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INDEX

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2

OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................... 3

GEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL IN THE SOUTH OF PERU Macroregion

1. GENESIS OF DEPOSITS RELATED GEOLOGICAL AGES

...................................................................................................... ....... ....4

1.1. Orogenesis ANDINA ............................................................................................................... 4

1.2. TECTONICS metallogenic REGARDING THE PROVINCES AND SEASONS IN
PERU metallogenic ................................................................................................................. 4
1.3. STRATIGRAPHIC AND magmatism ............................................. 5
1.4. EVOLUTION AND STRUCTURAL MAGMATISM HYDROTHERMAL RELATED
EVENTS ....................... ......................................................... 6
1.5. Metallogenic province batholith COPPER COAST PLAIN AND COASTAL SUB-
PROVINCE metallogenic DE ORO - COPPER AS PART OF THE PROVINCE OF
COPPER metallogenic Coastal Batholith ....................................................................... 7
1.6. STRIPES metallogenic ......................................................................... 8

2. ORE ........................................................................................... 9

2.1. ORIGIN OF MINERAL DEPOSITS ................................................ 9

2.2. FORMATION OF DEPOSITS ............................................................... 10

2.3. TYPES OF DEPOSIT ................................................................................. ... 11

CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................ 13

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ .. 14

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INTRODUCTION

Chemical elements that make up our planet are distributed in a way that broadly is very
regular, because it depends on two major factors:

 Their abundance in each of the layers that make up the planet

 The nature and composition of rocks present in each particular sector to analyze.

The increased complexity of geological processes operating in the cortex produces

varied phenomena of enrichment or impoverishment of local, affecting the
concentration of various chemical elements in different ways.

The term mineral reservoir has been traditionally used to refer only to the deposits of
metal ores, which are used for an ore from which metal is removed. This is the case, for
instance, cinnabar, which is exploited for the extraction of mercury. However, the rise
of the explotaition minerals and industrial rocks, and the similarity of the processes
that give rise to the nonmetallic minerals and rocks and industrial minerals make this
precision does not already sense. Thus, in this agenda it will be comprehensively
address the study of both.

Morphologically in Peru eleven zones is observed, with a peculiar metal mineralization

in each. Geotectonically there was a Hercynian Orogeny in the Coastal Range in the
Eastern Cordillera with Eohercínico in the Upper Devonian tectonics, tectonics
Neohercínico in the Middle Permian; Andean orogeny in the Western Cordillera,
Central and Subandina Upper Cretaceous to Tertiary.

The metal deposits have a distribution in parallel to the Andes metallogenic provinces
known as stripes; from west to east we have: iron, copper inside her gold in a certain
sector, silver and polymetallic, polymetallic, gold and polymetallic, gold sink with a
peculiar geology each. These provinces have mineralized metallogenic at different
times known as Epochs metallogenic, they were done with the Paleozoic, Upper
Cretaceous - Lower Tertiary, Upper Tertiary and Quaternary. Everything stated was
performed Tectonism effect of convergence plates known as Nazca Plate and Plate of
America which resulted in the formation of the Andes, in magmatism and
mineralization.

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OBJECTIVES

 Investigate the geological potential macro- framework of South Region of Peru.

 To study the relationship in space-time between sites and associated

magmatism.

 Knowing the characteristics of mineralization and deposits in a regional range.

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GEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL IN THE SOUTH OF PERU Macroregion

1. GENESIS OF DEPOSITS RELATED GEOLOGICAL AGES

The general orientation of the Andes is NW-SE direction. There were several
orogenies, namely:

1.1. ANDES´ OROGENY

The rocks that form the base of the Andes are Precambrian metamorphic and age,
outcropping in the Eastern Cordillera and the Cordillera of the Coast Range.

In the Andean Paleozoic belt there were two cycles: sedimentation geosynclines
environments, each cycle ended stages tectonism, magmas and possible
mineralization, related first and second Devonian in the Late Middle Pérmian.
Paleozoic rocks and mineral deposits are mostly in the Eastern Cordillera and the
Coastal Range. Tectonics of Mesozoic and Cenozoic are responsible for the formation
of the Andes. The post-orogenic volcanism affected more ancient volcanic rocks in
the Western Mountain Range, the Misti formed in this era. El uplift of the Andes in
the Pleistocene reached a height of 4.200 to 4.400 meters.

1.2. TECTONICS REGARDING THE PROVINCES AND SEASONS

METALLOGENIC METALLOGENIC IN PERU.

The Andes formed by effect of compression forces of America plate and the Nazca
plate. Nazca Plate, the lithosphere crust migrates from west to east and gradually
submerges beneath the plate of America. Bark plate America migrates from east to
west, the resistance offered to this migration Nazca plate the Andes (Sutulov, A.
1978) was formed.

