PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW CHAPTER 1

GENERAL PRINCIPLES INTERNATIONAL LAW (IL) -Traditional concept- a body of rules and principles of action which are
binding upon civilized states in their relations with another. -Schwarzenberger-is the body of legal rules which apply
betweensovereign states and such other entities as have been granted international personality.

DIVISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1.Laws of peace-governthenormal relations of states. 2.Lawsofwar-

whenwarbreaksout between or among some of them, the relation of these states cease to be regulated under the laws
of peace and come under the laws of war. 3. Laws of neutrality-thosestatesnot involvedinthewarcontinuetobe
regulatedunderthelawsofpeacein theirrelationsinterse.however,their relations with the belligerents,or those
involvedinthewar,aregovernedby the laws of neutrality. INTERNATIONAL LAW V. MUNICIPAL LAW 1.Monists-
Thereisnosubstantial distinctionbetweeninternationallaw and municipal law because they believe in the oneness or
unity of all law 2.Dualists-whobelieveinthedichotomy ofthelaw,therearecertainwell establisheddifferencebetween
international law and municipal law. MUNICIPAL LAWINTERNATIONAL LAW Issuedbya politicalsuperior forobservanceby
thoseunderits authority Isnotimposed uponbutsimply adoptedbystates asacommonrule ofactionamong themselves
Consists mainly of enactmentsfrom thelaw-making authority of each Derivednotfrom anyparticular legislationbut
fromsourcesas international custom, international conventionsand thegeneral principles of law Regulatesthe relationsof
individuals among themselvesor withtheirown states Appliestothe relations inter se of statesandother international
persons Violationsofthe municipallaware redressed throughlocal administration andjudicial process Questionsof
internationallaw areresolved throughstate-to- statetransactions rangingfrom peacefulmethods likenegotiations
andarbitrationto thehostile arbitramentoflike reprisalsandeven war Breachesof municipallaw generallyentail
onlyindividual responsibility Responsibilityof infractionof internationallawis usually collective in thesensethatit attaches
directly ot thestateandnot PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO to its nationals.
Itispossibleforaprincipleofmunicipallawto becomepartofinternationallaw,aswhenthe principle is embodied in a treaty or
convention. TWO THEORIES AS TO MANNER OFADOPTING INTERNATIONAL LAW AS PART OF THE LAW OF THE LOCAL
STATE 1.DOCTRINE OF INCORPORATION -Internationallawsareadoptedaspart ofastate’smunicipallaw,byaffirming
theirrecognitionoftheprinciplesof international law in their constitutions. 2.DOCTRINE OF TRANSPORMATION -
Generallyacceptedrulesof international law are not per se binding uponthestatebutmustfirstbe
embodiedinlegislationenactedbythe law-makingbodyandsotransformed into municipal law.
CRITERIATOBEAPPLIESINRESOLVING CONFLICTSBETWEENINTERNATIONALLAW AND MUNICIPAL LAW -
Toattempttoreconciletheapparent contradiction and thereby give effect, if possible, to both systems of law.
Itshouldbepresumedthatmunicipallawis alwaysenactedbyeachstatewithduerespect
forandneverindefianceofthegenerally accepted principles of international law. CONSTITUTION V. TREATY
Generally,thetreatyisrejectedinthelocal forum but is upheld by international tribunals as demandable obligation of the
signatories under the maxim pacta sunt servanda. ThepositionofthePhilippinesregardingthis
matterisclearenough.Therecanbenodoubt astothemeaningofourconstitutionwhenit
authorizestheSCtodecide,amongothers,all casesinvolvingtheconstitutionalityof“any
treaty,internationalorexecutiveagreement, law…” BASIS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1.Naturalist school of thought- thereis
a naturalanduniversalprincipleofright andwrong,independentofanymutual intercourseorcompact,whichis
supposedtobediscoveredand recognizedbyeveryindividualthrough theuseofhisreasonandhis conscience. 2.Positivists-
whothatthebindingforce ofinternationallawisderivedfromthe agreementofsovereignstatestobe bound by it.
3.EclecticsorGrotians-boththelawof natureand the consentof states as the basis of international law. SANCTIONS OF
INTERNATIONAL LAW 1.Beliefsharedbymanystatesinthe inherentreasonablenessof internationallawandtheircommon
convictionthatitsobservancewill redoundtothewelfareofthewhole society of nations.
2.Butregardlessoftheintrinsicmeritof the rules of international law, they may stillbeobservedbystatesbecauseof
thenormalhabitsofobedience ingrained in the nature of man as social being. 3.Respectfortheworldopinionheldby
moststates,ortheirdesiretoproject anagreeablepublicimageinorderto PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA|
MENOR |REAMICO maintainthegoodwillandfavourable regardoftherestofthefamilyof nations.
4.Theconstantandreasonablefear, presenteveninthemostpowerful states,thatviolationofinternational
lawmightvisitupontheculpritthe retaliation of other states. 5.There is the machinery of the UN which, within the sphere
of its limited powers, has on many occasions proved to be an effectivedeterrenttointernational disputes caused be
disregard of the law of nations. FUNCTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1.Toestablishpeaceandorderinthe
communityofnationsandtoprevent the employment of force, including war, in all international relations
2.Itstrivesaswelltopromoteworld friendship by levelling the barriers, as of colororcreed,thathavesofar
obstructedthefosteringofacloser understanding in the family of nations. 3.Toencourageandensuregreater
internationalcooperationinthe solutionofcertaincommonproblems ofapolitical,economic,culturalor humanitarian
character 4.Aimstoprovidefortheorderly managementoftherelationsofstates onthebasisofthesubstantiverules
theyhaveagreedtoobserveas membersoftheinternational community. DISTINCTION WITH OHERS CONCEPTS
1.Internationalmoralityorethics-those principleswhichgovernstherelations ofstatesfromthehigherstandpointof
conscience,morality,justiceand humanity. 2.Internationalcomity-thoserulesof courtesyobservedbystatesintheir mutual
relations, in that violations of its preceptsarenotregardedas constituting grounds for legal claims.
3.Internationaldiplomacy-relatestothe objectsofnationalorinternational policy and the conduct of foreign affairs or
international relations. 4.Internationaladministrativelaw-that bodyoflawsandregulations,now highly developed, created
by the action ofinternationalconferenceor commissionswhichregulatethe relationsandactivitiesofnationaland
internationalagencieswithrespectto those material and intellectual interests whichreceivedanauthoritative universal
recognition. CHAPTER 2 SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW KINDS OF SOURCES 1.Primary/ direct sources
a.Treaties/conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states
b.Internationalcustoms-apractice which has grown up between states andhascometobeacceptedas
bindingthemerefactofpersistent usageoveralongperiodoftime. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA|
MENOR |REAMICO c.Generalprinciplesoflaw recognized by civilized nations- the general principles of law are mostly
derivedfromthelawofnatureand observedbythemajorityofstates becausetheybelievedtobegood and just. 2.Secondary/
indirect sources a.Decisionsofcourts-art38ofthe statuteofICJdoesnotdistinguish betweenthoserenderedby
internationaltribunalsandthose promulgatedonlybynational courts b.Writingofpublicists-mustalsobe,
toqualifyassuch,afairand unbiasedrepresentationof internationallaw,andbyan acknowledged authority in the field.
NOTE:Thedoctrineofstaredecisisisnot applicableininternationallaw,andsothe decision of a subsequent case. CHAPTER 3
THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY -thebodyofjuridicalentitieswhichare governed by law
of nation. -Modernconcept-itiscomposednot onlyofstatesbutalsoofsuchother international persons. SUBJECT V. OBJECT
SUBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW- is the entity thathasrightsandresponsibilitiesunderthat law. It has an international
personality in that it candirectlyassertrightsandbehelddirectly responsible under the law of nations.
OBJECTOFTHEINTERNATIONALLAW-isthe personorthinginrespectofwhichrightsare held and obligations assumed by the
subject. STATES -Agroupofpeoplelivingtogetherina definiteterritoryunderthe independentgovernmentorganizedfor
politicalendsandcapableofentering into international relations. ELEMENTS: 1.A permanent population- Human being
living within its territory 2.Definedterritory-fixedportionofthe surface of the earth in which the people of the state reside
3.Government- agency through which the willofthestateisformulated, expressed and realized.
4.Sovereigntyorindependence-external aspectormanifestationofsovereignty, that is, the power of the stateto direct
itsownexternalaffairswithout interferenceordictationfromother states. CLASSIFICATION OF STATES INDEPENDENT
STATES onewhichisnotsubjecttodictation from others in this respect a.SimpleStates-onewhichisplaced
underasingleandcentralized PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
governmentexercisingpowerover both its internal and external affairs b.CompositesStates-twoormore
states,eachwithitsownseparate governmentbutboundundera centralauthorityexercising,toa greater
orlessdegree,controlover their external relations. 1.Realunion-createdwhentwo ormorestatesaremerged
underaunifiedauthorityso thattheyformasingle internationalpersonthrough which they act as one entity. 2.Federal
union- is a combination of two or more sovereign states which upon merger cease to be states,resultinginthecreation
ofanewstatewithfull internationalpersonalityto represent them in their external relationsaswellasacertain
degreeofpowerovertheir domesticaffairsandtheir inhabitants. i.e. US 3.Confederation-isan organizationofstateswhich
retain their internal sovereignty and,tosomedegree,their externalsovereignty,while delegatingtothecollective
bodypowertorepresentthem asawholeforcertainlimited and specified purposes. 4.Personalunion-comesinto
beingwhentwoormore independent states are brought togetherundertheruleofthe samemonarch,who
neverthelessdoesnotbecome oneinternationalpersonsfor the purpose of representing any or all of them.
5.Incorporateunion-twoor morestatesunderacentral authorityempoweredtodirect both their external and internal
affairsandpossessedofa separateinternational personality. NEUTRALIZED STATES Anindependentstate,whetheritbe
simpleorcomposite,maybeneutralized throughtheagreementwithotherstatesby virtueofwhichthelatterwillguaranteeits
integrityandindependenceprovideditrefrains from taking any act that will involve it in war or
otherhostileactivityexceptfordefensive purposes. DEPENDENT STATES Anentitywhich,althoughtheoretically
astate,doesnothavefullfreedominthe directionofitsexternalaffairs.Itfallintotwo general categories: a.Protectorate-
whichisestablishedat therequestofthe weakerstatefor the protection by string power b.Suzerainty-whichisaresultofa
concessionfromastatestoaformer colonythatisallowedtobe independent subject to the retention by
theformersovereignofcertainpower over the external affairs of the latter. UNITED NATIONS UN is not is state or a super
state but a mere organization of states, it is regarded as an international person for certain purposes. PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO THE VATICAN CITY
Theholyseehasalltheconstituentelementof statehood(people,territory:108.7acres; governmentwiththepopeashead;and
independence by virtue of the Lateran Treaty of February 11,1929, which constitutes the Vatican as a territoryunder the
sovereignty of theHoly See.Ithasalltherightofastate,including diplomaticintercourse,immunityfromforeign jurisdiction.
COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES A colony or a dependency is part and parcel of
theparentstate,throughwhichallitsexternal relationsaretransactedwithotherstates.As
such,therefore,ithasnolegalstandinginthe familyofnations.Nevertheless,suchentities have been allowed on occasion to
participate in their own right in international undertaking and grantedpracticallythestatusofasovereign state.
MANDATES AND TRUST TERRITORIES Thesystemofmandateswasestablishedafter theWorldWarIinordertoavoidoutright
annexationoftheunderdevelopedterritories takenfromthedefeatedpowersandtoplace
theiradministrationundersomeformsof international supervision. Kinds of trust territories:
1.Thoseheldunderthemandateunder the league of nations 2.Thoseterritoriesdetachedfromthe defeated states after
world war II 3.Thosevoluntarilyplacedunderthe systembythestatesresponsiblefor their administration. BELLIGERENT
COMMUNITIES Whenaportionofthepopulationrisesupin armsagainstthelegitimategovernmentofthe
states.Theupheavalisordinarilyregardedasa merelyinternalaffair,atleastduringitsinitial
stages.Thestateisheldresponsibleforall injuriescauseduponthirdstates.Forthe purposeoftheconflict,andpending
determination of whether or not the belligerent community should fully recognized as a state, it
istreatedasaninternationalpersonsand becomesdirectlysubjectstothelawsofwar and neutrality. A inchoative state- it is
vested with full rights of visitation,searchandseizureofcontraband articles on high seas, blockade and the like.
INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTTATIVE BODIES Createdbyagreementamongstates maybevestedwithinternationalpersonality
whentwoconditionsconcur,towit,thattheir purposesaremainlynon-political and thatthey are autonomous.
Examples:internationallabor organization, food and agricultural organization, world health organization INDIVIDUALS
Individualonlyasanobjectof internationallaw whocanactonlythroughthe instrumentalityofhisownstateinmatters involving
others states. CHAPTER 4 THE UNITED NATIONS DelegateoffiftynationsmetattheSan Francisco
conferencefromApril25,toJune26, 1945, and prepared and unanimously approved
thecharteroftheUnitedNations.Thiscame into force on October 24, 1945. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014
BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO THE U.N. CHARTER -Is a lengthy document consisting of 111
articlesbesidesthepreambleandthe concluding provisions. -Maybeconsideredatreatybecauseit
derivesitsbindingforcefromthe agreement of the parties to it. -Intendedtoapplynotonlytothe
membersoftheorganizationsbutalso to non-member states so far as maybe necessaryforthemaintenanceof international
peace and security. AMENDMENTS -Whentheyhavebeenadoptedbythe voteof2/3ofthemembersofthe
generalassemblyandratified accordancewiththeirrespective constitutionalprocessesby2/3ofthe
membersoftheU.N.,includingallthe permanentmembersoftheSecurity Council. -a GENERAL CONFERENCE maybecalled
bymajorityvoteofthegeneral assemblyand any ninemembers of the securitycouncilforthepurposeof
reviewingthecharter.Amendments maybeproposedbythevoteof2/3of themembersofthegeneralassembly
andratifiedaccordancewiththeir respectiveconstitutionalprocessesby the2/3ofthemembersoftheU.N., including all the
permanent members of the Security Council. THE PREAMBLE OF THE CHARTER -introducesthecharterandsetsthe
commonintentionsthatmovedthe original members to unite their will and effortstoachievetheircommon purpose.
