or pumice 40 50 55 70 80 100 120
*Fire-resistance ratings between the hourly fire-resistance rating periods listed shall
be determined by linear interpolation based on the equivalent thickness value of the
concrete masonry assembly.
†Minimum required equivalent thickness corresponding to the fire-resistance rating
for units made with a combination of aggregates shall be determined by linear inter-
polation based on the percent by dry-rodded volume of each aggregate used in manu- Fig. 3.1—Multi-wythe walls.
facturing the units.

L = length of masonry unit determined in accordance


Table 3.2—Reinforced masonry structures with ASTM C 140, mm; and
Fire resistance, hours 1 2 3 4 H = height of masonry unit determined in accordance
Minimum nominal column 200 250 300 350 with ASTM C 140, mm
dimensions, mm
3.2.1 Ungrouted or partially grouted construction—The
equivalent thickness Te of an ungrouted or partially grouted
Table 3.3—Reinforced masonry lintels concrete masonry assemblage shall be taken equal to the
Minimum longitudinal reinforcement value determined by Eq. (3-1).
cover for fire-resistance rating, mm
3.2.2 Solid grouted construction—The equivalent thickness
Nominal lintel width, mm 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
Te of solid grouted concrete masonry units shall be taken
150 40 50 NP* NP*
equal to the thickness of the unit determined in accordance
200 40 40 45 75
with ASTM C 140.
250 or more 40 40 40 45
*
3.2.3 Air spaces and cells filled with loose fill material—
Not permitted without a more detailed analysis.
The equivalent thickness Te of hollow concrete masonry
units completely filled is the thickness of the unit determined
in accordance with ASTM C 140 when loose fill materials
concrete masonry including units, mortar, grout, control joint
are: sand, pea gravel, crushed stone, or slag that meet ASTM
materials, and reinforcement shall comply with ACI 530/
C 33 requirements; pumice, scoria, expanded shale,
ASCE 5/TMS 402 and ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602.
expanded clay, expanded slate, expanded slag, expanded fly
Concrete masonry units shall comply with ASTM C 55, C 73,
ash, or cinders that comply with ASTM C 331; perlite
C 90, C 129, or C 744.
meeting the requirements of ASTM C 549; or vermiculite
meeting the requirements of ASTM C 516.
3.2—Equivalent thickness
The equivalent thickness of concrete masonry construction
shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of this 3.3—Concrete masonry wall assemblies
section. The minimum equivalent thickness of various types of
The equivalent thickness of concrete masonry assemblies plain or reinforced concrete masonry bearing or nonbearing
Tea shall be computed as the sum of the equivalent thickness walls required to provide fire-resistance ratings of 1 to 4 hours
of the concrete masonry unit Te as determined by 3.2.1, shall conform to Table 3.1.
3.2.2, or 3.2.3 plus the equivalent thickness of finishes Tef 3.3.1 Single-wythe wall assemblies—The fire-resistance
determined in accordance with Chapter 5 rating of single-wythe concrete masonry walls shall be
determined in accordance with Table 3.1.
Tea = Te +Tef (3-1) 3.3.2 Multi-wythe wall assemblies—The fire resistance of
multi-wythe walls (Fig. 3.1) shall be calculated using the fire
Te = Vn /LH (3-2) resistance of each wythe and any air space between each
wythe in accordance with Eq. (2-4).
where 3.3.3 Expansion or contraction joints—Expansion or
Te = equivalent thickness of concrete masonry unit contraction joints in fire-rated masonry wall assemblies in
determined in accordance with ASTM C 140, mm; which openings are not permitted, or in wall assemblies
Vn = net volume of masonry unit determined in accor- where openings are required to be protected, shall comply
dance with ASTM C 140, mm3; with Fig. 3.2.
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-19

3.4—Reinforced concrete masonry columns


The fire resistance of reinforced concrete masonry columns
shall be determined using the least plan dimension of the
column in accordance with the requirements of Table 3.2. The
minimum cover for longitudinal reinforcement shall be 50 mm.

3.5—Concrete masonry lintels


The fire resistance of concrete masonry lintels shall be
established based on the nominal width of the lintel and the
minimum cover of longitudinal reinforcement in accordance
with Table 3.3.

