DISSERTATION

A dissertation submitted to the Birmingham City University in Partial

Fulfilment of the requirements of BA (Hons) Interior Design, Jan 2016

The Constitution of The Mind In Spatial Paradigms

Interior Design, BA(Hons)

IMRAN. H

L6: Interior Design

SPR Code
 DECLARATION

I, hereby declare that the dissertation report entitled “The Constitution Of

The Mind In Spatial Paradigms” submitted to the Birmingham City University, is a
record of an original work done by me, IMRAN.H. I also declare, that this dissertation
which contains quotations and paragraphs from other people’s works and illustrations
has been cross-checked thoroughly and acknowledged to the best of my knowledge
and awareness. I understand that failing to acknowledge other’s works wherever
required will be considered as treating this dissertation as a work of plagiary.

I certify to the best of my knowledge that neither does my dissertation

infringe upon anyone’s copyrights nor does it violate any proprietary rights and that
any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material from the work of other people
included in my dissertation, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in
accordance with the standard referencing practices.

<Signature>

IMRAN.H
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this work titled “The Constitution Of The Mind In Spatial

Paradigms” is the bonafide work of IMRAN.H , who carried out the work under our

supervision. Certified further, that to the best of our knowledge the work reported is

not a part of any other thesis or dissertation.

Signature of Guide Signature of Head of The

Department
The Constitution of the Mind
in Spatial Paradigms
 “An interdisciplinary research on
space planning and human behavior”
 ABSTRACT

This dissertation focuses on spatial patterns as a solution for psychological

trauma in human beings. To understand the human experience in space, the research
dwells into the past history and present status of the built environment. By correlating
it with negative impacts of man made calamities such as wars and mass consumption
after the industrialization, I deduce a structural rehabilitation for people with Post
Traumatic Stress within military organizations. To gain a more prominent
understanding for a solution , I investigate what space is, its organization till now and
its present potential in correspondence to human development in material technology.
 LIST OF CONTENS

PAGE
CHAPTERS
NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1

INTRODUCTORY 2

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 3

SIGNIFICANCE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 3

RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 4

2 BACKGROUND 26

LITERATURE REVIEW 28

CASE STUDY REVIEW 31

3 METHODOLOGY 34

4 CONCLUSION 39

REFERENCES 40
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The built environment has changed dramatically through the centuries and will
change in the years to come. It has changed so to suit the needs of its inhabitants. The
human needs become the space requirements in the schematic process of architecture.

But what are these needs and are they the only ones, is it sufficient only to
satisfy the basic needs or can architecture be more meaningful and understandable to
the human self than what the senses perceive.

But there is a rich reminiscence to what architecture was before man started
enveloping himself inside a three dimensional Cartesian box.

In the wake of war and struggle which led to mass human suffering in the past
70 years, societies have inclined towards grooming the physical self and forgotten our
most basic need to sustain the ‘self’ which encompasses not only the physiological but
also the psychological which is of interest in this paper.

This move in our immediate past has led architects and professionals to measure
man and his basic accommodations rather than fulfill them.

A thought provoking quote from Juhani Pallasma’s Eye of the Skin on how
society has built that which suffices our sight and hearing but ignores our other senses.

“The growing experiences of alienation, detachment, and solitude in the

technological world today, for instance, may be related with a certain pathology of the
senses. It is thought-provoking that this sense of estrangement and detachment is often
evoked by the technologically most advanced settings such as hospitals and airports.
The dominance of the eye and the suppression of the other senses tends to push us into
detachment, isolation and exteriority. The art of the eye has certainly produced
imposing and thought-provoking structures, but it has not facilitated human rootedness
in the world”
-Juhani Pallasma, The Eyes Of The Skin1

1
The Eyes Of The Skin, Architecture and the Senses, Juhani Pallasma

1
Introductory

The fundamentals of our society is built by our intellect and in recent decades
this has proved beneficial as well as harmful.

We need to reckon with the fact that we are capable at the same time
destructive.

The inventions if utilized properly can build us as well as our surroundings in a

positive manner.

The time our ancestors took to build The Great Pyramid or The Taj Mahal, we
could do it in a far short period.

But it is not for the grandeur that we should remember the past but for its
effectiveness as phenomenal structures in the societies they occupied.

Today the number of dissatisfied individuals is steadily on the rise. Currently

the world is witnessing the largest and most rapid escalation ever in the number of
people being forced from their homes2. Individuals who serve as soldiers and fighters
brave their lives when they step out in the battlefield, increasing the risks around their
physical and mental health.

And these are moments where space itself should act as the medicine or space
should heal.

As a matter of fact material technology is at its forefront in today’s world its use
is wide and beneficial in space planning and architecture but at the same time we should
be careful to not forget the lessons from our past where built space was sculpted after
our own selves.

2
The Global Migrant Crisis, www.newirin.irinnews.org , 27/5/2016

2
Statement of the Problem

In the human endeavor to maintain peace, the number of individual sacrifices

within military organizations keeps increasing day by day for the purpose of civilian
safety.

Especially with the post traumatic stress that they suffer after they leave the
battlefield. The reminders of the grimes of reality is what makes their memories in the
battlefield unbearable. What suffices them physically is not enough to tackle the inner
wars of trauma or the numbness from being aggressive to other fellow beings. A more
sensitive approach should be carried for solutions that ensure the individuals progress
as well as his/her physical and mental happiness. The soldiers plight after service is
much more connected to the horrors they face than the combat they tackled. Their
emotional trauma outweighs their freedom in the present. Apart from the stress the
soldiers experience, they also undergo a form of dangerous mental pain called
‘cognitive dissonance’, it is experienced by an individual who holds two or more
contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time, performs an action that is
contradictory to one or more beliefs, ideas, or values, or is confronted by new
information that conflicts with existing beliefs, ideas, or values3. This can happen in
part due to the actions of the organization they serve, when they cannot reconcile the
actions of those surrounding them with their beliefs. A shelter that houses them
mentally and physically is what they need and a sensible approach by designers can
achieve that. An ontological fix following this method can be achieved by maximizing
the positive effects between space and its user.

Significance : purpose of the study

The study is propagated by analyzing human behavior in space and its

importance in architecture as a healing factor. With this being the primary, the research
on material technology that can aid in such a design is of secondary concern in this
paper.

