Ebook

PROBABILITY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 Basic Definitions
1 3 Sample Questions
4 Important Formulae
5 Practice Questions
6 Conclusion
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1
CHAPTER ONE
BASIC
DEFINITIONS
BASIC DEFINITIONS
Experiment:
An operation which can produce some well-
defined outcomes is called an experiment. The probability of
Basic Outcome you being
It is one possible outcome of the born is 1 in 400
experiment.
trillion.
Random Experiment:
An experiment in which all possible
outcomes are known and the exact output
cannot be predicted in advance, is called a
random experiment.
Examples:
Rolling an unbiased dice.
Tossing a fair coin.
Drawing a card from a pack of well-shuffled
cards.
Picking up a ball of certain color from a bag
containing balls of different colors.
BASIC DEFINITIONS
Sample Space: Examples – Sample Space:
In tossing a coin, S = {H, T}
When we perform an experiment, then If two coins are tossed, the S = {HH, HT,
the set S of all possible outcomes is TH, TT}
If two coins are tossed, the S =
called the sample space. {HHH,HHT,HTH,THH,HTT,THT,TTH,TT
T}
In rolling a dice, we have, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
Event: 6}
Any subset of a sample space is called an
event. Examples - Event :
Probability of an Event:
Let S be the sample and let E be an event.
Then, E c S.
P(E) = n(E)
n(S)
P(E) = Favorable number of events

Total number of event
Probability is the chance that something

will happen.
Sometimes you can measure a Formulas: 0 ≤ p(A) ≤ 1

p(S) = 1
probability with a number: "10% chance
of rain", or you can use words such as P(Ø) = 0
impossible, unlikely, even chance, likely P(A) = 1- P(A)
and certain.
TYPES OF EVENTS
Independent Events Dependent Events
Definition :Two events are Definition :Two events are

independent if the occurrence of dependent if the occurrence of one
one of the events does not effect of the event effects the occurrence
the occurrence of other event, that of other event, that is, the events
is, the events have no influence on have influence on each other.
each other.
Mutually Exclusive Events:
Definition :Two events are mutually exclusive (or disjoint) if it is

impossible for them to occur together. Formally, two events A and B are
mutually exclusive if and only if A ∩ B = Ø (Null set)
BASIC DEFINITIONS
Difference between AND & OR:
The rule is that whenever the word OR occurs in a statement there

is an addition among the cases. Whenever the word AND occurs
there is a multiplication among the cases.
Mostly the addition is to be done when there are two events which
do not take place together, there is always a choice to be made
among the two: either this OR- that.
You will be required to do multiplication in most of the cases and

these question will be such that they will occur together.
You have greater

than 99% chance
of breathing in at
least 1 molecule
of Caesar's dying
breath.
P(A∩A') = 0
BASIC DEFINITIONS
Intersection of Events:
Definition: Let A and B denotes the events of a random

experiment. The intersection of A and B denoted by A∩B is the
set of all the outcomes that occurs in both the events A and B. .
The probability of A∩B is denoted by P(A∩B).
Hence, P(A∩B) = P(A and B)
Properties
If A and B are Hence if ‘A’

If A and B are denotes the
independent events mutually exclusive
events then, complement event
then, of A then,
P(A∩B) = 0 P(A∩A') = 0
P(A∩B) = P(A) × P(B)
BASIC DEFINITIONS
Union of Events
Definition: Let A and B denotes the events of a random

experiment. The union of A and B denoted by A U B is the set of
all the outcomes that occurs either in A or in B or in both the
events A and B.
The probability of A U B which is denoted by P(A U B) is given by,
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)
Properties
If A and B are If A and B are Hence if ‘A’

independent events mutually exclusive denotes the
then, events then, complement event
of A then,
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) P(A U A') = P(A) +

- P(A) × P(B)) P(A')
BASIC DEFINITIONS
Conditional Probability
Definition: The conditional probability is the probability of an

event 'A', given that other event B has already occurred.
The usual notation for "event A occurs given that event B has
occurred" is "A|B" (A given B). The symbol '|' is a vertical line and
does not imply division.
Example: Drawing 2 Kings from a Deck without replacing the

first card.
P(A) P(B)
P(A and B)
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2
CHAPTER TWO
SAMPLE GRE
QUESTIONS
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
What is the probability of drawing 2 Kings

1 from a deck without replacing the first
card?
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
What is the probability of drawing 2 Kings

1 from a deck without replacing the first
card?
Solution
Event A is drawing a King first, and Event B is drawing a King second.

