Electrical

Engineering

Signals and Systems

Comprehensive Theory
with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

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Signals and Systems

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First Edition: 2015

Second Edition: (Revised and Updated) : 2016

© All rights reserved by MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the
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Preface
This book was motivated by the desire to further the evolution of a concise
book on Signals and Systems. Keeping in focus the importance of this
subject in GATE, we have done a proper study and thereafter developed the
content of the book accordingly. This edition has an expanded discussion
of all relevant topics in the subject.

Initially, we compiled the perceptions of our students on their problems

in GATE while dealing with the questions from this subject. We identified
their various problems like- lack of fundamentals of the subject, difficulty
in solving simple questions, shortage of a complete study package, etc. These strengthened our
determination to present a complete edition of Signals and Systems textbook.

The book addresses all the requirements of the students, i.e. comprehensive coverage of theory, fundamental
concepts and objective type problems articulated in a lucid language. The concise presentation will help the readers
grasp the concepts with clarity and apply them with ease to solve problems quickly. The book not only covers the
entire syllabus of GATE, but also addresses the need of many other competitive examinations. Topics like ‘linear
time invariant systems, Fourier series and Fourier transform, Laplace transform, sampling and z-transform’, are
given full coverage in line with our research on their importance in competitive examinations.

We have put in our sincere efforts to present elaborate solutions for various problems, different problem solving
methodology, some useful quick techniques to save time while attempting MCQs without compromising the accuracy
of answers. A summary of important points to remember is added at the end of each topic. For the convenience of
the readers, points to remember are specifically highlighted in the form of a note- both in theory as well as solved
examples. At the end of each chapter, sets of practice question are given with their keys, that will allow the readers
to evaluate their understanding of the topics and sharpen their problem solving skills.

Our team has made their best efforts to remove all possible errors of any kind. Nonetheless, we would highly
appreciate and acknowledge if you find and share with us any printing, calculation and conceptual error.

It is impossible to thank all the individuals who helped us, but we would like to sincerely thank all the authors, editors
and reviewers for putting in their efforts to publish this book.

With Best Wishes

B. Singh
CMD, MADE EASY
Contents
Signals and Systems

Chapter 1 3.3 Dirichlet Conditions................................................. 122

Introduction to Signals............................ 2 3.4 Properties of Fourier Series................................... 124

1.1 Elementary Signals........................................................ 2 3.5 Systems with Periodic Inputs................................ 132

1.2 Classification of Signals..............................................22 3.6 Limitations of Fourier Series................................. 132

1.3 Basic Operations on Signals.....................................51 Student Assignments-1............................................. 133

Student Assignments-1................................................73 Student Assignments-2............................................. 134

Student Assignments-2................................................74
Chapter 4
Continous Time Fourier
Chapter 2 Transform (CTFT)..................................135
4.1 The Definition............................................................. 135
Introduction to Systems.........................75
4.2 Fourier Transform of Some Basic Signals.......... 136
2.1 Continuous-time and discrete-time systems.....76
4.3 Inverse Fourier Transform of Some Basic
2.2 Classification of Systems............................................76
Functions...................................................................... 141
2.3 Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems.......................86
4.4 Properties of Fourier Transform........................... 143
2.4 Continuous time LTI systems ..................................86
4.5 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signal.................. 162
2.5 Discrete-time LTI Systems ..................................... 100
4.6 Application of Fourier Transform......................... 165
2.6 LTI System Properties and
4.7 Ideal and Practical Filters........................................ 167
the Impulse Response............................................. 104
4.8 Energy Spectral Density (ESD).............................. 167
2.7 Step Response of an LTI System........................... 109
4.9 Power Spectral Density (PSD)............................... 168
Student Assignments-1............................................. 111
4.10 Correlation................................................................... 169
Student Assignments-2............................................. 114
4.11 Limitation of Fourier Transform and its Solution..... 172