3
Cognitive dissonance Wikipedia, 23/5/2016

3
 RESEARCH-QUESTION AND ANSWERS

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is space ? What makes up a space ?

2. Why can/cant a space be one functioning system ?

3. Why cant space be changing ?

4. How can space mutate ?

5. To research and study modern innovations that ensure individual safety.

6. What is post traumatic stress ?

7. What is stress ?

8. What stresses soldiers during war ?

9. The uses of man-made fibers inside interiors.

10. Alternative forms of energy and their renewable sources.

11. Mechanisms that can alter the shapes of objects.

12. Tactile feeling in a interior. What is ? How is ?

4
What is Space ?

Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events

have relative position and direction. Physical space is often conceived in three linear
dimensions, although modern physicists usually consider it, with time, to be part of a
boundless four-dimensional continuum known as space time.

From a human perspective, space is also a medium that sets the human body
and mind in motion. Here motion also refers to the activity in the brain.

Space can be two dimensional example- a drawing on paper, Three dimensional-

height, depth, width Four dimensional- space time Space is determined by the existence
of our

-physicality

-conscious

in it. The above two have different relations with space.

Physicality

Acknowledging space around us through our senses. It need not be all, just one
is enough to prove our existence in space. Hearing a waterfall inside a dark cave is
acknowledging space through our hearing.

Consciousness

People who feel the transcendent in meditation, describe being one with the
universe, even though they have not traveled to those places.

It is a pure act by the conscious aided by our imagination.

An understanding of the space through our physicality and our imaginative

mind can trigger creativity of space both in the form of words, books and real life
structures and events.

Example - The Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis and the caryatids of Acropolis,

Athens.

5
What makes up space ?

A simpler understanding of space

Space if categorized according to classical records is made up of five basic

elements - earth, fire, water, air and space or aether.

We determine the space around us through three things

- Our Intellect which comprises of our rational and logic side.

- Our identity, the ‘I’ in space

- Our body which comprises our sense organs

All three things are closely interrelated and function simultaneously in

understanding space.

Our Intellect

Its organ is the brain, it decides on the data sent by our senses. It also has a vast
storage of previously collected data since its existence called the memory, the brain is
also the seat of our conscious.

Our Identity

“If I drink this water it becomes part of me, if not it is outside of me”4.

This applies not only to eatables but also to our dwellings where we
differentiate between the inside and the outside. The former being safer than the latter.
This identity which we take on for survival also helps us with identifying our
environment.

Our Body

Our Physique which comprises our sense organs plays a major role in
determination of our surroundings.

4
Sadhguru “Developing an inclusive conscious”Talks at Google,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQn8X4FbpTM, 20/10/2016

6
Our sense organs

Sight

Is the ability to focus and detect images of visible light on photo receptors in
the retina of each eye that generates electrical nerve impulses for varying colors, hues
and brightness.

Hearing

Hearing or audition is the sense of sound perception. Hearing is all about

vibration. Mechanoreceptors turn motion into electrical nerve pulses, which are
located in the inner ear. Sound can also be detected as vibrations conducted through
the body by tactition. Lower frequencies than can be heard are detected this way.
Some deaf people are able to determine direction and location of vibrations picked up
through the feet.5

Taste

Taste (or, the more formal term, gustation; adjectival form: "gustatory") is one
of the traditional five senses. It refers to the capability to detect the taste of substances
such as food, certain minerals, and poisons, etc. The sense of taste is often confused
with the "sense" of flavor, which is a combination of taste and smell perception. There
are five basic tastes: sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami.

Smell

Smell or olfaction is the other "chemical" sense. Unlike taste, there are
hundreds of olfactory receptors. Odor molecules possess a variety of features and,
thus, excite specific receptors more or less strongly. This combination of excitatory
signals from different receptors makes up what we perceive as the molecule's smell.
In the brain, olfaction is processed by the olfactory system. Olfactory receptor
neurons in the nose differ from most other neurons in that they die and regenerate on a
regular basis. The inability to smell is called anosmia. Some neurons in the nose are
specialized to detect pheromones.

5
The surprising Effect of Taste and Smell. Live Science, The 5 Senses, By Dr.William K Pediapolis,24/10/2016

7
Touch

Touch or somatosensory, also called tactition or mechanoreception, is a

perception resulting from activation of neural receptors, generally in the skin
including hair follicles, but also in the tongue, throat, and mucosa. A variety of
pressure receptors respond to variations in pressure (firm, brushing, sustained, etc.).

Other Senses

Humans have other senses that they are aware of, outside of the Traditional
Senses. Senses like Balance, Temperature, Kinesthetic sense, and Pain. Sensory
substitution and extension are research areas that can make living creatures have new
abilities, instead of simply replacing or augmenting existing abilities.

Why can/cant space be one functioning system ?

The houses we occupy can someday be one whole rather than compartments of
different spatial uses.

If so, these structural forms will make it easier to categorize and modify the
built environment.

For this we should seek inspiration from the human’s nomadic way of life.

From the yurts of Mongolia, the Bedouin tents of North Africa to the barges that
carry families in Europe, space behaves as one functioning system because the
occupants needs or one fundamental need like work or food is entwined with the
conceptual development of these shelters.

If our homes were designed to facilitate for the fulfillment of the main objective,
that if satisfied satisfies all the other needs. We can accomplish a space that is one
functioning system.

A modern outlook on spatial configuration

The concept of smart environment, according to Mark weiser, father of

ubiquitous computing is “a physical world that is richly and invisibly interwoven with

8
sensors, actuators, displays, and computational elements, embedded seamlessly in the
everyday objects of our lives, connected through a continuous network.”

During one of his talks, Mark weiser described ubiquitous computing as

Technology that creates calm.6

The Building management System(BMS) that controls and monitors the

building’s mechanical and electrical systems have proven to have more satisfied
occupants than normal settings.

Even thought we may live in a unprecedented level of comfort and convenience,

some scenarios like a breakout in the single monitoring system or power shutdown puts
us in danger more than ever.

It would be better if we understand the concepts of computational engineering

more before we implement it.

Why cant Space be changing ?

Nature is an example of change.

Natural Space is always subject to change due to periodic interventions like

seasons and calamities. So humans have opted for static built environments.

Even though periodic cycles occur in nature not all of them are bad to the
natural residents of earth.

The same applies to human built environments and humans.

