THE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD 201

9
The Slope Deflection Method
1. INTRODUCTION SIGN CONVENTIONS:

The slope deflection method, in its present foim, was first

D
presented by Professor G.A. Maney of the University of
(1915)
Minnesota. In this method, the joints are considered to be rigid, i.e. Fig. 9.1.
the joints rot ate as a whole a nd the angles between the tangents to
a nti -clock wise. If the new sign convention is based on the direction
the~"eia stic curve m
eeting at the joint do not change du e to deforma-
.of the moment we get
tion?THe rotations of the joints are treated as unknowns. A series Mb 4-\-Mbd— Mbc=0.
of simultaneous equations, each expressing the relation between the
moments acting at the ends of the members are written in terms of
slope and deflection. The solution of the slope-deflection equation &r
A
=;^ " .---C
B
I
A B 1'
along with the equilibrium equations, gives the values of the un-
known rotations of the joints. Knowing these rotations, the end M AS
moments are calculated using the slope deflection equations During
the decade just prior to the introduction of the moment distribution
method, nearly all continuous frames were analyzed by the slope
deflection method.
The sign convention used
in the case of bending of simple

beams, becomes clumsy if used for the ca.-e of more complex

etc.,
beams and frames where more Than two members meet at a joint. In
our earlier sign convention for simple beams, a moment is considered
to be positive ifit bends the beam convex upwards and negative if
it bends the beam concave upwards. Thus, for the case of structure
shown in Fig. 9*1, the three moments acting at the rigid joint B, Fig. 9.2. Sign convention.
where the three members BA, BC and BD meet are all positive Hence new sign convention that will be used in this
in the
according to the previous sign convention since all the three mo- inethod, a supporj[ moment .acting in the clockwise^directton yvtiUss.
ments^tend to bend the three corresponding beams convex upwards. taken as positive and that injhe.witj^cfo^
Hence the equilibrium equation SMu=0 at the joint Bcannot be
"
A corresponding change will have to be made while plotting the
conveniently applied if the previous sign convention is used, though support moment diagram. For any spanof _a_ beam pr_ member .with
ihe joint B is in equilibrium. rigid joints a positive support" moment (or end moment) at the right
However, the examination of joint B (Fig, 9"!) reveals that tbe hand end will be plotted above the base line and negative support
moments Mba and Mad are clockwise while the moment Mbc is moment below the base. Similarly, for the left hand end, the
negative end moment is plotted above the base a'ld positive end

200 moment is plotted below the base line, as shown in Fig. 9*2.
 || Ol' MATERIALS AND THEORY OF STRUCTURES THE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD 203
,
,:t»'"

iihove sign convention for the end moments A

n
l||Vi in(imi
tor the rotation
^^lIKMUWMupcf wm
and settlement is adop-
be taken
Dc as positive^nd
—£j^ /
j4 * ( tne mmus sign is used because
ill l
j iou (° r slope), will
l
i
.
B
e end of a beam settle,
u v\ .^v
tne deviation of B is in upward direction with
kl
^iioaMvin be taken a:s pt
positive, it^rotaies "
respect to the tangent of A)
V
/nv ^ ^ NV
w tho clockwise direction, and negative if it
;

- 1 1 L 2L\
^ " ne anti clockwise direction. ( r *
t «hv*lo *« *

RATIONS
vUuK'atal slope deflection equations, consider

\ i M A anc* B> and subjected to external load-

^ to the external loading, the beam will
"1 - £ --
!
,
will rotate. Let us now apply end moments
*

ViU N \ a
ad B respectively, of such magnitude
"

V
,j tlltii
i;t at the ends A and 5, due to the external
'"*"
.
Wv in other words, the applied moments
VV
" ^
v ^ l^xed end moments and therefore, a suffix
"IX<& moments. Such moment, which
«,iwwc

ct'o to zero, will hereafter be called the fixed

"\i>^\cv> easily calculated from the standard

^ iiven system of loading on the beam.
' " '

A .»oac»'i:vsd moment at A- for the beam AB.

. v :
\ ;.ng moment at B for the beam BA.

...iv -v
' '- through 0^ and t)j? respectively, and
>::i:c
H !
'

wV-. i-yards by an amount 8. Thus the ends

'
, . i^'t movements, both rotational as well
;
>v xvs» ihown by solid line in
:,*kes the form
- • moments resulting
be the additional
COMPONENT BENDING MOMENT
^ vv
s .V \im from its initial position when the DfAGRAM
„ :r.e same level. The rotation 9,4 and
* v
-
>k ; ^x- i'A positive. AB' is the tangent to the
"?
j to the horizontal, while B V A' is
"
_\ •
±z an angle 8^ to the horizontal line
:;> v vw. :iOiuent nun and mw, causing rotations BA
x OEFLECTED SHAPE td)
, - :an be easily calculated by the use of OF THE BEAM
- c U*) shows the component bending,
oasl moments.
Fig. 9' 3. i

Derivation of slope-detlection equations.

reference to the tangent A A
But Yb =1$a~*> [From Fig. 9*3 (b)]-
 205
204 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND THEORY OF STRUCTURES THE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

9 3. CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND FRAMES WITHOUT JOINTS

Hence -~-^2mAB-m B A^^LB A ~Z TRANSLATION
)

2mAB—mBA= -j—\ va — j- 1 v,;

A continuous beam is essentially a statically indeterminate
structure which must both the conditions of geometry as well
satisfy
slope- deflection, the condi-
B as statical equilibrium. In the method of
Similarly, =deviation of A with respect to the tangent at
very outset of the slope deflec-
tions of geometry are satisfied at the
tion equations. In addition to this, the algebraic sum of the
B
* moments acting at a joint must be equal to zero, This condition
Ax
furnishes as many equations as the number of joints. For example,
for the continuous beam of Fig. 9"4, we get from the equilibrium of
the joint B.r
Mba+Msc^Q (9*6)