3.6—Structural steel columns protected by


concrete masonry
The fire resistance of structural steel columns protected by
concrete masonry shall be determined using the following
equation

R = 0.401(Ast /ps)0.7 + [0.285(Tea1.6/kcm0.2)] (3-3)

[1.0 + 42.7{(Ast /wcmTea)/(0.25p + Tea)}0.8]

where
R = fire resistance of the column assembly, hours;
Ast = cross-sectional area of the structural steel Fig. 3.2—Expansion or construction joints in masonry
column, mm2; walls with 13 mm maximum width having 2- or 4-hour fire
wcm = density of the concrete masonry protection, kg/m3; resistance.
p = inner perimeter of concrete masonry protection
(Fig. 3.3(a)), mm;
ps = heated perimeter of steel column (Eq. (3-4), (3-5),
and (3-6)), mm;
Tea = equivalent thickness of concrete masonry protection
assembly, mm; and
kcm = thermal conductivity of concrete masonry
((Eq. (3-7)), kcal/(h/m/°C)

ps = 2(bf + dst) + 2(bf – tw) [W-section] (3-4)

ps = πdst [pipe section] (3-5)

ps = 4dst [square structural tube section] (3-6)

where
bf = width of flange, mm;
dst = column dimension (Fig. 3.3), mm;
ps = heated perimeter of steel column (Eq. (3-4), (3-5),
and (3-6)), mm; and
tw = thickness of web (Fig. 3.3, w-shape), mm
It shall be permitted to calculate the thermal conductivity
of concrete masonry for use in Eq. (3-3) as

kcm = 0.0417e0.02, kcal/(h/m/°C) (3-7)

The minimum required equivalent thickness of concrete


masonry units for specified fire-resistance ratings of several
commonly used column shapes and sizes is shown in Fig. 3.3—Structural steel shapes protected by concrete
Appendix B. masonry.
216.1M-20 ACI/TMS STANDARD

CHAPTER 4—CLAY BRICK AND TILE MASONRY Table 4.1—Fire resistance of clay masonry walls
4.1—General Minimum equivalent thickness
The calculated fire resistance of clay masonry assemblies for fire resistance, mm*†‡
shall be determined based on the provisions of this chapter. Material type 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
Except where the provisions of this chapter are more stringent, Solid brick of clay or shale§ 70 95 125 150
the design, construction, and material requirements of clay Hollow brick or tile of clay or shale, unfilled 60 85 110 125
masonry including units, mortar, grout, control joint Hollow brick or tile of clay or shale,
materials, and reinforcement shall comply with ACI 530/ grouted or filled with materials specified 75 110 140 170
ASCE 5/TMS 402 and ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602. Clay in 4.2.3
*
masonry units shall comply with ASTM C 34, C 56, C 62, C 73, Equivalent thickness as determined from 4.2.

Calculated fire resistance between the hourly increments listed shall be determined
C 126, C 212, C 216, or C 652. by linear interpolation.

Where combustible members are framed into the wall, the thickness of solid material
between the end of each member and the opposite face of the wall, or between members
4.2—Equivalent thickness set in from opposite sides, shall not be less than 93% of the thickness shown.
§
The equivalent thickness of clay masonry assemblies shall be Units in which the net cross-sectional area of cored or frogged brick in any plane
parallel to the surface containing the cores or frog is at least 75% of the gross cross-
determined in accordance with the provisions of this section. sectional area measured in the same plane.
The equivalent thickness of hollow clay masonry
construction shall be based on the equivalent thickness of the
clay masonry unit as determined by 4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.2.3, and 4.3.3.1 Multi-wythe clay masonry walls with dimensionally
Eq. (4-1). dissimilar wythes—The fire resistance of multi-wythe clay
masonry walls consisting of two or more dimensionally
Te = Vn /LH (4-1) dissimilar wythes shall be based on the fire resistance of each
wythe. Equation (2-4) shall be used to determine fire resis-
where tance of the wall assembly.
Te = equivalent thickness of the clay masonry unit, mm; 4.3.3.2 Multi-wythe walls with dissimilar materials—
For multi-wythe walls consisting of two or more wythes of
Vn = net volume of the masonry unit, mm3;
dissimilar materials (concrete or concrete masonry units), the
L = specified length of the masonry unit, mm; and
fire resistance of the dissimilar wythes Rn shall be determined in
H = specified height of the masonry unit, mm accordance with 2.2; Fig. 2.2 for concrete; and 3.3 and Table 3.1
4.2.1 Ungrouted or partially grouted construction—The for concrete masonry units. Equation (2-4) shall be used to
equivalent thickness Te of an ungrouted or partially grouted determine fire resistance of the wall assembly.
clay masonry unit shall be taken equal to the value determined 4.3.3.3 Continuous air spaces—The fire resistance of
by Eq. (4-1). multi-wythe clay brick and tile masonry walls separated by
4.2.2 Solid grouted construction—The equivalent thickness continuous air spaces between each wythe shall be determined
of solidly grouted clay masonry units shall be taken as the using Eq. (2-4).
actual thickness of the unit.
4.2.3 Air spaces and cells filled with loose fill material— 4.4—Reinforced clay masonry columns
The equivalent thickness of hollow clay masonry units The fire resistance of reinforced clay masonry columns
completely filled shall be taken as the actual thickness of the shall be based on the least plan dimension of the column in
unit when loose fill materials are: sand, pea gravel, crushed accordance with the requirements of Table 3.2. The minimum
stone, or slag that meet ASTM C 33 requirements; pumice, cover for longitudinal reinforcement shall be 50 mm.
scoria, expanded shale, expanded clay, expanded slate,
expanded slag, expanded fly ash, or cinders in compliance with 4.5—Reinforced clay masonry lintels
ASTM C 331; perlite meeting the requirements of ASTM C The fire resistance of clay masonry lintels shall be
549; or vermiculite meeting the requirements of ASTM C 516. determined based on the nominal width of the lintel and the
minimum cover for the longitudinal reinforcement in
4.3—Clay brick and tile masonry wall assemblies accordance with Table 3.3.
The fire resistance of clay brick and tile masonry wall
assemblies shall be determined in accordance with the 4.6—Expansion or contraction joints
provisions of this section. Expansion or contraction joints in fire-rated clay masonry
wall assemblies shall be in accordance with 3.3.3.
4.3.1 Filled and unfilled clay brick and tile masonry—The
fire resistance of clay brick and tile walls shall be determined
4.7—Structural steel columns protected
from Table 4.1, using the equivalent thickness calculation by clay masonry
procedure prescribed in 4.2. 4.7.1 Calculation of fire resistance—It shall be permitted to
4.3.2 Single-wythe walls—The fire resistance of clay brick calculate fire resistance of a structural steel column protected
and tile masonry walls shall be determined from Table 4.1. with clay masonry, or to determine the thickness of clay
4.3.3 Multi-wythe walls—The fire resistance of multi- masonry necessary for meeting a fire-resistance requirement,
wythe walls shall be determined in accordance with the following the methods of 3.6. For this calculation, the thermal
provisions of this section and Table 4.1. conductivity of the clay masonry shall be taken as follows:
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-21