Tectonism as a result of the convergence of plates referred to in the orogeny of the

Upper Cretaceous - Lower Tertiary resulted in the emergence of the Western
Cordillera of the Andes with an intense magmatism in the western edge of the
Western Cordillera which resulted in the location of Coastal batholith mainly whose
residual solutions were rich in Cu, Au-Cu which resulted in the Metallogenic
Province Cu batholith of the Coast and Coastal Plain and Metallogenic sub-province
of Au-Cu Coastal batholith in Nazca -Ocoña. The Coastal Batholith is mostly
intermediate acid composition.

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1.3. STRATIGRAPHIC AND MAGMATISM

The oldest rocks of the Basal Complex of the Coast form the foundation and
correspond to gneisses and granites that form the bulk of Arequipa in the Coastal
Mountain Rage, which is accreted the western margin of Gondwana in the Late
Proterozoic (Kraemer et al. , 1995. Zappettini et al., 2001). The age of the
metamorphic rocks is 1 900 Ma metamorphism and age varies between 1200 and
970 Ma (Wasteneys et al., 1995; Martignole & Martelat, 2003. Pino et al., 2004).

In the Pacific flank of the Cordillera Occidental Devonian - Lower Carboniferous is

represented by clastic sediments of the Fm. Machani, Ambo Group and basic
volcanic rocks of the Fm. Junerata the Pennsylvanian. During the Lower Jurassic and
Lower Cretaceous, the Cordillera de la Costa Intrusive records four events from the
Lower Jurassic (~ 185 Ma) to the lower Cretaceous (~ 95 Ma) (Clark et al., 1990). In
the lower Jurassic magmatic underwater activity Fm is also recorded. Chocolate (~
185-150 Ma; Boily et al, 1984. Clark et al., 1990). A late Cretaceous and late
Cretaceous, was placed the Coastal Batholith (Pitcher, 1985) and between the
Cretaceous and Paleoceno andesitic Toquepala Group (59-70 Ma; James et al., 1974;
Sébrier et al., 1983. En Clark et al, 1990).

Fig.1. Genesis of deposits in relation to geological ages.

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1.4. STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION AND HYDROTHERMAL MAGMATISM

RELATED EVENTS

Systems failures are geotectonic delimiting six domains (Figure 3): Nazca-Ocoña,
Cinch-Lluta-Ilo, Puquio-Caylloma-Incapuquio, Abancay- Condorama, Cusco-
LagunillasMañazo and Urcos-Sicuani-Ayaviri. These geotectonic domains are
characterized by a certain age rocks and facies; they may also reflect erosion levels
exhibiting porphyry deposits (deep level) or epithermal systems (cursory level).

In the Coast Range (Tacna-Moquegua Arequipa) is registered up to four intrusive

events (Figure 1) from the Jurassic (~ 185 Ma) to the lower Cretaceous (~ 95 Ma)
(Clark et al 1990). Only the last three events are related to the mineralization (Figure
1 and 2) porphyry Cu-Mo (160-156 Ma) and oxides of Fe-Cu-Au (145 and 105-100
Ma Ma).

Fig. 2. Relationship between the space-time deposit types and associated magmatism
between latitudes 16 - geochronological 18º30' S. Data for hypogene ore: 1 = Clark et
al., 1990; 2 = Clark, 2003; 3 = Quang, 2005; 4 = Estrada, 1975; 5 = Minera Quellaveco,
SA (unpublished); 6 = Zweng & Clark, 1995.

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1.5. METALLOGENIC PROVINCE BATHOLITH COPPER COAST AND COASTAL

PLAIN, METALLOGENIC SUB-PROVINCE OF GOLD - COPPER AS PART OF THE
PROVINCE METALLOGENIC COPPER COASTAL BATHOLITH.

The Metalogenteica Province area is characterized by a set of mineral deposits that

may have certain features in common as its genesis, reservoir type or metal content.

Its geology is Andean Batholith of Upper Cretaceous to Lower Tertiary

predominance of tonalite, granodiorite, diorite and adamellites (1,500 km long, 30
to 40 km wide) with. West Coastal Plain with Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic
and sedimentary rocks of the Cenozoic. On the eastern side of the Mesozoic
sedimentary rocks overlain by volcanic rocks of the Cenozoic. It has veins, pipes,
replacement sheets layered rocks older than the batholith as this roof, disseminated
mineralization, porphyry Cu S Country. Replacement deposits are scarce.

The porphyry Cu Cerro Verde, Cuajone, Quellaveco, Toquepala are intrusive rocks
(monzonite, diorite and granodiorite in the Coastal Batholith), or those hanging and
foot wall volcanic rocks. The mineralization is genetically related stocks dacite,
quartz monzonite and cuarcífero, younger than the batholith porphyry; with
chalcopyrite, pyrite, bornite little, little sphalerite, galena therefore, little enargita
little molybdenum. Hydrothermal alterations are intense, the central part of higher
temperature to the lower temperature outside, the alterations are: potassium,
sericite, and Propylitic argilic.

