INTEENATIONAL CRITICAL TABLES

NATIONAL AND LOCAL SYSTEMS OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

CHARLES-EDOUARD GUILLAUME AND CHARLES VOLET

Plan.—Section A: International Metric System; list of countries On January 1, 1925, the metric system was compulsory in:
in which its use was compulsory on January 1, 1925; list of those Algeria Greece Peru
in which its use was either legally optional or partially compulsory Allemagne Guam Poland
on same date. Argentina Guatemala Porto Rico
Austria Haiti Portugal and colonies
Section B: Other modern systems; the more important units at Autriche Holland Rumania
present in use or in use before adoption of metric system. Belgium Honduras Russia
Section C: Weights and measures of antiquity. Bolivia Hungary Salvador
Style and Abbreviations.—Only the singular number of the Brazil Iceland Schweden
Bulgaria Italy & colonies Schweiz
names of the units are used; ten meters will appear as 10 meter. Chile Japan Serbie-Croatie-Slovénie
Units of area and of volume will be written in the form centi- Colombia Kolumbien Seychelles Islands
meter2 (=cm 2 ) and centimeter8 (=cm 3 ), respectively. Congo, Belgian Kongo, Belgisch Siam
Costa Rica Kuba Spain
Cuba Luxemburg Suède
ca. Value given is only approximate. Czechoslovakia Malta Suisse
Denmark Mauritius Svèzia
ch. Units have changed from time to time. Deutschland Mexico Svizzera
cm2 Square centimeter = centimètre carré = Quadrat- Ecuador Netherlands & colonies Sweden
zentimeter = centimetro quadrato. Equateur Nicaragua Switzerland
current Units, other than metric, which are now in use; some Espagne Norway Tchécoslovaquie
of the units included in this class are practically Filippine Olanda UngarQ
obsolete. (See Local.) Finland Österreich Ungheria
local Units of local or native origin or derivation which are France Panama Uruguay
Germany Pay-Bas & colonies Venezuela
in use, but which are embraced neither by the
Gioppóne Philippine Islands Yugoslavia
metric system nor by that of the central govern-
ment. Applies mainly to colonial possessions. On the same date, it was legally optional or partially compulsory
(See Current.) in:
m3 Cubic meter = mètre cube = Kubikmeter = metro
Canada Great Britian Irish Free State
cubico. China T .. ,, ParaguayJ
m.c. International metric system compulsory since . . . T^, , India,nBritish _ ,
Egypt Turkey
m.o. International metric system legally optional since . . Ethiopia Ireland, Northern United States of America
older Units used before adoption of international metric
system. The fundamental units are: METER (m), which is the distance
older = The older units were those of ... at O0C between the axes of two lines ruled on the prototype
provincial Units vary from one province or city to another. deposited at the Bureau international des Poids et Mesures,
since . . . = . . . Since . . . the units have been the same Sèvres, France; KILOGRAM (kg), which is the mass of the prototype
a s those o f ... deposited at the same Bureau; and LITER (1), which is the volume
v. Vide — see. of one kilogram of pure water at the temperature of its maximum
var. Units are variable, not rigidly denned. density, under the pressure of one normal atmosphere.1
The primary units of the system are the meter (m), micron
(fj,) — 10~6 meter, gram (g) = 10~3 kilogram, liter (1), are (a) =
A. INTERNATIONAL METRIC SYSTEM area of a square with a side 10 meter long, and stere (s) = volume
of a cube with an edge one meter long. The units of area [of
The decimal metric system, established in France by the Loi volume], characterized by the adjective square [cubic], are not
du 7 Avril, 1795, and represented by standards deposited in the derived from a primary unit, but are each defined as the area
Archives de France, became international on May 20, 1875, by [volume] of a square [cube] with side [edge] equal to the stated unit
the action of the Convention Internationale du Mètre. The new of length. The names of other secondary units are formed by
standards, of platinum-iridium, constructed at that time and serv- attaching to the name of a primary unit certain prefixes of unvary-
ing as the basis of the international system, were copied from those ing significance,
of the Archives. i Normal atmosphere, v, p. 18.
 Secondary units. Length Unit Ngu2
LENGTH m = meter l pic (dzera àtorky) = 0.640m 1 mau = 900
6 1 pic (dzera à rabry) = 0.480 m !quo =1800
AI micron* = 10~ m
mm millimeter = 10~3 m Unit Pic Capacity
cm centimeter = 10~2 m 1 terrain = J 1 hao or shita = 28.26 1
dm decimeter = IO"1 m 1 rebia = f 1 tao = 2 hao
dkm dekameter = 10 m 1 nus = J Angola.—m.c. 1910.