Density = 1920 kg/m3 kcm = 1.86 kcal/(h/m/°C) Table 5.1—Multiplying factor for finishes on non-
fire-exposed side of concrete slabs and concrete
and masonry walls
Density = 2080 kg/m3 kcm = 3.35 kcal/(h/m/°C)
The minimum required equivalent thicknesses of clay Type of finish applied to slab or wall
masonry for specified fire resistance of several commonly Portland
cement-sand Gypsum- Gypsum-
used column shapes and sizes are shown in Appendix C. Type of material used plaster* or sand vermiculite or Gypsum
in slab or wall terrazzo plaster perlite plaster washboard
CHAPTER 5—EFFECTS OF FINISH Concrete slab or wall
MATERIALS ON FIRE RESISTANCE Concrete—siliceous,
5.1—General carbonate, air-cooled 1.00 1.25 1.75 3.00
blast-furnace slag
Determine the contribution of additional fire resistance
Concrete— 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.25
provided by finish materials installed on concrete or semi-lightweight
masonry assemblies in accordance with the provisions of this Concrete—
chapter. The increase in fire resistance of the assembly shall lightweight, 0.75 1.00 1.25 2.25
insulating concrete
be based strictly on the influence of the finish material’s
Concrete masonry wall
ability to extend the heat transmission end-point in an ASTM
Concrete masonry—
E 119 test fire. siliceous, calcareous,
limestone, cinders, 1.00 1.25 1.75 3.00
air-cooled blast-
5.2—Calculation procedure furnace slag
The fire-resistance rating of walls or slabs of cast-in-place Concrete masonry—
or precast concrete, or walls of concrete or clay masonry made with 80% or
more by volume of
with finishes of gypsum wallboard or plaster applied to one expanded shale, slate 0.75 1.00 1.25 2.25
or both sides of the wall or slab shall be determined in or clay, expanded
slag, or pumice
accordance with this section.
Clay masonry wall
5.2.1 Assume each side of wall or slab is the fire-exposed
Clay masonry—solid
side—For a wall or slab having no finish on one side or brick of clay or shale 1.00 1.25 1.75 3.00
having different types, thicknesses, or both, of finish on each Clay masonry—
side, perform the calculation procedures in 5.2.2 and 5.2.3, hollow brick or tile of 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.25
clay or shale
assuming that each side of the wall or slab is the fire-exposed *
For portland cement-sand plaster 16 mm or less in thickness and applied directly to
side. The resulting fire resistance of the wall or slab, concrete or masonry on the non-fire-exposed side of the wall, multiplying factor shall
including finishes, shall not exceed the smaller of the two be 1.0.