Among Nazca to Ocoña Au-Cu deposits are located, are veins in Batolito transverse
to the direction of Batolito; Au on quartz, pyrite crystals in the chalcopyrite, galena
in. Au many mines are currently exploited in the coastal batholith between Nazca
and Ocoña. Nazca to Mala, Cu veins in rocks of the batholith, in sedimentary and
volcanic formations adjacent to Batholith with chalcopyrite, bornite little galena
with pyrite, quartz.

On the eastern side of the batholith are small veins and metasomatic deposits.
Batholith west of the volcanic deposits exhalation of Condestable, Raul; batholith
east of the volcanic deposits exhalation of Bar in Chosica Peru and Palma with
Mesozoic volcanic hydrothermal mineralization and in some Mesozoic limestone
horizons.

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Fig. 3. Relationship space-time type reservoir between latitudes 14ºS- 16ºS

1.6. STRIPES METALLOGENIC

The metallogenic Fringes belts or sashes are characterized by having in common the
distribution of one or more types of deposits metallogenic Gaza in particular a
specific metallogenic period. They may vary spatially.

Metallic deposits in southern Peru come in different types and are spatially
distributed within geotectonic domains, which are delimited by regional faults
systems that have controlled type mineralization at particular times. Thus, twelve
defined metallogenic strips (annex1):

1) Strip deposits Cu-Fe-Au-Jurassic medium.

2) Cu porphyry strip medium-Jurassic.
3) Strip deposits Cu-Fe-Au Lower Cretaceous.
4) Au deposits strip-Cu-Pb-Zn related to the Coastal Batholith Upper
Cretaceous.
5) Gaza porphyry Cu-Mo Upper Cretaceous.
6) Strip porphyry Cu-Mo Paleocene
7) Strip porphyry Cu-Mo Eocene.

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8) Gaza polymetallic deposits related to Paleocene-Eocene intrusives. Strip

epithermal Au-Ag Tertiary.
9) Strip epithermal Au-Ag Miocene.
10)Gaza polymetallic epithermal deposits overlapping Miocene
11)Strip epithermal Au-Ag Pliocene.

The stripes represent metallogenic epochs of mineralization extending along

structures and lithologies that have favored private mineralization deposits. Thus,
you can find different bands within metallogenic geotectonic domains, which are
characterized by being formed by lithologic units of a certain age and limited by
large fault systems.

2. ORE

It is said that a deposit is to the natural concentration of a particular mineral or

mineral group that can be exploited for use by humankind. Instead, an ore is a
mineral substance concentration that can be extracted with economic benefit. Its
useful components are called ore minerals and accompanying no economic value,
bargain.

The concentration of a given mineral is called "degree" of a mineral deposit. In

mining, a mineral deposit is classified by grade ore concentration high enough to
make it economical to extract mining exploitation.

Some are formed by processes within the earth's crust, while others are formed by
surface or near surface processes. In both cases formation mechanisms are similar.

2.1. DEPOSITS ORIGIN MINERALS

The origin of mineral deposits can be as varied as are the geological processes, and
process virtually any geologic deposits can lead to more restrictive minerals.
Studies, consider two large groups of fields:

The mineral, whether metallic or industrial, are often rooted in local phenomena
affecting a rock or set of them.

The industrial rocks, corresponding to specific areas of the rock, have local
characteristics that favor mining exploitation.

2.2. FORMATION OF DEPOSITS

By igneous processes:

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1) plutonism: It produces industrial rocks (granites broad), and metal and

industrial minerals (called orthomagmatics the deposits, due to the
accumulation of minerals in magma chambers).
2) volcanism: Produces industrial rocks (some "granitic" varieties, aggregates,
pozzolans), and metal ores (often in conjunction with sedimentary
processes: type deposits "Sedex" or volcano-sedimentary).

The Mineral Endogenous are located in deep geological structural zones,

geochemical processes related internal Earth.

 Magmatic: Formed with the cooling of magma.

 Pegmatitic: Waste solutions formed from magmatic origin.

 Carbonatitics: Related intrusive central type alkaline ultrabasic composition.

 Skarns: Formed by metasomatism between intrusive silicate and calcareous

layers.

 Albite-greissen: Formed in the apical parts of acid and alkaline intrusive.

 Hydrothermal: Formed from hot fluids-gassing liquids.

 Massive Sulphide: Formed from volcanic processes related to

eugeosinclinálicas areas.

Exogenous Mineral deposits are related to geochemical processes that took place in
the past or currently being carried out on surface areas of the Earth or near it. They
are formed from the decomposition of rocks or pre-existing material, in some cases
by adding sub or near the coast volcanic material.