hm hectometer = IO2 m Mass Arabia.—Provincial, current :
km kilometer = IO3 m lukkia = 34.13g Length
Mm myriameter = IO4 m
l metical = ca. 4.7 g 1 covid = 0.482 m
megameter = IO6 m
Unit Ukkia 1 guz = 0.635 m
* m/t millimicron = IO"9 m A*M micromicron = IO"12 m l rottolo à thary =16 1 cassaba = 3.84 m
MASS g = gram l rottolo à khadhary = 18 l farsakh = 4.83 km
Aig* microgram = 10~6 g l rottolo à kebyr = 24 Unit Farsakh
mg milligram = 10~3 g l cantar = 100 1 baryd == 4
eg centigram = 10~2 g rottolo 1 marhala = 8
dg decigram = IO"1 g Capacity, dry Mass
dkg dekagram = 10 g 1 caffiso « 317.47 1 1 maund = 1350 g
hg hectogram = IO2 g 1 saah = 58 1 1 rati = ca. 460 g
kg kilogram = IO3 g 1 tarri = y1^ caffiso Unit Maund
q metric quintal = IO2 kg = IO5 g l coffilas = T^7
t metric ton = IO3 kg = IO6 g Capacity, liquid 1 vakias __ 1
e metric carat = 200 mg 1 khoull = 16f 1 or 16 1 1 tukeas "^
* Symbol 7 also used. Allemagne v. Germany. 1 farzil _ _
CAPACITY 1 = liter = 1.000 027 dm3 Anam.—var.: eh., current:* 1 farecella ~~
1 bahar _
/J * microliter = 10~~6 1 Length
1 bokard " 10U
ml milliliter = 10~31 1 thuoc moc = 0.425 m
cl centiliter = 10~21 Capacity, dry
1 thuoc de ruong = 0.470 m
dl deciliter = IO"11 l thuoc vai = 0.644 m 1 téman = 85 1
dkl dekaliter = 10 1 Unit Thuoc Unit Téman
hi hectoliter = IQ 2 1 1 Iy = 0.001 1 mecmeda Ì __ l
* Symbol X also used. l phan = 0.01 1 kella J ~~ ^
AREA m 2 = square meter l tat = 0.1 1 mec dénia = -g^
mm 2
square millimeter = IO"6 m 2 l tarn ) _ . Capacity, liquid
cm2 square centimeter == 10~4 m2 l ngu / -ö 1 nusfiah = 0.79 1 or
dm2 square decimeter = 10~2 m 2 l truong = 10 = 0.95 1
a are = IO2 m 2 l sao = 15
Unit Nusfiah
ha hectare = IO 2 a l chai vai \
1 vakia = yV
km 2 square kilometer = IO6 m 2 l that / - 3°
1 cuddy == 4
l mao = 150
VOLUME m 3 = cubic meter 1zudda = 8
l gon = 300
mm a cubic millimeter — 10~9 m 3 Argentine Republic.—m.c.
Mass 1887; m.o. 1863. Older,* pro-
cm3 cubic centimeter = 10~6 m3
dm3 cubic decimeter = 10~3 m3 l dong = 3.775 g vincial :
km 3 cubic kilometer == 109 m3 l picul = 60 kg Length
ds decistere = 0.1 s = IO"1 m3 Unit Dong 1 vara = 0.8666 m
s stère = 1 m3 l hao = 0.001
Unit Vara
dks dekastere = 10 s = 10 m 3 l Ii = 0.01
1 linea = ^-3-
l fan = 0.1
l pulgada = ^V
l luong = 10
B. MODERN SYSTEMS 1 pie = i
l neu = 100
1 braza =2
Abyssinia.—var. : current, ca. : l wakea = yV l can = 160
1 cuadra =150
l mocha = ^V l yen = 1600
1 légua = 6000
Length l binh = 8000
Capacity, dry Mass
1 pic = 0.686 m l ta = 16 000 l libraf = 459.4 g
1 farsang = 5.07 km l madega = 0.44 l l quan = 18 000
Unit Libra
l ardeb = 10 or 24 madega
1 berri = f farsang Area 1 grano = -gTlTir
Capacity, liquid l ngu2 = 4.5156 m 2 1 adarme = -5^
Mass 1 onza = Y1^
l kuba = 1.016 l Unit Ngu2
I rottolo = 311 g Ägypten v. Egypt. l thuoc = 6 * National system derived from old
Unit Rottolo Äthiopien v. Ethiopia. Spanish. Units given are those of
l sao = 90 province of Buenos Aires.
1 drachm = i _ JL Algeria.—Since 1843 = * By an ordinance of 1872, units t 1 libra de farmacia = i libra =
1 derime = J 1 "** France. Older: were defined in terms of metric. 344.5 g.
 Unit Libra Capacity, dry Mass Unit Guz
1 arroba = 25 l Metze = 61.489 l 1 livre = 489.5 g 1 hath ^
1 quintal =100 Unit Livre 1 covid f- = f
1 tonelada = 2000 Unit Metze
l Probmetze = T^J 1 loth = -fa 1 cubit J
Area l Becher =T^ 1 once = TV Mass
1 vara = 0.75 m 2
2 l Futtermassel = -£-% 1 marc = \ 1 seer = 317.5147 g
l Muthmassel = -fe l stein =8 Unit Seer
Capaciti/, dry l Achtel = i 1 quintal = 100 1 tank = -^2-
l fanega = 137.1977 l l Viertel =J 1 chariot =165 1 pice \ -, ,
Unit Fanega l Muth = 30 1 balle = 200 lparah j = & °r W
l cuartilla = î 1 schiffpfund = 300 1 maund = 40
l tonelada = 7.5 Capacity, liquid 1 charge = 400 1 candy = 800
l lastre =15 l Mass = 1.41511 Area Area
Capacity, liquid Unit Mass 1 arpent = 400 perche2 Unit Are
l Pfiff = i = 130.6 a 1 ground = 2.03
l frasco = 2.375 l l Seidel =i Birmanie v. British India, 1 biggah = 24.68
Unit Frasco l Halbe = \ 1 kani = 30.75
Rangoon.
l octava = yV l Viertel = 10 Bolivia.—m.c. 1893; m.o. 1 cawnie = 54
l cuarta =î l Eimer = 40 1 chahar = 2962
1871. Older = Spain.
l baril = 32 l Fass = 400 Brazil.—m.c. 1862. Older:* Capacity
l cuarter = 48 l Dreiling = 1200
l pipa = 192 Length 1 parah = 110.1 1
l Fuder = 1280
1 pé ' ' = 0.33 m Unit Parah
Austria.—m.e. 1876; m.o. Balearic Islands.—v. Spain.
1873. Older: Unit Pe 1 tipree = ^
Local : 1 palmo =f 1 seer = -fa
Length Length 1 vara = 3^ 1 adoulie = ^
1 Fuss* =0.316 08 m 1 passo geometrico = 5 1 candy = 8
l canna = 1.564 m
1 Ell = 0.7792 m 1 braca = 6f 1 garce = 80
l palmos = I canna
1 legoa = 20 000 CALCUTTA.