PRINCIPAL PURPOSES OF U.N. 1.tomaintaininternationalpeaceand security 2.todevelopfriendlyrelationsamong nations
3.toachieveinternationalcooperationin solvinginternationalproblemsandin promotingandencouragingrespectfor
humanrightsandfundamental freedoms. 4.Tobeacenterforharmonizingthe actionsofnationsintheattainmentof these
common ends PRINCIPLES 1.Theorganizationsisbasedonthe principlesofthesovereignequalityof all its members 2.All
members, in order to ensure to all of themtherightsandbenefitsresulting frommembership,shallfulfilingood
faiththeobligationsassumesbythem in accordance with the present charter. 3.AllMembersshallsettletheir
internationaldisputesbypeaceful meansinsuchamannerthat internationalpeaceandsecurity,and justice, are not
endangered. 4.AllMembersshallrefrainintheir internationalrelationsfromthethreat oruseofforceagainsttheterritorial
integrityorpoliticalindependenceof anystate,orinanyothermanner inconsistentwiththePurposeofthe United Nations.
5.AllMembersshallgivetheUnited Nationsveryassistanceinanyactionit takesinaccordancewiththepresent PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO Charter,andshallrefrainfromgiving
assistancetoanystateagainstwhich theUnitedNationsistakingpreventive or enforcement action.
6.TheOrganizationshallensurethat stateswhicharenotMembersofthe UnitesNationsactinaccordancewith
thesePrinciplessofarasmaybe necessaryforthemaintenanceof international peace and security.
7.Nothingcontainedinthepresent ChartershallauthorizetheUnited nationstointerveneinmatterswhich
areessentiallywithinthedomestic jurisdiction ofanystate orshallrequire the Members to submit such matters to
settlementunderthepresentCharter; butthisprinciplesshallnotprejudice theapplicationofenforcement measure under
Chapter VII MEMBERSHIP KINDS: 1.Original-thosestateswhich,having participatedintheU.Nconferenceon
internationalorganizationatSan Franciscoorhavingpreviouslysigned thedeclarationbyU.NofJanuary1,
1942,signedandratifiesthecharterof the U.N. 2.Elective Thedistinctionbetweenthetwoisbasedonly on the manner of their
admission and doesnot involveanydifferenceintheenjoymentof rights or the discharge of obligations. QUALIFICATIONS:
1.It must be a state 2.It must be peace-loving 3.Itmustaccepttheobligationsofthe Charter 4.Itmustbeabletocarryoutthese
obligations 5.Itmustbewillingtocarryoutthese obligations ADMISSION Decisionof2/3ofthosepresentand
votinginthegeneralassemblyuponthe recommendationofatleastnine(includingall thepermanent)membersoftheSecurity
Council SUSPENSION Effectedby2/3ofthosepresentand voting in the general assembly upon favourable
recommendationofatleastninemembersof theSecurityCouncilincludingthepermanent members
Thesuspensionmaybeliftedaloneby the Security Council, also by a qualified majority vote.
Suspendedmemberswillpreventit from participating in the meeting of the general assembly or from being elected to or
continuing toserveintheSecurityCouncil,theeconomic andsocialcouncilofthetrusteeshipcouncil.
Nationalofthesuspendedmembers,may however,continueservingintheSecretariat
andtheICJastheyregardedasinternational officialsorcivilservantsactingforthe Organization itself. EXPLUSION 2/3 vote of
thosepresentand voting in the general assembly, upon recommendation of aqualifiedmajorityofthesecurityCouncil,on
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO groundsofpersistentlyviolatingtheprinciples
contained in the Charter. WITHDRAWAL Noprovisiononwithdrawalfrommembership wasincludesin the Charter
becauseof the fear thatitmightencouragesuccessivewithdrawals that would weaken the organization. A member might
withdraw from the U.N if: 1.Theorganizationwasrevealedtobe unable to maintain peace or could do so only at the
expense of law and justice 2.Themember’srightandobligationsas suchwerechangedbyacharter
amendmentinwhichithadnot concurred or which it finds itself unable to accept 3.Anamendmentdulyacceptedbythe
necessary majority either in the general assemblyorinageneralconferenceis not ratified. ORGANS OF THE UNITED STATES
PRINCIPAL ORGANS 1.General assembly (G.A) - Consistsofallthemembersofthe organization,eachofwhichisentitled
tosendnotmorethan5 representatives and 5 alternates -Each member of the G.A has one vote Functions of the General
Assembly a.Deliberative-initiatingstudies andmakingrecommendations towardtheprogressive
developmentofinternational lawanditscodificationand recommending measure for the peacefuladjustmentofany
situation b.Supervisory-receivingand consideringannualandspecial reportsfromtheotherorgans of the U.N c.Financial-
theconsideration andapprovalofthebudgetof theorganization,the apportionmentofexpenses amongitsmembersandthe
approvaloffinancial arrangementswithspecialized agencies. d.Elective-theelectionofnon- permanentmembersofthe
Security Council e.Constituent-admissionofthe membersandtheamendment of the Charter of the U.N 2.Security council -
KeyorganoftheU.Ninthe maintenanceoftheinternalpeaceand security council -5 permanent members oChina oFrance
oUnited kingdom oRussia oUnited states -10 elective members o5 African and Asian states o2 latin American states
o2westernEuropeanandother states o1 eastern European states -Thenon-permanentmembersareNOT eligible for
immediate re-election -Thepermanentmembersweregive preferredpositionbecauseofthe
feelingthattheywerethestatesthat PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
wouldbecalledupontoprovidethe leadership and physical force that might be needed to preserve the peace of the world
-Thegeographicaldistributionofnon- permanentmemberswasarecognition oftherelativeimportanceofthe
affectedinthemaintenanceof international order. -Chairmanship-rotatedeverycalendar monthonabasisofEnglishalphabet
order of names -YALTAFORMULA-devisedatthe crimea conference oEachmembershallhaveone vote,butthedistinctionis
made between the Big Five and the non-permanent members in theresolutionofsubstantive questions
oPROCEDURALMATTERSareto bedecidedbytheaffirmative voteofanynineormore members. oNON-
PROCEDURALMATTERS requiretheconcurrenceofalso atleastninemembersbut includedallthepermanent
members,butincludingthe permanent members. oNo members, permanent or not isallowedtovoteonquestion
concerningthepacific settlementofadisputeto which it is a party. -PROCEDURALMATTERSinclude
questionsrelatingtotheorganization and meeting of the security council, the establishmentofsubsidiaryorgansand
theparticipationofstatespartiesin disputes in the discussion of the organ. -NON-PROCEDURALMATTERSarethose
thatmayrequirethesecuritycouncil underitsresponsibilityofmaintenance orresortingworldpeacetoinvoke measures of
enforcement -PERMENENTMEMBERSmaycasta VETO an thereby prevent agreement on anon-
proceduralquestionevenifitis supportedbyalltheothermembersof the Security Council -PERMENENTMEMBERSmayalso
exercise the so called DOUBLE VETO, by meansofwhichitcandisapproveany proposaltoconsideraquestionmerely
proceduralandthereaftervoteagainst the question itself on the merits -Abstentionorabsenceofany
permanentmemberinconnectionwith avotingonanon-proceduralquestion is not connection with a voting , and the
proposalisdeemedadoptedif approvedbyatleastninemembersof theSecurityCouncilincludingtherest of the permanent
members. -PurposeoftheYALTAFORMULAisto ensuretheunity(?)ofthepermanent membersinthemeasurestobetaken
inthepursuitofitsprimaryfunctionof maintaininginternationalpeaceand security. 3.Economic and social council -Elected
by G.A for 3 year terms and may be re-elected immediately -Eachmemberhasonevoteand
decisionsarereachedbyamajorityof those present and voting -Organs should exert efforts toward:
oHigherstandardsofliving,full employment,andconditionsof economicandsocialprogress and development PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO oSolutionsofinternational economic,socialhealthand
relatedproblemsand international,culturaland educational cooperation; and oUniversalrespectforand
observanceof,humanrights andfundamentalfreedomsfor allwithoutdistinctionasto race, sex language or religion.
4.Trusteeship council -Chargedwiththedutyofassistingthe SecurityCouncilandthegeneral
assemblyintheadministrationofthe international trusteeship system. -Composed of : oThemembersoftheU.N
administering trust territories oThe permanent members of the securitycouncilnot administering tryst territories
oAsmanyothermembers electedfor3yeartermby generalassemblyasmaybe necessarytoensurethatthe
totalnumberofmembersof thetrusteeshipcouncilis equallydividedbetweenthose members of the United Nations
whichadministertrust territoriesandthosewhichdo not. -Eachmemberhasonevoteand decisionsarereachedbyamajorityof
those present and voting -Under its authority, it may: oConsideredreportssubmitted by the administering authorities
oAcceptpetitionsandexamine theminconsultationwiththe administering authorities oProvideforperiodicvisitsto
trustterritoriesattimesagrees uponwiththeadministering authorities oTakesuchotheractionsin conformitywiththetermsof
thequestionnaireonthe political,economic,socialand educationaladvancementof theinhabitantofthetrust territories -
Trusteeshipcouncilislargelybecome obsoletewiththeconversionof practicallyalltrustterritoriesintofull- fledged miniature
states. 5.International court of justice -Judicial organ of the U.N which function in accordance with the statute. -
Composedof15memberswhoare electedbyabsolutemajorityintheG.A and the security council -The judges must: obe of
high moral character opossessthequalifications requiredintheirrespective countriesforappointmentto theircompetencein
international law -No two of them may be nationals of the samestateandintheeventthatmore
thanonenationalofthesamestate obtain the required majorities, onlythe eldest shall be considered elected -
Membershaveatermof9yearsand may be re-elected. -No judge can be removed unless, in the
unanimousopinionoftheother members,hehasceasedtofulfilthe required conditions. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
(CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO -Courtmayelectitspresidentandvice pres.Whoshallservefor3yearsand may be
re-elected 6.Secretariat -Chief administrative organ of the U.N -Headed by SECRETARY GENERAL oChosebytheG.Aupon
recommendationofthe security council oFixed 5 years term by resolution oftheG.Aandmaybere- elected
oHighestrepresentativeofthe U.Nandisauthorizedtoactin itself oWhenactinginhiscapacity,he isentitlestofulldiplomatic
immunities and privileges which onlythesecuritycouncilmay waive oTheimmunitiesandprivileges ofotherkeyofficialofthe
united nation may be waived by the secretary general oHisdutyistobringtothe attention of the security council may
matter which in his opinion maythreateninternational peace and security oActsassecretaryinallthe
meetingsoftheG.A,the securitycouncil,theeconomic andsocialcouncilandthe trusteeshipcounciland
performssuchotherfunctions asmaybeassignedtohimby these organs. oHepreparesthebudgetofthe
U.NforsubmissiontotheG.A, providestechnicalfacilitiesto bedifferentorgansofthe organizationandingeneral
coordinatesitsvast administrative machinery -Secretarygeneralandthemembersof hisstaffareinternalofficerssolely
responsible to the Organization and are prohibitedfromseekingorreceiving instruction from any government or any
authority external to the U.N SECONDARYORGANS-thosewhichhavebeen createdbyorinaccordancewiththecharter
suchasthemilitarystaffcommittee,the internationallawcommissionandthe commission on human rights. CHAPTER 5 THE
CONCEPT OF THE STATE CREATION OF STATES -By revolution -By unification -By secession -By assertion of independence
-By agreement and attainment of civilization EXTINCTION OF STATES -By extinction or emigration en masse of its
population -By loss of territory -By overthrow of government resulting in anarchy PRINCIPLES OF STATE CONTINUITY -
Thestatecontinuesasjuristicbeing notwithstandingchangesinits circumstances,providedonlythatthey PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO donotresultinlossofanyofits essential elements. -
Thisprincipleappliedinthesapphire casewhere,afterEmperorLouis napoleonfiledadamagesuitonbehalf
ofFranceinanAmericancourt,hewas deposed.Nonetheless,theactionwas notabatedandcouldcontinueupon
recognitionofthedulyauthorized representativeofthenewgovernment of France. SUCCESSION OF STATES -
Takesplacewhenonestateassumes therightsandsomeoftheobligations ofanotherbecauseofcertainchanges in the
condition of the latter. -May be either: oUniversalsuccession-whena stateisannexedtoanother
stateoristotallydismembered or merges with another state to form a new state oPartialsuccession-takeplace
whenaportionoftheterritory ofthestatesoriscededto anotherorwhenan independentstatebecomesa
protectorateorasuzeraintyor whenadependentstate acquires full sovereignty. CONSEQUENCES OF STATE SUCCESSION -
Allegianceoftheinhabitantsofthe predecessorstateintheterritory affectedistransferredtothesuccessor
state.Theyarealsonaturalizeden masse -Politicallawoftheformerare automaticallyabrogatedandmaybe
restoredonlybyapositiveactonthe partofthenewsovereign.Butnon- politicallaws,suchasthosedealing
withfamiliarrelations,aredeemed continuedunlesstheyarechangedby thenewsovereignorarecontraryto the institution of
the successor state. -Treatiesofapoliticalandeven commercialnature,aswellastreaties ofextradition,arealsodiscontinued,
exceptthosedealingwithlocalrights andduties,suchasthoseestablishing easement and servitudes. -
Alltherightsofthepredecessorstate are inherited by the successor state but thisisnotsowhereliabilitiesare concerned.