Humans are natural dynamic creatures both internally and externally, so they
need to stick to static structures in their lifetime and also given that their needs keep
changing, the features of adjustability, flexibility and expansion are to be incorporated
in their living spaces.

This is the reason change in space should be avoided and at the same time
facilitated.

6
Mark Weiser - Wikipedia, 24/10/2016

9
 Characteristics of good changes in space are the inclusion of new development
without hindering already established functions.

Human built environments are static and have a repetitive definite process,
change if included should facilitate this process and not break them.

How can Space mutate ?

Mutation is alteration or transformation. In the space we occupy the change or

shift it happens to go through because of the external force ‘us’ is a minor form of
alteration where we have the control and choose how it should be.

Well space can also be in a very interesting and fulfilling way that it mutates on
its own for the betterment or enhancement of the user-space experience.

A building’s capability for motion can be just used to : enhance its aesthetic
qualities, respond to environmental conditions, and/or perform functions that are
impossible for a static structure.7

The Building as a kinetic machine

Vladmir Tatlin’s monument for the Third International for example if erected
the cube part would have rotated its axis once a year, its pyramid once a month, its
cylinder once a day.

“There is an excitement here which goes beyond technology to man’s role as an

active agent”8

Because each part of the structure housed conference room, newspaper offices
to executive suites.

This has a strong inclination towards mutation of space which renews our
experience with it.

7
Kinetic Architecture,Wikipedia,7/11/2016
8
Body,Memory,Architecture-Kent C.Bloomer,Charles W.Moore,Yale University Press, 1977, 7/11/2016

10
The Building as a sensing agent

The Digital Water Pavilion designed for the Zaragoza Expo 2008, Spain by
architect Carlo Ratti where instead of using glass or steel to cover the sides of this
rectangular structure, water sprayers or showers are installed so you have a thin layer of
water droplets instead of walls and it senses users presence and lets them walk through
the sides as well as generating writing and patterns on the droplets.

Modern innovations that ensure individuals safety

Responsive architecture is an evolving field of architectural practice and

research. Responsive architectures are those that measure actual environmental
conditions (via sensors) to enable buildings to adapt their form, shape, color or
character responsively (via actuators).9

Responsive architecture can ensure user satisfaction and safety. It works by

sensing and then actuating.

Can architecture sense and pre-determine the outcome of our movements and
give a warning call or stop you from falling, quite possibly it can.

How ?

Responsive structures integrate active control allowing them to react/adapt to

external stimulus provided by their environment and/or users according to predefined
safety. With proliferation of new technologies being integrated into built environments,
increased engagements between architecture and inhabitants call for a renewal of
occupant-centered design process and guideline approaches. By factoring from latest
finds in fields like neuroscience, responsive environments can improve overall building
effectiveness for occupants. With greater environmental engagement comes new
opportunity to improve quality of life ; thus it is important to design responsive
environmental stimuli to foster occupant health, happiness and safety.10

9
ResponsiveArchitecture,Wikipedia,24/10/2016
10
Responsive structures and Architecture,
http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/4910/responsive-structures-and-architecture,6/11/2016

11
What is post traumatic stress ?

PTSD is a mental condition that can develop after a person is exposed to a

traumatic event such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions or other threats on a
person’s life.

Symptoms include :

Mood: anger, anxiety, general discontent, guilt, hopelessness, limited range of

emotions, loneliness, loss of interest, loss of interest or pleasure in activities,
nervousness, panic attack, or emotional distress

Behavioral: aggression, agitation, hostility, hyper vigilance, irritability, screaming,

self-destructive behavior, self-harm, or social isolation

Sleep: sleeping difficulty, difficulty falling asleep, insomnia, night terror, nightmares,
or sleep deprivation

Psychological: depression, fear, flashback, hallucination, severe anxiety, or mistrust

Whole body: acute stress or blackout

Cognitive: thoughts of suicide or unwanted thoughts.

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What is stress ?

Stress is primarily a physical response. When stressed, the body thinks it is

under attack and switches to a flight or fight mode, releasing a complex mix of
hormones and chemicals such as adrenaline, cortisol and norepinephrine to prepare the
body for physical action. This causes a number of reaction from blood being diverted to
the muscles to shutting down unnecessary bodily functions such as digestion.

The flight or fight mode can save us in dangerous situations but the challenge is
when our body goes into stress in inappropriate situations.

When blood flow is only going to the important muscles to fight or flee, our
brain functions is minimized. This can lead to a inability to think straight, a great
hindrance in both our work and home lives. If we are kept in a state of stress for too long,
it can be detrimental to our health.

Fight

When your body goes into stress, we may feel aggressive and agitated towards
others, this can be due to our natural body reaction of fight. In unnecessary situations it
can negatively affect relationships and ruin reputations.

Flight

Some of us avoid the stressors, removing ourselves from the situation instead of
tackling it. This can be a sign of the flight survival instinct.

However in everyday life, this natural instinct can lead to a stressful situation
escalating, and increase our stress levels when we realize that the stressor is not going
away and we need to face it.

Freeze

For some people, becoming stressed sets the stage for dyregulation. The energy
mobilized from the perceived threat gets locked in the nervous system and we freeze.
This response sometimes reveals itself when we breath. Holding our breath and shallow
breathing are both forms of freeze. The occasional deep sigh is the nervous system
catching up on its oxygen intake.

13
What stresses soldiers during war ?

According to the job web site Careercast.com, military jobs ranked as the most
stressful occupation in the United states for the year 2013. A variety of factors
including physical danger, long periods away from home, physical demands, being in
the public eye and being responsible for the lives of others were implicated in this
ranking. Among United Kingdom forces, combat deployment has been associated with
high rates of mental disorders (19.7%) and alcohol abuse (13%; Fear et al.,2010)

Soldier Emotional Well Being Model

Veterans of recent combat operations report a number of significant stressors

unique to the combat zone including the threat of enemy attacks, dealing with the
deaths of fellow soldiers, being responsible for killing another human being and
handling human remains.

Mental Health Advisory Team-5 (2008) shows that approximately half of

deployed U.S soldiers report being attacked or ambushed, half report seeing dead or
seriously injured fellow soldiers, nearly 80% indicate that they were subject to
incoming artillery, mortar, or rocket fire, and 40_50% of soldiers report that an
improvised explosive device (IED) or booby trap exploded close to them.