Unit Fuss
Mass Mass Length
l Punkt = TT3T
l Linie = -J-J-J- 1 rottolo = 408 g 1 libra = 459.05 g 1 guz* = 0.9144 m
l Zoll = TV Unit Rottolo Unit Libra Unit Guz
l Klafter =6 1 libra major =3 1 onza = Yg- 1 jaob 1 i
l Meile = 24 000 1 corta =9 1 marco = ^ IjOW J ~" T
Mass, (T) ordinary 1 quartano =9 1 arroba t = 32 1 unglee = ^5-
1 arroba = 26 1 quintal = 128 1 moot = ^V
l Pfund = 560.01 g 1 tonelada = 1728
1 misura = 36 1 span = I
Unit Pfund 1 cantaro barbaresco = 100 Area 1 covid \ _ i
l Pfennig! _ a 1 cantaro =104 1 haut J ~ 2
1 tarefa = 30 to 40 a
l Denat J " ^T^ 1 cargo = 312 1 danda =2
1 alqueire = 242 or 484 a
l Quentchen = y^g" 1 niranga = 10
l Loth = -gÇ Capacity, dry Capacity
1 coss = 2000
l Unze = tV 1 almude = 31.944 1
1 quartera = 71.97 1 Mass
l Vierding = i 1 alqueire = 40 to 320 1
l Mark =i Unit Quartera 1 seer = 933.04 g
Unit Almude
l Stein = 20 1 barcella = £ Unit Seer
1 almude = ^ 1 canada = y1^
l Zentner = 100 1 pipa = 15 1 ruttee = y^nfir
l Saum = 275 Capacity, liquid 1 tonel = 30 1 masha = -C^-Q
l Karch = 400 ltolahl !
l quartin = 27.14 l feritain, British v. Great
1 sicca J ^
Mass, (2) for drugs Britain.
Unit Quartin I chittack = T^
l Pfund apoth. = f Pfund l quarte = -f$ British India.—m.o. 1920. 1 pouah =J
= 420.01 g l quarta = -^V Current: British and local. 1 raik =f
Local, J provincial : 1 pally i
Unit Pfund apoth. Bavaria v. Germany. 5
l Gran = ^ 7^-3- BOMBAY. 1 dhurra J
Belgian Congo.—m.c. 1911. 1 maund (bazar) = 40
1 Scrupel = -%%-$ Length
Belgium.—m.c. 1820; at first Area
l Drachme = ^C 1 &uz = 0.6858 m
with the names: aune = m,
l Unze = y1-^ Unit Guz 1 guz2 = 0.836126 m2
litron = 1, livre = kg, once =
A rea hg, lood = dg, wigtje = g, 1 tassoos = -^f Unit Guz2
Older: * Those of Portugal, with notable l chattack = 5
l Joch = 1600 Klafter2 loöal differences. 1 cottah = 80
= 57.557 a Length t 1 arroba metrica = 15 kg. 1 biggah = 1600
l Metze = | Joch t| Local or national measures are
1 perche = 6.497 m notv denned by their equivalents in 1 tenab = 2500
* Vienna. 1 pied = fa perche British units. * Old guz = 0.915 m.
British India.—Cont'd. Mass Ceylon v. British India. Unit Tchi
Capacity 1 tical = 16.32 g Chile.—m.c. 1848. Older 1 hao = W~*
were from Spanish ; legal values : 1 1Î = 10~3
1 pally = 5.0 to 5.51 Unit Tical
Length 1 fen = IO-2
Unit Pally 1 ruay = -fa
1 tsouen = IO"1
l chattack = -%-$ 1 pai = TV 1 bara = 0.836 m 1 pou =5
1 khoonke = ^ 1 moo = -g- Unit Bara 1 tchang = 10
1 kunk = i^ 1 mat = ic 1 linea ==
TÌr2" lyin
1 raik =} 1 cattie= 33^ 1 pulgada = -gV yan J
} =100
1 soally = 20 1 viss = 100 1 pie =£ 1 fen = 120
1 khahoon = 320 1 candy = 15 000 1 cuadra =150 kyo = 300
CEYLON. Capacity 1 légua = 5400 Ii = 1800
Length 1 byee = 0.505 1 Mass pou = 18 000
Unit Byee 1 libra = 460.093 g 1 thsan = 144 000
1 covid = 0.464 m
1 lamany = -J- Unit Libra 1 tou = 450 000
Mass Mass
1 zalay = -|- 1 granos = ^y^r
1 candy 1 = ^ g 1 zayoot = 2 1 adarme = -g^ 1 Hang = 37.301 g
1 bahar J ° l seit =4 1 castellano = y-J-^- Unit Liang
Capacity 1 kwai =8 1 onza = ^V 1 hao = 0.0001
1 ammonam = 203.4 1 STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. 1 arroba = 25 1 Hi = 0.001
Unit Ammonam 1 quintale = 100 1 fen = 0.01
1 parrah = -§- Mass
A rea 1 tsien =0.1
1 seer = -^-¥ 1 kati = 604.79 g 1 kin \
Unit Kati 1 bara2 = 0.698 896 m 2 1 , , . >
1A
=16
MADRAS. 1 tchm J
1 tahil = TV Capacity, dry 1 kwan = 480
Length
1 pikul = 100 1 almude = 8.083 1 1 tan = 1600
1 covid = 0.472 m 1 bhara = 300 1 f anega = 12 almude 1 shih = 1920
Mass 1 koyan = 4000 Area
Capacity, liquid
1 seer = 283.495 g Capacity 1 cuartillo = 1.111 1 1 meou = 6000 tchi2
1 cafh = 1.230 447 mg
1 gantang* = 4.545 96 1 1 arroba = 32 cuartillo = 614.4 m 2
Unit Cafh Unit Meou
1 fanam = 80 Unit Gantang China.—m.o. 1903 with the
1 para = 10 following names : 1 hao = T^VTT
1 pagoda = 2880