SUCCESSION OF GOVERNMENT -Wherethegovernmentreplaces anothereitherpeacefullyorbyviolent
methods.Inbothinstances,the integrity of the state is not affected; the statecontinuesasthesame international person
except only that its lawful representative is changed. -Therightsofthepredecessor governmentareconcerned;theyare
inheritedintoobythesuccessor government. -Wherethenewgovernmentwas organizedbyvirtueofaconstitutional
reformdulyratifiedinplebiscite,the obligations of the replaced government are completely by the former. -
Wherethenewgovernmentwas establishedthroughviolenceasbya revolution,itmaylawfullyrejectthe
purelypersonalorpoliticalobligations of thepredecessor government butnot PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014
BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO contractedbyitintheordinarycourse of official business. CHAPTER 6 RECOGNITION BASIC
RULES IN RECOGNITION OS STATES -It is political actand mainly a matter of policy on the part of each state. -
itisdiscretionaryonthepartofthe recognizing authority. -itisexercisedbythepolitical (executive) department of the state. -
Thelegalityandwisdomofrecognition is not subject to judicial review. THEORIES ON RECOGNITION 1.Declaratory
(majority view) -merely affirms the pre-existing fact that theentitybeingrecognizedalready
possessthestatusofaninternational persons. -Political and discretionary 2.Constitutive (minority view) -
Itislastindispensableelementthat converts or constitutesthe entity being recognized into an international person. -
Mandatory and legal OBJECTS OF RECOGNITION 1.Recognition of a state- held irrevocable
andimportstherecognitionofthe government 2.Recognitionofagovernment-maybe withdrawnanddoesnotnecessary
signifytheexistenceofastateasthe governmentmaybethatofamere colony. 3.Recognitionofbelligerency-doesnot
producethesameeffectasthe recognitionofstatesandgovernment becausetherebelsareaccorded
internationalpersonalityonlyin connectionwiththehostilitiestheyare waging. KIND OF RECOGNITION 1.Express-
maybeverbalorinwriting.It maybeextendedthroughaformal proclamationorannouncement,a
stipulationinatreaty,aletteror telegram,orontheoccasionofan official call or conference. 2.Implied-
whentherecognizingstate enters into officials intercourse with the newmemberbyexchangingdiplomatic representatives
with it. Theactconstitutingrecognitionshallgivea clear indication of an intention: 1.To treat with the new state as such
2.Toacceptthenewgovernmentas havingauthoritytorepresentthestate itpurportstogovernandtomaintain diplomatic
relations with it 3.Torecognizeinthecaseofinsurgent thattheyareentitledtoexercise belligerent rights RECOGNITION OF
STATES -heldirrevocableandimportsthe recognition of the government EFFECTSOFTHERECOGNITIONOFTHE STATE AND
GOVERNMENT PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
1.fulldiplomaticrelationsareestablished except where the government 2.therecognizedstateorgovernment
acquiretherighttosueincourtsof recognizing state 3.the recognized state or government has
arighttopossessionofpropertiesof predecessorintheterritoryofthe recognizing state 4.allactsoftherecognizedstateor
governmentarevalidated retroactively, preventingtherecognizingstatefrom passingupontheirlegalityinitsown courts
RECOGNITIONOFASTATEV. RECOGNITION OF GOVERNMENT -recognitionofthestatecarrieswithit recognition of the
government -recognition states is irrevocable RECOGNITION OF GOVERNMENT -maybewithdrawnanddoesnot
necessarysignifytheexistenceofa state as the government may be that of a mere colony. REQUISITES:
1.governmentisstableandeffective (objective test) 2.no substantial resistance to its authority
3.thegovernmentmustshowwillingness and ability to discharge its international obligations (subjective test) 4.
governmentmustenjoypopular consent or approval of the people. KINDS OF THE DE FACTO GOVERNMENT
1.Thatwhichisestablishedbythe inhabitantswhoriseinrevoltagainst and depose the legitimate regime.
2.Thatwhichisestablishedinthecourse ofwarbytheinvadingforcesofone belligerentintheterritoryoftheother
belligerent,thegovernmentof whichis also displaced. 3.Thatwhichisestablishedbythe inhabitantsofastatewhosecede
therefromwithoutoverthrowingits government. LANDMARK CASE DOCTRINE 1.WILSON/ TOBAR DOCTRINE -
Thisprecludesrecognitionofthe governmentestablishedbyrevolution, civilwar,coupd’etatorotherformof internal violence
until the freely elected representativesofthepeoplehave recognized a constitutional government 2.KELSEN DOCTRINE -
Astatesviolatesinternationallawand thusinfringesupontherightsofother statesifitrecognizesasastatea
communitywhichdoesnotfulfilthe requirements of international law 3.BETANCOURT DOCTRINE -This came as a reflection
of Venezuelan presidentRomuloBetancourt’s antipathyfornon-democraticrule, whichdenieddiplomaticrecognitionto any
regime, right or left, which came to power by military force. 4.LAUTERPACHT DOCTRINE -It is the recognition of an entity
which is notlegallyastateiswrongbecauseit constitutesasabuseofthepowerof PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014
BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO recognition.Itacknowledgesa communitywhichisnotinlaw, independentandwhichdoesnot
thereforefulfiltheessentialconditions of statehood as an independent state. It is,accordingly,arecognitionwhichan
internationaltribunaldeclarenotonly to constitute a wrong but probably also to be itself invalid. 5.STIMSON DOCTRINE -
Thisprecludesrecognitionofany governmentestablishedasaresultof external aggression 6.ESTRADA DOCTRINE -
Thisreferstodealingornotdealing withthegovernmentestablished throughapoliticalupheavalisnota judgement on the
legitimacy of the said government. RECOGNITIONDE JURE RECOGNITIONDE FACTO Relatively permanentProvisional
Veststitleinthe governmenttoits properties abroad Does NOT vests title in thegovernmenttoits properties abroad
Bringsaboutfull diplomatic relations Limitedtocertain juridical relations EFFECTSOFTHERECOGNITIONOFTHE STATE AND
GOVERNMENT 1.fulldiplomaticrelationsareestablished except where the government
2.therecognizedstateorgovernment acquiretherighttosueincourtsof recognizing state 3.the recognized state or
government has arighttopossessionofpropertiesof predecessorintheterritoryofthe recognizing state
4.allactsoftherecognizedstateor governmentarevalidated retroactively, preventingtherecognizingstatefrom
passingupontheirlegalityinitsown courts RCOGNITION OF BELLIGERENCY -Doesnotproducethesameeffectas
therecognitionofstatesand governmentbecausetherebelsare accordedinternationalpersonalityonly
inconnectionwiththehostilitiesthey are waging. CONDITIONFORRECOGNITIONOF BELLIGERENCY
1.theremustbeanorganizedcivil government directing the rebel forces 2.therebelsmustoccupyasubstantial portion of the
territory of the state 3.theconflictbetweenthelegitimate governmentandtherebelsmustbe serious, making the outcome
uncertain. 4.Therebelsmustbewillingandableto observe the laws of war. EFFECTS OF RECOGNITION OF BELLIGERENCY
1.Responsibilityforactsofrebels resultingtoinjurytonationalsof recognizingstateshallbeshiftedto rebel government
2.Thelegitimategovernmentrecognizing therebelsasbelligerentsshallobserve lawsorcustomsofwarinconducting hostilities
3.Thirdstatesrecognizingbelligerency should maintain neutrality; 4.Recognition is onlyprovisional and only for purposes
of hostilities. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO CHAPTER 7 THE RIGHT OF
EXISTENCE AND SELF-DEFENSE Onceastatecomesintobeing.Itis invested with certain rights described as fundamental.
Most important of these rights: oRight of existence oSelf-defence *Itisimportantbecauseallitsotherrightsare supposed
to flow or be derived from it. Thepresenceofan“ArmedAttack”to justifytheexerciseoftherightofself- defence may be
taken by a state only in thefaceofanecessityofself-defense thatisinstant,overwhelmingand
leavingnochoiceofmeansandno moment for deliberation Rightmayberesortedonlyuponclean showing of a grave and
actual danger to the security of the state “The best defense is offense” – Grotius One might well argue now that the
very stateofarmedpreparednessofa nuclearpowerisperseapotent,if latent. THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
“Thepeaceoftheworldandthe securityoftheUS(hadbeen) endangeredbyreasonofthe establishmentbytheSino-Soviet
powersofanOFFENSIVEMILITARY CAPABILITYin Cuba, including basesfor ballisticmissileswithapotentialrange
coveringmostofNorthandSouth America. REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS Nothinginthepresentcharter
precludestheexistenceofregional arrangements. REGIONALARRANGEMENTS–Agenciesfor
dealingwithsuchmattersrelatingtothe maintenanceofinternationalpeaceand security as are appropriate for regional
action. ExampleofRegionalAgency: OrganizationofAmericanStates– Whose organ of consultation authorized or ratified
the action taken by the US. THE BALANCE OF POWER Onereasonfortheorganizationof
regionalarrangementsistoprovidefor the balance of power Anarrangementofaffairsothatno
stateshallbeinapositiontohave absolutemasteryanddominionover others. – Vattel AGGRESSION–
Useofarmedforcebyastate against: Sovereignty Territorial Integrity Political independence of other state
Firstuseofarmedforcesshall constituteprimafacieevidenceof aggression QUALIFY AS AN ACT OF AGGRESSION
1.Invasion/attackbyarmedforcesofa state of the territory of another state 2.Bombardment of armed forces
3.Theblockadeofparts/coastsofastate by the armed forces of another state 4.Attack of sea, air forces, land etc. PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO 5.Use of armed forces within the territory of another
Statewith the agreement of thereceivingState,incontraventionof theconditionsprovidedforinthe
agreementoranyextensionoftheir presenceinsuchterritorybeyondthe termination of the agreement
6.TheactionofaStateinallowingits territory,whichithasplacedatthe disposal of another State, to be used by that
otherStateforperpetratinganact of aggression against a 3 rd state 7.ThesendingbyoronbehalfofaState of armed force
against another State of suchgravityastoamounttotheacts listedabove,oritssubstantial involvement therein. CHAPTER 8
THE RIGHT OF INDEPENDENCE SOVEREIGNTY Supreme,uncontrollablepowerinherentina
state,thesupremepowerofthestateto command and enforce obedience Enablesthestatetomakeitsown decision vis-à-
visotherstatesandvests itwithcompetencetoenterinto relation and agreements with them. 2 ASPECTS 1.INTERNAL
SOVEREIGNTY – Power of the state to direct its domestic affairs 2.EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY – The freedom
ofthestatetocontrolitsownforeign affairs. oExternalsovereigntyismore oftenreferredtoas independence. NATURE OF
INDEPENDENCE Freedomfromcontrolbyanyother stateorgroupofstatesandnot freedomfromtherestrictionsthatare
bindingonallstatesformingthefamily of nations. Mustsubmittolimitations, independenceofastateisofnecessity
restricted. INTERVENTION State must abstain from intervention. It expectsitsindependencetobe
respectedbyotherstates,sotoomust itbepreparedtorespecttheirown independence. Rightsofindependencecarrieswithit
duty of non-intervention. 2INSTANCESWHENTHEUSEOFFORCEIS ALLOWED UNDER THE CHARTER OF THE UN:
1.Whensuchactionisagreeduponina treaty 2.Whenrequestedfromsisterstatesor from the UN
Recenteventshavecalledforare- examination of the law on intervention, especiallywhereinterventionisbased on
humanitarian grounds Revoltedby theinhumaneplightofthe innocentvictims,theUNsenta
contingentofmilitarytroopsfrom several countries, primarily the US. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA|
MENOR |REAMICO THE DRAGO DOCTRINE Thecontractingpowersagreenotto haverecoursetoarmedforceforthe
recovery of contract debts claimed from thegovernmentofonecountrybythe governmentofanothercountryas being due
to its nationals. CHAPTER 9: THE RIGHT OF EQUALITY Art.2ofCharteroftheUN:“The organization is based on the
principle of thesovereignequalityofallits members. Statesarejuridicallyequal,enjoythe samerights,
andhaveequalcapacityin their exercise. The rights of each one do notdependuponthepowerwhichit
possessestoassureitsexercise,but uponthesimplefactofitsexistenceas a person under international law. ESSENCE OF
EQUALITY Doesnotsignifyparityinphysical power,politicalinfluenceoreconomic status or prestige
Equalitydoesnotevenrequireequality in the number of rights AlltherightsofaState,regardlessof
theirnumber,mustbeobservedand respected AllStates,bigorsmallhaveanequal righttotheenjoymentofalltheir
respective attributes as members of the family of nations Allmembers ofUNhaveeachonevote
intheGeneralAssembly,allvotes havingequalweightandaregenerally eligibleforpositionsinthevarious organs of the UN
“Parinparemnonhabetimperium”– Even the strongest state cannot assume jurisdictionoveranotherstate,no matter
how weak etc.. LEGAL EQUALITY VS. FACTUAL INEQUALITY Notallstateshaveequal eligibilitywith
regardtoelectivemembershipofthe Security Council 5ofthemmustbeelectedfromthe AfricanandAsianstatesandonly1can
come from the Eastern European State. InGeneralAssembly,all membershave onvoteregardlessofthenumberof people
they separately represent. CHAPTER 9 THE RIGHT OF EQUALITY Art.2ofCharteroftheUN“The organization is based on
the principle of thesovereignequalityofallits members Statesarejuridicallyequal,enjoythe
samerights,andhaveequalcapacityin their exercise. The rights of each one do notdependuponthepowerwhichit
possessestoassureitsexercise,but uponthesimplefactofitsexistenceas a person under international law. ESSENCE OF
EQUALITY Doesnotsignifyparityinphysical power,politicalinfluenceoreconomics status or prestige
Equalitydoesnotevenrequireequality in the number of rights. PRINCIPLE:Alltherightsofastate,
regardlessoftheirnumber,mustbe observed and respected PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR
|REAMICO Allstates,bigorsmallhaveanequal righttotheenjoymentofalltheir respective attributes as members of the
family of nations. Allmembers ofUNhaveeachonevote intheGeneralAssembly,allvotes
havingequalweight,andaregenerally eligibleforpositionsinthevarious organs of the UN
“Parinparennonhabetimperium”– even the strongest state cannot assume jurisdictionoveranotherstate,no matter how
wake etc.. LEGAL EQUALITY VS. FACTUAL INEQUALITY Notallstateshaveequaleligibility with regard to elective
membership of the Security Council 5 of them must be elected from the AfricanandAsianstatesandonly1
cancomefromtheEastern European State. CHAPTER 10 TERRITORY TERRITORY – Fixed portion of the surface of the earth
inhabited by the people of the state. Mustbepermanentandindicatedwith precision Bigenoughtoprovidefortheneedsof
thepopulationbutnotbesoextensive astobedifficulttoadminister/defend from external aggression.