14
 A recent study demonstrated that approximately 32% of American soldiers who
are injured in combat develop PTSD, compared to 14% of those who were never
injured. The development of emotional and mental health issues also co varies with the
degree of injury sustained.11

An incident that occurred on February 2014 calls for the recognition of PTSD
victims in the Indian military.

A soldier shot five of his colleagues and turned the gun on himself inside the
military camp for Rashtriya Rifles paramilitary force in the disputed Kashmir region. A
similar incident happened in 2011 when a soldier killed four of his colleagues in
Anantnag district of Kashmir. It is noted that troops stationed at Kashmir complained of
long hours of duty, low pay, bad conditions and insufficient leave privileges.

Dr. Jonah Blank, a senior political scientist at RAND corp (Research and
Development) based in America has noted that the Indian public strongly supports the
troops stationed at Kashmir but that does not necessarily translate to effective
institutional support for soldiers suffering from PTSD or other psychological
disorders.12

11
Stress and Emotional Well-Being in Military Organisations P.D,Harms. Dina V.Kariskova, Adam J.Vanhove,
Mitchel N.Herain and Paul B.Lester,24/5/2016
12
http://www.ibtimes.com/unfriendly-fire-indian-soldier-kills-5-colleagues-kashmir-then-himself-1558295

15
The uses of man made fibers inside interiors ?

Fiber is a natural or synthetic substance that is significantly longer than it is

wide. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate fibers, for example carbon
fiber and ultra-heigh-molecular-weight-polyethylene. 13

In many ways the natural counterpart is better in providing more comfort and an
aura of naturalness. But synthetic man-made fiber can actually redefine what a fiber can
do in the field of architecture and interior design.

13
Fiber,wikipedia,24/10/2016

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Material Type

Synthetic fibers and fabrics are all made from a type of polymer but they each
have unique properties and characteristics making them useful for specific applications.
The fibers and fabrics may include a variety of materials and may feature a blended,
fibrous structure produced by copolymerization. Material types for synthetic fibers and
synthetic fabrics include:

Acetate and triacetate fibers

This type of fiber is known as a regenerated man made material. Acetate is

derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp with acetic acid
and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid. Both materials are heat resistant
below their melting point. The largest volume application for acetate fiber is cigarette
filters, but it is also widely used in women's wear. The luxurious fibers are available in
a wide range of colors and lusters. They are fast drying are resistant to moths and
mildew. Triacetate has excellent sunlight resistance but acetate does not. They are
shrink-resistant and wrinkle-resistant. Disadvantages include poor abrasion resistance,
susceptible to attack by household chemicals.

Acrylic and modacrylic fibers

These fibers are unique among synthetic fibers because they have an uneven
surface. The fibers are formed by additional polymerization of at least 85% by weight
of acrylonitrile or vinyl chanide.

Acrylic fibers can be artificial wool because it has the warmth and softness of
wool but does not absorb water. It is often used as cold weather fiber for blankets and
sweaters.

They have a high resistance to chemical and biological degradation as well as

degradation from sunlight. Acrylic is lightweight and strong. High heat can melt the
fabric.

17
Aramid and polyimide fibers

Polyimide fiber is spun from the polymer by wet or dry processing techniques.
This is done using a polar organic solvent.

Polyimide fabric is flame retardant and can be used in high- temp applications.

These fibers are lighter and tougher than steel.

Carbon and graphite

These fibers are strong, light, and can be mixed with other materials. Carbon
fiber technology converts carbon to graphite to form tightly packed fibers.

The material is used to produce high-quality devices such as golf-clubs and

fishing rods and can be used for composites for air crafts and autos.

Elastomeric fibers

They are cross linked natural and synthetic rubbers, spandex fibers (segmented
polyurethanes), anidex fibers (cross linked polyacrylates) and the side-by-side
biconstituent fiber of nylon and spandex. The fibers can have elongations (400-800%)
at break and recover fully and rapidly.

The term elastomer is derived from elastic polymer, which is also known as
rubber.

Spandex or elastoester

Spandex is a lightweight manufactured material that can be stretched over

500% without breaking. Elastoester is a substitute for spandex. It is used when a stretch
fiber is needed.

It is a soft fabric that is resistant to abrasion and can resist body oils,
perspiration and detergents. It does not have static or pilling problems.

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Fluropolymer

It is a high-performance material that has high strength and durability.

Fluoropolymers are resistant to many chemicals and high heat. They are used in
nonstick cook and bake ware.

Nylon

It is an artificial fiber made of polyamide which contains carbon, oxygen,

nitrogen, and hydrogen. The material is also resistant to wrinkling, does not absorb
water, and it dries quickly.

Nylon can be used in carpet. High-filament nylon yarns are often blended with
spandex and used in athletic apparel, swimwear, and hosiery. The fiber is durable,
strong, resists stains, hides soil, resists mildew and bacteria, prevents static, and is
resistant to abrasion. Disadvantages include: the fabric melts when exposed to high heat,
can be uncomfortable to wear next to skin, and absorbs oil and grease.

Polyolefin fibers

They are produced by chain growth polymerization of olefins (alkenes) and

contain greater than 85% polymerized ethylene, propylene, or other olefin units.
Polyolefin fibers are resistant to stains, sunlight, odor and chemicals, mildew, rot, and
weather. They are fast drying and have a high wick-ability making them useful for spill
cleanup. The advantages of this material include its strength, ability to float, lightness,
and resistance to abrasion.

Disadvantages include problems with static and pilling as well as a low

tolerance for high temperature which tends to cause swelling in the presence aromatic
and chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Polyester

The most important synthetic fiber. They contain at least 85% of polymericester
of a substituted aromatic carboxylic acid including, but not restricted to, terephthalic
acid and f-hydroxybenzoic acid. The manufacturing process uses melt-spinning so the
size and shape can be adjusted for specific applications. It is utilized in all types of

19
clothing, home furnishings, and as a reinforcing fiber in tires, belts, and hoses. New
insulating polyester fiberfill are used in high-performance outdoor wear. It's versatile
and has low raw material and production costs. Polyester is resistant to abrasion, has the
ability to spring back into shape, does not absorb water, and dries quickly.
Disadvantages include, melting when exposed to high heat and it absorbs oils and
grease making it difficult to clean. It does attract static electricity.