Chapter 3 Student Assignments-1............................................. 173

Continuous-time Fourier Series..........115 Student Assignments-2............................................. 174

3.1 Different Forms of Fourier Series......................... 115

3.2 Symmetry Conditions in Fourier Series............. 119

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Chapter 5 7.3 The Definition: DTFT................................................. 239

7.4 DTFT of some Basic Signals.................................... 241

Laplace Transform................................175
7.5 Properties of DTFT.................................................... 246
5.1 The Definition............................................................. 175
7.6 Fourier Transform Pairs Using Inverse DTFT.... 255
5.2 Relationship Between Laplace transform and
Fourier Transform...................................................... 176 7.7 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals................ 257

5.3 Eigen Value and Eigen Function.......................... 176 7.8 LTI System Analysis and DTFT............................... 258

5.4 Region of Convergence (ROC) for Laplace 7.9 Application of DTFT.................................................. 259

Transform..................................................................... 177 7.10 Ideal and Practical Filters........................................ 261

5.5 Laplace Transforms to Some Basic Signals....... 178 7.11 Relationship between CTFT and DTFT.............. 265

5.6 Properties of Laplace Transform.......................... 185 7.12 Energy Spectral Density.......................................... 266

5.7 Inverse Laplace Transform..................................... 194 7.13 Power Spectral Density: (PSD).............................. 266

5.8 LTI System and Laplace Transform...................... 199 7.14 Correlation................................................................... 266

5.9 Interconnection of LTI Systems Student Assignments-1............................................. 267

(Block Diagrams)........................................................ 204 Student Assignments-2............................................. 268

5.10 Laplace Transform of Causal Periodic Signals. .... 205

Chapter 8
5.11 Unilateral Laplace Transform................................ 207
Z-Transform...........................................269
5.12 Properties of Unilateral Laplace Transform (ULT). ... 209
8.1 The Definition............................................................. 269
5.13 Application of Laplace Transform in Solving
8.2 Relationship between z-transform and DTFT. 270
Differential Equations.............................................. 214
Student Assignments-1............................................. 219 8.3 Region of Covergence for z-transform.............. 270

Student Assignments-2............................................. 221 8.4 z-Transform of Some Basic Signals...................... 273

8.5 Properties of z-Transform....................................... 279

Chapter 6
8.6 Inverse z-Transform.................................................. 288
Sampling...............................................222 8.7 Discrete-time LTI Systems and z-Transform..... 295
6.1 The Sampling Theorem........................................... 222
8.8 z-Transform of Causal Periodic Signals.............. 301
6.2 Sampling Techniques............................................... 227
8.9 Relation Between Laplace Transform and
6.3 Sampling Theorem for Band Pass Signals........ 229 z-Transform.................................................................. 302
6.4 Reconstruction of Signal........................................ 230 8.10 Unilateral z-Transform............................................. 304
Student Assignments-1............................................. 236
8.11 Properties of Unilateral z-transform (UZT)....... 305
Student Assignments-2............................................. 236
8.12 z-Transform Solution of Linear Difference
Equations..................................................................... 308
Chapter 7
Student Assignments-1............................................. 313
Fourier Analysis of Discrete
Student Assignments-2............................................. 315
Time Signals..........................................237
7.1 The Definition............................................................. 237

7.2 Properties of DTFS.................................................... 239

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Chapter 9 Chapter 10
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)........316 Digital Filters.........................................330
9.1 The Definition............................................................. 317 10.1 Introduction................................................................ 330

9.2 Properties of DFT....................................................... 322 10.2 Filter Basics.................................................................. 330

9.3 Discrete Cosine Transform..................................... 324 10.3 Butterworth Filters.................................................... 331

9.4 Introduction to FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)... 329 10.4 Digital Filters............................................................... 333

Student Assignment................................................... 329 10.5 FIR Digital Filters........................................................ 334

10.6 IIR Filters....................................................................... 336

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