ThePhilippinesiscommittedtothe renunciationofthewarforterritorial aggrandizement but like other states,is not
precluded from acquiring additional territoriesthroughanyofthemethods permitted under the law of nations.
ACQUISITION AND LOSS OF TERRITORY Territory may be acquired by: Discovery Occupation Subjugation
Prescription Cession Accretion Territory may be lost by: Abandonment Dereliction Cession Revolution
Subjugation Prescription Erosion Naturalcauses DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION Originalmodeoftheacquisitionby
whichterritorynotbelongingtoany state is placed under the sovereignty of the discovering state. Territory need not be
to be uninhabited provideditcanbeestablishedthatthe nativesarenotsufficientcivilizedand
canbeconsideredaspossessingnot rightsofsovereigntybutonlyrightsof habitation Openseasandouterspacearenot
susceptibletodiscoveryand occupation. 2REQUISITESOFAVALIDDISCOVERYAND OCCUPATION 1.Possession PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO 2.Administration Possessionmustbeclaimedonbehalf
ofthestate.Beeffectedthrougha formalproclamationandthesymbolic actofraisingthenationalflaginthe territory. Mere
possession will not suffice INCHOATE TITLE OF DISCOVERY Performsthefunctionofbarringother
statesfromenteringtheterritoryuntil thelapseofaperiodwithinwhichthe discoveringstatemayestablishas
settlementthereonandcommenceto administer it. ISLAND OF PALMAS CASE Discoveryalone,withoutany
subsequentact,cannotatthepresent timesufficetoprovesovereigntyof Island of Palmas.
Aninchoatetitlecouldnotprevailover thecontinuousandpeacefuldisplayof authoritybyanotherstateforsuch
displaymayprevailevenoveraprior, definitivetitleputforwardbyanother state. CLIPPERTONE ISLAND CASE
TitlewasdeemedacquiredbyFrance overanislandithadformallyclaimed buthadneveradministered.He
proclaimedanddeclaredthatthe sovereignty of the said island beginning fromthatdatebelongedinperpetuity to his
majesty. If a territory, by virtue of the fact that it wascompletelyuninhabited,fromthe firstmomentwhenthe
occupyingstate makesitsappearancethere,atthe absoluteandundisputedpossessionof thatState,fromthatmomentthe
takingofpossessionisconsidered accomplishedandtheoccupationis formally completed. DERELICTION–
Territoryislostbydereliction whenthestateexercisingsovereigntyoverit physicallywithdrawsfromitwiththeintention of
abandoning it altogether. conditions must concur: 1.Acts of withdrawal 2.Intention to abandon PRESCRIPTION–
Prescriptionininternational lawrequireslongcontinuedandadverse possessiontovestacquisitivetitleinthe claimant.
CESSION–Methodbywhichterritoryis transferredfromonestatetoanotherby agreementbetweenthem.Acquisitionof
territorybycessionisusuallyeffectedbysuch familiar transactions as sale, donation, barter or
exchange,andevenbytestamentary disposition. Examples are the purchase by the US of
AlaskafromRussiain1867,thegiftby Austria of Lombardy to France in 1859 SUBJUGATION–Territoryisdeemedacquired
bysubjugationwhen,havingbeenpreviously conqueredoroccupiedinthecourseofwarby
theenemy,itisformallyannexedtoitatthe end of that war. Conquestaloneconfersonlyan
inchoaterightontheoccupyingstate; itistheformalactofannexationthat completes the acquisition. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL
LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO ACCRETION – Mode of acquiring territory based ontheprinciple
ofaccessioncedatprincipali.It isaccomplishedthroughbothnaturalor artificialprocesses,asbythegradualand
imperceptibledepositofsoilonthecoastsof the country through the action of the water or,
moreeffectively,byreclamationprojectslike those undertaken in Manila Bat and the polders of Holland. COMPONENT OF
TERRITORY 1.Terrestrial domain 2.Maritime domain 3.Fluvial domain 4.Aerial domain THE TERRESTRIAL DOMAIN Land
mass THE MARITIME AND FLUVIAL DOMAIN Bodiesofwaterwithinthelandmass andthewatersadjacenttothecoasts of
the state up to a specified limit. RIVERS MAY BE CLASSIFIED INTO: 1.National Rivers – situated completely in the territory
of one state 2.Multi-nationalRivers–Flowthrough the territories of several states 3.InternationalRivers–isnavigablefrom
theopenseaandisopentotheuseof vessels from all states 4.BoundaryRivers–dividedthe territories of the riparian states
THALWEGDOCTRINE–Intheabsenceofa specificagreementbetweensuchstates, theboundarylineislaidontheriver.That
is,onthecenter,notoftheriveritself,but of its main channel. BAYS–Well-markedindentationwhose
penetrationisinsuchproportiontothewidth of its mouth as t contain land-locked waters and
constitutemorethanamerecurvatureofthe coast. THE TERRITORIAL SEA– Belt of waters adjacent to the coasts of the
state, excluding the internal watersinbaysandgulfs,overwhichthestate claims sovereignty and jurisdiction THE UN
Conference on the Law of the Sea 3internationalconferenceshavebeen called to formulate a new of the sea. The1 st
conferencewasheldin1958at Geneva,Switzerland,andresultedin theadoptionoftheConventiononthe
TerritorialSeaandtheContiguous Zone, the Convention on the High Seas, andtheConvention ontheFishingand
theLivingResourcesoftheHighSeas, and the Convention on the Continental Shelf. ThenewConventionprovidesamong
othersforauniformbreadthof12 milesfortheterritorialsea,a contiguouszoneof12milesfromthe
outerlimitsoftheterritorialsea,and aneconomiczoneorpatrimonialsea extending200milesfromthelow- water mark of the
coastal state. THE PHILIPPINE TERRITORIAL SEA TheclaimofthePhilippinestoits territorialseawasbasedonhistoric
rightortitleorasitoftencalled,the TREATY LIMITS THEORY. ThenewConventionontheLawofthe
Seanowlimitsourterritorialsea12 milesfromthelowwatermarkofour coasts, as in the case of other states. PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO METHODS OF DEFINING THE TERRITORIAL SEA
1.NORMALBASELINEMETHOD–The territorialseaissimplydrawnfromthe low-watermarkofthecoast,tothe
breadthclaimed,followingits sinuosities and curvatures but excluding the internal waters in bays and gulfs. 2.STRAIGHT
BASELINE METHOD – Straight linesaremadetoconnectappropriate pointsonthecoastwithoutdeparting radically from its
general direction. FISHERIES CASE UnitedKingdomquestionedtheuseby Norway of the straight baseline method
defining its territorial waters. THE AERIAL DOMAIN Theairspaceabovetheterrestrial domainandthemaritimeandfluvial
domainofthestate,toanunlimited altitude but not including outer space. CHAPTER 11 JURISDICTION JURISDICTION–
Authorityexercisedbyastate overpersonsandthingswithinorsometimes outsideitsterritory,subjecttocertain exceptions.
JURISDICTION IS CLASSIFIED AS: 1.Personal 2.Territorial JURISDICTIONMAYBEEXERCISEDBYASTATE OVER: 1.Its nationals
2.Terrestrial domain 3.Maritime and fluvial domain 4.Continental shelf 5.Open seas 6.Aerial domain 7.Outer space
8.Other territories PERSONALJURISDICTION–Powerexercisedby a state over its nationals. Based on theory that a national
is entitled to the protection of his state whereverhemaybeandis(Doctrineof indelible allegiance) JOYCE VS. DIRECTOR OF
PUBLIC PROSECTION DefendantLordHawHaw,challenged hisconvictioninGreatBritainforhigh
treason,contendingthathewasnota Britishsubject.Itappearedthathehad livedinthecountryfor18yearsand
misrepresentedhimselfasitsnational forthepurposeofobtainingaBritish passportthatenabledhimtogoto
Germanywherehewasbroadcastanti- Allied propaganda. oAlthoughnotaBritishsubject, hehasbyhisownact
maintainedthebondwhich whilehewaswithintherealm bound him to his Sovereign TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION Gen. Rule:
state has jurisdiction over all persons and property within its territory STATECANNOTEXERCISEJURISDICTIONEVEN
WITHIN ITS OWN TERRITORY OVER: 1.Foreignstates,headsofstates, diplomaticrepresentatives,andconsuls to a certain
degree. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO 2.Foreignstateproperty:embassies,
consulates,andpublicvesselsengaged in non-commercial activities 3.Acts of state oUNDERHILLVS.HERNANDEZ–
“Everysovereignstateisbound torespecttheindependenceof everyothersovereignstate, andthecourtsofonecountry will
notsitin judgement on the actsofthegovernmentof another,donewithinitsown territory.” 4.Foreign merchant vessels
exercising the rightsofinnocentpassageorarrival under stress. oINNOCENTPASSAGE– Navigationthroughthe
territorialseaofastateforthe purposeoftraversingthatsea w/oenteringinternalwaters etc.aslongasitisnot
prejudicialtothepeace,good orderorsecurityofthecoastal sea. oARRIVALUNDERSTRESS– Involuntaryentrancemaybe
duetolackofprovisions, unseaworthinessofthevessel, inclementweather,orother casesofforcemajeure,like pursuit by
pirates. 5.Foreignarmiespassingthroughor stationedinitsterritorieswithits permission. 6.Suchotherpersonsorproperty,
includingorganizationsliketheUN,by agreement, waive jurisdiction. LAND JURSIDICTION
Everythingfoundwithintheterrestrial domainofthestateisunderits jurisdiction. Nationalsandaliens,includingnon-
residents, are bound by its laws. Thelocalstatehasexclusivetitletoall property within its territory. MARITIME AND
FLUVIAL JURISDICTION Internalwatersofastateare assimilatedtothelandmassand subjectedtothesamedegreeof
jurisdictionexercisedoverthe terrestrial domain. Civil,criminalandadministrative jurisdiction is exercised by the flag
state overitspublicvesselswhereverthey may be, provided they are not engaged in commerce. THE SCHOONER
EXCHANGE VS. MCFADDON “National ships of war entering the port ofafriendlypoweropenfortheir
receptionaretobeconsideredas exempted by the consent of that power from its jurisdiction” ENGLISHRULE–
Thecoastalstateshallhave jurisdictionoveralloffensescommittedon boardsuchvessels,exceptonlywheretheydo not
compromise the peace of the port. FRENCH RULE – Flag state shall have jurisdiction
overalloffensescommittedonboardsuch vessels, except only where the compromise the peace of the port. ANTONI CASE
“MurderofaFrenchmanbyanother Frenchman on board a French merchant PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014
BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO vessel in a Mexican port did not disturb the peace of the port.” WINDENHUS CASE
“ThemurderofaBelgianbyanother BelgianonboardaBelgianmerchant steamerintheportofNewJerseywas
ofsuchanatureas“todisturb tranquillity and public order on shore or in the port”” OurownSChasheldthattheEnglish rule
is applicable in this country. Itistherightofthecoastalstateto enforceallitslawstothefullextentin its territorial waters.