values calculated, except in the case of the building code


requiring that walls or slabs only be rated for fire exposure
from one side of the wall or slab. the concrete or masonry alone shall provide not less than 1/2 of
5.2.2 Calculation for non-fire-exposed side—Where the the total required fire resistance. In addition, the contribution
finish is applied to the non-fire-exposed side of the slab or to fire resistance of the finish on the non-fire-exposed side of
wall, determine the fire resistance of the entire assembly as the wall shall not exceed 1/2 the contribution of the concrete or
follows: adjust the thickness of the finish by multiplying the masonry alone.
actual thickness of the finish by the applicable factor from
Table 5.1 based on the type of aggregate in the concrete or 5.3—Installation of finishes
concrete masonry units, or the type of clay masonry. Add the Finishes on concrete slabs and concrete and masonry walls
adjusted finish thickness to the actual thickness or equivalent that are assumed to contribute to the total fire resistance shall
thickness of the wall or slab, then determine the fire resistance of comply with the installation requirements of 5.3.1, 5.3.2, and
the concrete or masonry, including the effect of finish, from other applicable provisions of the building code. Plaster and
Table 2.1, Fig. 2.1, or Fig. 2.2 for concrete; from Table 3.1 terrazzo shall be applied directly to the slab or wall. Gypsum
for concrete masonry; or from Table 4.1 for clay masonry. wallboard shall be permitted to be attached to wood or steel
5.2.3 Calculation for fire-exposed side—Where the finish furring members or attached directly to walls by adhesives.
is applied to the fire-exposed side of the slab or wall, determine 5.3.1 Gypsum wallboard—Gypsum wallboard and
the fire resistance of the entire assembly as follows: add the gypsum lath shall be attached to concrete slabs and concrete
time assigned to the finish in Table 5.2 to the fire resistance and masonry walls in accordance with the requirements of
determined from Table 2.1, Fig. 2.1, or Fig. 2.2 for the this section or as otherwise permitted by the building code.
concrete alone; from Table 3.1 for concrete masonry; from 5.3.1.1 Furring—Attach gypsum wallboard and gypsum
Table 4.1 for clay masonry; or to the fire resistance as lath to wood or steel furring members spaced not more than
determined in accordance with 5.2.2 for the concrete or 600 mm on center. Gypsum wallboard and gypsum lath shall
masonry and finish on the non-fire-exposed side. be attached in accordance with one of the methods in
5.2.4 Minimum fire resistance provided by concrete or 5.3.1.1(a) or (b).
masonry—Where the finish applied to a concrete slab or a 5.3.1.1(a)—Self-tapping drywall screws shall be
concrete or masonry wall contributes to the fire resistance, spaced at a maximum of 300 mm on center and shall penetrate
216.1M-22 ACI/TMS STANDARD