Polyethylene

It is produced by the formation of an ester bond between terephthalic acid and

ethylene glycol. The material floats, resists chemicals and water, and exhibits superior
fiber-to-fiber abrasion. Polyethylene fibers are used in police and military ballistic
vests, helmets and armored vehicles, sailcloth, fishing lines and lifting slings,
cut-resistant gloves, and a wide range of safety apparel.

High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (HMWP) is one of the world’s strongest

and lightest fibers. Polyethylene fiber is pound-for-pound 10 times stronger than steel.

Polypropylene

It is a vinyl polymer, similar to polyethylene. Polypropylene is used for

indoor-outdoor carpeting because it doesn’t absorb water.

Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)

It is a specialty fiber characterized with high resistance to thermal and chemical

attack as well as resistance to heat, solvents, acids and alkalis, mildew, UV light, and
abrasion.

PPS can be used for home interior, automobile, filter bag cloth for a coal-fired
boiler, electrical insulation, and as filter material for liquid and gas.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/ Vinyl

These fibers have a polyethylene hydrocarbon backbone with a substituted

functional group to determine the physical and chemical properties of the fiber.

20
PVC fibers have low success in the textile industry because of their low softening point.
They do not burn, and they resist many chemicals.

Vinyon fiber or Vinal

Vinyon is composed of 85% vinyl chloride polymerize monomer units. Vinal

fibers are at least 50% vinyl alcohol units in which at least 85% of the units are
combined vinyl alcohol and acetyl cross linked units.

Application of vinyon is limited because it dissolves easily in organic solvents.

Vinal resembles cotton and high strength and abrasion resistance making it useful in
many applications.

The fibers have a high chemical resistance. They are also resistant to
water.Vinyon does not burn; the fabric will melt at relatively low temperatures.

Rayon/Lyocell

This includes textile fibers and filaments composed of regenerated cellulose,

excluding acetate. It is produced from naturally occurring polymers. The fiber is sold as
artificial silk and it has a serrated round shape with a smooth surface. Rayon is used in
fashion, furnishings, sanitary products, diapers, and medical supplies. A disadvantage
is that is loses 30-50% of its strength when wet, has poor resistance to abrasion,
expensive, and stretches and shrinks more than cotton.14

In modern society, elasticity and tensile strength are key properties in any
material, adopting fibers or replacing everyday breakables or quickly extinguishable
materials with these can prove to be advantageous in this space constrained world.

14
Synthetic Fibers and Fabrics Information

,http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/materials_chemicals_adhesives/composites_textiles_reinforcements/sy
nthetic_fibers_fabrics_polymer_textiles

, 24/10/12016

21
Alternative forms of energy and batteries for the built environment

The subject of a new reckoning in modern architecture and technology demands

an alternative source of dependable and renewable energy.

The general renewable and most abundant energy are solar and wind energies.
But if you take a closer look of earth, we find hydrogen-the most abundant element in
the world and hydro-electricity from ocean currents as being massive suppliers of
energy not yet fully optimized.

If proper organization of energy is integrated , waste the earth accumulates can

be converted into energy.

Architecture that moves, senses, perpetuates with human behavior depends on

the energy available.

What batteries do to a toy car, a super capacitor can do to a gate bridge, the first
example of a kinetic element in architecture.

Super capacitors are an emerging energy storage technology that will take a key
role in the future of energy systems.

Dynamic features of the built environment relies on the development of new

energy systems capable of long lasting capacity that super capacitors like graphene can
provide.

22
Mechanisms that can alter/integrate new functions in applications to enhance
user-space interaction

Every appliance that is in use today has a relationship with its user through its
function. These are some of the multi-functional integration mechanisms that someday
can be part of a comfortable chair or the interiors of locomotive housing.

Named for the Greek word for “press”, piezo materials transform electrical
signals into mechanical force and vice versa.

Manufactured from ceramic material, piezofibers respond to the application of

voltage by stretching or contracting.

Shape-memory alloys

A very good and established material that does just this are shape memory
alloys. It is an alloy that remembers its original shape and that when deformed returns
to its pre-deformed shape when heated. This material is lightweight, solid-state
alternative to conventional actuators such as hydraulic, pneumatic and motor-based
systems.

“Memory metals are being used by adaptronics engineers in such devices as

dishwashers. According to Siemens, a memory metal actuator - A wire made of
nitinol(a nickel - titanium alloy) is part of an optical sensor in the latest range of
dishwashers produced bu Bosch and Siemens.

The “optosensor” measures the calcium content of water up to 10 times during

the dishwashing program and uses the data to regulate the release of a special salt. The
memory wire opens a small valve that expels water from the sensor, eliminating the
need for complicated control technology.

The entire mechanism is about the size of a small pocket calculator”.15

15
The Right Materials, www.iida.org/content.cfm/the-right-materials, 11/5/2016

23
Electro-active polymers

Electroactive polymers, or EAPs, are polymers that exhibit a change in size or

shape when stimulated by an electric field. The most common applications of this
type of material are in actuators and sensors.

In recent years, “electro-active polymers for refreshable Braille displays” has

emerged to aid the visually impaired in fast reading and computer assisted
communication. These monolithic devices consist of an array of thousands of
multimodal modulators (actuator pixels) based on stimuli responsive hydrogels. Each
modulator is able to change individually their transmission , height and softness.
Besides their use as graphical displays for visually impaired such displays are
interesting as free programmable keys of touchpads and consoles.16

In conjunction with smart polymers or stimuli-responsive polymers and shape

memory polymers, the applications range from interior surfaces and objects to the
exterior environment of architecture .

By incorporating these altering mechanisms in something as small as a watch to

a larger furniture would be a breakthrough in material behavior in applications.

Tactile feeling in a interior, What is ? How is ?

Tactile sensation is the sensation produced by the pressure receptors in the skin.
Tactile perception is the brains ability to understand what the hands are feeling. 17

Tactile and kinesthetic perceptions usually go hand in hand; therefore, they are
considered together as one, namely haptic.