U.S.S. PUEBLOINCIDENT – “An American vessel was seized and its crew interned by North Korea
forallegedinfringementofitsterritorial waters.” ARCHIPELAGICSEALANES–Watersoverwhich foreign ships will have the
right of passage as if they were open seas. A foreign vessel need not goaroundourinternalwatersbutmayuse
thesearchipelagicsealanesinnegotiatingthe distancefromonepointoftheopenseato another. THE CONTIGUOUS ZONE In
a zone of the high seas contiguous to itsterritorialsea,thecoastalstatemay exercisethecontrolto:a)prevent
infringementofitscustoms,fiscal, immigrationorsanitaryregulations withinitsterritoryorterritorialsea.B)
Punishinfringementoftheabove regulationswithinitsterritoryor territorial sea. Contiguouszone,maynot,however,
extendmorethan12milesfromthe coast of the state 1982CONVENTIONONTHELAWOD THE SEA –Contiguous zone also
extends 12miles,butfromtheouterlimitsof the territorial sea. THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
a)Totheseabedandsubsoilofsimilar areas adjacent to the coasts if islands Thecoastalstatehasthesovereign
righttoexplorethecontinentalshelf and to exploit its natural resources. It may erect on it such installations and
equipment as may be necessary. THE PATRIMONIAL SEA Theexclusiveeconomiczoneorthe
patrimonialseaextends200nautical milesfromthecoastorthebaselines. All living and non-living resources found therein
belong exclusively to the coastal state. OPEN SEAS Availabletotheuseofallstatesfor purposesofnavigation,flyingover
them,layingsubmarinecablesor fishing.Intimesofwar,hostilitiesmay be waged on the open seas. THE LOTUS CASE
AcollisionoccurredonthehighseasbetweenaFrench vessel – Lotus – and a Turkish vessel – Boz-Kourt. The Boz- Kourt
sankandkilledeightTurkishnationalsonboardthe Turkish vessel. The 10 survivors of the Boz-Kourt (including
itscaptain)weretaken toTurkeyonboardtheLotus.In Turkey,theofficeronwatchoftheLotus(Demons),and
thecaptainoftheTurkishshipwerecharged with PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
manslaughter.Demons,aFrenchnational,was sentenced to80daysofimprisonmentandafine.The
Frenchgovernmentprotested,demandingthereleaseof DemonsorthetransferofhiscasetotheFrenchCourts.
TurkeyandFranceagreedtoreferthisdisputeonthe jurisdiction to the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ).
HELD:ThefirstprincipleoftheLotuscasesaidthat jurisdictionisterritorial:AStatecannotexerciseits jurisdiction
outsideitsterritory unlessitaninternational treatyorcustomarylawpermitsit todoso.Thisiswhat we called the first Lotus
Principle. ASTATEMAYEXERCISEJURISDICTIONONTHE OPEN SEAS IN THE FOLLOWING INSTANCES: 1.Over its vessels
2.Over pirates 3.Intheexerciseoftherightofvisitand search 4.Under the doctrine of hot suits AERIAL JURISDICTION
Theconsensusappearstobethatthe localstatehasjurisdictionoverthe airspaceaboveittoanunlimited
height,oratthemostuptowhere outer space begins. 5 AIR FREEDOMS 1.Thefreedomtoflyacrossforeign territory without
landing 2.Thefreedomtolandfornon-traffic purposes 3.Thefreedomtoputdowntraffic originating in the state of the
aircraft 4.The freedom to embark traffic destined for the state of the aircraft 5.The freedom to embark traffic destined
forortoputdowntrafficoriginatingin a 3 rd state. CONVENTIONONOFFENSESANDCERTAIN OTHER ACTS COMMITTED ON
BOARD AIRCRAFT –Itisthestateofregistrationoftheaircraft thathasjurisdictionoveroffensesandacts committed
onboardwhileitisinflightorover thehighseasoranyotherareaoutsidethe territory of any state OUTER SPACE
Outerspace,ortheregionbeyondthe earth’satmosphere,isnotsubjectto the jurisdiction of any state.
Outerspaceshallbefreefor explorationandusebyallstates without discrimination of any kind.
Astronautsshallberegardedasenvoys of mankind. CHAPTER 12 THE RIGHT OF LEGATION THE EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT
OF LEGATION Oneofthemosteffectivewaysof facilitatingandpromotingintercourse among states.
Donethroughactiverightofreceiving them,statesareabletodealmore directlyandcloselywitheachotherin
theimprovementofthemutual interests. AGENTS OF DIPLOMATIC INTERCOURSE Diplomaticrelationsarenormally
conductedthroughtheheadofstate, theforeignsecretaryorministerand the members of the diplomatic service.
Headofstatemayalsoappointspecial diplomaticagentschargedwithspecific ceremonial or political duties. PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO ENVOYCEREMONIAL–Senttoattendstate functions like a
coronation or a jubilee ENVOY POLITICAL – Commissioned to negotiate withaparticularstateortoparticipateinan
international conference or congress. HEAD OF STATE Represents the sovereignty of his state He is entitled to certain
immunities and honours befitting his status MIGHELLVS.SULTANOFJOHORE–“Suitwas
broughtforbreachofapromisetomarry allegedlymadebythedefendantwehad represented himself as a private individual.
The action wasdismissed when herevealed his real identity as head of an independent state.” THE FOREIGN SECRETARY
Immediaterepresentativeofthehead of state and directly under his control. Hecanmakebindingdeclarationson behalf
of his state on any matter falling within his authority The foreign secretary is also the head of
theforeignofficeandhasdirectionof allambassadorsandotherdiplomatic representatives of his government. DIPLOMATIC
ENVOYS Towhomtheregularorday-to-day conductofinternationalaffairsis entrusted. Whoareaccreditedbythesending
stateasitspermanentenvoysto represent it in the states with which it is maintaining diplomatic relations
THEHEADSOFTHESEDIPLOMATICMISSIONS ARECLASSIFIEDASFOLLOWSBYTHE CONVENTIONONDIPLOMATICRELATIONS,
WHICH WAS SIGNED AT VIENNA IN 1961: 1.Ambassadors 2.Envoys 3.Charges d’affaires DIPLOMATICCORPS–
Bodyconsistingofthe differentdiplomaticrepresentativeswhohave beenaccreditedtothesamelocalreceiving
state.Thediplomaticcorpsdoesnotpossess any legal powers or attributes. Functions of Diplomatic Missions: 1.
Representing sending state in receiving state 2.Protectinginreceivingstateinterestsof sending state and its nationals
3.Negotiatingwithgovernmentofreceiving state 4. Promoting friendly relations between sending
andreceivingstatesanddevelopingtheir economic, cultural and scientific relations
5.Ascertainingbyalllawfulmeansconditions anddevelopmentsinreceivingstateand
reportingthereontogovernmentofsending state 6.Insomecases,representingfriendly governments at their request
CONDUCT OF DIPLOMATIC MISSION Thediplomaticagent mustexercisethe utmostdiscretionandtact,takingcare
alwaystopreservethegoodwillofthe sendingstateandtoavoidinterference with its internal affairs.
Hismissionisalsounderno circumstancetobeusedforespionage, thedisseminationofpropaganda
againstthereceivingstate,or subversion of its government. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR
|REAMICO DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITIES AND PRIVILEGES Hisprivilegesandimmunitiesare
necessarytogivetheenvoythefullest freedomorlatitudeintheexerciseof his official functions. PERSONAL INVIOLABILITY
The envoy is regarded as sacrosanct and isentitledtothespecialprotectionof his person, honor and liberty.
DIPLOMATICCONVENTION:“The personofadiplomaticagentshallbe inviolable.Heshallnotbeliabletoany
formofarrestordetention.The receivingstateshalltreathimwithdue respectandshalltakeallappropriate
stepstopreventanyattackonhis person, freedom or dignity” Theenvoycannotcomplainifheis
injuredbecausehehimselfcausedthe initial aggression. Thelocalauthoritiesmayalso,in exceptionalcases,layhandsonhimif
hehascommittedanactofviolence anditisnecessarytoplacehimin preventive restraint. IMMUNITY FROM JURISDICTION
Diplomatic agent shall be immune from thecivil,criminalandadministrative jurisdiction of the receiving state except in a
few specified cases. HESHALLALSOENJOYIMMUNITYFROMITS CIVILANDADMINISTRATIVEJURISDICTION, EXCEPT IN THE
CASE OF: a.Arealactionrelatingtoprivate immovablepropertysituatedinthe territoryofthereceivingstate,unless
heholdsitonbehalfofthesending state for the purposes of the mission. b.Anactionrelatingtosuccessionin
whichthediplomaticagentisinvolved asexecutor,administrator,heiror legateeasaprivatepersonandnoton behalf of the
sending state. c.An action relating to any professional or commercialactivityexercisedbythe
diplomaticagentinthereceivingstate outside his official functions. Immunityfromjurisdictionmaybe waived expressly by
the sending state WHO VS. AQUINO Diplomaticimmunityisessentiallyapolitical questionandcourtsshouldrefusetolook
beyondadeterminationbytheexecutive branchofthegovernment,andwheretheplea
ofdiplomaticimmunityisrecognizedand affirmedbytheexecutivebranchofthe governmentasinthecaseatbar,itis thenthe
dutyofthecourtstoaccepttheclaimof immunityuponappropriatesuggestionbythe principallawofficerofthegovernment,the
SolicitorGeneralinthiscase,orotherofficer acting under his direction. INVIOLABILITY OF DIPLOMATIC PREMISES
Thepremisesofthemissionshallbe inviolable.Theagentsofthereceiving statemaynotenterthemexceptwith the consent of
the head of mission. INVIOLABILITY OF ARCHIVES Thereceivingstatehasnorighttopry into the official papers and records
of a foreign diplomatic mission. “thearchivesanddocumentsofthe missionshallbeinviolableatanytime and wherever
they may be” INVIOLABILITY OF COMMUNICATION PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR
|REAMICO “Thereceivingstateshallpermitand protect free communication on the part
ofthemissionforallofficialpurposes. In communicating with the government andothermissionsandconsulatesof
thesendingstate,whereversituated, the mission may employ all appropriate meansincludingdiplomaticcouriers and
messages in code or cipher.” EXEMPTION FROM TESTIMONIAL DUTIES “Adiplomaticagentisnotobligedto give evidence
as a witness” Heisnotprohibitedbyinternational lawfromdoingsoandmaywaivethis privilegewhenauthorizedbyhis
government. TheDutchenvoytoWashington invokedthisright1856whenhe rejectedarequesttotestifyin
connectionwithahomicidecommitted inhispresenceandfor theprosecution of which his testimony we necessary.
EXEMPTIONS FROM TAXATION Alsofromsocialsecurityrequirements under certain conditions.
Personalbaggageisalsofreefrom inspectionunlessthereareserious ground THE DIPLOMATIC SUITE OR RETINUE
Immunitiesandprivilegesareavailable notonlyto the head of missionand his family but also to the other members of the
diplomatic retinue, albeit not in the same degree. DURATION Everypersonentitledtodiplomatic
privilegesandimmunitiesshallenjoy themfromthemomentheentersthe territoryofthereceivingstateon
proceedingtotakeuphispostor,if alreadythere,fromthemomenthis appointmentisnotifiedtotheforeign ministry. When
his functions haveto cometo an end,hisprivilegesandimmunitiesshall normally cease from moment heleaves the country
or on expiry of a reasonable time in which to do so, but shall subsist untilsuchtimeevenincaseofarmed conflict.
Intheexerciseofhisofficialfunctions, immunityshallcontinueindefinitelyas itissupposedtohaveattachedtohim
personallybuttothestatehewas representing TERMINATION OF DIPLOMATIC MISSION
Usualmethodsofterminatingofficial relations:death,resignation,removal, abolitionoftheoffice,etc.theseare governed by
municipal law. ThemoreimportantmodesareRECALL and DISMISSAL RECALL – May demanded by the receiving state
whentheforeigndiplomatbecomespersona non grata to it for any person. DISMISSAL–Theoffendingdiplomatissimply
asked to leave the country. Theoutbreakofwarbetweenthe sending and receiving states terminates their diplomatic
relations. Asforthechangeofthegovt., diplomatic relations are not disturbed if thechangeispeacefulbutmaybe PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO suspendedwhereitiseffectedby means of violence
CHAPTER 13 CONSULS *CONSULS–stateagentsresidingabroadfor variouspurposesbutmainlyintheinterestof COMMERCE
and NAVIGATION *Consulsarenotchargedwiththedutyof representing their states in political matters nor are they
accredited to the state where they are supposed to discharge their functions *consulsdonotordinarilyenjoyallthe
traditional diplomatic immunities and privileges although they are to a certain extent entitled to special treatment under
the law of nations Kinds and Grades *CONSULES MISSI – professional or career consuls who are nationals of the
appointing state and are required to devote their full time to the discharge of their consular duties *CONSULES ELECTI –
may or may not be nationals of the appointing state and perform their consular functions only in addition to their
regular callings Appointment Consuls derive their authority from two principal sources: *LETTER PATENT / LETTRE DE
PROVISION – commission issued by the sending state *EXEQUATUR – authority given to them by the receiving state to
exercise their duties therein 8consuls are public officers not only of the sending state but of the receiving state as well
and are governed by the laws of both *states may refuse to receive consuls and to withhold the exequatur from them
without explanation Functions *commerce and navigation *issuance of passports and visas *duties of protection of
nationals *PRINCIPALDUTYOFCONSULS:promotethe commercialinterestsoftheircountryinthe
receivingstateandtoobservethecommercial trendsanddevelopmentsthereinforreportto their home government
*alsoperformdutiesrelatingtonavigation– visitingandinspectingvesselsoftheirown
stateswhichmaybeintheconsulardistrict; exercisingameasureofsupervisionoversuch
vessels;adjustingmatterspertainingtotheir internal order and discipline Immunities and Privileges *consulshavearightto
officialcommunication andmaycorrespondwiththeirhome governmentorotherofficialbodiesbyany
meansincludingcipherorcodewithoutbeing subjectedtocensorshiporunreasonable
restraint.However,thisrightmayberestricted whenever itis exercised to the prejudice of the receiving state *Consuls
enjoy the inviolability of their archives, whichmaynotbeexaminedorseizedbythe
receivingstateunderanycircumstance,nor maytheirproductionortestimonyconcerning
thembecompelledinofficialproceedings.But thisimmunitydoesnotextendtotheconsular
premisesthemselves,wherethelegalprocess maybeservedandarrestsmadewithout
violationofinternationallaw,exceptonlyin thatpartwhereconsularworkisbeing performed *consular
officesmayevenbeexpropriatedfor purposes of national defense or public utility
*criminaloffenses:consulsareexemptfrom local jurisdiction for crimes committedby them in the discharge of their official
functions. Other offenses:fullysubjecttolocallawandmaybe arrested,prosecutedandpunishedinproper proceedings
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO *consulsarenotprosecutedformminor
offensesand,whenarrested,aregiven adequate opportunity to secure their release on bail at the earliest possible time
*civilsuits:institutedagainstconsulspersonal orprivatecapacitybutnotinmatters connected with their official duties
*consuls are generally exempted from taxation, customduties,serviceinthemilitia,andsocial security rules and are
privileged to display their nationalflagandinsigniaintheconsulate althoughtheseconcessionsareconsidered “non-
essential” to the proper discharge of their official duties *theseimmunitiesandprivilegesarealso
availabletothemembersoftheconsularpost, theirrespectivefamilies,andtheprivatestaff. Waiver may in general bemadeby
the sending state. Termination of Consular Mission *removal, resignation, death, expiration of term
*theexequaturmayalsobewithdrawnbythe receivingstate,eitheroftheappointingor receiving state may be extinguished or
war may break out between them. *intheeventofwar,theconsulateisclosed andthearchivesaresealedandleftinthe
custodyofacaretakerusuallyaconsulfroma neutral state. *theconsulfromthebelligerentstateis
allowedtodepartforhisowncountryassoon aspossibleandwithoutunnecessary molestation CHAPTER 14 TREATIES
TREATY–formalagreement,usuallybutnot necessarilyinwriting,whichisenteredintoby statesorentitiespossessingthetreaty-
making capacityforthepurposeofregulatingtheir mutual relations under the law of nations. *an executive agreement is
NOT a treaty Functions of Treaties 1.Treatiesenablepartiestosettlefinally actual and potential conflicts
2.Treatiesmakepossiblefortheparties tomodifytherulesofinternational customarylawbymeansofoptional principle or
standards 3.Theymayleadtoatransformationof unorganizedinternationalsocietyinto onewhichmaybeorganizedonany
chosen level of social integration 4.They providethe humus for the growth of international customary law Essential
Requisites of a Valid Treaty 1.Enteredintobypartieswiththetreaty- making capacity 2.Throughtheirauthorized
representatives 3.Withouttheattendanceofduress, fraud, mistake, or other vice of consent 4.On any lawful subject-
matter 5.Inaccordancewiththeirrespective constitutional processes Treaty-making process NEGOTIATION, SIGNATURE,
RATIFICATION, AND EXCHANGEOFTHEINSTRUMENTSOF RATIFICATION NEGOTIATION–oneofthepartiestosubmita
draftoftheproposedtreatywhich,together withthecounter-proposals,becomesthebasis of the subsequent negotiations.