Table 5.2—Time assigned to finish materials on are revised frequently, the reader is advised to contact the
fire-exposed side of concrete and masonry walls proper sponsoring group if it is desired to refer to the latest
Finish description Time, minutes version.
Gypsum wallboard
10 mm 10 American Concrete Institute
13 mm 15 117-90 Standard Specification for Tolerances for
16 mm 20 Concrete and Construction and Materials
Two layers of 10 mm 25 318M-05 Building Code Requirements for Struc-
One layer of 10 mm and one layer of 13 mm 35 tural Concrete
Two layers of 13 mm 40 530-05 Building Code Requirements for Masonry
Type “X” gypsum wallboard Structures (document is also identified as
13 mm 25 ASCE 5-05/TMS 402-05)
16 mm 40 530.1-05 Specification for Masonry Structures
Direct-applied portland cement-sand plaster *
Portland cement-sand plaster on metal lath ASTM International
20 mm 20 A 722/A 722M-06 Standard Specification for Uncoated
22 mm 25 High-Strength Steel Bars for Prestressing
25 mm 30 Concrete
Gypsum-sand plaster on 10 mm gypsum lath C 33-03 Standard Specification for Concrete
13 mm 35 Aggregates
16 mm 40 C 34-03 Standard Specification for Structural Clay
20 mm 50 Load-Bearing Wall Tile
Gypsum-sand plaster on metal lath C 36/C 36M-03 Standard Specification for Gypsum Wall-
20 mm 50 board
22 mm 60 C 55-03 Standard Specification for Concrete
25 mm 80 Building Brick
*
For purposes of determining the contribution of portland cement-sand plaster to the C 56-05 Standard Specification for Structural Clay
equivalent thickness of concrete or masonry for use in Tables 2.1, 3.1, or 4.1, it shall
be permitted to use the actual thickness of the plaster or 16 mm, whichever is smaller. Non-Load-Bearing Tile
C 62-05 Standard Specification for Building Brick
(Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay or
10 mm into resilient steel furring channels running horizontally Shale)
and spaced at a maximum of 600 mm on center. C 73-05 Standard Specification for Calcium Silicate
5.3.1.1(b)—Lath nails shall be spaced at a maximum Brick (Sand-Lime Brick)
of 300 mm on center and shall penetrate 20 mm into nominal C 90-06b Standard Specification for Load-Bearing
25 x 50 mm wood furring strips that are secured to the Concrete Masonry Units
masonry by 50 mm concrete nails, and spaced at a maximum C 126-99(2005) Standard Specification for Ceramic
of 400 mm on center. Glazed Structural Clay Facing Tile,
5.3.1.2 Adhesive attachment to concrete and clay Facing Brick, and Solid Masonry Units
masonry—Place a 10 mm bead of panel adhesive around the C 129-06 Standard Specification for Nonload-
perimeter of the wallboard and across the diagonals. After bearing Concrete Masonry Units
the wall board is laminated to the masonry surface, secure it C 140-06 Standard Test Methods for Sampling and
with one masonry nail for each 18,600 mm2 of panel. Testing Concrete Masonry Units and
5.3.1.3 Gypsum wallboard orientation—Install gypsum Related Units
wallboard with the long dimension parallel to furring C 212-00(2006) Standard Specification for Structural Clay
members and with all horizontal and vertical joints Facing Tile
supported and finished. C 216-06 Standard Specification for Facing Brick
Exception: 16 mm thick Type “X” gypsum wallboard is (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay or
permitted to be installed horizontally on walls with the Shale)
horizontal joints unsupported. C 330-05 Standard Specification for Lightweight
5.3.2 Plaster and stucco—Plaster and stucco attached to a Aggregates for Structural Concrete
concrete or masonry surface for the purpose of increasing C 331-05 Standard Specification for Lightweight
fire resistance shall be applied in accordance with provisions Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units
of the building code. C 332-99 Standard Specification for Lightweight
Aggregates for Insulating Concrete
CHAPTER 6—REFERENCES C 516-02 Standard Specification for Vermiculite
6.1—Referenced standards Loose Fill Thermal Insulation
The standards listed below were the latest editions at the C 549-06 Standard Specification for Perlite Loose
time this document was prepared. Because these documents Fill Insulation
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-23

C 567-05a Standard Test Method for Determining 6-05 Specification for Masonry Structures (see
Density of Structural Lightweight Concrete also ACI 530.1-05/TMS 602-05)
C 612-04 Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber
Block and Board Thermal Insulation The Masonry Society
C 652-05a Standard Specification for Hollow Brick 402-05 Building Code Requirements for
(Hollow Masonry Units Made from Clay Masonry Structures (see also ACI 530-05/
or Shale) ASCE 5-05)
C 726-05 Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber 602-05 Specification for Masonry Structures (see
Roof Insulation Board also ACI 530.1-05/ASCE 6-05)
C 744-05 Standard Specification for Prefaced The above documents can be purchased from the
Concrete and Calcium Silicate Masonry following organizations:
Units
C 796-04 Standard Test Method for Foaming American Concrete Institute
Agents for Use in Producing Cellular P.O. Box 9094
Concrete Using Preformed Foam Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094
C 1088-06 Standard Specification for Thin Veneer
Brick Units Made from Clay or Shale
American Society of Civil Engineers
E 119-05a Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of
1801 Alexander Bell Dr.
Building Construction and Materials
Reston, VA 20191-4400
IEEE/
ASTM SI 10-02 American National Standard for Use of
the International System of Units (SI): The ASTM International
Modern Metric System 100 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
American Society of Civil Engineers
5-05 Building Code Requirements for Masonry The Masonry Society
Structures (see also ACI 530-05/TMS 3970 Broadway, Unit 201 D
402-05) Boulder, CO 80304
216.1M-24 ACI/TMS STANDARD

APPENDIX A—MINIMUM COVER FOR STEEL COLUMNS ENCASED IN CONCRETE

Table A.1—Minimum cover (mm) for steel columns encased in normalweight concrete* (Fig. 2.14(c))
Fire resistance rating, h
Structural shape 1 1-1/2 2 3 4
50
W360 x 347 40
25
W360 x 262
65
W360 x 196 25
25
W360 x 134
50
W360 x 91
40
W360 x 72 75
W360 x 64 40 65
W310 x 226 25
65
W310 x 143 25 50
W310 x 97 25
40
W310 x 74 75
40 65
W310 x 60
W250 x 131 50
W250 x 73 75
40
W250 x 67 25 40
65
W250 x 58
90
W250 x 49.1 50
W200 x 100 25 75
40
W200 x 86 65
W200 x 71
25 90
W200 x 46.1 40
50
W200 x 31.3 75
W200 x 26.6 100
90
40 50
W150 x 37.1
25
W150 x 29.8 75
W150 x 24
50 65
W150 x 22.5
40
W150 x 13.5 90
*Tabulated thicknesses are based on the assumed Dc = 2320 kg/m3, kc = 1.41 kcal/(h/m/°C), and cc = 920.48 J/(kg/°C).