For the first card the chance of drawing a King is 4 out of 52
P(A) = 4/52
But after removing a King from the deck the probability of the 2nd card drawn is
less likely to be a King (only 3 of the 51 cards left are Kings)
P(B|A) = 3/51
And so, P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B|A) = (4/52) x (3/51)

= 12/2652
= 1/221
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS
A particular channel airs news for one

hour in the morning and an hour in the
evening. If thirty percent of the people in a
city watch the news in the evening and
2 55% watch the news in the morning. 75%
of the people in the city watch at least one
or the other. What is the percentage of
people who watch the news only in the
morning?
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
A particular channel airs news for one
hour in the morning and an hour in the
evening. If thirty percent of the people in a
city watch the news in the evening and
2 55% watch the news in the morning. 75%
of the people in the city watch at least one
or the other. What is the percentage of
people who watch the news only in the
morning?
Solution
P(Evening) = 0.30
P(Morning) = 0.55
P(Morning or Evening) = 0.75
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)

P(Morning or Evening) = P(Morning) + P(Evening) - P(Morning and Evening)
0.75 = 0.30 + 0.55 - P(Morning and Evening)

P(Morning And Evening) = 0.10
10% of the citizens watch the TV shows in the morning and in the evening.
Then the percentage of people who watch the news only in the morning = 55% -
10% = 45%
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
If 3 cards are drawn without replacement

from a standard deck of 52 cards.
3
Column A: The probability of drawing at
most two face cards
Column B: The probability of drawing at
least two face cards
Compare Column A & Column B

SAMPLE QUESTIONS
3
most two face cards
Solution
Total number of cards = 52
Total number of face cards = 12
The probability of drawing 0 face cards= P(0) = (40/52) x (39/51) x (38/50) =

59280/132600
The probability of drawing 1 face card = P(1) = (12/52) x (40/51) x (39/50) =

18720/132600
The probability of drawing 2 face cards = P(2) = (12/52) x (11/51) x (40/50) =
5280/132600
The probability of drawing 3 face cards = P(3) = (12/52) x (11/51) x (10/50) =
1320/132600
Continued in the next page…

SAMPLE QUESTIONS
3
most two face cards
Solution
The probability of drawing at most two face cards = P(0) + P(1)+P(2) =

83280/132600
The probability of drawing at least two face cards = = P(2) + P(3) =

6600/132600
Column A > Column B

SAMPLE QUESTIONS
x is a prime number and takes a value from
1 to 20, exclusive of both. What is the
probability that x takes a value from 0 to
10, inclusive of both?
4 Options:
2/3
4/20
2/5
4/9
1/2
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
x is a prime number and takes a value from
1 to 20, exclusive of both. What is the
probability that x takes a value from 0 to
10, inclusive of both?
4 Options:
2/3
4/20
2/5
4/9
1/2
Solution
Given, x is a prime number.
Prime numbers from 1 to 20, exclusive of both = 8
Prime numbers from 0 to 10, inclusive of both = 4
Required probability = 4/8 = 1/2

3
CHAPTER THREE
IMPORTANT
FORMULAE
Number of favorable outcomes
Probability of an event =
Number of total outcomes
Number of favorable outcomes

Odds in favor of an event =
Number of unfavorable outcomes

Odds against an event =
This is a quote you can use to further
“
highlight a point or message.
AUTHOR NAME HERE

ATTEND EXCLUSIVE WEBINARS CLICK HERE
TO MASTER PROBABILITY
Probability of the complement of event A (Ac)
P (Ac) = 1 – P (A)
General addition rule

P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A and B)
General multiplication rules

P (A and B) = P (A) × P (B given A)
P (A and B) = P (B) × P (A given B)
Independent events
P (A and B) = P (A) × P (B)
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A) × P(B)
P(B given A) = P(B)
P(A given B) = P(A)
Mutually Exclusive Events:

P (A and B) = 0
P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B)
P (B you
This is a quote givencan
A) =use
0 to further
“
P (A given
highlight a point B) = 0
or message.
AUTHOR NAME HERE
LEARN HOW TO DESIGN A

STUDY PLAN
4
CHAPTER FOUR
PRACTICE
QUESTIONS
FOR GRE
MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS- SINGLE ANSWER
A gambler lies once out of five utterances he
makes. He throws a die and declares it is a 6.The
probability that it is 6 is __
1 Options:
4/7
3/8
4/9
None of the above
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
A gambler lies once out of five utterances he
makes. He throws a die and declares it is a 6.The
probability that it is 6 is __
1 Options:
4/7
3/8
4/9
None of the above
Explanation:
Given the gambler lies once out of five times.
Therefore probability of him lying = 1/5
Probability of him not lying = 4/5
The probability that the number in the dice is 6 is