1 koyan = 800 Length 1 pou2 \ _ _i
Unit Seer l k u n g / ~ 24nr
1 pagoda = -fa Bulgaria.—m.c. 1892. kilometer = sin Ii 1 lyi = Y^0T
1 pollam Ì _ J^ Burma v. British India. hectometer = sin yin 1 fen = TV
8
1 varahan J Cambodia v. Indo-China. dekameter = sin tchang 1 kish =i
1 powe =^ Canada.—m.o. 1871. Cur- meter = sin tchi 1 king = 10
1 vis =5 rent = British,! French names decimeter = sin tshwen 1 ching = 100
1 maund = 40 are: centimeter = sin fen Volume
1 candy = 800 Length millimeter = sin Ii
1 tchi3 = 32.768 dm 3
Area 1 pouce = 1 inch Area
1 cawnie = 53.41 a 1 chaînon = 1 link hectare = sin khing J ma 1 = 100 tchi 3
1 fang J
1 maoney = -^j- cawnie 1 pied = 1 foot are = sin meou Capacity
Capacity 1 verge = 1 yard centare = sin Ii 1 cheng = 1.035 44 1
1 puddy = 1.533 1 1 perche = 1 rod, pole Capacity
1 chaine = 1 chain t Unit Cheng
Unit Puddy kiloliter = sin ping 1 quei = 0.0001
1 olluck = ^ Mass hectoliter = sin chi 1 ço = 0.001
1 measure = 1 1 livre = 1 pound av. dekaliter = sin teou 1 chao = 0.01
1 marcai = 8 1 cent 1 .,, , , . ,, liter = sin cheng 1 yo =0.5
1 parah = 40 !quintal/ = 1 hundred welght deciliter = sin ho lkho =0.1
1 garce = 3200 1 tonneau = 1 short ton centiliter = sin cho 1 to =10
RANGOON. Area milliliter = sin tshwo 1 hou = 50
Length Great diversity in national chei
1 sandong = 0.5588 m
1 arpent = 34.196 a
system; since 1908, defined by Jl sei Jl =100
Capacity metric equivalents. (The or- 1 ping = 500
Unit Sandong
1 pinte = 1 quart thography here employed is Capacity, liquid
1 palgat = -^
1 chopine = 1 pint arbitrary; there is diversity in
1 taim 1 _ 9 Liquids are measured by
1 boisseau = 8 gallons provincial pronunciation.)
1 cubit J ~TT weight.
1 Ian =4 1 minot = 39.025 1 Length Chypre, Cipro v. Cyprus.
1 bamboo 1 _ 7 * Gantang = British gallon. 1 tchi = 0.32 m Cochin-China v. Indo-China.
1 dha / ~7 f Old French measures have been Unit Tchi
used, but only minot and arpent are Columbia.—m.c. 1854, but
1 oke thapal = 140 now in use. 1 hoe = 10~6 following, derived from metric
1 dain = 7000 Î Gunther's. 1 su = KT5 system, are current:
 Length Capacity Capacity Unit Pott
1 vara = 0.8 m 1 bocoy = 136.27 1 1 merice* = 70.6 1 l viertel =8
1 barrile = ^ bocoy l fod3 = 32
Unit Vara l korec 1 =93.5921
C y p r u s.—British system. 1 strych J l anker* = 40
1 pulgada = -fa
Accepted equivalents: l ohm* = 160
1 cuarta = -J Denmark.—m.c. 1912; m.o.
l oxhoft* = 240
1 cuadra =100 Length 1910. Older:
l pipe* = 480
1 légua = 6250 Length
1 pic = 2 foot l fuder* = 960
Mass = 0.6096 m 1 fod = 0.313 857 m Deutschland v. Germany.
1 libra = 500 g Dutch East Indies.—Same as
Mass Unit Fod
Unit Libra 1 linie = y-J-j- Netherlands. Old Dutch and
^ 1 / = 2 . 8 pound a v
1 onza = yV loke 1 tomme = -fa local measures are also used.
1 arroba = 25 \ = 1270.06 g
1 moosa* = 50700 g 1 afti =2 Latter very variable; recently
1 quintal = 100 1 faon, favn = 6 they have been legally defined
1 saco = 125 Unit Oke by their metric equivalents.
1 drachme = -%^-$ 1 ruthe = 10
1 carga = 250 1 miil = 24 000 Current :
1 tonelada = 2000 1 rottolo =0.44 Length
1 stone =5 Mass 1 depa = 1.70 m
Area
l kantar = 44
I vara2 = 0.64 m 2 l kantar (Aleppo) =180
1 pund = 500 g Unit Depa
l fanegada = 10 000 vara2 l ton = 800 Unit Pund 1 hasta = J
Cirénaïque v. Tripoli. l es "vAr* 1 kilan = i
A rea 1 ort = -sfa
Congo, Belgian.—m.c. 1911. Mass. (1) Ordinary
Costa Rica, Guatemala, , , / = 1600 yard2 1 quintin =
ITS"
ldonum j = 13378a } pikol
.l =61.761 3025 kg
Honduras, Nicaragua, Salva- 1 loth = -fa 1 pecul J
dor.—m.c. 1912 by a joint con- l scala = l donum 1 unze = -j^ Unit Pikol
vention; in partial use at earlier Capacity 1 mark = J
1 thail = y^Vff
dates. Older (modified Span- l oke = 1.278 55 l i 1 bismerpund = 12
1 catti \ __ i
ish, English, and local): l cass = 4.73 l 1 lispund =16 1 kabi J - TTTU- .