*undertaken directly by the head of the stateorassignsthistasktohisauthorized representatives
*ifandwhenthenegotiatorsfinallydecideon the terms of the treaty, the same is opened for SIGNATURE. *signature–
meansofauthenticating theinstrumentandforthepurposeof symbolizing the good faith of the parties; butit does not
indicate the final consent of the state *thedocumentisordinarilysignedin accordancewiththealternat,thatis,eachof
theseveralnegotiatorsisallowedtosignfirst onthecopywhichhewillbringhometohis own state PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL
LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO RATIFICATION–formalactbywhichastate
confirmsandacceptstheprovisionsofatreaty concluded by its representatives. *Purpose; enable the contracting states
toexaminethetreatymorecloselyandtogive them an opportunity to refuse to be bound by it should they find it inimical to
their interests *EXCHANGEOFTHEINSTRUMENTSOF RATIFICATION–signifiestheeffectivityofthe
treatyunlessadifferentdatehasbeenagreed upon by the parties Binding Effect of Treaties
*Atreatyisbindingonlyonthecontracting parties,includingnotonlytheoriginal signatoriesbutalsootherstateswhich,
although they may nothaveparticipated in the negotiationoftheagreement,havebeen allowedbythetermstosignitlaterbya
process known as ACCESSION *Instanceswhen3 rd statesmaybevalidlyheld totheobservanceoforbenefitfromthe
provisions of a treaty. *treatymaybemerelyaformal expressionofcustomaryinternationallaw
whichisenforceableonallcivilizedstates becauseoftheirmembershipinthefamilyof nations
*forthemaintenanceofinternational peace and security *partiestoapparentlyunrelated
treatiesmayalsobelinkedbythemost- favored-nationclause,underwhicha contractingstateentitledtomost-favored- nation
treatment from the other may claim the benefits extended by the latter to another state in a separate agreement
Observance of Treaties *Fundamentalrulesofinternationallawis PACTASUNTSERVANDA,whichrequiresthe performance
in good faith of treaty obligations *partiesmustcomplywiththeircommitments underatreatyandcannotignoreormodifyits
provisionswithouttheconsentoftheother signatories *atreatyengagementisnotameremoral
obligationbutcreatesalegallybinding obligation *treatiesreallylimitofrestrictthe
absolutenessofsovereignty.Bytheirvoluntary act,nationsmaysurrendersomeaspectsof
theirstatepowersinexchangeforgreater benefitsgrantedbyorderivedfroma convention or pact * the sovereignty of a state
therefore cannot in fact and in realitybe considered absolute * restrictions: 1.limitationsimposedbythevery nature of
membership in the family of nations 2.limitationsimposedbytreaty stipulations *DOCTRINEOFREBUSSICSTANTIBUS–
constitutesanattempttoformulatealegal principlewhichwouldjustifynonperformance
ofatreatyobligationiftheconditionswith relationtowhichthepartiescontractedhave
changedsomateriallyandsounexpectedlyas tocreateasituationinwhichtheexactionof performance would be
unreasonable. *Limitations: 1.appliesonlytotreatiesofindefinite duration 2.thevitalchangemusthavebeen
unforeseenorunforeseeableandshouldnot havebeencausedbythepartyinvokingthe doctrine
3.thedoctrinemustbeinvokedwithin a reasonable time 4.itcannotoperateretroactivelyupon
theprovisionsofthetreatyalreadyexecuted prior to the change of circumstances Treaty Interpretation
*Thebasicruleintheinterpretationoftreaties istogiveeffecttotheintentionoftheparties.
Thisshouldbediscoverableinthetermsof the treaty itself *theusual canons of statutory construction are employed in the
interpretation of treaties *readinthelightofthewhole instrumentandespeciallyforthepurposesof the treaty PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO *wordsusedaregiventheirnatural meaning unless a
technical sense was intended, and * when they have different meanings in thecontractingstates,shouldbeinterpretedin
accordancewiththeusageofthestatewhere they are supposed to take effect * doubts should be resolved against the
impositionofobligationsandinfavoroftheof the freedom and sovereignty of the contracting parties
*conflictsintreatyinterpretationsbe resolved only by agreement of the parties Termination of Treaties 1.Expiration of the
term 2.Accomplishment of the purpose 3.Impossibility of performance 4.Loss of the subject-matter 5.Desistance of the
parties 6.Novation 7.Extinctionofoneofthepartiesifthe treaty is bipartite 8.Vital change of the circumstances under the
doctrine of rebus sic stantibus 9.Outbreak of war between the parties 10.Voidanceofthetreatybecauseof defects in its
conclusion CHAPTER 15 NATIONALITY AND STATELESSNESS *individualismerelyanobjectandnota
subjectofinternationallawandisthusnot directly governed by its rules *NATIONALITY– tiethat binds an individual to
hisstate,fromwhichhecanclaimprotection andwhoselawsheisobligedtoobey. Nationalityismembershipinapolitical
communitywithallitsconcomitantrightsand obligations *CITIZENSHIP–appliesonlytocertain members of the state
accorded more privileges thantherestofthepeoplewhoalsooweit allegiance *SUBJECT–particularreferencetothe nationals
of monarchical regimes Acquisition of naturality * By BIRTH or By NATURALIZATION
*anindividualacquiresthenationalityofthe statewhereheisborn(jussoli)orthe nationality of his parents (jure sanguinis)
*NATURALIZATION–processbywhicha foreigneracquires,voluntarilyorbyoperation of law, the nationality of another state
*DIRECT NATURALIZATION: a.byindividualproceedings,usually judicial under general naturalization laws b. by special act
of the legislature c.bycollectivechangeofnationalityas a result of cession or subjugation d.adoptionoforphanminorsas
nationals of the state where they are born * DERIVATIVE NATURALIZATION: a.onthewifeofthenaturalized husband
b.ontheminorchildrenofthe naturalized parent c. on the alien woman upon marriage to a national * on our own laws, an
alien woman married to a Filipinoshallacquirehiscitizenshiponlyifshe herself might be lawfully naturalized Multiple
Nationality *DOCTRINEOFINDELIBLEALLEGIANCE–an individualmaybecompelledtoretainhis original nationality
notwithstanding that hehas already renounced or forfeited it under the laws ofasecondstatewhosenationalityhehas
acquired *astatemayallowanyofitsnationalsto remainassuchevenifhemayhaveacquired another nationality as where he
is conferred an honorary citizenship by a foreign government Loss of Nationality *voluntary methods– renunciation,
expressor implied,andrequestforrelease,bothofwhich usuallyprecedetheacquisitionofanew nationality * involuntary
methods – forfeiture as a result of somedisqualificationorprohibitedactlie enlistmentinaforeignarmyorlongcontinued
residence in a foreign state,and substitution of PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
onenationalityforanotherfollowingachange of sovereignty Statelessness *statelessnessistheconditionorstatusofan
individualwhoisbornwithoutanynationality or who loses his nationality without retaining or acquiring another *
individual is powerless to assert any right that otherwisewouldbeavailabletohimunder internationallaw.
*Anyinjurytotheindividualbyaforeign jurisdiction is not a violation of his own right but
oftherightofthestatetotheprotection ofits nationals;therighttocomplainbelongsnotto him but to the state of which he is
a national. CHAPTER 16 TREATMENT OF ALIENS *everystatehastheright,asinherentin
sovereigntyandessentialtoitsownsecurity andexistence,todetermineinwhatcasesand
underwhatconditionsforeignersmaybe admitted to its territory *onceitdecidestoacceptthem,its
competenceasterritorialsoveriegnaslimited bytherequirementthattheybetreatedjustly, in accordance with the law of
nations *thealiencanotasaruleclaimapreferred position vis-a-vis the national of the state where he is at best only a guest
* the foreigner may not enjoy the right to vote, torunforpublicoffice,toexploitnatural
resourcesortoengageincertainbusinesses regardedasvitaltotheinterestsofthelocal state
*theforeignermustaccepttheinstitutionsof the local state * state is not an insurerof the life or property of the alien, whe
he is within its territory *theforeignerisexpectedtotakethe customary precautions for the protection of his
ownrightsandtoavailhimselfoftheusual remedies when these rights are violated THE DOCTRINE OF STATE
RESPONSIBILITY *instanceswhenanaliencanclaimamore favoredpositionthanthenationalofthelocal
stateandholdthestateliableforinjuries committed against him while within its territory * a state may be held responsible
for: a. international deliquency b. directly or indirectly imputable to it c. which causesinjuryto thenatonal of another
state *liabiltywillattachtothestatewhereits treatmentofalienfallsbelowtheinternational
standardofjusticeorwgereitremissin accordinghimtheprotectionorredressthatis warranted by the circumstances
*FUNCTION:assurethetravelerthatwhenhis rights are violated in a foreign state, he will not be denied any remedy simply
because he is not one of its nationals *encouragemoreintercourseamong thepeoplesoftheworldthroughinter- visitation
of their respective countries THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD OF JUSTICE PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014
BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO *Standardofthreasonablestate,thatis,as referringtotheordinarynormsofofficial conduct
observed in civilized jurisdictions. *DOCTRINEOFEQUALITYOFTREATMENT– wherethelawsofstatefallbelowthe
internationalstandardofjustice,itisno defensethattheyareapplicablenotinlyto aliensbutaswell,andequally,tothenationals
of that state. The relations of that state with ots ownnationalsarepurelymunicipal; international law is involved in its
relations with the nationals of other states. FAILURE OF PROTECTION OR REDRESS
*statemaybeheldliableifitdoesnotmake reasonable efforts to prevent injury to the alien
or,havingdonesounsuccesfully,failstorepair such injury. * degree of diligence required
*responsibilitydoesnotimmediatelyattachto the state upon a showing of a failure to prevent or redress an injury to
aliens * distinction must be made between direct and inirect state responsibility a. wherethe imternational delinquency
wascommittedbysuperiorgovernment officialsororgans,liabilitywillattach immediately as their acts may not be
effectively preventedorreversedundertheconstitution and laws of the state b.wheretheoffenseiscommittedby
inferiorgovernmentofficialsor,moreso,by privateindividuals,thestatewillbeheldliable onlyif,byreasonofitsindifferencein
preventing or pushing it, it can be considered to have conived in effect in its commission EXHAUSTION OF LOCAL
REMEDIES *theliabilityofthestateforaninternational delinquency, its enforcemnet cannot be claimed by the injured
foreigner unless, he first exhausts all available local remedies for the protection or vindication of his rights
*statemustbegivenanopportunitytodo justiceinitsownregularwayandwithout
unwarrantedinterferencewithitssovereignty by other states *thisrequirementmaybedispensedwith,
however,iftherearenoremediestoexhaust, aswherethelawsareintrinsicallydefectiveor thereislaxityorarbitrarinessintheir
enforcement or where the courts are corrupt or wherethereisnoadeqautemachineryforthe administration of justice
*therewouldbeNOremedyavailablefrom “actsofstate”whicharenotsubjecttojudicial review RESORT TO DIPLOMATIC
PROTECTION *iftheinjuredforeignerhasexhaustedallthe localremediesbutwithoutsuccess,hemay then avail himself of the
assistance of his states –butonlyifhehasastate.Otherwise,hewill havenopartytorepresenthim,andheby
himself,beingamereindividual,cannot institute his claim in his own name. *anyinjurytoanalienisaviolationnotofhis own
personal rght but of the right of his state to hacve its nationals protected but of the right of
hisstatetohaveitsnationalsprotected whenever they are in a foreign country *wheretheinjuredalienisstateless,hiscase
willbeoneofDANNUMABSQUEINJURIAand cannot be subject of diplomatic protection PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
(CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO *tieofnationality–requiredtoexistfromthe timeoftheinjuryuntilthetimethe
internationalclaimisfinallysettled.Oncethe tieisbroken,theclaimitselfisdeemed automaticallyabated.If,theinjurednational
dieswhilethe claimisunderconsiderationand it should happen that his hers are not nationals of the claimant state, the
claim will lapse ENFORCEMENT OF CLAIM *aninternationalclaimfordamagesmaybe resolved through negotiation or, if
this fails, any of the other methods of settling disputes *intheeventthattheresponsibilityofthe
stateisestablishedoracknowledged,theduty tomakereaparationwillarise.Suchreparation
maytaketheformofRESTITUTIONor SATISFACTION or COMPENSATION. AVOIDANCE OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY * to avoid
the intervention of the alien's state in contracts,thelocalstatesometimes incorporatesthereinwhatisknownasthe CALVO
CLAUSE *CalvoClause–stipulationbywhich thealienwaivesorrestrictshisrighttoappeal
tohisownstateinconnectionwithanyclaim arisingfromthecontractandagreestolimit
himselftotheremediesavailableunderthe laws of the local state. *calvoclausemaybeenforcedasa
lawfulconditionofthecontract.However, may not be interpreted to deprive the alien's state of
therighttoprotectorvindicatehisinterestsin casetheyareinjuredinanotherstateassuch