Haptic perception (Greek: hapt s "palpable", haptik s "suitable for touch")

literally denominates "to grasp something". Perception in this case is achieved
through active exploration of surfaces and objects by a moving subject as opposed to
passive contact of a static subject during tactile perception. 18

16
Electro-active polymers, Wikipedia, 11/5/2016
17
tactilePerception,http://www.ot-mom-learning-activities.com/tactile-perception.html,24/10/2016
18
Haptic Perception,Wikipedia,24/10/2016

24
 “The haptic sense is the sense of touch reconsidered to include the entire body
rather than merely the instruments of touch, such as the hands. To sense haptically is
to experience objects in the environment by actually touching them.Treated as a
perceptual system the haptic incorporates all those sensations(pressure, warmth, cold,
pain, and kinesthetics) which previously divided up the sense of touch and thus it
includes all those aspects of sensual detection which involve physical contact both
inside and outside the body. For example, if you accidentally swallow a marble you
may haptically sense it as it moves through your body, thus experiencing part of the
environment within your body. Similarly you may sense body motion haptically by
detecting the movement of your joints and muscles through your entire bodyscape.
( This property of haptic sense is called kinesthesia.) ”19

19
Body,memory,architecture,Kent C.Bloomer,Charles W.Moore, Yale University Press,24/10/2016

25
 CHAPTER 2

Background

Within the mass growing population of the world, the need for individual
personalization is focused on the individuals of metropolitan and cosmopolitan cities
but with little or no results. Many studies have indicated that urban dwellers have more
than a 20 percent increased risk for anxiety disorders and an increased risk for mood
disorders of almost twice compared to rural citizens20.

“The cities of the world are only 2% of the earth’s crust, but have 50% of the worlds
population and consume 75% of energy and give out 80% of carbon emissions”

-Carlo Ratti, architect, Architecture that senses and responds, Ted Talks21

We can see how much of the energy is spent in a way that fails to protect the
‘human self’. The need to recognize and connect the human health with that of the
environment has come. It is not just the earth that is taking the debris of uncontrolled
living but we humans do not measure the same in a much smaller scale within ourselves.
The sense of communal being has disappeared from the society which aims for the
isolated working man who depends on social media for interaction. To facilitate and
handle the problems a individual faces as a being, we have to reckon our knowledge of
experience in space and design towards the betterment for our senses.

“Its important for interior designers to raise their perception of sensory data and not
just exclusively focus on the visual aesthetic. By recalling their own sensory experience
in their designs, interior designers can create more humane built environments”-Joy
Malnar, Associate Professor of architecture at the university of Illinois22

20
City dwellers are more prone to stress, www.anxiety.org, 8/10/2016
21
Architecture that senses and responds, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CijsvAGU6-c 7/10/2016
22
Come to your Senses - Catherine Warren Leone, http://www.iida.org/content.cfm/come-to-your-senses,
9/10/2016

26
“Buildings are not simple expressive sculptures, they make visible our personal and
collective aspirations as a society. Great architecture can give us hope, Great
architecture can heal”

- Michael Murphy, Architecture thats built to heal, Ted Talks

Prominent neuroscientists across the globe have studied images of the brain in
action and placed emotion in the driver’s seat, asserting that thinking is emotion based,
intuitive and fast. And while emotions form the basis of thoughts, the five senses - sight,
sound, smell, taste and touch - fuel those emotions wielding the power to persuade,
relax and heal. It makes sense therefore, that interior designers are turning to sensory
design, an approach that focuses on addressing all the five senses in space23.

23
Come to your Senses-Catherine Warren Leone, http://www.iida.org/content.cfm/come-to-your-senses, 9/10/2016

27
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Body, Memory, Architecture

By Kent C.Bloom and Charles W.Moore

Architecture in the present day form strives towards achieving function through
a set of prescribed technical goals set by standards and rules. The authors of this book
argue how these standards for buildings have altered our experience and joy in them.
They clearly cite examples back to the ancient and as early as the 17th century that
houses in some communities were built upon or built to enhance their part in their
residents memories and characteristics. The comparisons between what is greater 'the
rational thinking' or 'the feeling' is debated throughout the book with the latter winning
the argument. Clearly the book draws similarities of the human body and architecture, it
holds proof that humans have long built their dwellings to resemble their body
functions and feelings.

The book reinforces the idea that humans should trust their senses over their
ideological minds when it comes to beauty, but it shows well that this has not been
followed or accepted by many renowned schools of philosophy since the time of Plato.
It also on the other hand shows how great heads of sciences like Aristotle believed it to
be true ' that when it comes to art the mind cannot clearly judge its definition of beauty'.
The authors reason that architecture turned over a new leaf after the era of
industrialization basically to minimize costs and time. The new schools like the royal
academy of architecture were more concerned about teaching proven physical laws
than human enjoyment within the confines of walls.

There is a clear evidence between architecture and how human behavior

physically has influenced it as is the title of the 'Body , Memory, Architecture'. True to
many people who treasure their homes, the word nostalgia and nostalgic is
acknowledged and the book shows how memories form a part of human happiness in
the spaces they occupy through scientific explanations such as - “ By focusing on the
early years of development, however, body imagists began to appreciate the dynamics
and tenacity of memory in spatial perception. The infant does not have a clearly

28
differentiated body boundary but evidently experiences a world in which the body and
the environment tend to fuse’’24.

Rational explanation for placement of architectural forms can satisfy user needs
but an approach that considers human occupancy based on similarities drawn from both
humans and architecture is super imposed by the book through demonstrations between
human phenomenal regression and interaction with the space around. Several popular
examples of such are the fountain in a patio, the fireplace in the center of a North
American house related to the heart which humans identify as the ‘center’ and the
relation is how these places came up to be.

Among the other characteristics of the human body-architecture relation is the

connection between human body movement and architectural space.

A particularly important link is established between inhabitants of a house and a

dancers feeling of space around them.

“If dancers feel a critical relationship to the space outside their bodies, they also
sense an essential relationship to the inside. In forms as divergent as classical ballet and
modern dance the practitioners speak of the constant need to find or feel one’s
‘center’…

But the location is not as important as the fact the center ‘the inside’ must be felt
before the dancer can confidently move in space the outside.

This is indeed reminiscent of our need to sense the scrutiny inside our dwelling
place in order to act with strength in the outside community.’’25

Among structures that convey inviting gestures ,the caryatids of the Acropolis
at Athens is cited as a example, famous not mainly because of their well sculpted
figures but the movement conveyed with one knee raised ready to step out in the mortal
world.

