19.43. IDENTIFY: Use U  Q  W and the fact that U is path independent.

W  0 when the volume increases, W  0 when the volume decreases, and W  0 when the
volume is constant. Q  0 if heat flows into the system.

SET UP: The paths are sketched in Figure 19.43.

Qacb  90.0 J (positive since heat flows in)

Wacb  60.0 J (positive since V  0)

Figure 19.43

EXECUTE: (a) U  Q  W

U is path independent; Q and W depend on the path.

U  U b  U a
This can be calculated for any path from a to b, in particular for path acb:
U a b  Qacb  Wacb  90.0 J  60.0 J  30.0 J.
Now apply U  Q  W to path adb; U  30.0 J for this path also.
Wadb  15.0 J (positive since V  0)
U a b  Qadb  Wadb so Qacb  U a b  Wadb  30.0 J  15.0 J  45.0 J
(b) Apply U  Q  W to path ba: U b  a  Qba  Wba
Wba  35.0 J (negative since V  0)
U b a  U a  U b  (U b  U a )  U a b  30.0 J
Then Qba  U b a  Wba  30.0 J  35.0 J  65.0 J.
(Qba  0; the system liberates heat.)
(c) U a  0, U d  8.0 J
U a b  U b  U a  30.0 J, so U b  30.0 J.
process a  d
U a  d  Qad  Wad
U a d  U d  U a  8.0 J
Wadb  15.0 J and Wadb  Wad  Wdb . But the work Wdb for the process d  b is zero since
V  0 for that process. Therefore Wad  Wadb  15.0 J.
Then Qad  U a d  Wad  8.0 J  15.0 J  23.0 J (positive implies heat absorbed).
process d  b
U d b  Qdb  Wdb
Wdb  0, as already noted.
U d b  U b  U d  30.0 J  8.0 J  22.0 J.
Then Qdb  U d b  Wdb  22.0 J (positive; heat absorbed).
EVALUATE: The signs of our calculated Qad and Qdb agree with the problem statement that
heat is absorbed in these processes.
19.47. IDENTIFY: Use the 1st law to relate Qtot to Wtot for the cycle.
Calculate Wab and Wbc and use what we know about Wtot to deduce Wca

(a) SET UP: We aren’t told whether the pressure increases or decreases in process bc. The two
possibilities for the cycle are sketched in Figure 19.47.

Figure 19.47

In cycle I, the total work is negative and in cycle II the total work is positive. For a cycle, U  0,
so Qtot  Wtot
The net heat flow for the cycle is out of the gas, so heat Qtot  0 and Wtot  0. Sketch I is correct.
(b) EXECUTE: Wtot  Qtot  800 J
Wtot  Wab  Wbc  Wca
Wbc  0 since V  0.
Wab  pV since p is constant. But since it is an ideal gas, pV  nRT
Wab  nR(Tb  Ta )  1660 J
Wca  Wtot  Wab  800 J  1660 J  2460 J

EVALUATE: In process ca the volume decreases and the work W is negative.

19.48. IDENTIFY: Apply the appropriate expression for W for each type of process. pV  nRT and
C p  CV  R.
SET UP: R  8.315 J/mol  K
EXECUTE: Path ac has constant pressure, so Wac  pV  nRT , and
Wac  nR(Tc  Ta )  (3 mol)(8.3145 J mol  K)(492 K  300 K)  4.789 103 J.
Path cb is adiabatic (Q  0), so Wcb  Q  U  U  nCV T , and using CV  Cp  R,
Wcb  n(C p  R)(Tb  Tc )  (3 mol)(29.1 J mol  K  8.3145 J mol  K)(600 K  492 K)  6.735  103 J.

Path ba has constant volume, so Wba  0. So the total work done is

W  Wac  Wcb  Wba  4.789 103 J  6.735 103 J  0  1.95 103 J.
EVALUATE: W  0 when V  0, W  0 when V  0 and W  0 when V  0.
 