= 1/6 * 4/5
= 4/30
=2/15
MULTIPLE CHOICE
What is the probability of selecting an odd number
from 1,2,....n, where n is odd number greater than
50 ?
2 Options:
n/2
n+1/2n
n – 1/2n
1/2
25/51
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
What is the probability of selecting an odd
number from 1,2,....n, where n is odd number
greater than 50 ?
2 Options:
n/2
n+1/2n
n – 1/2n
1/2
25/51
Explanation:
Let us take n as 61, then up to 60 there will be 30
odd numbers and lastly 61 is also an odd number.
The probability of selecting an odd number will

be 30/61 + 1/61= 31/61
If we extend it for n then it will be,

+ =
MULTIPLE CHOICE
6 boys and 5 girls sit in a row randomly, find the
probability that all the ‘5’ girls sit together.
3 Options:
1/23
1/66
1/95
1/150
MULTIPLE CHOICE
3 Options:
1/23
1/66
1/95
1/150
Explanation
We have to arrange ‘6’ boys and ‘5’ girls in a row.
Total number of arrangement will be (6+5)! =11!

Now, we have to arrange ‘5’ girls in a way, such that
all of them should sit together.
Consider all the 5 girls as one person, now we have

to arrange 7 people in a row.
Total no. of ways = 7!
But 5 girls can be arranged among themselves in 5!

Ways.

MULTIPLE CHOICE
3 Options:
1/23
1/66
1/95
1/150
Explanation
So the total number of arrangement when all the ‘5’

girls sit together will be 7! x 5!
Hence the probability that all the ‘5’ girls sit together
will be
= P (all the ‘5’ girls sit together)
= (7! x 5!)
11!
= (5x4x3x2x 1)
(11x10x9x8)
P (all the ‘6’ girls sit together) = 1 / 66

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS-
MULTIPLE ANSWERS
A fair dice is tossed. Event A is defined as getting a
prime number and event B is defined as getting an
even number. Which of the following is/are true?
4 Options:
P(B) = 1/2
P(A n B) = 0
P(A) + P(B) = 1
P(A n B) = 1/6
P(A) = 4/6
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MULTIPLE ANSWERS
A fair dice is tossed. Event A is defined as getting a
prime number and event B is defined as getting an
even number. Which of the following is/are true?
4 Options:
P(B) = 1/2
P(A n B) = 0
P(A) + P(B) = 1
P(A n B) = 1/6
P(A) = 4/6
Explanation:
Sample space = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A = {2, 3, 5}
P(A) = 3/6
B = {2, 4, 6}
P(B) = 3/6 = ½
Hence, P(A) + P(B) = 1
Events A and B are not mutually exclusive events, since outcome 2 is
common to both the events.
Hence, P(A n B) = Probability of getting a number which is both even

and prime = 1/6
Options a, c, and d are the right answers.
MULTIPLE ANSWERS
A card is chosen at random from a standard deck of
52 cards. Which of the following is equal to the
probability of getting a king card?
5 Indicate all such options

Options:
Probability of getting a black colored ace card
Probability of getting an ace card
Probability of getting a diamond card
Probability of getting a black colored card
Probability of getting a card numbered 10
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MULTIPLE ANSWERS

Options:
Explanation
In a standard deck of 52 cards, there are 4 different suites

(spade (black), club (black), heart (red), diamond (red)) with
13 cards in each suite. There are nine cards numbered from 2
to 10, 1 ace card, and three face cards (king, queen, and jack)
in each suite.
Probability of getting a king card = 4/52
Option a: Probability of getting a black colored ace card =

2/52
Option b: Probability of getting an ace card = 4/52

MULTIPLE ANSWERS

Options:
Option c: Probability of getting a diamond card = 13/52
Option d: Probability of getting a black colored card = 26/52
Option e: Probability of getting a card numbered 10 = 4/52
Options b and e are the answers.

NUMERIC ENTRY QUESTIONS
From a pack of 52 cards, three cards are selected

6 randomly. What is the probability that the three
cards are of the same suit?
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From a pack of 52 cards, three cards are selected

6 randomly. What is the probability that the three
cards are of the same suit?
Explanation:
From a pack of 52 cards, three cards are selected randomly.
What should be the total number of outcomes?

52C = 26×17×50
3
What is the number of favorable outcomes?
There are 4 different suits in a pack of 52 cards.

