Design of Steel Structures

Design of Columns Part 1

Naveed Anwar, Buddhi Sharma
ACECOMS, AIT
 Column = Axial Member + (Beam - Shear)

Additional Factors:

• Moment Magnification due to the presence of Axial Load

• Biaxial Bending is more Prominent

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures - Axial Members

 Columns
• Common Usage
– Columns in Buildings
– Free standing Poles and Towers
– Piers in Bridges

• Critical Considerations
– All those for Compression Members
– All those for Beams
– Moment Amplification, Second Order Effects
– Biaxial Bending

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures - Tension Members

 Basic Governing Equation

• Various forms of “Combined Stress Equations”

are used as the basis of design in columns

R  Ra  Rbx  Rby  1.0

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures -

 Overall Design Process

Trial
P,, MX , My, L Compute Fa
Section

Accept Section Compute Fbx Fby

R < 1.0
Design OK Compute fbx, fby

Compute R for fa
 0.15
Short Column Fa

Compute R for
R = Combined Stress Ration
Slender Column

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures - Tension Members

 Main Quantities to be Computed

Compute Fa and fa

Compute Fbx Fby

Compute fbx, fby

Compute R for
Short Column

Compute R for
Slender Column

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures -

 Computing Fa and fa

P fa = Actual Axial stress

fa 
Ag P = Axial Load on Member

Ag = Gross cross-section Area

Fa  Qa  Qs  Fa
'
Fa= Allowable Axial Stress

Fa’ = Permissible stress as determined by bend buckling

criteria (based on basic equations without Qa ad Qs)

Qa =Effective area correction factor

Qs = Stress reduction factor based on width-thickness ratio

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures - Compression Members

 Main Quantities to be Computed

Compute Fa and fa

Compute Fbx Fby

Compute fbx, fby

Compute R for
Short Column

Compute R for
Slender Column

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures -

 Computing Fbx, Fby, fbx, fby

M x (max) M y (max)
f bx  f bx 
Sx Sy

Fbx = See detailed procedures defined for the Beams

Fby = 0.6Fy - 0.75 Fy (See detailed procedure defined for beams)

Consider Unbraced Length, Lb, Section Compactness (b/t) ratio

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures - Compression Members

 Main Quantities to be Computed

Compute Fa and fa

Compute Fbx Fby

Compute fbx, fby

Compute R for
Short Column

Compute R for
Slender Column

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures -

 Stress Ratio for Short Columns

fa
When  0.15
Fa

f a f bx f by
R    1.0
Fa Fbx Fby

So when axial load is small, the Moment Magnification and

Second Order P-Delta effects are ignored and the Short Column
Stress Ratio can be used

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures - Compression Members

 Main Quantities to be Computed

Compute Fa and fa

Compute Fbx Fby

Compute fbx, fby

Compute R for
Short Column

Compute R for
Slender Column

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures -

 What is Slenderness Effect
Moment
e Amplification

P
P Capacity
I Reduction
e
II
P D  f(Mc)

I. Mc = P.e II : Mc = P(e + D)
Short Column Long Column Column Capacity (P-M)

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures -

 Stress Ratio for Slender Columns
Need to Compute
fa
When  0.15 Kx Ky Cmx Cmy
Fa

f a f bx x f by y x 
Cmx
12 2 E
R    1.0 f FEX ' 
Fa Fbx Fby 1 a ' 23(kL / r ) 2x
FEX
fa f bx f by
and R     1.0
y 
Cmy 12 2 E
0.6 Fy Fbx Fby f FEY ' 
1 a ' 23(kL / r ) 2y
FEY

Moment Magnification and Stress FE = Buckling Stress

Second Order P-Delta effects are Magnification K = Eff. Length Factor
included in computing the Stress Factors due to
Ratio for Heavy Axial Loads Slenderness

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures - Compression Members

 The Cm Factor

The Moment and Stress

Cmx  0.6  0.4(M1x / M 2 x )
Amplification Factors are
derived on the basis of pin- Cmy  0.6  0.4(M1 y / M 2 y )
ended columns with single
moment curvature.
M M
(Cm = 1.0)
1 1

For other Moment

Distribution, the correction
factor Cm needs to be M M
computed to modify the 2
M1/M2 M1/M2 2
stress amplification. Positive Negative

Cm = 0.2 to 1.0 M1 is the smaller End Moment

M2 is the larger End Moment
ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures - Compression Members
 More about Cm Factor
M1 M2 M2
M1

M2 M1 M1 M2
M1= -M M1 = 0 M1 =M M1 =0
M2 = M M2 = M M2 = M M2 = M

M1 M1 M1 M1
 1 0 1 0
M2 M2 M2 M2

Cm = 1.0 Cm = 0.6 Cm = 0.2 Cm = 0.6

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures -

 More about Cm Factor
M1 M2 M2
M1

M2 M1 M1 M2
M m  1.0 M 2  0.6 M 2  0.2 M 2  0.6 M 2
100% 60% 20% 60%

M 1  2 EI
M m  Cm . .M 2 , C m  0.6  0.4 1 ,   , Pcr 
M2 1 P L2
Pcr

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures -

 Cm, Determination Process

Trans vers e
Yes No
Load

Relative
Yes T ranslatio No Relative End
Yes No
n T ranslation

End
Rotationally No
Restrained

Yes Cm =1

Cm = 0.6-0.4M1/ M 2
Cm =0.85
M1 < M 2

End

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures -

 Unsymmetrical Sections

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures - Compression Members

 Trial
P,, MX , My, L Compute Fa
Section

Accept Section Compute Fbx Fby

R < 1.0
Design OK Compute fbx, fby

Compute R for fa
 0.15
Short Column Fa

Compute R for
R = Combined Stress Ration
Slender Column

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures -

 Computing K Factor
• To account for “Axial-Flexural Buckling”
• Indicates the “total bent” length of column between
inflection points
• Can vary from 0.5 to Infinity
• Most common range 0.75 to 2.0

The Detailed procedure is defined in

“Design of Compression Members”

ACECOMS: Design of Steel Structures -