= ' mAB Thus, we have two slope deflections equations (Eqs. 9*3
9*4), and
-m{ 2m£tA ) and one equilibrium equation (Eq. 9*5). The simultaneous solution
B
Fig. 9'3 of these equations give the unknown rotations. The
end moments
But YA =ZAb- 8 From (fe)

can then be calculated by substituting the values of these rotations

in the slope-deflection equations. The procedure for the solution of

a problem of continuous beam or frame without joint translation is

or 2jtiba — (tmb=
— ~L J
summarised below :
~fj~\
1. Treat each span as a fixed beam and calculate the fixed
Solving (I) and (2) for wab and ma a, we get
end moments.
2EI{ _ 38 \
slope deflection equations in terms of end
,
fi fi
2. Write down
moments, fixing moments, joint rotations and joint trans-
and 2fiB + e ^-^) W lation for each span.
down equilibrium equations for the individual joints.
Thus, the vaiues of the additional moments m A s and m B A are
3. Write
back into the slope deflection
known. Superimposing the effects of Fig. 9*3 (a) and 9*3 (b), we get 4. Substitute the rotations

the final deflected shape of the beam as shown in Fig. 9' 3 (<0, where equations and solve for the end moments.
in §a and 8 b are the final rotations of the ends A and B y and S is the Example 9*1. A beam ABC, 10 m long, fixed at ends A and B
deflection or settlement of the end B under the external loading. The is continuous over joint shown in Fig. 9'4 (a). Using
B and is loaded as
final moments Mab and Mba at the ends A and B are respectively the slope deflection method, compute the end moments and plot the
given by : bending moment diagram. Also, sketch the deflected shape of the beam.
The beam has constant El for both the spans.
\ AfAB = mAB + MFAB-—f-(^2^A + ^B-~-)'tMFAB (9*1)
Solution.
\ MBA=mBA+MF BA^^Y- (' 2e*+e,~ '

(9-2) (a) Fixed end moments

Treating each span as a fixed beam, the fixed end moments are
These are the fundamental slope deflection equations for the
as follows :

span AB. Writing = and ^-=R> the slope-deflection equations

Afr^- 5 **? 2 *— 2*4 kN-m
'

are sometimes written in the following form :

Mab=2EKWa+§b-1R)+Mfab (9'3)
(9*4)
Mba=*2EK(2&b+*a-3R)+Mfba
 .1* THE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD 207
206 strength of materials and theory op structures
MB a±Mbc=0
(0'8£76 B 4-3*6)-l-(0*8 JS78j,-5 0)«0 ;

or 1*6 £7 8*= 1*4

or EtQi "
il4
1*6*

Tbe plus sign indicates that 8b is positive (Le. rotation of tan-

gent at B is clockwise).
(d) Final moments
Substituting the value of El 8b in Eqs. (1) to (4), we gw.

MA n=0'4 (-|Tg )
-2*4= -1-05 kN-m

Mba=0S (j~)+3*6=+4-30kN-m

(4^^-5*0— 4'30 kN-m

and AfcB=0*4
--^ (-p| )+5-0=+5"3S kN-;
% "«jr--„ *
^„ 1&
j
Fig. 9"4 (b) shows the bending moment diagram. The deflected
shaps of the beam is shown in Fig. 9*4 (c).
Fig. 9'4. Example 9*2. Solve example 9'1 if ends A and C are simply
(b) Slope deflection equations supported [or h'nged).
The end rotations 6^ and 8c are zero since the beam is fixed at Solution
A and C. Hence there is only one unknown, 0b. The ends do not (a) Fixed end moment
settle and hence S for each span is zero. These are the same as calculated in the previous example
Let us assume 6* to be positive. The result will indicate the MPAB =-2'4 kN-m ; Mfba= + 3'6 kN-m
:

correct sign. The slope Reflection equations are as follows : Mfbc=— 5'0 kN-m ; M>ca=H-5'0 kN-m
For span AB t
5kN 8kN

2FI
or Mab^ — — 2"4=G*4 £7 6 B —2'4 (1)
-3m -2m » ! 2-5m - 4—2-5im "-j

and Mba^~^ 2Bb+*a-^}+Mfba El CONSTANT

2EI
or M A=—<r-
B (20 fl )+3-6=O-8 EI 6^+3*6 (2)

For span BC
2FF t
Mbc^~~ (28 b )- 5-0=0*8 £/ 0a- 5*0 (3)

2FF
and Mcb=~J!- (9 s )+5*0=0*4 £7e fl -f 5'0 (4)

(c) Equilibrium equation

Since there is only one unknown,
1(C
i.e. B B , one equilibrium equa-
tion is sufficient. For the joint B, we have Fig. 9-5.
 THE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD 209
208 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND THEORY OF SrRUCTURSS
However, in the si ope -deflection method, the slope or rotations are
(b) Slope deflection equations. taken as unknowns, and due to this the problem involves three
For span AB. unknown rotations e.i, Qu and 0 C Henc e the method of slope deflec-
.

tion is not recommended for such a problem.

AUB^-f (29_4+0 B )-2'4=-0-4 M20-<+ 6jr)-2'4 (D
Example 9 3. A continuous beam ABCO consists of three span

Mba =1E-{2§s^a)¥ 3-6-0*4 £7(26*4- M + 3'6

and loaded as shown in Fig. 96 (a). Ends A and D are fixed. Deter-
is
(2)
mine the bending moments at the supports and plot the bending
moment
diagram.
For span BC,
Solution
^ sc= _^(2t) B + ec)-5-0=0-4£/(2eB+Oc)-5*0 (3)
5kN 8kN
A 2kN/m 1

and JWcs=^(29c+6b)+5-0=0'4 £/(26c+6fi)+5'0 (4)

(c) Equilibrium equations

1

*f* 5m
5 in — -*-{-* - 5m-
Since end .4 is freely supported, Mab=0
6-68
,\ 0*4£7<2^+6s>-2'4=0 (1)
rTTT^IIIDxJL^ 3-99 yffhv 5 "
50

or
Also end
0*4
C is freely supported, Mcb—0
£A29c+6aH-5\;=*0
For the joint 5, ^/b^+^bc=0
[0-4 £/l26B+e^)+.3-61+[0-4 £/(20b+«c)^-5-O]=O
0*4 £/(46j»+8,i+*c).- 1*4-0
<

(HI)
n>
— --r — -t

Solving Eqs. I, II and III, we get Fig. 9-6.

(a) Fixed end moments

AB- ~~- =-6 kN-m ; Mfba = + ^~ = +6 kN-m

A/fbc=- iii3x2« = _ 2 4 kN m .
_

En =^*pc am 5 *2x3*
jt/ Fcg=+ -+3*6 kN-m
(d) Final moments
Substituting the values of EIQa and EI 6b in Eq. (2), we get A/FCi>=; _l^l=_5 kN m . .
A/F/JC==+
_8x5
=+5 kN-m
(6) Slope deflection equations

$a and Od are zero since ends A and D arc fixed

As a check, substituting in Eq. (3)

Mbc^0-4 )-5'0«- 615 kN-m M^if£> I 6B]-6 =

f Ob-6
(~f-~-J^ (I)

Mb*+Mbc= H-6-15-6'1 5=0.

the deflected shape of the
^= ^ 2 }
[26*3+6= iSeB+6
(2)
The bending moment diagram and
beam are shown in Fig. 9*5 (b) and (c) respectively. tf,c=-^?Z> [28 B 4-ec3-2-4^^(20.fec)-2-4
degree (3)
Note. The beam is statically indeterminate to single

only. This problem has also been solved by the moment distribution Mcb^I^Q- [26c+G ]+3*6=:^|I(e B 4-20c)+3-6
fi
(4)
method (Example 10*2) treating the moment at B as unknown.
 THE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD 211
210 : : STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND THEORY OF STRUCTURES
End B sinks 30 mm in downward direction.
(//)
4
Mcn= 2fl mi v .
5 .. e,.-5 (5) (Hi)End C sinks 20 mm in downward direction.
f-
,

The beam has constant /= 38'20 X 10* mm* and E=2x'l0*

iV/mm2 .