waivercanlegallybemadenotbyhimbutby his own state EXCLUSION OF ALIENS *thestatemayalsoavoidliabilitytoaliensby
refusingtheiradmission,butthisisnot regarded as sound policy since it would provoke
retaliationinkindandultimatelyisolateits nationalsfromtherestoftheinternational community
*DEPORTATION:theremovalofan alienoutofthecountry,simplybecausehis presence is deemed inconsistent with the
public welfareandwithoutanypunishmentbeing imposedorcontemplated,eitherunderthe
lawsofthecountryoutofwhichheissent,or under those of the country to which he is taken * EXCLUSION: denial of entry to
an alien DEPORTATIONEXTRADITION Unilateralactifthe local state Effectedatthe request of the state of origin
Basedoncauses arisinginthelocal state Basedonoffenses generallycommitted in the state of origin Undesirablealienmay
bedeported toastate otherthanhisownor the state of origin Callsforthereturnof thefugitivetothe state of origin Basis of
Extradition *The extradition of a person is required onlyif thereisatreatybetweenthestateofrefuge and the state of origin
*intheabsenceofatreaty–localstatehas everyrighttograntasylumtothefugitiveand to refuseto deliverhim backto the latter
state even if he is a national PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO Fundamental
Principles of Extradtition 1.extraditionisbasedontheconsentofthe state of asylum 2.Principleofspecialty–afugitivewhois
extraditedmaybetriedonlyforthecrime specifiedintherequestforextraditionand included in the list of offenses in the
extradition treaty 3. any person may be extradited 4. political and religious offenders are generally not subject to
extradition 5.intheabsenceofaspecialagreement,the offensemusthavebeencommittedwithinthe
territoryoragainsttheinterestsofthe demanding state 6. Rule of double criminality- the actfor which theextradition is
sought must be punishable in both the requestingand requested states Procedure of Extradition
*ifthesurrenderofafugitiveissought,a request for his extradition is presented through diplomatic channels to the state of
refuge *thisrequestwillbeaccompaniedbythe necessarypapersrelativetotheidentityofthe
wantedpersonandthecrimeheisallegedto havecommittedorofwhichhehasalready been convicted
*uponreceiptofrequest,thestateofrefuge will conducta judicial investigation to ascertain if the crime is covered by the
extradition treaty andifthereisaprimafaciecaseagainstthe fugitive according to its own laws CHAPTER 17 SETTLEMENT OF
INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES *DISPUTE–existswhenonestateclaimsthat anotherstateshouldhavebehaveinacertain manner
and that claim is rejected by the latter *actualdisagreementbetweenstates regardingtheconducttobetakenbyoneof
themfortheprotectionorvindicationofthe interests of the other * SITUATION – initial stage of a dispute * Dispute is
LEGAL – involves a justiciable rights based on law or fact susceptible of adjudication by a judicial or arbitral tribunal.
*Disputeis POLITICAL– if it cannotbedecided bylegalprocessesonthebasisofthe
substantiverulesofinternationallawbecause thedifferencesofthepartiesspringfrom animosities in their mutual attitudes
rather than from an antagonism of legal rights *thesolution tosuchadisputesliesnotinthe
councilsofthecourtsbutinthecorridorsof diplomacy Methods of settling disputes *disputesarerequiredtobesettled,
conformably to one of the basic principle of the UN,“bypeacefulmeansinsuchamannerthat international peace and
security, and justice are not endangered Amicable Methods 1. Negotiation – generally the first step taken in the
settlement of an international dispute is the discussionundertakenbytheparties themselvesoftheirrespectiveclaimsand
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO counterclaimswithaviewtotheirjustand orderly
adjustment. *wherethetalksprosperand agreement is reached, it is usually formalized in
atreatyormoredirectlyeffectedthroughthe rectification of the injury caused to the claimant state 2.Inquiry–
investigationofthepointsin question, on the theory that their education will contributetothesolutionofthedifferences
between the parties. 3. Good Offices – method by which a third party attemptstobringthedisputingstatestogether in
order to enable them to discuss the issues in contention and arrive at an agreement 4.Mediation–
thirdpartydoesnotmerely providetheopportunityfortheantagoniststo negotiatebutalsoactivelyparticipatesintheir
discussions in order to reconcile their conflicting claims and appease their feelings of resentment 5.Conciliation–
activeparticipationofathird partyintheattemptofthedisputantstosettle theirconflict,andtherecommendationsmade by it
are likewise not binding. 6.Arbitration–solutionofadisputebyan impartialthirdparty,usuallyatribunalcreated
bythepartiesthemselvesunderacharter known as the COMPROMIS 7.JudicialSettlement–thenatureofits
proceedingsandthebindingcharacterofthe decisionsbutalsointhefactthatthedisputes submitted for adjudication are legal
rather than political ARBITRATIONJUDICIAL SETTLEMENT Arbitraltribunalisan adhocbodycreated andfilledbythe
partiestothedispute themselves Judicialtribunalisa pre-existingand permanent body Submissionto arbitration is
voluntary Jurisdiction- compulsary Arbitration proceedings - limited The law applied by the tribunalinjudicial
settlementis independentofthe will of the parties * the jurisdiction of the court is not compulsory but dependent on the
agreement of the parties to submit to and be bound by its decisions. Such consentmaybemanifestedinatreaty
containingwhatiscalledthe“compromissary clause” 8.ACTIONBYREGIONALORGANIZATIONS–
resortedtobythepartiesattheirownvolition or taken by the body itself at its own instance if allowed by agreement of the
members Hostile Methods 1. INTERVENTION 2.RETORSIONS–retaliationwheretheacts
complainedofdonotconstitutealegalground ofoffensebutareratherinthenatureof
unfriendlyactsbutindirectlyhurtfultoother states 3.REPRISALS–actofself-helponthepartof
theinjuredstate,respondingafteran unsatisfieddemandtoactcontraryto PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014
BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO internationallawonthepartoftheoffending state *theyaimtoimposeontheoffending state
reparation for the offense or the return to legality in avoidance of new offenses *Common forms of reprisals 1. display
of force 2. occupation of territory 3. pacific blockade The United Nations *Unitednationsmaybeaskedormaydecide
onitsownauthoritytotakeahandinits settlement. * the security councilshall have the jurisdiction to intervene in;
a.alldisputesaffectinginternational peace and security b.alldisputeswhich,havebeen submitted to it by the parties for
settlement * such disputes may be brought to it by: a.thesecuritycouncil,onitsown motion b. the general assembly c. any
member of the united nations d. the secretary general e.anypartytothedispute,provided thatinthecaseofnon-
membersoftheUN, they should accept in advance, for the purposes ofthedispute,theobligationsofpacific settlement
under the Charter TheSecurityCouncilmayrecommend appropriatemeasuresormethodsof adjustment, taking into
consideration: a.Anyamicablemeasuresalready adopted by the parties b.Thatlegaldisputesshouldasarule
bereferredtotheInternational Court of Justice *Where the terms of settlement are rejected by
theparties,theSecurityCouncilisempowered to take more drastic steps a.PREVENTIVEACTION–itmayadopt
suchmeasuresnotinvolvingtheuseofarmed force b. ENFORCEMENT ACTION CHAPTER 18 WAR *WAR–
armedcontentionbetweenthepublic forcesofstatesorotherbelligerent communities,implyingtheemploymentof
violenceamongthepartiesasameansof enforcingtheirrespectivedemandsuponeach other * War may exist even without
the use of force Outlawry of war *warwasoriginallyacceptedasalegitimate means of a compulsion, that it was a reaction
to an international delict * in only 2 instances is the use of force allowed: 1.exerciseoftheinherentrightofself- defense 2.
enforcement action PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO How are the agreements
enforced? *the commonly accepted sanctions are: a.protestlodgedbyonebelligerent,usually accompanied or followed by
an appeal breparationfordamagesiscausebythe defeated belligerent c. punishment of war criminals Commencement of
war *Warissupposedtocommenceonthedate specifiedinthedeclarationoronthedateitis communicated to the enemy
*formalityisoftennotobservedasevidenced bythenumberofwarsthathavebrokenout
withoutthe“previousandexplicitwarning” required *commencefromthemomentofthefirstact of force committed by one
state with the intent ofmakingwarorcommittedwithoutsuch intentbutconsideredbytheotherstateas constituting war
Effects of the Outbreak of War 1.thelawsofpeaceceasetoregulatethe relationsofthebelligerentandaresuperseded by the
laws of war 2.diplomaticandconsularrelationsbetween thebelligerentsareterminatedandtheir
respectiverepresentativesareallowedto return to their own countries 3. treaties of a political nature are automatically
cancelled,butthosewhichareprecisely intended to operate during war are activated 4.individualsareimpressedwithenemy
character a. nationality test – if they are nationals of the other belligerent wherever they may be b.domiciliarytest–
iftheyare domiciledaliensintheterritoryoftheother belligerent,ontheassumptionthatthey contribute to its economic
resources c.activitiestest–ifbeingforeigners theyareneverthelessparticipateinthe hostilities in favour of the other
belligerent *corporationsandotherjuridicalpersonsare regardedasenemiesifamajorityora substantial portion of their
capital stock is in the handsofenemynationaloriftheyhave incorporated in the territory or uner the laws of the other
belligerent 5.enemypublicpropertyfoundintheterritory oftheotherbelligerentattheoutbreakof hostilities is subject to
confiscation Combatants and non-combatants *Combatants–thosewhoengagedirectlyin
thehostilities;maylawfullywagewarandare thus subject to direct attack from the enemy *Non-Combatants–
thosewhodonotengage directlyinthehostilities;shouldnotbe subjected to attack as they are not supposed to participate
in the actual fighting * The following are regarded as combatants: 1. members of the armed forces PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO 2. irregular forces a.theyarecommandedbyaperson
responsible for his subordinates b. they wear a fixed and distinctive sign recognizable at a distance c. they carry arms
openly d.theyconducttheiroperationsin accordance with laws and customs of war 3.leveeenmasse–theinhabitantsof
unoccupiedterritorywho,ontheapproachof theenemy,spontaneouslytakearmstoresist the invading troops withouthaving
had timeto organize themselves 4.officersandcrewofmerchantvesselswho forcibly resist attack Conduct of Hostilities
*threebasicprinciplesunderlietheruleof warfare 1.principleofmilitarynecessity– employ any amount and kind of force to
compel the complete submission of the enemy with the least possible loss of lives, time and money
2.principleofhumanity–useofany measure that is not absolutely necessary for the purposes of war 3.principleofchivalry–
thosethat requirethebelligerentstogiveproperwarning beforelaunchingabombardmentorprohibit
theuseofperfidyintheconductofthe hostilities *anindividualcanonlybeconsideredaspyif,
actingclandestinelyorunderfalsepretenses, he obtains or seeks to obtain information in the zone of operations if a
belligerent *spiesaresubjecttothemunicipallawofthe other belligerent *aspytakenintheactcannotbepunished without
previous trial Kinds of Warfare *warfaremaybewagedonLANDorSEAorin the AIR, separately or simultaneously
*mostoftherulesonaerialwarfarehave becomeobsoleteandneedtoberevisedto make them conform to present realities
*asfornavalwarfare,themostserious difficultieslieinthdisagreementamongstates astowhetherarmedmerchantvesselsare
subject to direct attack *oneimportantruleisthatbootyor personalpropertyfoundinthebattlefieldis
subjecttoconfiscationbythebelligerent occupation except only the personal belongings
oftheindividualcombatantswhichhaveno military value. THEATREOFWAR:placewherethehostilities are actually
conducted REGIONOFWAR:greaterareawherethe belligerents may lawfully engage each other Belligerent Occupation
*territoryisdeemedoccupiedwhenitis actuallyplacedundertheauthorityofthe hostile army, but this occupation is limited
only totheareawheresuchauthorityhasbeen PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
establishedandcanbeeffectivelyexercised.It isnotnecessarythateverysquarefootofthe territory in question be actually
occupied *Belligerentoccupationdoesnotresultin transfer or suspension of the sovereignty of the
legitimategovernmentalthoughitmayatthe momentbeunabletoexerciseit.The
belligerentoccupantcannotperformsuchacts asdeclaringtheindependenceoftheoccupied territory or requiring its
inhabitants to renounce their allegiance to the lawful government *thebelligerentisrequiredtorestoreand ensure public
order and safety while respecting, unless absolutely prevented, the laws in force in the country. * the belligerent
occupant may promulgate new laws,non-politicalaswellaspolitical,provided theydonotcontravenethegeneralaccepted
principles of international law. The political laws areautomaticallyabrogatedupontheendof theoccupationbutthenon-
politicallawsmay continueevenbeyondtheoccupationunless theyareexpresslyrepealedormodifiedbythe legitimate
