Bone

A. The Matrix - Solid

1. Osteoid, organic matrix, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, collagen
2. Minerals, calcium & phosphate, hydroxyapatite [CA10(PO4)6(OH)2]
3. ppt from blood based on solubility product of calcium & phosphate
4. Highly vascular
B. Fibers Collagen type I
C. Cells, Fibroblasts of periostium, osteoblasts osteocytes and osteoclasts
1. osteoblasts, derived from fibroblasts,
a. synthesize organic matrix,
b. cuboidal to columnar shape when producing matrix,
c. basophilic cytoplasm
2. osteocytes, mature bone cells,
a. flattened, oval with filopodial processes (in canaliculi) that extend
through matrix
b. maintain matrix, if the die matrix is resorbed
3. osteoclasts, large motile cells,
a. produced by fusion of blood monocytes,
b. acidophilic cytoplasm,
c. secrete acid, collagenase, proteolytic enzymes,
d. liberate calcium from matrix,
e. found in Howships lacunae
D. Types of Bone
1. Structure
a. Primary, Immature or woven
1. 1st formed in embryo or during bone repair
2. ramdom deposition of collagen,
3. less mineral content
4. replaced in adults,
b. Mature or lamellar
1. Collagen fibers arranged in lamallae/layers
2. Layers around a central canal (haversian system, osteon
2. Osteogenesis
a. Membranous Bone, Intramembranous
b. Endochondral Bone, Intracartilagenous

Characteristics of Bone

A. Highly perfected for Support and Protection

B. Organs: Bones
C. Functions:
1. Support & Protection for soft body parts
2. Points of attachments for muscles (Makes movement possible)
3. Red & Yellow marrow -> Blood cell production

Bone Structure
A. Membranous Bone
1. Ossification directly from C. T. Membranes
2. Bones of the Skull
B. Endochondral Bone, Long Bones
1. Medullary (marrow) Cavity
a. Cavity in Shaft of bone filled with marrow
(diagram=pink)
b. Red Marrow - Blood forming connective tissue
c. Yellow Marrow - Fatty connective tissue
2. Epiphysis (Ends of Long Bone)
a. Spongy Bone
1. Meshwork of bone, spaces filled with marrow
(diagram=Black & white)
2. Osteocytes in lacunae connected by canaliculi
3. No Osteons/Haversan Systems
b. Epiphyseal Plate (Closure of Growth region, diagram=Black Line)
c. Covered with Hyaline Cartilage (diagram=red)
3. Diaphysis (Shaft of Long Bone)
a. Medullary Cavity (see above)
b. Compact Bone (diagram=Blue,
photo=pink)
1. Osteons (Haversan Systems)
a. Rings of Osteocytes
(Lamella)
b. Central Canal (Blood vessels,
nerves)
c. Osteocytes in lacunae connected by canaliculi
Transfer of nutrients from Haversian canal and cell to cell
d. Lamellar Layers of Collagen Fibers up to 5 Rings

Ground bone, Low Magnification left, High

Magnification, right (note osteocytes)

2. Volkman Canals, no rings of oteocytes

3. Interstitial lamellae fill the spaces between Haversian systems
4. Periosteum (osteogenic)
a. Tough connective tissue membrane around shaft of bone
b. Cells, fibroblasts, are osteogenic
c. Sharoy's fibers penetrate bone
 5. Endosteum (osteogenic)
a. Tough connective tissue membrane lining marrow cavities of bone
b. Cells, fibroblasts, are also osteogenic

Bone Development

A. Intramembranous Osteogenesis
1. most of the cranial/flat bones, increase in
diameter of long bones
2. develop directly out of mesenchyme
3. Primary Ossification centers (starting point)
4. Fibroblast - Osteoblast - Osteocyte
5. Matrix is produced and calcified
a. Matrix sysnthesis results using 3H-
glycine
1. 30 min in osteoblast
2. 4 hours in osteoid
3. 35 hours in calcified bone
b. Calcification is dependent on the blood levels of calcium and
phosphate

6. bone spicules formed

7. Cuboidal osteoblasts along the outer surface
8. Osteoclasts sculpture the bone [found in large depressions (Howslip's
Lacuna) ]

9. Ossification centers expand and fuse to form completed bone

B. Endochondral Osteogenesis
1. Bone preformed in embryo as hyaline cartilage
2. Cartilage is replaced by bone in the following steps
3. The low power magnification of the developing long bone
at the right is from the lower leg of a mouse. It gives an
overview of the whole process
1. Zone of Proliferation
a. Mitotic division of chondrocytes
b. Area of bone growth in length by
increase in cell number
c. small size and arrangement of the cells
d. In the magnified view of the bone
below, note the Area of bone growth.
The cells are very flattened.

2. Zone of Maturation
. Chondrocytes are arranged in columns parallel to
the long axis of the bone
a. Growth occurs by increase in cell size
b. In the enlarged photo above maturation is taking
place darker blue area above the light blue area.
3. Zone of Hypertrophy(and cartlaginous
calcification)
. Chondrocytes enlarge and become
vacuolated
a. Lacunae enlarge
b. In the enlarged photo above
(maturation) note the light blue area
of hypertrophy
c. In the high magnification photo at the right. Note:
the hypertrophy in the lower cells compared to
those at the top of the photo
4. Zone of Calcified Cartilage
. Cartilagenous matrix becomes calcified
a. Blocks flow of nutrients
b. Chondroncytes die, leaving spicules of calcified
cartilage
c. Connective tissue from periostium growths in
 d. Blood vessels and capillaries grow
in
5. Zone of Ossification
. Osteoblasts form along the
trabeculae of calcified cartilage
a. Osteoblasts secretion bony matrix
over the calcified cartilage
b. Detail show in photo at the right. Dark blue
spicules in the center of the cavity
6. Periosteal Bone Formation
. Periosteum forms a bony collar around
the central portion of the developing
bone
a. Periosteal collar supports the developing
bone structure
b. Periosteal collar detail in photo at right.
note light blue bone and the red of the
osteoblasts
7. Secondary Ossification Center
. Starts in one of the epiphysis
a. Starts in the other epiphysis
b. Epiphyseal plate (proliferating cartilage ) forms
c. Growth zone between the epiphysis and the shaft