Length l kilef =36.3681 ÎWOg =36 1 kulack = 0.0725
l medimno = 75.05 l 1 waag
1 vara = 0.8393 m (Costa Rica) 1 amat =2
l kartos = 4 oke 1 quintal =m
1 small bahar = 3
= 0.8359 m (Guatemala) 1 centner
= 0.8128 m (Honduras) l kouza = 8 oke 1 large bahar =4.5
l gomari =128 oke 1 skippund = 320 1 timbang == 5
Unit Vara 1 skyplast = 5200
1 cuarta = -J- Cyrenaïca v. Tripoli. 1 ko jang
1 quint =0.1
l tercia = ^- Czechoslovakia.—m.c. 1876. J (Batavia) = 1667.555 kg
1 ort = 0.01 1 ko jang
1 mecate = 24 Local:
i kvint = 0.001 (Semarang) = 1729.316 kg
Mass Length
l latro = 1.917 m Area 1 kojang
l caja = 16 kg (Soerabaya) = 1852.839 kg
l fanega = 92 kg BOHEMIA. 1 tondelande = 55.162 a
l carga = 161 kg l stopa§ = 0.296 m 1 tonde = 283.69 a Mass. (2) For precious metals
l sah = 1.778 m Unit Tonde 1 thail = 54.090 g
Area
l mile = 7.003 km 1 penge = -gfa Unit Thail
l manzana = 10 000 vara2 1 album = -g^
PRAGUE. 1 wàng = TV
= 6960.5 m 2 (Costa 1 fjerdingar = -fa
l loket = 0.593 m 1 tatti = TV
Rica) 1 skiepper = J
MORAVIA. 1 sojekoe = J
= 6987.4 m 2 (Guat- 1 pflug = 32
l stopa§ = 0.284 m 1 reaal = ^
emala)
= 6987.4 m 2 (Nica- l loket = 0.594 m Capacity, dry Mass. (3) For opium
ragua) SILESIA. I korntonde = 139.12 1 1 thail = 38.601 g
l caballeria = 64 manzana l loket =0.579 m Unit Thail
l mile = 6.483 km Unit Korntonde
Capacity 1 pott = T^1- l tji = 0.1
Area l achtel = -J--Ç 1 tjembang Mata 1 _
l botella = 0.63 to 0.67 l
BOHEMIA. l viertel = -fa 1 hoen / " a°01
l cajuela = 16.6 l
l merice = 19.99 a 1 skieppe l _ i Area
Cuartillo is very variable.
l korec 1 ottingkar J ~~ 8 lbahoei = 7 0 9 6 5 a
Cuba.—m.c. 1858, but others
l strych = 28.78 a l fjerdingkar = J 1 bouw J
(old Spanish, American, and
local) are current:
l mira l last = 22 l Heue21 = 55.0632 km
Unit Korec Volume
Mass Capacity, liquid
l jitro =2 1 kojang = 1.976 362 m 3
1 tonelada = 1015.65 kg l pott = 0.9661 l
l lan = 60 1 toembak = 6.684 m 3
1 tercio = 72.22kg * Moosa = hundredweight. Unit Pott
Capacity, dry
Area f Kile = bushel. I paegel = J
j Old Vienna (v. Austria) and some 1 kojang = 2011.26791
1 caballeria l kande =2
local measures were still in use when 1 pikol = -fa kojang
Cubana = 1342.02 a the state was established.
l stubchen = 4
* Variable,
1 cordele = -g^ caballeria § Stopa = strevic. * Moravian. t Geographic.
Dutch East Indies.—Cont'd. England v. Great Britain. Mass Unit Livre
Capacity y liquid Equateur v. Ecuador. 1 kasm = 3.90 g 1 quintal = 100
(Legal equivalents) Eritrea.—m. o. Local, pro- l neter = 336 g 1 millier = 1000
vincial : l farasula* = 13.478 kg Unit Livre (Ch)
Unit Liter
Length Ifarasulaf = 16.85kg 1 sol = -fa
1 takar* = 25.770 l farasulaî = 17.972 kg
1 cubi = 0.32 m 1 denier = -g-J--^
1 kit* = 15.159
1 emmet i fi Unit Kasm 1 obole = -^-o
1 koelak* = 3.709 j i. Jr — °-46 m
il derah l mutagalla = 2 1 grain = -^Vo
1 kanf = 1.5751
Mass l alada =4 Area
1 mutsjef = 0.1516
l rotolo = 448 g l wogiet =8 lpied 2 =0.10552 m 2
1 pintje* = 0.0758
l okia = yV rotolo Capacity Unit Pied2
Ecuador.—m.c. 1865, but the
British and, more generally the l gisla = 163 kg l menelik = = 1 1 (approximate) 1 toise2 = 36
old Spanish, measures are Capacity Filippine v. Philippine. 1 perche de Paris = 324
currently used. Finland.—m.c. 1892; m.o. 1 perche des Eaux
l messe = 1.50 l
Egypt.—m.o. 1873; m.c. in 1887. Older (Russian and et Forêts = 484
Unit Messe local) :
government use, 1891. Cur- l cabaho = 4 1 arpent de Paris = 32 400
rent: J A rea 1 arpent des Eaux
l tanica =12 1 tunnland = 46.54 a
Length l ghebeta = 16 et Forêts = 48 400
1 diraa baladi = 0.58 m l entelam = 128 Capacity Capacity, dry
1 kassabah = 3.55 m Espagne v. Spain. 1 tunna = 163.49 1 1 boisseau = 1.862 78 1*
Unit Diraa Esthonia.—Russian and local. 1 kannor = -fa tunna
Unit Boisseau
1 kirat = -21^ Current : 1 ottingar = 15.71 1
1 litron = py
1 abdat =^ 1 sextingkar = \ ottingar
Length 1 quart = \
1 kadam = \ France.—m.c. 1794. Other 1 minot =3
l archine (Rus-
1 pic =1 sian) = 0.7112m legal units : 1 mine =6
1 gasab =4 1 elle (Livonian) = 0.6096 m Length 1 setier = 12
1 mil hachmi = 1000 Unit Archine 1 mille marin = 1852 m 1 muid = 144
1 farsakh = 3000 1 elle (Kuunar) = 0.75 Volume Capacity, liquid
Mass l faden =3 1 tonneau de jauge = 2.83 m 3 1 muid =274.239 11
1 oke = 1248 g Mass 1 tonneau de mer = 1.44 m 3 l muid = 268.241 1{
Unit Oke Old measures derived from l pinte = 0.931 389 1§
l pfund = 430 g
1 kirat = virVfr the system of Charlemagne are : Unit Pinte
Unit Pfund
1 dirhem = ¥^7 Length l roquille = 3*3-
l quent = -j-J-g-
1 miskal = -^f -$ l loth = ^2 1 toise§ = 1.949 0365 m II 1 posson = •£
1 okieh = 0.03 l liespfund = 20 1 toise§ = 1.949 09OmIf l demi-setier = -J-
1 rotoli = 0.36 l centner = 120 Unit Toise 1 chopine = \
1 kantar = 36 l tonne = 240 1 ligne = gl¥ l pot =2
1 helm = 200 l schiffspfund = 400 1 pouce = -fa l velte =8
Area 1 pied =£ l quarteau = 72
Area 1 aune = 0.6064
1 feddan = 42.008 a l feuillette = 144
Reval 1 lieue = 2280.3 l muid = 288
Unit Feddan l lofstelle = 18.55 a 1 mille marin = 950.13 Frància, Isola di v. Mauritius.