Solution
(c) Equilibrium equations
At joint B,
Mba + Mbc^O
1

or j-
A^e B +6]+[ 1f-(26 B +M-2-4" =o j

'
At joint C, tWcb-tA/cd^O

J--, .

[
«t (0, + 20c) + 3-6 6c~5]~0

o|| e*+^ec -i-4=o. (ID

?
From and we
(I) (II),
£/6*— 2*03
get

£/e c = + r26
(0
(»)
— -*r -~f
Or.

(</) F/'rtfl/ moments

V- ;

Substituting these values in Eqs. (1) to (6), we get

Fig. 9-7.
(a) Fixed end moments
TA/^B =y(-2'03)-6--6'68 kN-m
Mfab=
-8x5 = -5'0
8
kN-m
jtfij,=y(-2-03) + 6«=H-4-65 kN-m
Mfba ==+
8X5 =+5*0
kN-m
'26]-2'4= -465 kN-m 8
Af B c«- — [(-2 X 2"03)+ 1

4x3 2 =—3"0
Mfbc= kN-m
McB=y [(-2-03)+(2xl-26)]x3*6« + 3*99 kN-m 12
4X32 =+3-0
Mfcb —-+ kN-m
-
12
Mcz»=-^-(l-26)-5=-3-99 kN-m
Mfcd— 6X4 = -3*0
kN-m
8
Mz>c=-|-(r26)+5« + 5-50 kN-m
6X4 = + 3'0 kN-m
shape are Mf-DC~ +
THfe/ bending moment diagram and .the deflected
8
shown in Fig. 9'6 (b) and (c) respectively. (b) Slope deflection equations
.'
Example 9*4. A continuous beam ABCD t 12 m long is fixed at
All theunknowns are assumed to be positive.
A and D, and is loaded as shown in Fig.9'7(a). Analyse the beam For AB,
completely if the following movements take place simultaneously :
30 3 1

radians in a clock-
1
5000 ~ 500 250
</) The end A yields, turning through
2EI 2 9
wise direction. Mab= *250 +°B~ to
500
212 STRENGTH OP MATERIALS AND THEORY OF STRUCTURES
*fHE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD 213

^- i r(»'+A-ao)+ s -°- (2 >

_51 £/6c= 83 £f. W
Of:
For BC, T6 4000 16

L 3 20 °- 1
i»^°L =764 kN-m*
A=—
v a— ;
3000
r>
300
-
; But .^= i^ix(1000)=X
3

•
A/ 3 c=^(2e B+ 6c+-!^)-3-0 (3>

2EL = — 6*124 X I0~3 radians

Mc s = 3 (
26c+6b+4^ )+3-0 (4> ,or ec

Substituting the value of 8c in Eq. (8),

For CB,
\i ,\ EI 6*— (6-124 xUr3)+^-£/=0
or Cb=OM84xIO- 3 radians («)

(rf) Final moments

'

Substituting the values of Qb and 8c in Eqs. (1) to (6), we get

^^(>c + ^)+3-0 (6)
itfce values of moments at the supports :

(c) Equilibrium equations : Mab= 2^^ +0-184X JO"'- ± )- 5-0— 8-0 kN-m
There are two unknowns 0 b and 6c- Thus two simultaneous
equations will be required which will be provided by the conditions fe
M„=^(2x <,- l8 4XlO-' + ^-_ 1^)+5-0
of equilibrium at joints B and C. = +0 83 kN-m
At joint B t
% Mflc--^^(2x0-184xl0- 3 -6-l24xl0- 3 +3^ )-3'0
Mba+Mbc^Q
*W
JXt J1A v 1 i»<"
--0*83 kN-m
* ML-

5 (
N
29
»+iio--5lr)
+5+ — - (,
29b+6c+
w) iVfCB =i^l^-2x6-124xlO-3 +0-l84xlO^+^-]+3-0
-30=0
= + 1-95 kN-m
or ~EI^b+ \ £/9c+ j^QEl+r0=0 2X 764 (-2x6;124xl0" 3
Mcd= 4 + -^g..)-3*0=-r95kN-m
£/8^-^£/e c +-^ + ||=o cr>

At joint C,
Mcb-\-Mcd=0 The bending moment diagram and the deflected shape of the
beam are shown in Fig. 9'7 (6) and (c) respectively.
Example 9*5. A continuous beam ABC is supported on an elastic
column loaded as shown in Fig. 9' 8. Treating join& Bas
BD and is :

£/eB+ £/==0 rigid, analyse the frame and plot the bending moment diagram and the
or
T £/ec
+T "T5u0
deflected shape of the structure.
or £/ e B -h^-£/ec+ ^-^=o * to Solution.
(a) Fixed end moments
Subtracting Eq. (8) from Eq. (7),
Mfab—
10x2x3s -=—7
2 kN-m , Mfsa = ,

-\
I0x3x2 2 _
—+4A B8
, ,

j
2 5S

kN-m
 ~» J
THE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
214 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND THEORY OF STRUCTURIS
Solving Eq. and (II) for Ob and 8C , we get
MFBc^r^^-
12
= -1*5 kN-m; Mfcb = + 2^ = + V5 kN-m
12
(I)

£/0 B :=-0-64K (0

Mfbd=:Mfdb~Q and £76 c = -0*801 00

(d) Final moments
Substituting these values in Eq. (1) to (6), we get
lOkN
2kN/m jtf^=y(-0-648)-7-2---7*72 kN-m
e
B |HIUUIUU C r

2m -3m -3m

3m

Fig. 9*8.

iS'/ape deflection equations

1% slopes 6^ and 6j> are zero since ends A and /> are fixed'.
For span AB :

mab= 2SQIL [e B]-r2=-jjE;/es-7*2 (1>

Afj^=-2^1{20 B ]+4"8=-|-£/Q3+4-8 (2»

For span BC : Fig. 9*9.

(3)
AfjM = j-<-0-648)+4-8« 4-3 76 kN-ro

JfcB«-^aec+eB]+i-5*-y£TOc+yjErta+r5" <4>

For span BD :
MBc^jr <-°* 648 > +
y (-0-801)-r5 = -2'90 kN-m
(5>
McB=y (-0*801)+ y(-0-648)-H*5=0

ArcD = y(-0'648)=~0'86 kN-m.