Table A.2—Minimum cover (mm) for steel columns encased in structural lightweight concrete* (Fig. 2.14(c))
Fire resistance rating, h
Structural shape 1 1-1/2 2 3 4

25
W360 x 347 40
W360 x 287 25
25 25
W360 x 110 40 50
W360 x 91
65
W360 x 64 40 50
W310 x 97 40 50
25
W310 x 79 25 25
50 65
W310 x 60 40
W250 x 167
40 50
W250 x 131 25
25 25
W250 x 89
50 65
W250 x 49.1 40
W200 x 52 65
W200 x 41.7 25 50
25 40
W200 x 35.9 75
W200 x 26.6 40 65
*Tabulated thicknesses are based on the assumed Dc = 1760 kg/m3, kc = 0.52 kcal/(h/m/°C), and cc = 878.64 J/(kg/°C).
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-25
Table A.3—Minimum cover (mm) for steel columns encased in normalweight precast covers* (Fig. 2.14(a))
Fire resistance rating, h
Structural shape 1 1-1/2 2 3 4
W360 x347
40
W360 x 314 65
40
W360 x 262
50 90
W360 x 216
40
W360 x 162 75
W360 x 147
50 65
W360 x 91 100
90
W360 x 64 115
W310 x 283 40
65 90
W310 x 226
40
W310 x 179 50
W310 x 143 40 75
100
W310 x 129
W310 x 86 50 65
90
W310 x 60 115
W250 x 167 90
40 50
W250 x 131 75
W250 x 115 40 100
W250 x 80 50 65
90
W250 x 49.1 115
W200 x 100 40 50 75
W200 x 86 100
W200 x 71 50 65
40 90
W200 x 41.7
W200 x 31.3 115
65 75
W200 x 26.6 100
W150 x 37.1 50 65
90
W150 x 29.8 40
115
W150 x 24
65 75
W150 x 18 100
50
W150 x 13.5 125
*
Tabulated thicknesses are based on the assumed Dc = 2320 kg/m3, kc = 1.41 kcal(m/h/°C), and cc = 920.48 J/(kg/°C).

Table A.4—Minimum cover (mm) for steel columns encased in structural lightweight precast covers* (Fig. 2.14(a))
Fire resistance rating, h
Structural shape 1 1-1/2 2 3 4
W360 x 347
65
W360 x 262 50
W360 x 216 40
W360 x 196
40 40 75
W360 x 162
65
W360 x 147
W360 x 101 50
90
W360 x 64 75
W310 x 283
65
W310 x 226 50
W310 x 202 40
75
W310 x 158
40 40
W310 x 143
65
W310 x 129
90
W310 x 97 50
W310 x 60 75
W250 x 167 50
W250 x 149 40
75
W250 x 131
40 65
W250 x 115 40
W250 x 89
50
W250 x 58 90
75
W250 x 49.1 50
W200 x 100 40
65 75
W200 x 71 40
W200 x 52 40 50
90
W200 x 41.7 75
50
W200 x 26.6 65 100
W150 x 37.1 50 90
75
W150 x 22.5 40 50
65 100
W150 x 13.5 90
* 3
Tabulated thicknesses are based on the assumed Dc = 1760 kg/m , kc = 0.52 kcal/(h/m/°C), and cc = 878.64 J/(kg/°C).
216.1M-26 ACI/TMS STANDARD

APPENDIX B—FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE-MASONRY-PROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS

Table B.1—Fire resistance of concrete-masonry-protected steel columns


W shapes
Minimum equivalent thickness for Minimum equivalent thickness for
Concrete fire-resistance rating of concrete masonry Concrete fire-resistance rating of concrete masonry
masonry protection assembly Te , mm masonry protection assembly Te , mm
Column size density, kg/m3 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours Column size density, kg/m3 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
1280 19 40 59 76 1280 18 40 59 76
1600 23 46 67 85 1600 22 46 67 86
W360 x 122 W250 x 101
1760 24 49 71 90 1760 24 50 71 90
1920 26 52 74 94 1920 26 52 75 94
1280 21 43 62 80 1280 22 45 64 82
1600 25 49 70 89 1600 26 51 72 91
W360 x 101 W250 x 80
1760 27 52 74 93 1760 28 54 76 95
1920 29 55 77 97 1920 30 57 79 99
1280 23 46 66 83 1280 23 46 66 84
1600 27 52 73 92 1600 27 53 74 92
W360 x 79 W250 x 67
1760 29 55 77 96 1760 29 55 77 97
1920 31 58 80 100 1920 31 58 55 101
1280 26 49 69 87 1280 27 51 71 89
1600 30 55 76 95 1600 31 57 78 97
W360 x 64 W250 x 49.1
1760 32 58 80 99 1760 33 59 81 101
1920 34 60 80 100 1920 35 62 85 105
1280 21 42 83 103 1280 24 47 67 85
1600 23 48 69 87 1600 28 53 74 93
W310 x 107 W200 x 59
1760 25 51 72 91 1760 30 56 78 97
1920 27 53 76 96 1920 32 59 81 101
1280 22 45 64 82 1280 27 51 71 89
1600 26 51 72 90 1600 31 57 78 97
W310 x 86 W200 x 46.1
1760 28 54 75 95 1760 33 59 81 101
1920 30 57 79 99 1920 35 62 85 105
1280 23 46 66 83 1280 29 53 73 91
1600 27 52 73 92 1600 33 59 80 99
W310 x 74 W200 x 35.9
1760 29 55 77 96 1760 35 61 83 103
1920 31 58 80 100 1920 36 64 87 107
1280 26 49 69 87 1280 31 56 76 94
1600 30 55 76 95 1600 35 61 83 102
W310 x 60 W200 x 26.6
1760 32 58 80 99 1760 36 64 86 105
1920 34 61 83 103 1920 38 66 89 109
Note: Tabulated values assume 25 mm air gap between masonry and steel section.
DETERMINING FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 216.1M-27

Table B.1(cont.)—Fire resistance of concrete-masonry-protected steel columns


Square structural tubing Steel pipe
Minimum equivalent thickness for Minimum equivalent thickness for
Concrete fire-resistance rating of concrete masonry Concrete fire-resistance rating of concrete masonry
Nominal protection assembly Te , mm protection assembly Te , mm
tube size, masonry masonry
mm density, kg/m3 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours Column size density, kg/m3 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
1280 24 48 69 87 1280 20 44 65 83
100 x 100 4 double
1600 27 54 76 96 extra-strong 1600 24 51 72 92
13 mm wall 0.674 wall
thickness 1760 29 57 80 99 1760 26 53 76 96
thickness
1920 31 59 83 103 1920 28 56 79 100
1280 27 52 72 91 1280 28 54 74 93
100 x 100 4 extra
1600 30 57 79 99 strong 1600 32 59 81 100
10 mm wall 0.337 wall
thickness 1760 32 60 82 102 1760 34 61 84 104
thickness
1920 34 62 86 106 1920 36 64 87 107
1280 31 56 76 95 1280 32 57 78 96
100 x 100 1600 34 61 83 102 4 standard 1600 36 62 84 103
6 mm wall 0.237 wall
thickness 1760 36 64 86 106 thickness 1760 37 65 87 107
1920 38 66 89 109 1920 39 67 90 110
1280 21 44 65 83 1280 18 41 61 79
5 double
150 x 150 1600 25 51 72 91 extra-strong 1600 47 47 69 88
13 mm wall 0.750 wall
thickness 1760 27 53 76 95 1760 23 50 72 92
thickness
1920 28 56 79 99 1920 25 51 76 96
1280 24 49 69 87 1280 26 51 72 90
150 x 150 5 extra-
1600 28 54 76 95 strong 1600 30 57 78 98
10 mm wall 0.375 wall
thickness 1760 30 57 80 99 1760 32 59 82 102
thickness
1920 32 60 83 103 1920 34 62 85 105
1280 29 54 74 92 1280 30 56 76 94
150 x 150 1600 33 59 81 100 5 standard 1600 34 61 83 102
6 mm wall 0.258 wall
thickness 1760 35 62 84 104 thickness 1760 36 63 86 105
1920 36 64 87 107 1920 37 66 89 109
1280 20 42 62 80 1280 15 37 57 74
6 double
200 x 200 1600 23 41 70 89 extra-strong 1600 19 43 65 84
13 mm wall 0.864 wall
thickness 1760 25 51 73 93 1760 20 46 68 88
thickness
1920 27 54 77 97 1920 22 49 72 92
1280 23 47 67 85 1280 24 48 69 87
6 extra-
200 x 200 1600 27 53 74 93 strong 1600 28 54 76 95
10 mm wall 0.432 wall
thickness 1760 29 56 78 97 1760 30 57 79 99
thickness
1920 31 58 80 98 1920 32 59 82 103
1280 28 52 73 91 1280 29 54 74 92
200 x 200 1600 32 58 81 101 6 standard 1600 33 59 81 100
6 mm wall 0.280 wall
thickness 1760 34 60 83 102 thickness 1760 35 62 84 104
1920 35 63 86 106 1920 36 64 87 107
Note: Tabulated values assume 25 mm air gap between masonry and steel section.
216.1M-28 ACI/TMS STANDARD