1 sahme = -5^ l tonnland = 54.627 a 1 lieue marine = 2850.4 Frankreich v. France.
1 kirat kamel = -fa Livonian
1 feddan masri = 1 l lofstelle = 37.1 a Mass Germany.—m.c. 1872. Since
l tonnland = 51.94 a 1 livre** = 489.505 85 g the beginning of the nineteenth
Capacity
Unit Livre century, the other units and
I keddah « 2.0625 1 Capacity their interrelations have been
1 grain = Q^
Unit Keddah l hulmit = 11.48 l fairly definite, but before that
1 scruple = ¥|-T
1, kirat =^ Unit Hulmit there was great diversity.
1 khanoubah = yV
1 gros I _ JL
l lof (Reval) =3 1 drachme J - T a * Length: fundamental unit was
1 toumnah = | l lof (Livonian) =6 Fuss (foot), its value, depend-
1 once = i^g-
1 robhah =J l tonne (Livonian) =12 ing upon the state, varied from
1 nisf keddah = J
1 marc ft =\
Etablissements des Détroits * For ivory, 0.280 to 0.320 m. The one
1 malouah =2 v. British India. t For coffee. most extensively used was the
lrob I 4 Etats-Unis v. United States. Î For rubber. Rheinlandischer Fuss (Rhenish
1 roubouh J § Toise de Pérou at 16.250C. foot) = 0.313 857 m. Mass:
Ethiopia.—var. Current : Il Equivalent made legal in 1799.
1 keila =8 fundamental unit was Pfund
Length 1f By measurement, in 1887, by
1 ardeb = 96 J. R. Benoit. * From 1 muid = 268.241 1 by
1 daribah = 768 (Approximate only) ** One livre de Charlemagne = relation 144 boisseau = 1 muid (see
* For oil. Unit cm 367.128 g. Capacity, Liquid).
t For various products. 1 tat = 2.5 ttl Marc de la Rochelle = 244.75 g t Legal value.
J In national system, units and 1 gat = 8 1 Marc de Limoges = 240.93 g Î Derived from concrete stand-
their interrelations were very variable, 1 Marc de Tours = 237.87 g ards.
but since 1891, have been defined by 1 sinzer = 16 1 Marc de Troyes et § From 1 muid « 268.241 1 by
their metric equivalents. 1 kend = 49 Paris = 260.05 g relation 288 pinte » 1 muid.
(pound), its value generally Capacity, dry set in a bronze bar preserved at Avoirdupois (av.)
varied little from 467 g; during l Metze = 3.435 89 l the Standards Department of (General use)
transition period preceding 1872 Unit Metze the Board of Trade. Mass: Unit Pound
the accepted equivalents were l Quart = ^ The pound avoirdupois is the 1 dram (dm.) = -5-^
Pfund = 30 Loth = 300 Zeut l Zoll«- = Tta mass of a certain platinum 1 ounce (oz.) = -fa
= 3000 Korn; Centner = 100 l Scheffel = 16 standard, similarly preserved. 1 clove or customary
Pfund. Older: Capacity: The gallon is the stone =8
Capacity, liquid
BAVARIA. volume of 10 pounds avoirdu-
l Quart = 64 Zoll3 pois of pure water, as weighed
1 stone (legal) = 14
Length l Quart = 1.145031 1 quarter = 28
1 Fuss = 0.291 86 m in air against brass weights, the 1 cental = 100
Unit Quart water and air being at the tem-
1 Elle = 0.833 Ol m 1 hundred-weight
l Anker = 30 perature of 620F and the bar-
Unit Fuss l Eimer = 60 (cwt.) - 112
l Linie = T|¥ ometer at 30 inches. In official
l Ohm = 120 comparisons, the density of 1^l =252*
l Zoll = ^5- l Oxhoft = 180 1 load/
l Ruthe = 10 brass is taken as 8.143 g/cm3. 1 ton = 2240
l Fuder = 720 Some of the units in the follow-
l Chauseemeile = 25 406 WÜRTTEMBERG. Troy (t.)
ing tables are not in current use.
Mass Length (For precious metals)
Length
l Pfund = 560 g l FUSS = 0.286 49 m Unit Grain
1 yard* (yd.) = 0.914 3992 m
Unit Pfund Unit Fuss !foot (ft.) = | y d . 1 pennyweight (dwt.) = 24
l Gran = 7^gtf l Linie = 0.01 = 30.479 97 cm 1 ounce (oz.) = 480
l Pfennig = ^ l Zoll = 0.1 1 inch (in.) = -fa yd. 1 pound (Ib.) = 5760
l Quint = T|-g- l Elle = 2.144 = 2.539 998 cm
l Loth =^ l Ruthe = 10 Apothecary (ap.)