24
Seymour Wapner and Heinz Werner, eds. ,The Body Percept(New York: Random House,1965), p.88
25
Body,Memory,Architecture-Kent C.Bloom, Charles W.Moore

29
 The building as a stimulus for movement is well written on how ziggurats and
pinnacles of buildings invite us to explore, while curtain walls are dull sheer prism
shafts that not even Superman can ‘leap with a single bound’, it even looks at the
diagonal axis in space as a very interesting element users use to interact with. As a
partner in dialogue, the authors prompt the structural elements of structures to invite its
users where to sit lean and nestle.

The book dwells into key considerations required to be acknowledged before

building a house or structure such as place, path, pattern and edge according to haptic
needs and experiences. Justification for already existing establishments in clear
accordance and relation to human experience in space are proven with examples of
Londoners inhabiting their parks and Middle eastern haptic town plans. .

The sound of senses being superior over the mind is a bit debatable ? But the
case of houses and homes centered around our body and its functions is in fact
interesting and it fills gaps on how some extravagant structures came to be in the time
of the earliest humans. A home is not a house , contrasting though it may be , the
authors of this book know the real difference in them. They have pin pointed on what
makes children draw a house that quietly resembles a face of a human. And why the
columns and gates of a city or home , wherever they may be have the same kind of
purpose to their existence.

“We experience satisfaction in architecture not by aggressively seeking it, but

by dwelling in it”.26 As quoted from this book , goes on to describe the dream houses
one could dream of, you need to feel its your dream house for it to be called as such, not
by thinking it is made up of acres of land or tons and tons of exotic materials.

The book is a tell-all biography of human architecture from the standpoint of

mortal kinesthesia and enterprise. Many factors are considered into building a structure,
but human senses and feelings are put as foremost important in this book. As a good
piece of literature , it increases the readers view on his own identity in space and
projecting this identity into the dwellings and enabling the reader to view buildings as
an extension of movements rather than fixed blocks of materials. In a fast paced, time

26
Body, Memory , Architecture- Kent C .Bloom, Charles W.Moore

30
and cost-effective world where user interface is much valued for successful
transactions, the role of haptic needs must be applied to the development of this user
interface between man and space for happy establishments.

CASE STUDY REVIEW

Krishnamurti Foundation, Vasanta Vihar

Vasanta Vihar was designed by Surendranath Karr, an architect known for

amalgating the indian style of architecture with western and eastern styles. It was built
for Jiddu Krishnamurti by Annie Besant.

It is set in six and a half acres of trees and natural surroundings. As per the will
of Jiddu Krishnamurti, no changes or erection of buildings or modification to the land
shall occur in the future to come unless every member of the foundation agrees to it.

Vasanta Vihar comprises of the main building, an archive, a bookstore, a

dinning hall and several guest houses.The main building houses the offices of personnel
managing the place, a 200 seater discussion hall and a library called the Study which
houses books and video tapes of Krishnamurti.

The buildings and the environment within the compound act as a healing factor
for its inhabitants because of the undisturbed aura of energy from the natural perennial
surroundings.

The main idealogy behind the space is self exploration and learning.

Human philosophy of the self in Jiddu Krishnamurti’s teachings

- Man’s view has turned outward rather than inward, if he looks inside himself, he will
know the purpose of life.

-A principle of man is the inner ego ‘I’, it is bound towards destruction, unless this is
addressed, other problems will not dissolve.

31
Fundamentals towards reaching this goal

-Understanding of the human self in a simple level

-Being aware of yourself rather than being aware of the world projected to your
physicality

-Without addressing any issues, problems/fears

-Without identifying with worldly characteristics.

-The dependency on the Intellect far too much are the cause of all problems.

Being acutely aware of ourselves and facing the unpleasant truth without any
excuses starting from the present is the solution for a content and peaceful life.

The purpose of the human self in life is striving towards long lasting mental and
physical harmony like a strong built house but the endeavor of science and the
justification of the intellect has built our societies leaving very little space for spiritual
development , the lack thereof causing internal wars that cannot be reconciled.

Science has done wonderful things but it does not have a proper handle on top
of it. If scientists and professionals of all jobs turn inward to realize their spiritual goals,
it may be a spark in their creativity and a well built society can be achieved.The core of
the society should be mans self aware conscious in the seat of the chariot and his overall
scientific and intellectual pursuits being the chariot itself.

A Spatial Pattern for identifying a void inside ‘the human’ or ‘the human’ in a void

Emotional trauma can be hectic to the point where surroundings however

indulging they may be lose the victims attention.

What need to be addressed in space at that point of time is the victims- past,
present, future inner reflections.

Behavioral patterns if self studied clearly can make an individual overcome

addiction.

32
 Likewise if a person studies his inner himself/herself more acutely, it is possible
to avert it.

This is in similar voice with the fact of being acutely aware of the self.

To help overcome emotional distress in space by being self aware of the ‘Inner
self’, can space act as a reminiscent of the spiritual human ? And also a harbinger of
positive feeling ?

33
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

The research shown in this paper follows a qualitative method of approach.

Qualitative Research Process

1. Ethnography

By analyzing human behavior as related to spatial configuration in human

settlements worldwide and problems unique to Indian personnel serving the army.

The research of this paper focuses on psychological trauma within three

different cultures .And what steps has been taken towards handling of this issue.

A. The Syrian Crisis

Since the start of the war in 2011, more number of people are falling victim to
both mental and physical assault. Since the outbreak of the Syrian civil war in 2011,
nearly nine million Syrians have been displaced. An estimate of three million Syrian
refugees have fled their homes. Continuous exposure to violent incidents, or their
threat, compromises any positive effects resulting from protective factors, such as
family and community support. Many refugees report experiencing a variety of
psychological symptoms in reaction to the stressors. Between three and 30 percent of
Syrian refugees experience clinical depression and between 50 and 57 percent
experience Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) . In comparison, the rate of PTSD
in the general American population is estimated to be between five and 12 percent27.

The situation in Syria shows that human mortality and disintegration of a

culture within a society plays a major role in causing all kinds of human illnesses.

