СОУ “Методи Митевски Брицо” Делчево

Проектна задача по Англиски јазик

Тема: Time travel theories

Ментор: Изработил:
Дениза Усаинова Филип Златков
 Wormhole
Wormholes have never been proven to exist, and if they are ever found, they are likely to be so tiny
that a person couldn't fit inside, never mind a spaceship.
A wormhole would allow a ship, for instance, to travel from one point to another faster than the
speed of light. That's because the ship would arrive at its destination sooner than a beam of light
would, by taking a shortcut through space-time via the wormhole. That way, the vehicle doesn't
actually break the rule of the so-called universal speed limit (the speed of light)

Theoretically, a wormhole could be used to cut not just through space, but through time as well.
According to a new paper by researchers, traversable wormholes and time machines cannot be both
stable and predictable. Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen published the first scientific paper on
wormholes (also called Einstein-Rosen bridges) in 1935, describing how it might be possible for two
distant regions of space-time to be connected through a tunnel-like spatial shortcut.

According to scientists' current understanding, keeping a wormhole stable enough to traverse

requires large amounts of exotic matter, a substance that is still very poorly understood.
Furthermore, other physicists have used quantum mechanics to posit that trying to travel through a
wormhole would create something called a quantum back reaction.
In a quantum back reaction, the act of turning a wormhole into a time machine would cause a massive
buildup of energy, ultimately destroying the wormhole just before it could be used as a time machine.

In conclusion traveling back in time through a wormhole with modern technology is nearly impossible.
 Black hole

Spaceship travel to another universe through a black hole may be highly improbable, but it cannot be
ruled out, according to a new analysis that explores the idea of "hybrid singularity." As science fiction
fans know, anyone who wishes to fall into a black hole and re-emerge at some distant location or
even an another universe would have to go through a forbidding region inside the black hole known
as a "space-time singularity."

Though traveling into the future can be quite possible. If a space ship circles around the black hole,
the crew inside will be affected by the massive gravitational pull and the crew’s time will be lowered
down.

Lets say that the ship is observed from earth. For every 60min that have passed on earth, the crew in
the space ship will be experiencing 8min. But pulling something off like this is very dangerous.
Because a black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that
nothing—not even particles and electromagnetic radiation such as light—can escape from inside
it.The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to
form a black hole.
 Tipler cylinder

A Tipler Cylinder uses a massive and long cylinder spinning around its longitudinal axis. The rotation
creates a frame-dragging effect and fields of closed time-like curves traversable in a way to achieve
subluminal time travel to the past.

Civilizations with the technology to harness black holes might be better advised to leave wormholes
alone and try the time-warp method suggested by U.S. astronomer Frank Tipler. He has a simple
recipe for a time machine: First take a piece of material 10 time the mass of the Sun, squeeze it
together and roll it into a long, thin, super-dense cylinder – a bit like a black hole that has passed
through a spaghetti factory. Then spin the cylinder up to a few billion revolutions per minute and see
what happens.

Tipler predicts that a ship following a carefully plotted spiral course around the cylinder would
immediately find itself on a "closed, time-like curve." It would emerge thousands, even billions, of
years from its starting point and possibly several galaxies away. There are problems, though. For the
mathematics to work properly, Tipler’s cylinder has to be infinitely long. Also, odd things happen near
the ends and you need to steer well clear of them in your timeship. However, if you make the device
as long as you can, and stick to paths close to the middle of the cylinder, you should survive the trip!
The Tipler cylinder, also called a Tipler time machine, is a hypothetical object theorized to be a
potential mode of time travel—an approach that is conceivably functional within humanity's current
understanding of physics, specifically the theory of general relativity, although later results have
shown that a Tipler cylinder could only allow time travel if its length would appear infinite.
The Tipler cylinder was discovered as a solution to the equations of general relativity by Willem Jacob
van Stockum in 1936 and Kornel Lanczos in 1924, but not recognized as allowing closed timelike
curves until an analysis by Frank Tipler in 1974. Tipler showed in his 1974 paper, "Rotating Cylinders
and the Possibility of Global Causality Violation" that in a spacetime containing a massive, infinitely
long cylinder which was spinning along its longitudinal axis, the cylinder should create a frame-
dragging effect. This frame-dragging effect warps spacetime in such a way that the light cones of
objects in the cylinder's proximity become tilted, so that part of the light cone then points backwards
along the time axis on a space time diagram. Therefore a spacecraft accelerating sufficiently in the
appropriate direction can travel backwards through time along a closed timelike curve or CTC
 Вовед

Time travel is the concept of movement between certain points in time.