Unit Inch (For dispensing drugs)
l Unze = -fa l Meile = 26 000 1 mil = 0.001
l Zentner = 100 Mass Unit Grain
1 point = -y-g
A rea 1 scruple (s.) = 2 0
l Pfund =467.728 g 1 line = y1^
l Morgen } l Apotheker-Pfund = 357.647g 1 drachm (dr.) = 60
1 barleycorn = \
l Tagwerk \ = 34.072 a Unit Pfund 1 ounce (oz.) = 480
1 nail = 2.25
l Juchert I l Quentlein = -gV 1 pound (Ib.) = 5760
1 palm =3
= 400 Ruthe2 l Loth = 3*2 1 hand =4 Area
Capacity, dry l Mark =| 1 span 1 =g 1 inch2 (sq. in.)
l Metzen = 37.0596 l l Zentner = 104 1 quarter J = 6.451 5898 cm2
Area 1 foot = 12 2
Unit Metzen 1 foot (sq. ft.)
l Ruthe2 = 8.207 66 m 2 1 cubit = 18 = 929.0289 cm2
l Dreissiger = -fa
l Morgen = 384 Ruthe2 1 pace = 30 1 yard2 (sq. yd.)
l Massel = -J-
1 Scheffel =6 l., Juchart
,,, , \> = 57o7A T?„+u
Kutne^ö2 1 yard = 36 = 0.836 1259 m2
l Tagwerk J lell =45 1 acre (A.) = 4046.849 m 2
Capacity, liquid Capacity, dry Unit Foot Unit Foot2
l Masskanne = 1.069 03 l l Simri = 942.125 Zoll3 1 fathom =6 1 inch 2
= T^T
Unit Masskanne = 22.1533 l 1 pole } 1 yard2 = |
l ZoIP -& Unit Simri 1 rod (rd.) I- = 16.5
l Eimer = 60 or 64 l Viertelein = y-^-g- 1 perch j Unit Yard2
l Fass = 1600 1 Erklein = -fa 1 rope = 20 1 pole2 (sq. po.) 1
PRUSSIA. 1 chain t = 66 1 rod2 [ = 30.25
l Vierling = -J-
Length l Scheffel = 8 1 skein = 360 1 perch2 J
Capacity, liquid 1 furlong = 660 1 chain21
l Fuss = 0.313 857 m (eh.) = 484
Unit Fuss l Maass = 78.125 Zoll3 1 cable length = 720
= 1.837 05 l 1 mile (statute) = 5280 1 rood = 1210
l Linie = -j-J-c 1 acre (A.) = 4840
l Zoll = ^ Unit Maass 1 mile (nautical) \
i1 iknot. Jf = OUoO Unit = Acre
l Ruthe = 12 l Schoppe = -J-
l Meile = 24 000 l Imi = 10 1 league = 15 840 1 mile2 (sq. mi.)
l Elle = 25.5 Zoll l Eimer = 160 Mass = 640
Mass l Fuder = 960 1 pound avoirdupois (Ib. av.) Volume
Gioppóne v. Japan. = 453.592 45 g 1 yard3 (cu. yd.)
l Pfund = 467.711 g
Great Britain, Irish Free = 7 000 grain = 0.764 552 85 m 3
Unit Pfund State, and Northern Ireland.— 1 grain (gr.) = 64.798 182 mg 3
l Quentchen = -fa 1 foot (cu. ft.)
m.o. 1864. Since 1898, the (Three systems: avoirdupois, = 28 316.77 cm3
l Loth = ^V national measures are convert- troy, apothecary.) 3
l Stein = 22 1 inch (cu. in.)
ible to metric by the legally * This is the present legal equivalent = 16.3870253cm3
l Centner =110 sanctioned factors given below. of the imperial yard; recent compari-
l Schiffspfund = 330 sons by the National Physical Lab- Unit Foot3
National fundamental units de- oratory show that the yard as defined 3
A rea by the Weights and Measures Act of 1 inch = TTV^
fined thus: Length: The yard is
1878 =0.914 3987m. 1 yard3 = 27
l Morgen = 25.532 24 a distance at 620F between axes t Gunther's chain, divided into 100 * Variable,
l Morgen = 180 Ruthe2 of two lines traced on gold plugs link. t Gunther's chain.
Great Britain.—Cont'd. Capacity Iceland.—m.c. 1907. Older Length
Unit Foot3 1 oka = 1.333 to 1.340 l (analogous to Danish) were 1 muoi mètre = l m
1 register l baril = 74.236 l defined by their metric equiva-
lents. Mass
ton = 100 Grossbritannien v. Great
1 rod = 1000 Length 1 pram roi = 1 kg
Britain. 1 muoi gramme = 1 g
Capacity, dry Guam.—Metric is compul- 1 fet = 0.313 85 m 1 hocsep = 60 kg
I gallon (gal.) = 4.545 9631 1 sory. 1 sj ornila = 1855 m
1 bushel (bu.) = 8 gallon Unit Fet Capacity
Guatemala v. Costa Rica.
= 35.367 7048 1 1 lina = T^T 1 muoi litre = 1 1
Guinea,—m.c. 1910. Older = 1 sêsep litre = 40 1
Unit Gallon Portugal, England, and local: 1 fmmlungur = -fa
1 quartern =\ 1 alin =2 Irish Free State v. Great
1 peck =2 Length l faÖmur =6 Britain.
1 bucket =4 1 pik = 0.578 m 1 mila a !andi = 24 000 Islande v. Iceland.
1 bushel =8 1 jacktan = 3.658 m Mass Italian colonies.—Metric
1 firkin =9 compulsory.
Mass 1 pund = 0.5 kg Italy.—m.c. 1861; adopted in
1 kilderkin = 18
1 barrel = 36 1 benda = 64.2 g Unit Pund Milan as early as 1803, with the
1 hogshead = 63 l kantar = 977 kg 1 mark =2 following names :
1 puncheon = 84 l gammell = J kantar l fisk =8
l fierding = 40 Length
1 butt = 126 Unit Benda l liespund = 64 metro = m
Unit Bushel l akey = -fa
l tunna smjörs = 224 palmo = dm
1 strike =2 l mediatabla = -fa dito = cm
Iskippundì
1 sack \ _Q l aguirage = TV 1 batt J atomo = mm
1 bag J -ò l quinto =^
1 coomb =4 l piso l = i A rea Mass
8
1 quarter =8 l uzan J l ferfaömur = 3.546 m 2 libbra nuova = kg
1 seam =8 l seron = yV !fermila = 56.7383 km 2 oncia = hg
1 chaldron =32* l benda (offa) = \ Unit Ferfaämur grosso = dkg
1 wey Ì _ Haiti.—m.c. 1921. Older = l ferpumlungur = -g-y^g-f denar =g
1 load J ~ l ferfet = -^ grano = dg
British, old French, and Span-
1 last = 80* 1 feralin =^
ish; legal equivalents during Capacity
Capacity, Liquid transition period: l tundagslatta = 900 soma = hl
1 gallon (gal.) = 4.545 9631 1 l engjateigur = 1600 mina = dkl
Length
Unit Gallon Capacity pinta = 1
1 gill i 1 toise = 1.9488 m coppo = dl
1 aune = 1.188 m l pottar = -fa fet 3
1 quartern ?• = -fa = 0.9661 l Older, provincial:
1 noggin J A rea Unit Pottar Length
1 pint =I 1 carreau = 1292.3 m
1 quart =i l kornskeppa =18 1 piede liprando = 0.513 77 m
1 pottle =i Volume l anker = 39 Unit Piede lip.