(6>

(c) Equilibrium equations ^Dfl^J-^"" 0 648 ^"" 0 43 kN

' '
m
Atjoint 5, Mb^+A/bc4-^fz)=0
The bending moment diagram and the deflected shape of the
structure areshown in Fig. 9'9.

or ~ EWb+
64 2
-|-£/0c-h3'3=O (I)
Example 9*6.
Solution.
Analyse the rigid frame shown in Fig. 9' 10.

Atjoint C, AfcB=0 {a) Fixed end moments

MFAB = -1^- =-2*67 kN-m Mfba= + -*~ = +2'VI kN-m

y £/0s+^-£/6b+ 1*5=0 (ID ;
216 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND THEORY OF SI RUCTURf S THE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD 217

The bending moment diagram and the deflected shapes of the

AfF BD=-~£*=-2 kN-m Mfd'b= ; = +2 kN-m Structure are shown in Fig. 9'1 1

2kN
2kN/m
1-56
1a 2 r 21
-4m 2m-

2m

-4kN

2m

2-56
Fig. 9'10

(6) deflection equations

Fig. 9"11.
§a and 6© are zero.

MA8 =1EQ!1 Example 9*7. A porta! frame A BCD is fixed atA and D, and
[0 s ]-2-67=£/0 B -2-67 0) is loaded as shown in Fig 9' 12. Treating joints B and C as rigid,
2£/{2f ) calculate the moments at A, B, C and D. Draw the bending moment
Af^*- [ 2e 5 ]-H2-67-2£'/9fl+2-67 (2)
diagram and sketch the deflected shape of the frame.

Mbd= ~- [2e e]-2 =EISb- 2 (3)

Solution

M^=— 7
[6 s ]+2-
1
£/e-f2 (4)
B wkN/m C

A/bc = — 2x2=— 4 kN-m.

(b) Equilibrium equation
For the equilibrium of the joint B.
Et CONSTANT
Mba-\-Mbd+Mbc~0
(2£/0 fl +2-67)-H£/Gj3-2)-H-4) = O
or 3£/6*=3-33
or eH)b=VU
(d) Final moments
A
Substituting the value of £70s in Eqs. (1) to (4), we get
A/.4fl=r!l-2-67=-i\56 kN-m h- 21.

M M=2(ril)+2-67 = +4'89 kN-m

/

Mbd^VI -2=-0'89 kN-m 1

iW^--Kl*n)-S-2-+2*56 kN-m Fig 9 12.

218 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND THEORY OF STRUCTURES 219
THE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
(a) Fixed end moments
M2L)* wl>
= + —wL*
'

Me ~~ w{2LY
J~> Mfcb=+
,
rA/FBC— v
'
,

J2
(b) Slope deflection equations
Qa and 8*> are zero since ends A and D are fixed. Also, since
the frame is symmetrical and the loading is also symmetrical, there
is no side-sway or deflection of the frame. The unknowns are,
therefore, 0 b and 6c.
For AB,

Mab=^ (Q b )=-^eIQb (1) The bending moment diagram and

the deflected shape
9*13.
J FT A frame are shown in Fig.
\ Mba= ~jr-(2QB)==~-m l! (2>

For BC,

For CD,

Mcd=^~^2Qc ~j=-j-EBc (5>

Mdc=
(c) Equilibrium equations
At the joint B,
Mab+Mbc=0
4 9 1 u?/2

Fig. 9** 3 -

or =0
94 PORTAL FRAMES WITH SIDE SWAY or
But by symmetry, 0c=—6.b beams, etc., the effect of yielding
In the case of continuous mi
into account by introducmg tial
settlement of support is taken
however, the
the case of portal frames,
fixed end moments. In
is not known and
form an
7mountofthe joJnt^omenLor,^
sway due to one of the
additional unknolETW^orla^^
"

and "-f-ec-- -f^e,— («> following reasons : .

1. Eccentric or
unsymmetrical loading on the portal frame.
fXna/ moments poital frame-
2. Unsymmetrical outline of
Substituting these values in Eqs. (i) to (6), we get
of the columns of the portal frame.
3. Different end conditions
4. Non-uniform section of the members of the frame.
the frame.
5. Horizontal loading on the columns of
frame.
6. Settlement of the supports of the
7. A
combination of the above.
 221
THE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
220 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND THEORY OF STRUCTURES
For the equilibrium of the frame, Sff =0
(3)

In such cases, the joint translations

become additional unknown Ha+Hd+P-wL2 =0
quantities. Someadditional conditions will, therefore, be required The above equation is known as the shear equation. Substitu-
for analysing the frame. The_add jlional_conditi ons of equilibrium ting the values, we get
are obtained from the consideration^oTtEe sheaFTorce exerted
on the* D , Mcd 4- Mdc +-\-
structure by the external loading.The horizontal shear exerted by a Mab+Mba-Ph , i -f-P-uX2 =0 (4)
member is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments at the ends
Equation (4) gives the general expression
of shear equation. If
divided by the length of the member. Thus the
horizontal shear
resistance of all such members can be found however, / =0, we get
)

and the algebraic sum of

all such forces must balance the
external horizontal loading, if any.
Ma b+Mba
Mcd + M dc-\ L-wLj2 —
In Fig. 9.14, the horizontal reactions are given . t
by,
tt =
Ha Mab+Mba -Ph Mcd+Mdc wL*
z;
,
o)
„
Mab+Mba m
t ___ =0 \A(a)\
and L% 2

Mcd+Mdc+^twL^ w we get from Eq. (4)

.
and Hd= —
_J .
If is zero,
Mab+Mba- Ph + Mcd+Mdc + p =Q
A
[ 4 ^)]
The above reactions have been calculated on the it
assumption If both P and w are zero we get ;
that all the
end moments are clockwise.
MjbA-Mb4 j Mcd +Mdc =0 [4(c)]

Example 9'8- Analyse the portal frame shown in Fig. 915. Also
B
W7 sketch the deflected shape of the frame.
is hinged.
The end A is fixed and end D

IOkN 8

- 4m

<-l

L2
4m
El CONSTANT

2
ha
1 ill.
CL

rrfrr

Fig. 9-15-

Solution
Fixed end moments t
{a)
spans of tha
There will be no fixed end moments for any of the
frame as 10 kN load is acting on the joint.
Fig. 9-14.
222 223
ihe slope deflection method
(b) Slope deflection equations :

The unknowns in this case are 0b, 6c, 9z> and the joint trans- or 66,-15*+-^ +36c«0 <» .

lation 8. Because E, I and L are same for alt members, K is constant.