government * it is permitted for the belligerent occupant to introducemilitarycurrency,providedthe purpose is not to
debase the country’s economy *privatepropertycannotbeconfiscated,but those susceptible of military use may be
seized, subjecttorestorationorcompensationwhen peace is made *thepropertyofmunicipalitiesandof
institutionsdedicatedtoreligion,charityand education,andtheartsandsciences,even
whenstateowned,shallbetreatedasprivate propertyandtheirdestructionisexpressly forbidden
*thearmyofoccupationcanonlytake possessionofcash,fundsandrealizable securitieswhicharestrictlythepropertyofthe
state,depotsofarms,meansoftransport, storesandsupplies,andgenerallymovable
propertybelongingtothestatewhichmaybe used for military operations *theoccupyingstateshallberegardedonlyas
administratorandusufructuaryofpublic buildings, real estate, forest, agricultural estates
belongingtothehostilestateandsituatedin the occupied territory Postliminium *personsorthingstakenbytheenemyare
restored to the former state on coming actually intothepowerofthenationtowhichthey belong *JUSPOSTLIMINIUM–
reinstatementofthe authorityofthedisplacedgovernmentonce controloftheenemyislostovertheterritory affected * upon
the end of a belligerent occupation, the lawsofthere-establishedgovernmentare revivedandallactstakenbythebelligerent
occupant which it could not legally do under the lawofnations,aswellaslawfulactsofa political complexion, are invalidated
Non-Hostile Intercourse FLAGOFTRUCE–whiteflagcarriedbyan individualauthorizedbyonebelligerentto enter into
communication with the other PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO CARTELS–
agreementstoregulateintercourse during war on matters as postal and telegraphic communication PASSPORT–
writtenpermissiongivenbythe belligerentgovernmentoritsauthorizedagent subjectsoftheenemystatetotravelgenerally in
belligerent territory SAFE-CONDUCT–passgiventoanenemy subjector to an enemy vessel allowing passage between
defined points SAFEGUARD–protectiongrantedbya commanding officer either to enemy persons or property within his
command LICENSEOFTRADE–permissiongivenbythe competentauthoritytoindividualstocarryon trade even though there
is a state of war Suspension of Hostilities * SUSPENSION OF ARMS – temporary cessation
ofthehostilitiesbyarrangementofthelocal commanders for such purposes as the gathering of the wounded and the burial
of the dead. *ARMISTICE–suspensionofallhostilities withinacertainareaorintheentireregionof
waragreeduponbythebelligerent governmentsusuallyforthepurposeof arranging the terms of the peace
ARMISTICESUSPENSION OF ARMS Purpose: politicalPurpose: military Maybeconcludedby thecommanders-in- chief
Maybeagreedupon bythelocal commanders Usually in writingMay be oral *CEASEFIRE–unconditionalstoppageof
hostilities by order of an international body * TRUCE – regarded as ceasefire with conditions attached * CAPITULATION–
surrender of militaryforces, placesordistrictsinaccordancewiththerules of military honor Termination of war 1. cessation
of hostilities 2. conclusion of a negotiated treaty of peace 3. defeat of one of the belligerentsfollowed by a dictated
treaty of peace *Principleofutipossidetis–propertyor territoryinthepossessionoftherespective
belligerentsupontheterminationofthewaris retained by them *Statusquoante–callsforthecomplete
restorationtotheirformerownersofproperty orterritorythatmayhavechangedhands during the hostilities, with the
exception only of prize and booty *warissupposedtoendwiththere- establishmentofpeacebuttheprecisedateis not easily
fixed in view of the different methods of terminating the state of hostilities Aftermath of War
*oneoftheinevitableconsequencesofwars theimpliedjudgment,rightorwrong,thatthe PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
(CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO vanquishedbelligerent is the guilty party in the dispute that caused the
hostilities. *treatyofpeaceimposedbythevictorupon the defeated stateis regarded as a punishment
asissustainedonthegroundalthoughmarked bytheviceofduressthatnormallywould invalidate other agreements
*nationalsofthevanquishedstatemaybe protectedandpunishedaswarcriminalsand
forotherviolationsofinternationallaw.They maynotescaperesponsibilityontheground that they were merely acting on
orders of their state CHAPTER 19 NEUTRALITY * A state is said to be neutral if it does not take
part,directlyorindirectly,inawarbetween other states. Neutrality and Neutralization *neutrality–
dependentsolelyontheattitude of the neutral state, which is free to join any of the belligerents any time it sees fit *
governed by the law of nations *obtains only during war * neutralization – result of a treaty wherein the
durationandtheotherconditionsofthe neutralizationareagreeduponbythe neutralized state and other powers
*thisagreementgovernstheconduct of signatories *intendedtooperateintimeofpeace as well as in time of war
*Onlystatesmaybecomeneutralbutportions of states may be neutralized Laws of Neutrality
a.Relationsofthebelligerentstateswith the neutral state b.Relationsofthebelligerentstateswith the nationals of the
neutral state RelationsofbelligerentStatesandNeutral States *aneutralstatehastherightanddutyto
abstainfromtakingpartinthehostilitiesand fromgivingassistancetoeitherbelligerent;
preventitsterritoryandotherresourcesfrom beingusedintheconductofhostilitiesbythe
belligerents,andtoacquiesceincertain restrictionsandlimitationsthatthebelligerent
mayfindnecessarytoimpose,especiallyin connection with international commerce * belligerents are bound to respect the
status of the neutral state Use of Neutral Territories *neutralterritoryisinviolableandcannotbe
usedbythebelligerentsforthemovementof troopsandtheundertakingofmilitary operations in general
*useofneutralterritoryisnotcompletely barredtothebelligerents (example:passageof sick and wounded troops) PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO *neutralstatemaygiverefugetotroopsfrom the belligerent
forces *escapedprisonersofwarneednotbe detainedbytheneutralstatebutmustbe assigned a place of residence if they
are allowed to remain *warshipsmaynotenterneutralports, roadsteads and harbours except only in cases of
unseaworthiness.Theusualdurationofthe sojournis24hoursbutthismaybeshortened
orextended,dependingonthereasonforthe entry.Thus,thevessel mustleaveassoonasit has been re-provisioned
*Generalrule:repairsintheirterritoryof damagesustainedbyawarshipinbattle– permittedsolongastheyarenotintendedto
increase the fighting force of the vessel. *notmorethan3vesselsfromanybelligerent
shallbeallowedsimultaneouslyinthesame neutral port or waters *territorialwatersofaneutralstatemust
neverbeusedasasylumforbelligerentvessels under pursuit or attack by the enemy
*passageofmilitaryaircraftbelongingtothe belligerentsisnotallowedacrosstheairspace of a neutral state. *where a
belligerent aircraft is forced to land on neutralterritory,thesameshouldbedetained and its officers and crew interned Use
of Neutral Facilities and Services *itisprohibitedfromgivingbelligerentsany form of direct assistance in connection with
the conduct of hostilities. *neutralstatemaynotsendmilitary contingents,extendloansorevensellfor valuable
consideration, supplies of war to either or both of the belligerents *neutralstateisnotobligedtopreventthe
exportfromortransitthroughitsterritoryof war suppliespurchased from private tradersby
thebelligerentsintheordinarycourseof commerce,itisrequiredtotakereasonable
diligenceinpreventingthedeliveryofvessels constructed and armed in its territory for use by any of the belligerents
RelationsofBelligerentStateswithNationals of Neutral states *neutralstatesenactlegislationtoavoidtheir
involvementinforeignwarsasaresultsofthe acts of their nationals * neutral states are free to allow their nationals to deal,
in their private capacity, with any of the belligerents * international law considers the relationship as
strictlybetweentheindividualandthe belligerentstatesandwhateverhardshipsmay
besufferedbyitsnationalsasaresultthereof must, as a rule, be acquiesced in by the neutral state Visit and Search
*belligerentwarshipsandaircrafthavethe righttovisitandsearchneutralmerchant vesselsonthehighseasforthepurposeof
determiningwhethertheyareinanyway connected with the hostilities *thevesselsmaybecapturedasprizeifthey are
engaged in hostile activities, if they resist to PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
visitandsearch,orifthereisreasonable suspicion that they are liable to confiscation *thecargoofthesevesselsmayalsobe
capturedundercertainconditions,aswhen they are contraband *Prize is not confiscated summarily but must be brought
to a prize court for adjudication *PRIZECOURT–isatribunal established by a belligerent under its own laws,
andappliesrulesofinternationallawinthe absence of special municipal legislation. Contraband *contraband–
termappliedtogoodswhich, althoughneutralproperty,maybeseizedbya belligerentbecausethey are useful for war and are
bound for a hostile destination *ABSOLUTECONTRABAND–necessarilyuseful for war under all circumstances
*subjecttoseizuresolongastheyare bound for enemy or enemy-held territory *CONDITIONALCONTRABAND–bothcivilian
and military purposes *maybeseizedonlywhenitcanbe shownthattheyaredestinedforthearmed
forcesortheauthoritiesofthebelligerent government * FREE LIST – includes goods useful for war and
boundforthebelligerentsbutexemptedfrom thelawoncontrabandforhumanitarian reasons
*DOCTRINEOFULTIMATECONSUMPTION– goodsintendedforcivilianusewhichmay
ultimatelyfindtheirwaytoandbeconsumed bythebelligerentforcesarealsoliableto seizure * contraband are subject to
condemnation * DOCTRINE OF INFECTION – if they are shipped togetherwithinnocentgoodsbelongingtothe same owner;
the latter may also be confiscated *contrabandareliabletocapturefromthe timetheyleavetheportinwhichtheyare
loadedanduntiltheyreachtheirfinalhostile destination *DOCTRINEOFULTIMATEDESTINATION–
liabilityofthecontrabandtocaptureis determinednotbytheir ostensiblebutbytheir real destination * even if the vessel
intends to stop at an intermediateneutralport,itwillstillbe consideredasinonecontinuousvoyage
provideditcanbeshownthatitscargowill ultimately be delivered to a hostile destination
*DOCTRINEOFCONTINUOUSVOYAGE–when the goods are reloaded at the intermediate port on the same vessel
*DOCTRINEOFCONTINUOUSTRANSPORT– whentheyarereloadedonanothervesselor other form of transportation
Blockade *Blockade–hostileoperationbymeansof which the vessels and aircraft of one belligerent
preventallothervessels,includingthoseof neutralstates,fromenteringorleavingthe ports or coasts of other belligerent, the
purpose beingtoshutofftheplacefrominternational commerceandcommunicationwithother states PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO *Pacific blockade – applies only to the vessels of
blockaded state and does not affect the vessels of other states *Requisites of blockade: a.binding–
dulycommunicatedtotheneutral states b. effective – it is maintained by adequate force so as to make ingress to or
egress from the port dangerous c.establishedbytheproperauthoritiesofthe belligerent government d. limited only to the
territory of the enemy and notextendedtoneutralplacesorinternational rivers e. impartially applied to all states alike
*theliabilityofaneutralvesseltocapturefor breachofblockadeiscontingentonits knowledge,actualorpresumptiveofthe
blockadeandcontinuesaslongasitispursued by the ships of the blockading forceafter ithas left or tried to enter the
blockaded port Unneutral Service *consistsofacts,ofamorehostilecharacter thancarriageofcontrabandorbreachof
blockade,whichareundertakenbymerchant vesselsofaneutralstateinaidofanyofthe belligerents
*aneutralvesselisliabletocondemnationfor unneutral service: 1. if it is making a voyage special with a view to
thetransportofindividualpassengerswhoare embodiedinthearmedforcesoftheenemy or
withaviewtothetransmissionofinformation in the interest of the enemy; OR 2.ifwiththeknowledgeoftheowner,orthe
onewhocharterstheentirevessel,itis transportingmilitarydetachmentofenemyor
oneormorepersonswho,duringthevoyage, lenddirectassistancetotheoperationsofthe enemy * a neutral vessel is also
liable to condemnation andtobetreatedasamerchantvesselofthe enemy: 1. takes a direct part in the hostilities 2. if it is
under the orders or control of an agent placed on board by the enemy government 3. chartered entirely by the enemy
government 4. if it is at the same time and exclusively either devoted to the transport if enemy troops or the
transmission of information Angary *bytherightofangary–abelligerentmay, uponpaymentofjustcompensation,seize,use
ordestroy,incaseofurgentnecessityfor purposesofoffensesordefense,neutral propertyfoundinitsterritory,inenemy
territory, or on the high seas * THREE REQUISITES 1.thatthepropertyisunderthecontrolor jurisdiction of the belligerent 2.
thet there is urgent necessity for the taking 3. that just compensation is paid to the owner Termination of Neutrality
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO 1. when the neutral state joins the war
*neutralstatewillbegovernedbythe lawsofwarinitsrelationswiththeother belligerentsandbythelawsofneutralityinits
relations with all other states 2. upon conclusion of peace *all states will again be governed by the laws of pea