19.56. 1 1  p2V2 and pV  nRT . Q  0 so
IDENTIFY: The process is adiabatic. Apply pV

1
U  W   ( p1V1  p2V2 ).
 1

SET UP: For helium,   1.67. p1  1.00 atm  1.013 105 Pa. V1  2.00 103 m3.
p2  0.900 atm  9.117 104 Pa. T1  288.15 K.
 p 
EXECUTE: (a) V2  V1  1  .
 p2 
1/ 
p 
1/1.67
 1.00 atm 
V2  V1  1   (2.00 103 m3 )    2.13 103 m3.
 p2   0.900 atm 

T1 T
(b) pV  nRT gives  2 .
p1V1 p2V2

 p  V   0.900 atm   2.13 10 m 

3 3
T2  T1  2  2   (288.15 K)   3 
 276.2 K  3.0°C.
 1.00 atm   2.00 10 m 
3
 p1  V1 

1
(c) U   ([1.013 105 Pa)(2.00 103 m3 )]  [9.117 104 Pa)(2.13 103 m3 )]  1.25 107 J.
0.67

EVALUATE: The internal energy decreases when the temperature decreases.

19.58. IDENTIFY: For constant pressure , W  pV . For an adiabatic process of an ideal gas,

CV
W  p1V1  p2V2  and pV  
1 1  p2V2 .
R

Cp C p  CV R
SET UP:   1
CV CV CV

EXECUTE: (a) The pV-diagram is sketched in Figure 19.58.

CV
(b) The work done is W  p0 (2V0  V0 )  ( p0 (2V0 )  p3 (4V0 )). p3  p0 (2V0 4V0 ) and so
R

 C 
W  p0V0 1  V (2  22  )  . Note that p0 is the absolute pressure.
 R 

(c) The most direct way to find the temperature is to find the ratio of the final pressure and volume
 
V  V 
to the original and treat the air as an ideal gas. p3  p2  2   p1  2  , since p1  p2 . Then
 V3   V3 
 
p3V3 V  V  1
 T0  2   3   T0   4  T0  2 .
2 
T3  T0
pV
1 1  V3   V1   2

p0V0 pV C 
(d) Since n  , Q  0 0  CV  R  2T0  T0   p0V0  V  1. This amount of heat flows into
RT0 RT0  R 
the gas, since Q  0.
 EVALUATE: In the isobaric expansion the temperature doubles and in the adiabatic expansion the
temperature decreases. If the gas is diatomic, with   75 , 2    53 and T3  3.03T0 ,
W  2.21 p0V0 and Q  3.50 p0V0 . U  1.29 p0V0 . U  0 and this is consistent with an increase
in temperature.

Figure 19.58

19.66. IDENTIFY: Use the appropriate expression for W for each type of process.
SET UP: For a monatomic ideal gas,   5/ 3 and CV  3R / 2.
EXECUTE: (a) W  nRT ln V2 / V1   nRT ln (3)  3.29 103 J.
 1
(b) Q  0 so W  U  nCV T . TV
1 1  T2V2 1 gives T2  T1 (1/3)2 / 3. Then
W  nCV T1 (1  (1 3)2 / 3 )  2.33 103 J.
(c) V2  3V1 , so W  pV  2pV1  2nRT1  6.00 103 J.
(d) Each process is shown in Figure 19.66. The most work done is in the isobaric process, as the
pressure is maintained at its original value. The least work is done in the adiabatic process.
(e) The isobaric process involves the most work and the largest temperature increase, and so
requires the most heat. Adiabatic processes involve no heat transfer, and so the magnitude is zero.
(f ) The isobaric process doubles the Kelvin temperature, and so has the largest change in internal
energy. The isothermal process necessarily involves no change in internal energy.
EVALUATE: The work done is the area under the path for the process in the pV-diagram. Figure
19.66 shows that the work done is greatest in the isobaric process and least in the adiabatic process.

Figure 19.66