 Weathering: formed by rocks or altering existing deposits in the oxidation

zone.

 Pleasure: formed during weathering or destruction of mineral deposits old

bodies with chemically stable minerals, high hardness or high specific
gravity.

 Sedimentary: formed by differentiation of the mineral material by chemical,

biochemical, mechanical or volcanogenic during sedimentary processes.

The non-combustible Metamorfogénicos are those formed during metamorphic

processes.

 metamorphosed: They are created in the reformation of old deposits.

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 metamorphic: Formation of new minerals from metamorphic rock.

2.3. TYPES OF DEPOSIT

1) Porphyry copper:
- Deposits are low grade, high tonnage and irregularly.
- Porphyries in Peru has molybdenum as a byproduct.
- Porphyries in Cajamarca as Cerro Corona, Minas Conga, El Galeno, most
gold is the Porphyry Copper central and southern Peru.
- Some of these sites have zoning of alteration and vertical zoning.
- Example: Toromocho Cerro Verde, Toquepala, Cuajone Antaccpacay.

2) Skars:
- They are formed by replacement of limestone by hydrothermal fluids of
high temperature (700-600C) resulting in significant deposit. They are
polymetallic and contain metals such as copper, iron, manganese,
molybdenum, etc.
- Example: Antamina, Tintaya, Las Bambas.

3) Veining or Cordilleranos:
- It is one of the groups of basic metal deposits.
- Main we found: Copper, Tungsten, Lead, Zinc, Silver, Gold, which are
strongly controlled by associated streaks porphyritic base metal deposits.
- Example: Casapalca Minas Ocoña Julcani, Morococha, San Cristobal.

4) Epithermal:
- Originate from fluid near the surface, it mixes with fluid meteoric
conditions change pressure and temperature, precipitating minerals.
- Gold, Electrum, Enargite, Bornite: minerals as found.
- Example: Orcopampa Yanacocha, Pierina, Tantahuatay.

5) IOCG
- Epigenetic deposits characterized by containing large amounts of oxides
of Fe (mainly magnetite and hematite) associated with Fe-Cu sulfides ±
Au, Ag, U, CO3, F, Ba, Mo, Bi, Co.
- D.E.Pormineral site related to processes magmatoTicos and
hydrothermal, within which it is possible to recognize different types of
deporsites.
- Very important economicormica, it includes some of the mineral deposits
mtos big world.

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Fig.4. epithermal deposits.

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CONCLUSIONS

 In southern Peru magmatism and hydrothermal mineralizing events have

been controlled by six regional fault systems NO-SE delimiting six times
geotectonic domains containing mineralization of different types of deposits.
 They have been recognized twelve metallogenic stripes representing the age
of mineralization of different types of deposits. Mineralization ages range
from the mid-upper Jurassic to the Pliocene and involve major economic
elements iron, copper, gold and polymetallic.
 The temporal and spatial distribution of metal deposits is controlled by
tectonic and magmatic evolution.
 Ages are younger mineralization towards the Western Cordillera, along with
the migration of magmatic arcs. Ages range from the Middle Jurassic to the
Pliocene.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Guilbert, J. Park, C. (1986). "The Geology of Ore Deposits (Metallogenie provinces,

epochs, and plate tectonics)."

SUTULOV, A. (1978). "International Molybdenum Encyclopaedia (Tectonic

Evolution of Andean magmatism and Metallogeny relatedto paleo - Benioff Zones".

Benavides, A. & Vidal, C. 1999. Exploration and mineral discoveries in Peru. In

PacRim`99 Conference, Proceedings, p.187-195.

Carlotto V., 2005. synorogenic Tertiary basins in the Altiplano and Western
Cordillera of southern Peru. special issue of the Geological Society of Peru. Vol. No.6.
p. 102-126.

AH Clark, 1990. Geologic and geochronologic constraints on the metallogenic

evolution of the Andes of southeastern Peru. SEG.1990; v. 85; do not. 7; p. 1520-
1583.

Injoque J., 2001. incombustible oxide Fe-Cu-Au in Peru, an integral vision. XI

Peruvian Geological Congress. Scientific work. Geological Society of Peru.

Jacay J., T. Sempere, Husson L. & Pino A .; 2002. Structural Characteristics of the
Incapuquio fault system, southern Peru. Fiveth isag, Toulouse, France, p. 319-321.

Pino A., T. Sempere, Jacay J. M. 2004. Stratigraphy & Fornari, paleogeografía and
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(Tacna). Pub. Eng. No. 05 GSP IRD. p. 15-44.

D. Romero, A. Sanchez, M. Cruz, Ticona P., Rodriguez R. 2002. Transpesional motios

along the Western Coastal Range beltboundary since the late Cretaceous (southern
Peru, 16 S) 5th ISAG. Extended abstracts. p. 541-544

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