APPENDIX C—FIRE RESISTANCE OF CLAY-MASONRY-PROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS

Table C.1—Fire resistance of clay-masonry-protected steel columns


W shapes
Minimum equivalent thickness for Minimum equivalent thickness for
fire-resistance rating of clay masonry fire-resistance rating of clay masonry
Clay masonry protection assembly Te , mm Clay masonry protection assembly Te , mm
Column size density, kg/m3 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours Column size density, kg/m3 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
1920 31 61 87 109 1920 32 62 88 110
W360 x 122 W250 x 101
2080 36 69 96 120 2080 37 70 97 122
1920 34 65 90 113 1920 36 66 92 115
W360 x 101 W250 x 80
2080 38 72 99 124 2080 40 73 101 126
1920 36 67 93 115 1920 37 68 93 116
W360 x 79 W250 x 67
2080 41 74 102 126 2080 41 75 103 127
1920 39 70 96 118 1920 40 72 98 120
W360 x 64 W250 x 49.1
2080 44 77 105 129 2080 45 79 107 130
1920 34 64 89 112 1920 37 69 94 117
W310 x 107 W200 x 59
2080 38 71 99 123 2080 42 76 104 128
1920 36 66 92 114 1920 40 72 98 120
W310 x 86 W200 x 46.1
2080 40 73 101 125 2080 45 79 107 131
1920 36 67 93 116 1920 42 74 100 122
W310 x 74 W200 x 35.9
2080 41 74 102 127 2080 47 81 122 133
1920 39 70 96 119 1920 44 76 102 125
W310 x 60 W200 x 26.6
2080 44 77 105 130 2080 49 83 111 136
Square structural tubing Steel pipe
Minimum equivalent thickness for Minimum equivalent thickness for
Concrete fire-resistance rating of clay masonry Concrete fire-resistance rating of clay masonry
masonry protection assembly Te , mm masonry protection assembly Te , mm
Nominal tube size,
3 3
mm density, kg/m 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours Column size density, kg/m 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
100 x 100 1920 37 69 96 119 4 double extra-strong 1920 32 65 91 115
13 mm wall thickness 2080 41 76 105 130 0.674 wall thickness 2080 36 72 101 126
100 x 100 1920 40 72 99 121 4 extra-strong 1920 41 73 100 123
10 mm wall thickness 2080 44 79 107 132 0.337 wall thickness 2080 45 80 109 133
100 x 100 1920 44 76 102 125 4 standard 1920 44 77 103 126
6 mm wall thickness 2080 48 83 111 136 0.237 wall thickness 2080 49 84 112 136
150 x 150 1920 34 66 92 115 5 double extra-strong 1920 30 62 88 112
13 mm wall thickness 2080 38 73 101 126 0.750 wall thickness 2080 34 69 98 123
150 x 150 1920 38 70 96 119 5 extra-strong 1920 39 72 98 121
10 mm wall thickness 2080 42 76 105 130 0.375 wall thickness 2080 44 78 107 132
150 x 150 1920 42 74 100 123 5 standard 1920 43 75 102 124
6 mm wall thickness 2080 46 81 109 134 0.258 wall thickness 2080 48 82 110 135
200 x 200 1920 32 64 89 112 6 double extra-strong 1920 26 58 84 107
13 mm wall thickness 2080 37 71 99 123 0.864 wall thickness 2080 30 66 93 119
200 x 200 1920 36 68 94 117 6 extra-strong 1920 37 69 95 119
10 mm wall thickness 2080 41 75 103 128 0.432 wall thickness 2080 41 76 104 129
200 x 200 1920 41 73 99 121 6 standard 1920 42 74 100 123
6 mm wall thickness 2080 45 80 108 132 0.280 wall thickness 2080 46 81 109 134
Note: Tabulated values assume 25 mm air gap between masonry and steel section.
Advancing the knowledge of masonry

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Code Requirements for Determining Fire Resistance
of Concrete and Masonry Construction Assemblies

®
American Concrete Institute
Advancing concrete knowledge

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