Through the years people have dreamed of time travel, there are a lot of
movies, books etc. But is time travel really possible?
Time travel — moving between different points in time — has been a
popular topic for science fiction for decades. The reality, however, is more
muddled. Not all scientists believe that time travel is possible. Some even
say that an attempt would be fatal to any human who chooses to try it.
Also, under Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity can bend time.
Picture a four-dimensional fabric called space-time. When anything that
has mass sits on that piece of fabric, it causes a dimple or a bending of
space-time. The bending of space-time causes objects to move on a
curved path and that curvature of space is what we know as gravity.
Picture a four-dimensional fabric called space-time. When anything that
has mass sits on that piece of fabric, it causes a dimple or a bending of
space-time. The bending of space-time causes objects to move on a
curved path and that curvature of space is what we know as gravity.
In a sense, this effect, called time dilation, means astronauts are time
travelers, as they return to Earth very, very slightly younger than their
identical twins that remain on the planet.
 I have listed a few theories that might prove that
time travel is possible

-Time travel through a -Black hole -Cosmic strings

Wormhole

-Tipler cylinder -Grandfather paradox -Time mashine

 Cosmic strings

Cosmic Strings are a hypothetical 1-dimensional (spatially) topological defect in the fabric of
spacetime left over from the formation of the universe. Interaction could create fields of closed time-
like curves permitting backwards time travel.

Some scientists have suggested using "cosmic strings" to construct a time machine. By maneuvering
two cosmic strings close together – or possibly just one string plus a black hole – it is theoretically
possible to create a whole array of "closed time-like curves." Your best bet is to fire two infinitely long
cosmic strings past each other at very high speeds, then fly your ship around them in a carefully
calculated figure eight. In theory, you would be able to emerge anywhere, anytime!

At the moment, these are purely theoretical objects that might possibly be left over from the creation
of the universe in the Big Bang. A black hole contains a one-dimensional singularity – an infinitely
small point in the space-time continuum. A cosmic string, if such a thing existed, would be a two-
dimensional infinitely thin line that has even stranger effects on the fabric of space and time.
Although no one has actually found a cosmic string, astronomers have suggested that they may
explain strange effects seen in distant galaxies.
Cosmic strings would be extremely thin with diameters on the same order as a proton. They would
have immense density, however, and so would represent significant gravitational sources. A cosmic
string 1.6 kilometers in length may be heavier than the Earth. However general relativity predicts that
the gravitational potential of a straight string vanishes: there is no gravitational force on static
surrounding matter.
A cosmic string's vibrations, which would oscillate near the speed of light, can cause part of the string
to pinch off into an isolated loop. These loops have a finite lifespan due to decay via gravitational
radiation.
Other types of topological defects in spacetime are domain walls, monopoles, and textures
Furthermore, modern superstring theories offer other objects which could feasibly resemble cosmic
strings, such as highly elongated one-dimensional D-branes (known as "D-strings"). As theorist Tom
Kibble remarks, "string theory cosmologists have discovered cosmic strings lurking everywhere in the
undergrowth". Older proposals for detecting cosmic strings could now be used to investigate
superstring theory.
 Grandfather paradox

Besides the physics problems, time travel may also come with some unique situations. A classic
example is the grandfather paradox, in which a time traveler goes back and kills his parents or his
grandfather so that he is never born or his life is forever altered.

If that were to happen, some physicists say, you would be not be born in one parallel universe but still
born in another. Others say that the photons that make up light prefer self-consistency in timelines,
which would interfere with your evil, suicidal plan.
Some scientists disagree with the options mentioned above and say time travel is impossible no
matter what your method.
Also, humans may not be able to withstand time travel at all. Traveling nearly the speed of light would
only take a centrifuge, but that would be lethal.
Using gravity would also be deadly. To experience time dilation, one could stand on a neutron star,
but the forces a person would experience would rip you apart first.The grandfather paradox was
described as early as 1931, and even then it was described as "the age-old argument of preventing
your birth by killing your grandparents
Another variant of the grandfather paradox is the "Hitler paradox" or "Hitler's murder paradox", a
fairly frequent trope in science fiction, in which the protagonist travels back in time to murder Adolf
Hitler before he can instigate World War II and The Holocaust. Rather than necessarily physically
preventing time travel, the action removes any reason for the travel, along with any knowledge that
the reason ever existed, thus removing any point in travelling in time in the first place. It is possible to
show using modal logic that changing the past results in a logical contradiction. If it is necessarily true
that the past happened in a certain way, then it is false and impossible for the past to have occurred
in any other way. A time traveller would not be able to change the past from the way it is, they would
only act in a way that is already consistent with what necessarily happened.
 Time mashine
It is generally understood that traveling forward or back in time would
require a device — a time machine — to take you there. Time machine
research often involves bending space-time so far that time lines turn back
on themselves to form a loop, technically known as a "closed time-like
curve."
To accomplish this, time machines often are thought to need an exotic form
of matter with so-called "negative energy density." Such exotic matter has
bizarre properties, including moving in the opposite direction of normal
matter when pushed. Such matter could theoretically exist, but if it did, it
might be present only in quantities too small for the construction of a time
machine.
However, time-travel research
suggests time machines are
possible without exotic matter. The
work begins with a doughnut-
shaped hole enveloped within a
sphere of normal matter. Inside this
doughnut-shaped vacuum, space-
time could get bent upon itself using
focused gravitational fields to form a
closed time-like curve. To go back
in time, a traveler would race
around inside the doughnut, going
further back into the past with each
lap. This theory has a number of
obstacles, however. The
gravitational fields required to make
such a closed time-like curve would
have to be very strong, and
manipulating them would have to be
very precise