From equation 7, 0c = 3.R— 46b
Assuming no change in the length of BC, the horizontal movement
Substituting in equation (8)
of B and C will equal to 8. For AB and CD t
21.R-280b+29b-3*=O
Mab=2EK(Q b -~3R) (1) or 18i?=260B
Mba=2EK(2$b-3R) (2)
Mbc=2EKO$b+§c) (3)
:
Afcfl=2£AT(20c+e fl ) (4)
'J

;
Afcz>=2£^(2«c+6/)-3^)
Mdc=2EK(2Qd+Qc-3R)
(5)
(6)
Hence 0c = ^- 9*-40b=-^ ,
(«

Since^A/ac is zero, 6/) can be expressed in terms of 6c, thereby 3X13 6*

vfl B — ^~
X6
reducing the number of unknowns to three. 6*--^ =20b CW
and .
^
:-•
Mdc^=Q=2$d+Qc—3R
3/2 -6c Substituting in equation (9), we get
or
2
(c) EqMibrium equations :
66b-15x-^- *b+~£+*b=Q
At joint By 44 _ 40
Mba-{-Mbc=0 or dB
f =~Ek
So, 2£^(28 b -3K)4-2£^(26b+6c)=0
$EK$B-6EKR-t-2EKQc=0 , 30
or or
or 46 5 -3/?4-e c =0 (7)
At joint C, 130 10 , 60
and
33£^ *c«-rn^
fl
and hence R=-*-™r* 11 £AT "
fl
6z>=
" EK
Mcb-\- Mcd—0
f
11

So, 2£Ar(26c + M+2£/C(28c+ez>-3£)-0 (e) Final moments :

or 40c +0b-Ho- 3R=0.

Substituting in equations 1 to 6, we get
3/?"—~ 6c
Substituting the values of 0z>= we get

3 *~° c "<~™ (ttVw)-- ™™-* 1

4Qc+e g + -3*=0
or 7ec+2e B -3i?=0 (8)

(rf) Shear equations :

Mba+Mab _|_
Afcz)
j p_ q
4 4
2£JC(29B-3/?)+2£A:(ej-3.R) 2£K(29c+6p-3,R)
or nn .
0

or 3QB-6/?H-^-t-29c+-
3j? ~ 6c
-3i?=0
and WcD =2^( 7f|F -f T ^-|f^-) = -909 lcN .In
 225
METHOD
*Ut SLOPE DEFLECTION
224 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND THEORY OP STRUCTURES
equations
(c) Equilibrium 6kN/m
the deflected shape of the B
The bending moment diagram and
beam has been shown in Fig. 9' 16.
x~
At joint B, nnmnz TT L.1 T

T -2m
.
or
i-£I(26.-8)+M20-+0c)-2
l2*73kN-m 09 B =0
2m
8+26j,+6c *"^
or \ eB — 5-
3m
6 21
(7)
ot 140b + 30c-4S= £[
At joint C
£/(20c+0 s
)+2+£/(29c-l"5S)
or o
A
3)L^
IB-18
la) B.M.D. lb J DEFLECTED SHAPE £/
(J) Shear equation
Fig. 916.
Fig. 9-17.
Example 9*6. \i portal frame ABCD is fixed at A and D, and 3 2
has rigid joints at B' and C. The column AB is 3 m long and column
CD, 2 m long. The beam BC is 2 m long and is loaded with uniformly 58)
inertia of AB is
distributed load of intensity 6 kNjm, The moment of 3 2
B.M. diagram and
2 I and that of BC and CP is I (Fig. 917). Plot

sketch the deflected shape of the frame.

or W ^88+I6e*-W+9ttc-13-5»+I88c-13-58-0 (9)
or 240 B 4-276c-43S
Solution 2 4S__14
{a) Fixed end moments From equation 7, 6c =^ + ,

3 3

in equation 8,
Substituting the value of Qc

Mfcb=-\-2 kN-m
MFAB=MFBA = AfFCD = AfFDC=Q.
Let the joints B and C move horizontally by 5.
53 10 L 23
(b) Slope deflection equations
or

(i) 30 ,
23 (10)
Mab- or 53£f 106

= y£/(26a-S) we get
Mba (2) Substituting the value of 6 C in equation (9),
^-J
24fl*+|j+36S-126e*=43$
Mbc = 29B-fec)-Z (3)

54
^2ec+6B^+2 (4) 102flB-^y-7S
Mcb or

~ 54 l-» (ID
(28c- )=£/(26c-f5 8) (5)
or
n
Ub ~102£7
-y 102
(6>
and
226 STRENGTH OF MA JERIALS AND THEORY OF STRUCTURES
THE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD 227
Equating the value of 0» given by equations 10 and 11,
„Y -2 x0 674 ^0-538
J2_ + 11 . 54 _ 7 A/cb=£7( + —El \
1
, „
+2=-} , t . lftfAT
1*19 kN-m
S3EI 106 102£7 102
23
M
+ 102/ 0»- 54 30 A*
Mcd=EI\
^-—2x0-674 H
l-5x0-123\
^ = — 1(10|rM
19 kN-m
( T 02£7
- ! 1

V 106 102J 53£7

or 0*2868=
-0-035 and ^c-£/("°^— -rl*5x 2^1^-0-49 kN-m
EI
-0-1? 3 The bending moment diagram and the deflected shape of the
or frame have been shown in Fig. 9*18.
El
Example 9"10. column AB fixed at the ends carries a had of
A
Substituting in equation 10,
8 kN on the bracket as shown in Fig. 9' 19. Plot the bending moment
30 23
diagram and the deflected shape of the column.
" 15ET 106 f/ ~"£T Solution
2- - 4 0'»23 _14 0-538
^ - Similarly, } - x The load of 8 kN will give rise to a clockwise couple of
EI 3 £7 3
'
£7 4 kN-mat C. The point C will be displaced by an amount 8.
" ft
'
!64 2*51 -0-674
-A. (a) Slope deflection equations
"f7" £7 £/ £/
There are two unknowns 6c and S. We shall assume 6c to be
- (e) Final moments
positive. for CA is assumed positive and that for CB, is assumed
JS

"Substituting in equations 1 to 6 S
we get the values of end negative.
moments. Thus,

^4£/(°:^-f 0^)^^0-88kN m =
^( Oc-f-)
A/„c (1)

„ 1EI( 38 ^
Mb a — -j- EI
/2XV-53 0-123 _. \ _ 1 60 kN-m McA=-r 20c- T} ( (2)
\ EI EI ) '

rr /2x0-538 0'6?4\ .
{ 2*+y)
Mbc 60 kN-m Mci (3)
2

MB c=^[ 6c+|) (4)