27
https://www.apa.org/international/pi/2015/09/noor-baker.pdf, 1/12/2016, Current Research on the Mental
Health of Syrian Refugees

34
B. The U.S Veteran Issue

The U.S Department of Veteran Affairs estimates that PTSD afflicts:

-Almost 31 percent of Vietnam veterans

-As many as 10 percent of Gulf war veterans

-11 percent of veterans of war in Afghanistan

-20 percent of Iraqi war veterans.28

Factors in combat situation can add more stress to an already stressful situation.
This may contribute to PTSD and other mental health problems. These factors include
what you do in the war, the politics around the war, where the war is fought, and the
type of enemy you face. 29

Recent research has shown neuroscience can play a pivotal role in the
aftermath of trauma. These treatments go hand in hand with already existing therapies.
What neuroscience proves in theory can be applied as NeuroLaw- an emerging field
of interdisciplinary study that explores the effects of discoveries in neuroscience on
legal rules and standards. This in turn can emerge as new rules and standards for
space designation for victims of trauma.

C. The Indian Army

In the Indian Army stress and PTSD are terms that are seldom attended to. The
urge to never back off from any dangerous situation is an emblem of the Indian army.
This discipline can be a main factor in shaping the characteristics of soldiers in the
Indian military. Suicide among military personnel is viewed as not work related but
family related. But there have been incidents of unfriendly fire and clinical depression
in veterans.

28
https://medlineplus.gov/magazine/issues/winter09/articles/winter09pg10-14.html, PTSD: A growing epidemic,
1/12/2016
29
http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/PTSD-overview/basics/how-common-is-ptsd.asp, How common is PTSD,
1/12/2016

35
 The need to reckon soldiers change in perception after their tenure in the
battlefield is of high recommendation to the Indian government. And facilities have to
be established for this cause.

2. Phenomenology

A thorough research on human kinesthesia in historical structures that reflect

the human self. This was primarily done through a literature review of Body, Memory,
Architecture by Kent C.Bloom and Charles W.Moore. And other references include
Juhanni Pallasma’s Eyes Of The Skin and online video lectures on importance of
architecture as a healing environment by architects Michael Murphy, Marc Kushner,
Carlo Ratti.

3.Field Research

Case Study :Vasanta vihar, Krishnamurti Foundation- A first hand reference of a center
dedicated for enhancing the healing of the mind through self exploration and
theosophical ideas.

4.Grounded Theory

36
5. Participant Observation

The visit to Vasanta Vihar, Krishnamurti Foundation proved beneficial to my

understanding of theosophical ideas concerning relaxation and peace. By investigating
man’s relationship to the modern environment and his primordial self healing practices,
I was able to derive a solution that states balance between the two.

6. Direct Observation

-Credibility

The research concerning the experience of the human in space is from two
reliable sources- books and online published journals. Independent of that, the scope of
and applications of material technology is asserted by leading professionals in the field
of Interior Design.

-Transferability

Since architecture is the science of space encompassing all kinds of built

environment. The subject of phenomenal spatial patterns can be introduced to varied
uses of modern space from hospitals to airports. But a new field of interest related to my
study of kinetic and self integrating spaces is moving environments like spaceships,
cruises, carriages where user interaction with limited space can change.

-Dependability

The classification of information can be relied upon because two different but
established topics ‘human behavior in space’ and ‘human mental trauma’ is researched
independently. But the correlation of the topics happen with my discussion and
answers.

-Confirmability

The space for experimentation and hypothetical theories are many related to the
human mind and perception altering spaces.

37
But established research approves the study of the mind within spatial configuration
and psychological behavioral therapies move towards development in ‘sense’ and ‘self’
satisfaction.

Processing and Analyzing of Information

Problem : Ptsd

Medicine : Space

Step 1 : Know the problem

- Investigate Ptsd

Step 2 : Investigate the medicine

- Know space, its fundamentals and its complications

Step 3 : Investigate the medicine’s present potential and

relationship with the problem and the user.

Step 4 : Investigate the medicine’s effectiveness, its history, its usage in past.

Step 5 : Investigate the misuse of the medicine in the present and the past.

Step 6 : Analyze and have given a solution comprising the

medicines past effectiveness and present potential.

38
 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION

The constitution of the mind in spatial patterns can change for the betterment of
the user. The incorporation of present technological improvements to enhance the feel
of the user draws inspirations from phenomenal body-centered spaces from the past. In
the continuity of time, we should remember not to forget our past achievements as well
as our present potential. By combing the success of both, architects and designers can
devise new ways to satisfy clients with different psychological and physical needs.

39
 REFERENCES

BOOKS

Body, Memory, Architecture - Kent C.Bloom, Charles W.Moore September 10, 1977
1
The Eyes Of The Skin, Architecture and the Senses, Juhani Pallasma

Seymour Wapner and Heinz Werner, eds. ,The Body Percept(New York: Random
House,1965), p.88

WEBSITES

The Global Migrant Crisis, www.newirin.irinnews.org

Cognitive dissonance Wikipedia,

Sadhguru “Developing an inclusive conscious”Talks at Google,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQn8X4FbpTM,

The surprising Effect of Taste and Smell.LiveScience,The 5 Senses,By Dr.William K

Pediapolis

Mark Weiser - Wikipedia

Kinetic Architecture,Wikipedia

ResponsiveArchitecture,Wikipedia,

1
Responsive structures
Architecture ,http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/4910/responsive-structures-a
nd-architecture,

http://www.ibtimes.com/unfriendly-fire-indian-soldier-kills-5-colleagues-kashmir-the
n-himself-1558295

Fiber,wikipedia

Synthetic Fibers and Fabrics Information,

http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/materials_chemicals_adhesives/composites_te
xtiles_reinforcements/synthetic_fibers_fabrics_polymer_textiles

40
Electro-active polymers, Wikipedia

tactilePerception, http://www.ot-mom-learning-activities.com/tactile-perception

1
Haptic Perception,Wikipedia,

City dwellers are more prone to stress, www.anxiety.org,

1
Architecture that senses and responds,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CijsvAGU6-c

Current Research on the Mental Health of Syrian Refugees

https://www.apa.org/international/pi/2015/09/noor-baker.pdf,

PTSD: A growing epidemic 1

https://medlineplus.gov/magazine/issues/winter09/articles/winter09pg10-14.html,

How common is PTSD

1
http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/PTSD-overview/basics/how-common-is-ptsd.asp,

Online publications

The Right Materials, www.iida.org/content.cfm/the-right-materials,

1
Come to your Senses - Catherine Warren Leone,
http://www.iida.org/content.cfm/come-to-your-senses,

41