13 cards have the same suit.
You have to select 3 cards from 13 cards of the same suit.
This can be done in 13C3 = 13 × 2 × 11 ways
There are four different suits.
Hence, number of favorable outcomes = 4 × 13 × 2 × 11
Probability of getting 3 cards of the same suit =

Two cards are drawn with replacements from a
7 pack of 52 cards. What is the probability of

drawing an ace card as a second, if a hearts card is
drawn first?
If there are more than

23 people in a room,
the odds of two people
sharing their birthdays
is more than 50 %
Two cards are drawn with replacements from a
7 pack of 52 cards. What is the probability of

drawing an ace card as a second, if a hearts card is
drawn first?
Explanation:
Probability of drawing a hearts card = 13/52
Probability of drawing an ace card = 4/52
If you find the phrase “with replacement” in the

question, you can say that the events are independent.
Probability of drawing an ace card as second, if a hearts

card is drawn first = 13/52 × 4/52
= 1/52
Suppose two dices are rolled. What is the

8 probability of getting an outcome as a multiple of 3
given that the number is an even number?
Suppose two dices are rolled. What is the

8 probability of getting an outcome as a multiple of 3
given that the number is an even number?
Explanation:
Let
Event A: Event of getting an outcome as a multiple of 3
Event B: Event of getting an outcome as an even number
A = {3, 6, 9, 12} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Conditional probability, P(A|B) = P(A∩B) / P(B)
P(A) = 4/12 = 1/3

P(B) = 5/12
Now A∩B = {6}

Hence P(A∩B) = 1/6
P(A|B) = P(A∩B) / P(B)

= {1/6}/{5/12}
= 2/5
DATA COMPARISON QUESTIONS
Given, x and y are integers with -8≤ x ≤12 and 0 ≤ y

≤ 5. A point (x, y) is selected from the xy-plane.
Quantity A: Probability that the point lies in the

first quadrant
Quantity B: 8/21
9 Options:
Quantity A is greater
Quantity B is greater
The two quantities are equal
The relationship cannot be determined from the
information given
Given, x and y are integers with -8≤ x ≤12 and 0 ≤ y

≤ 5. A point (x, y) is selected from the xy-plane.
Quantity A: Probability that the point lies in the

first quadrant
Quantity B: 8/21
9 Options:
information given
Explanation:
Number of possible points in the xy-plane = 21 * 6 = 126
Number of favorable points = 12 * 5 = 60
Quantity A = 60/126 = 10/21
Quantity A is greater.
Given P (A) = 3/5 and P (B) = 1/5.
Quantity A: P(A n B)
Quantity B: 0.1
10 Options:
information given
Given P (A) = 3/5 and P (B) = 1/5.
Quantity A: P(A n B)
Quantity B: 0.1
10 Options:
information given
Explanation:
If A and B are independent events, then P(A n B) = 0.12 > 0.1
As it is not mentioned that A and B are independent events,

the relationship cannot be determined from the information
given.

information given.
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PROBABILITY

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P(E) = Favorable number of events

Probability is the chance that something

Sometimes you can measure a Formulas: 0 ≤ p(A) ≤ 1

Definition :Two events are Definition :Two events are

Mutually Exclusive Events:

Definition :Two events are mutually exclusive (or disjoint) if it is

The rule is that whenever the word OR occurs in a statement there

You will be required to do multiplication in most of the cases and

You have greater

Definition: Let A and B denotes the events of a random

The probability of A∩B is denoted by P(A∩B).

Hence, P(A∩B) = P(A and B)

If A and B are Hence if ‘A’

Definition: Let A and B denotes the events of a random

The probability of A U B which is denoted by P(A U B) is given by,

P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)

If A and B are If A and B are Hence if ‘A’

P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) P(A U A') = P(A) +

Definition: The conditional probability is the probability of an

Example: Drawing 2 Kings from a Deck without replacing the

What is the probability of drawing 2 Kings

What is the probability of drawing 2 Kings

Event A is drawing a King first, and Event B is drawing a King second.

And so, P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B|A) = (4/52) x (3/51)

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A particular channel airs news for one

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)

0.75 = 0.30 + 0.55 - P(Morning and Evening)

If 3 cards are drawn without replacement

Compare Column A & Column B

Compare Column A & Column B

Total number of face cards = 12

The probability of drawing 0 face cards= P(0) = (40/52) x (39/51) x (38/50) =

The probability of drawing 1 face card = P(1) = (12/52) x (40/51) x (39/50) =

Continued in the next page…

Compare Column A & Column B

The probability of drawing at most two face cards = P(0) + P(1)+P(2) =

The probability of drawing at least two face cards = = P(2) + P(3) =

Column A > Column B

Prime numbers from 1 to 20, exclusive of both = 8

Prime numbers from 0 to 10, inclusive of both = 4

Required probability = 4/8 = 1/2

Number of favorable outcomes

Number of unfavorable outcomes

This is a quote you can use to further

AUTHOR NAME HERE

General addition rule

General multiplication rules

Mutually Exclusive Events:

AUTHOR NAME HERE

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Probability of him not lying = 4/5

The probability that the number in the dice is 6 is