(b) Equilibrinm equation

I 60 J \|-!9kN-m ^8
r As there are two unknowns, two equations will be required for
**f--„
'
V"\
finding out the values of unknowns. One equation will be provided
by the fact that the clockwise couple at C causes clockwise moments
in CA and CB.
Mca-\-Mcb~4

0-49
^(2ec -f) + if( 2 c+ | )= 4 e s

c -^~
4 2F/R 3
or ±-m 2£/0c + y£/S=4
-f

088 or
(a J 8.M.D. lb) DEFLECTED 20£/6 c +5£/S=24
SHAPE
24
Fig, 9*18
or 206c+53=^ (5)
 229
METHOD
iTHE SLOPE PEFLECT10N

228 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND THEORY OP STRUCTURES we get

Substituting in equation
5,

—3-S4-58~ E/
125 s „ 24
or "T" £/
-0*576 CO
or
S ~ IT
7 0-576^^344 (h)
X
/and
*C
=T ~£T £/

%
f/H finflJ moments
va.ues of moments may now be found
out by sub—
The
equations to 4.
the values of 6c and S in 1

=
, — -3—^ EI2El( 1-344 0-576X ^.^ kN m .

Thus, M^c EI I

•
2£/ / 2 X 1*344 ,£576\ ^ kN . m
Mca= -3-^ g7 — ^ £/ ) j g

2£/f2x
Mcb=— V~~ £/
1*344 _3_xO'576\
2£/ /
^ kN-m

1'344__ 0'576 \ )^. m

2£/ / 3__ x q. 48

Fig. 9-19. Fig. 9*20, and Mbc=~y~\ EI 2 EI f

have been shown

the deflected shape
(c) Shear equation The B.M. diagram and
The couple acting at gives rise to horizontal reaction at
C also inFig^'20 hinged at A and fixed
A and 5, the two being equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. Example 9 11. A frame
portal jra
Apor{al ABCD is
^
and C
Now horizontal reaction at A=^l?+M£± and, horizontal atDmul has stiff joints at B Th
diagram ana Reflected shape of
Draw the bending moment
Fig.9'21.
Mcb ±Mbc the frame.
reaction at B— j Solution
Mac+Mca _ Mcb-\-Mbc .(a) Fixerf moment
As the two are equal so, ^ ^
MfB c=-^— =-l'5 kN-m
_3__ —
2
JVfrcB= + l
-
5kN-m

Mfcd = Y2T
~~
3

or 30£/ec — 70£/& Let joints* "and

unknowns : 80,
C move
and S..
horizontal^ by 0. Ther. are four

of «c=
— |"S
 230 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2^
THE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
1

Assume all unknowns to be positive.

At joint C,

^^"^SrC 2fl-+6B-i|i )^/(20„-f 0*-S) (I) Mcb+Mcd—O

or £/(20c + 9B)4-y + ^(26c--^-)-y-0
6kN
.i_J or
im Im
(r/) Shear equation
Mab +Mba . Mcp + Afoc "'/-I

z~
+ ^ ~ 2
I-5I £ /(20^+Og-ii)+g/(20B+0^-^)
3m or
4m 3

+
£/
-f
/ n
(.26c—
_ 4
-
3S \ 8
)-y- +
£/
-
2 (
/ 0
»c-
:
3S \
-
4 )+
:
8
T- ^ 2

9 36c 9 . 48
A or 8e < +48 -4S-f-80fl+40 -4S-h3ec- yS
fi J<
+—f-f £/

^- <*>
or 120^+126*+-^ 6c- "

The end A is hinged. So A/*ij=0

£/(26^+6j-8^=0
Fig. 9-21. HO)
or 0if=S-20w

^ = 2Ex3If
"2xTl
_n
26fl
3S \
+ 9 ^-—j=£/(26 +e
, fl

jB /4 -S> (2>
Substituting the value of 8 a in equation 7,

48- 86* + + Oc -8 - -0
^ 2£/
c== __(2eB-fec)-r5=£7(28fl4-6c)-r5
(3)
j|j

or 0c— 76. +38— j|f =0

M;a=-2Ef
5
-(2ec+ej)+l*3=£Z[20c+fe) + I-5 (4>
or 0^^+70.-38 UD
Substituting the value of 6 B in equation 8,

36c+fi-20 rf
—j 8-- g|r-=^ < 12)

(c) Equilibrium equations

At joint 5, Mc^+f 8-^0
Mba+Mbc=0 Substituting the values of Ob and Oc in equation 9, we get
;
or £7(26*+ e^-S)+£/(2O s +0c)---|-«o- 27 63 *>7 41 48

330- 47
^ = T56£7 +
„
0r 78" 8
 233
METHOD
232 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND THEORY OF STRUCTURES THE SLOPE DEFLECTION

we
/ -2x0*94 121 Vl'5 = "I*71 kN-m
Substituting the values of 8c and in equation 12, get A/cb = £/( £/ + EI )
9x330 47X19 5 7 13580 \ «
9 (
1
,
,

EI -2XO-5M + 3
Mcd---~y' 17 4 * 959£i / 3

=+0-171 kN-cm
/-0-94 3X13580 \,t A7s= 4.7-52 k N-m
,

5-09 and JWdc=£/^-eP+ 4x959£/ /

shape of the
diagram and the deflected
The bending moment
in Fig. 9 22.
frame have been shdwn m tig. &
Example 9*12. Analyse the frame shown

constant for the whole frame.

7-52 DEFLECTED SHAPE

(a) B.M.D. (b)

Fig. 9'22. Fig. 9*23

959 . 3395 Solution

or
78£7 {a) Fixed end
moments :

=—
3395 312 13580 CO -10X4 _ _ 5 kN m Ai fCB -+5 kN-m
Mfbc — ~
.
or 8 _, x
7S£/ " 959 959£7 g
13580 _ 6-42 equations:
o __?10_ i 7 X _ (") (b) Slope deflection Ate is
6* Oc 6. and*. But
Hence "" as
\56EI~ 959£/ EI quantities are
78 .

The unknown
™ ^
0 fl =
2EI
7x6^2
EI ~959£/
3x13580 q-94
m ;2 ero, 0, can be
expressed in terms of 6c
knowns. Treating all these
unknowns
thn •
as positive, we get
y

and Di
-13580
~959£/ '
2X6*42
£/"
r33
El
» Mab=2EK{ Ob- -j-)
/ 38 \ (2)
(e) Fi'na/ moments ft

6b, 9c and 8 in equations 2 to 6,

Substituting the values of (U (3)
we get Mbc=2EKWb+$c)-5 i

A/ a a = EI y - —^ - "£T + + Mcb=2EK{2Sc+*b) + 5
959£/, J

Mcd=2EK
^
'

33
A/,c = £/(=^ !

- )-l'5 = -5-09 kN-m

 234 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND THEORY 'OF 235
,
STRUCTURES' T.iE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

and Mdc=2EK 20d+0 c —y )=o 1372 _~12_80

Oc— or 9c
yc ^^'iM. (0
;
( or -53- fl
EK
-26 X0-933 _25 0^5
and qd *=4
S-Gc
2 <6>
Hence
^
S= ^ + j^—
,

(c)

At joint
Equilibrium equations
Bt
:
^ 5
%EK
0-75
3X0-75
+ 8xST +
0*933^
,
0933
4£^C
,

+
1M39
£tf

Mba+Mbc=Q + £* 0-842
0-v)
and 0/>=
fl
2 ~~ ££
:
2EK^2d B ~~- S )+2Etf(2e*+G c )-5=0
(c) Ffiw/ moments
or Substituting the values of Bb, 6c, $d and S in equations 1 to 5,

we get
At joint C,
AfcB Mcd =0 M^IEK (-i^f -f5 x ™. ) =+0-028 kN-m
I 2£AT(2e c -f8 B )4-5-h2£A:( 28c
:
-fO^- ^-^-, 0
or 4-26z>-2S+-^==0
| ^ (8 >
(d)z§hear equations

2
+-3— =0
2£* (
i—-I
—
eB
±
»
'
J+W Mb-4"
2
V 2
a }
'

+;
.
2^(2ec+ e 0 - a)
3 -0A
or 9e B +4ec 4-28 />-lls=0
(9>
From equation 7, 83=*—- — 1 sj_ 6c
1

2-31
Substituting the values of QD and e* in equation 8, we gei
53 n 8 25

or 3=26 e c -h-
2 l
£tf (J0>
0-028
Substituting the values of 6* and fl/> in equation 9, vferget (0) B-M.D. {to) DEFLECTED SHAPE

Fig. 9*24.

The bending moment diagram and the deflected shape of the

frame have been shown in Fig. 9*24.
Equating the values of 8 in equations 10 and 1 1, we get Example 913. The frame shown in Fig 9' 25 has fixed ends at .

. 0-20
c^ A and D. The end A rotates clockwise through radians and the
EK 33 53£tf EK
236 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND THEORY OF STRUCTURES
THE SLOPE DEFLECTION MbTHOD
^
111
i

end D slips to the right through ~ ~- units.. Find the moments induced
£ ec = S -i-4e B <
7>

in the members of the frame and sketch the deflected shape. Take EK
At joint C,
constant.

Solution.
Mcb+Mcd— 0
Since there is no external loading, there will be no fixed end
moments. ^ -
2£/C(28c+8 B )+2^i 26c+3
When D moves to the right
B
through a known distance A the
joint B and C will move to the 2m or 86c+2te+^-3S-0
right through some unknown
distance S The movement 5 causes (c) Shear equation:
rotation of AB and DC and A 2m Mab±Mb4 ,
Afco+A/nc
causes negative rotation of CD. 3m 3 2
So, the net rotation of DC with
respect to AB is the algebraic
sum of rotations caused by S and or
A- There are thus three un-
knowns
(a)
: 8 By 6c and 5.
Slope deflection equa-
EK CONSTANT
+ i 2
—
tions :

Mab = 2EK
'2x0'2
EK
n 3S
3 I

Fig. 9-25.
+_
«{ fc
4 (£-«)}
2

Mba = 2EK{ 26/,+ -—- (2) This reduces to,

Mbc=2EK(2Qb+ 6c) (3)

— +68b+Wc-13-8=0 (9)>

Mcb=2EK(2$c+$3) (4) from equation 7 in equation 8,.

Substituting the value of 8c
0*4
we get
Mcd=2EK 26c +3 (5)
8 *--g-32.8a+2e,+-g-3*-0.
°'i_8
EK
(6)
5s
„H = 3oe 0*4
fl

8
{b) Equilibrium equations :
or 05 ~^ "~30£/C
At joint B.
Substituting the values of 6c and Qb in equation 9, we get
Mbi-\~Mbc=0
0-2
or 2EK\^ 28 B -h -S j+2££ (26 fl +6c)=
EK
4
3l ...CO'
s
or
 238 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND 1HEORY
OF STRUCTURES :
THE SLOPE DEFLECTION ME HOD I

'
0'4
Hence = 3 4
- ._ (VQ497 Solution
30£* ~ -g^—
fl g
9x6£tf radians ...<//)
When the end D sinks by A.
the joints C will also sink by A and
and '\
fl^J*—9:2 ^ 4x0-0497
^ 0*021
i?C will rotate in clockwise direc- -2L
9£x £/r radians ...(///)
tion. There will be side sway also
(<0 /Vfla/ moments :
on the right side. Let the move-
ment of B and C, perpendicular to
Substituting in equations to 6, we get the value of
as follows
I
moments the axis of AB and DC
be 3. There 31_
:

are thus three unknowns; 0b, 0c

and 8. Since there no external
is

0-OI54 loading, there will be no fixed end

,: -P l5
6 _^ B
moments.
(a) Slope deflation equation* ;
El CONSTANT
<0

\0.
Mas (1)

2£/.' 38
A
MBA=i£[2$B-p
3i ) r (2)
V Fig. 9*2 7.

2EI 3A
Mbc — 2e fl +(}c-
0025 2L ( 2L
3A
Mcb _
2EI /
2e C +0B-
2L \ 2L
A 2EI
0*145 Mcd-
(a J 3.M.O. tb J DEFLECTED SHAPE 2L (~-ar)
— 2EI
Fig. 9*26.
and A/ DC
2L ( *-£)
(b) Equilibrium equations :

A/,<b=-M>'I45 units ; Mb A =- 0-156 units

At joint B.r

units ; A/ca=40*0I54 units Mba+Mbc^Q

Mcd=~Q 0\54 units ; A/z>c= -f 0*025 units
4E/0B 2EU ,
2EIQb £/6c 3£7A =0
It is to be noted that the 3Z, 3I 2 L * £ 2Z.2
quantity EK has the units of
ine units of the above moments will, moment
units of EK.
therefore, be the same as
the or A-0
The bending moment diagram and the At joint C, -

deflected shape of the

frame have been shown in Fig. 9'26.
2£/e c 3£/8
Example 9 14. The portal frame shown in Fig. 9'27
, £/0s 3£/A
2L 2
+ 2£/6c 2L Z
=0
has fixed
ends. If the end D sinks by t\*find the moment
induced in the frame 3 3
The members have the same uniform
cross-section.
240 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND THEORY O STRUCTURES •

THE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD 241

(c) Shear equation

°- -
^ 13.
37L
1 +
^
>7
21Z,
A_
s _„
6
7i.
21
74/,
A
or 1-165=0-573 A
or S=0-4935 A (z)

±—- 3Z, 3Z. g £ 2L a

2Z -
L 2L 2 -0" Hence 0c -~ xO'4935 A+ ~ A=0'457 ^- (//)
"~3L

It reduces to, and 0*= A x o-4935 A + ^ A~4x0"457 A

i2e B +27e c -35-^=0 m /
=0*412^- m
Substituting the values of 6b in equation 7, Final moments :

of0 B( 0cand
r
By substituting the values 8 in equations 1 to 6
L L 3 3 L 2L we get the end- moments as follows :

or 6c -37"
L
+ 74 i
"/-'
Mab= 0"06£/A
jj
— ; Mba=-\ ,
0 22£-/A

Substituting the value of 6b in

equation 9, V
*
ir
MBC = 0'22^/A
MCB~
0 '17£/A

I5L + 18A _48ec-f27 0c~

3
-^O L2
„ —
;

0-28E/A
~f
'

-"
. .
McD =
,
-\
0-17£/A
jt — Mdc;

6c _
ft
A-_17 A
6
e

or ~~7L 21 Trhe bending moment diagram and the deflected shape have
been given in Fig 9'28. The values marked in Fig 9*28 (a) are to be
Equating the two values of 6c,
EI A
"TL
A "2ir S
-W S+ 74L
multiplied by the factor ~jjr~ -

PROBLEMS
1. A beam ABC t 32 mA and C and continuous over sup-
long, fixed at
port fi, is loaded as shown ia Fig. 9 '29. Calculate the end moments and plot
the bending moment diagram.

!2kN
,A 2kN/m r
jujJUIUAW WJB i
1

£|
„

L« 6m *\+ 3m —»4— 3m H
El CONSTANT
Fig. 9-29.

2. A continuous beam ABCD is fixed at ends A and D, and is loided as

shown in Fig. 930. Spaas AB.BC and CO have moments pf inertia of/, 1*5.1
and I respectively and are of the same material. Determine the moments at the
supports and plot the beading moment diagram.

8kN 16kN
3kN/m
I

\
^
BUi iuniunc ~ I
I
1

Dfc

^_l-5 ^*U 2-5—^

2-5— 4m *-p m *K"
3*lm-4*
^
2m -—|

Fig. 9"2*
Fig. 9 30.
242 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND MECHANICS OF STRUCTURES
l^HE SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD 243
3. Solve problem 2 if there is no support at D.
4. -Using t lie slope deflection method, calculate the 6. Draw the beading moment diagram and sketch the deflected shape of
moments at the
>upport«f the beam loaded as shown in Fig. 9*31. ihe frame shown in Fig. 9-33.

A
I
2m
|8kN 2kN/m ,6kN
4kN/m
D
2m -*H— 4 m -
5m 2 m >|< — 3 m — 21 21 TV
El CONSTANT — 3m 3m

2m

"Fig. 9-31. 4kN

$ ©raw the bending moment diagram and sketch the deflected shape of
the frajne^shown in Fig. 9*32. All members a arc
of the same material.
21 2m

GkN Fig. 9-33.

1 nHU i i J UU j
B \ 7. The frame ABCDEFshown in Fig. 9-34 has rigid joints throughout
31 31 I and is rigidly held at A, E and F. It carries a uniformly distributed load of w
2m 5m- -Im per unit length along BD. The stifBness ratios of the members are shown in the
diagram and all the members are of equal length. Determine the bending
moment throughout the frame and sketch the bending moment diagram.
l-5m

3m
21 IJJUiU* JTTTT
CO
w kN/m

c
uummim

Fig. 9-32.

Fig. 9-34.
244 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS AND MECHANICS OF STRUCTURES-

8. A portal frame ABCD, fixed at ends A and Z> carries a point load 25
kN as shown in Fig. 9 35. Draw the bending moment diagram and sketch
the deflected shape of the beam.
9. Analyse completely the portal frame shown in Fig. 9.36-

10
2-5kN

I— 21 Moment Distribution Method

3m
10 i> INtRODUCTION SIGN CONVENTIONS
9kN/m :

I
iThe method of moment distribution belongs to the group of

4m
—— 2m - approximate methods. Essentially, it consists of solving the simul-
21
l-5m taneous equations in the slope deflection method
by successive
2m
1*51
approximations using a series of cycles, each converging towards ihe
SkN- 21 prfcise final result. The series may, therefore, be terminated when-
0 ever one reaches the degree of precision required by the particular
l-5m
problem under consideration. It leads to a very substantial reduc-i
ti on lib the cumber of equations and in the case of structures, where
can sustain angular twists alone but cannot be deflected, the
joints
method permits to avoid completely the solution of simultaneous
equations with several unknowns. The method was first introduced
Fig. 9 35. Fig. 9 36. by Prof. Hardy Cross in 1930. The moment distribution method
Answers types of statically indeterminate
could be used for the analysis of
1. MA b JUkf-+7*5
5-25 ; B c=-1S M
Cjb=+9-75 kN-m.
; ; M beams or rigid frames.
all

2. M^ s --4-6 kN-m; M
BA ~+2-9S: AfB c=— 298; Mcb«=+5*7
The sign convention used in the case of bending of simple
Mcz>=-5-7 M£>c= 4-4-27 kN-m.
;

3. M
Af^=—5-83 B A=+0tt Jtfae=-0 55 ; Cs=-H6kN-m.
; ; M Sbcams, etc. becomes clumsy if used for the case of more complex
4. Mab——7 06 kN-m ; Afsj =+3 63 Af>c=-3*63 JVfCfi=+314 ; ; ;

CD=-510kN-m. M
5. Mab=—0 B2 kN-m M^=+l-35 ; BC =-1'51 Afca=+0S9 ; M ;

Afco=-0-23 ;MOC =-011 ;Ma£ =+015 3f£iJ =+0 078 ; ;

A/C f=-015; Afrc=-0 08kN-m-

6. JU>ff-+0'91; Af^c= + i-82; AfBc=-l*82;JV/cB= + l-71 ;
A/cE"=+0'14;Afc£<=-l-85; M£ c=-2'93.
7. JW^b==H
—J2-;M £:Z)= ^-;A/bc« —^ ; Af*^=+ — ; ^

AfcF«=Af/c=0.
8- Af^ B =+0- 137 kN-m Af ; w
=-+0-647 MSc=—0 CjJ=+0-461;
; 647, Jtf
-0-461; M/) C = -0
Afci>-= 325.
o
9. A/,^-4-34 kN-m ; MBA *"+2'22 AfB c-2-22 JWca=+3-33
; rmr
McD =-3-33 ; A/£>c=-3-26 ; H,<=4*703<- ; Hd-3J0<-
;

Fig. 10*1