Greece.—m.c. 1922; m.o. l almenn turma = 120 1 punto = -J-J-^
1 baril = 0.1 m 3 l öltunna = 136
1836. Older: 1 corde = 3.84 m 3 1 oncia = fa
l korntunna = 144 1 canna =4
Length 1 toise = 8 m 3
India v. British India; v. Indo- 1 trabucco =6
1 piki varies 0.640 to 0.670 m Holland v. Netherlands. China. 1 miglio = 4333J
1 pic = 1 piki Honduras v. Costa Rica. Indies, East v. British India; Mass
1 small piki of Con- Hungary.—m.c. 1876. Older v. Dutch East Indies.
stantinople = 0.648 m = old Vienna: 1 libbra = 307 to 398 g
Indo-China, British v. British
1 large piki of Con- India. Unit Libbra
stantinople = 0.669 m Length
Indo-China, French : 1 grano = ^1JT
1 piki (masonry) = 0.750 m l mertföld
., o o CQA .km
= o.oooo i™ 1 denaro = -g^-g
1 mene COCHIN CHINA.—m.c. 1911,
Mass with the names : 1 ottavo = -g1^-
1 dramme = 3.2 g imarok = 0.105 36 m 1 oncia = -fa
1 faust Length 1 rubbo = 25
1 livre (Venetian) = 450 g
l mna = 1.5 kg A rea 1 mot thuoc = l m 1 cantaro = 150
1 mine (royal) = 1.5 kg 1 hold = 43.16 a Mass Area
lokat =1.280 kg 1 joch =43.16 a 1 mot can tây = 1 kg 1 quadraoì
1 oka = 1.250 to 1 meile2 = 6978 ha ., {• = oo a
1 mot dông can tây = l g 1 giornata J
1.333 kg l picul = 60 kg 1 tavola = T^ giornata
1 stater = 56.32 kg Volume
Capacity Capacity, dry
1 talanton = 150 kg 1 eimer = 54.30 1
l halbe 1 , . 1 vuông mot bat tây = 11 1 mine = varies 12 to 120 l
A rea
1 stemma = 10 a litcze I =Aeimer 1 vuông mot già = 40 1 Capacity, liquid
* Variable. Imetzenì CAMBODIA.—m.c. 1914, with 1 barile da vino = 45.6 l
t 0.85331 royal mine. 1 ako J the names: 1 barile da olio = 33.4 l
 Japan.—m.o. 1893. Before Kuba v. Cuba. Length Morocco.—m.o.; local, var.:
1891, great diversity; since Latvia.—m. o. Russian and 1 foot = 0.2836 m Length
1891, fundamental units de- local measures since 1845. Old 1 canna = 2.088 m 1 cubit \
fined by metric equivalents. measures were those of Hol- 1 palmo = I canna .. i — U.ooo m
1 canna;
Length land. Mass 1 pic = 0.61 m
1shaku* = f|m Length 1 rottolo = 1.75 Ib. av. 1 tonni = ^ pic
= 0.303 0303 m 1 elle = 0.537 m = 0.793 79 kg
Moss
Unit Shaku l quartier = J elle Unit Rottolo 1 rotali __,_ _
1 shi = IO-5 l m eile = 7 verste 1 parto = -ç^-ç -,1 artal
± i Jf = 507.5 &g
1 mò = IO-4
(Russian) 1 ounce = ^j- l gerbe = 3 kg
1 rin = IO'3 = 7.468 km 1 cantaro = 100 l kula = 22 rotai
1 bu = IO'2 Mass Capacity 1 kantar = 100 rotai
1 sun = IO"1 1 pfund = 419 g l caffiso = 20.457 l Capacity
1 yabiki = 2.5 For secondary units, see Es- l baril =43.1621
hh
1 biro =5 thonia. l salma = 290.944 l }f =561
1 fanega
1 ken =6 Area Marokko v. Morocco. I mudd .. ,
1 jô =10 Mauritius and Seychelles I I , = 141
l kapp = 1.4864 a 1 almude
1 chô = 360 Islands.—m.c. Older = old
l rif = 12 960 Unit Kapp Mozambique v. Portuguese
French, British, and the follow- East Africa.
1 pourvetel _
ing:
Mass 1 loofstelle J ~ 5 Netherlands.—m.c. 1820,
l tonnstelle =35 Capacity
l kwan = V" kg with the names :
1 cash = 227.11 1
= 3.75 kg Volume 1 velt — If1IjJ- cash Length
Unit Kwan 1 faden = 4.077 s streep = mm
Mexico.—m.c. 1896; m.o.
l shi = IO'7 duim = cm
Capacity 1857. Older (from Spanish,
l mo = 10~6 palm = dm
1 stoof = 1.2752 1 Castillian), legally defined, dur-
l rin = 10~5 elle =m
Unit Stoof ing transition period, in terms
l fun = 10~4 roede = dkm
1 kanne = 2 of metric equivalents:
l candareen = l O"4 mijle = km
l mommé = IO"3 1 kulmet = 9 Length
l niyo = 0.004 1 anker = 30 1 vara = 0.838 m Mass
l hyaku-me = 0.10 lpourei _ Unit Vara korrel = dg
l kin - 0.16 Hoof / ~ 0 4 1 linea = -ç^-% wigtje =g
l ninsoku-ichi-nin = 7 1 tonne = 108 l pulgada = 3\f lood = dkg
l kiyak-kin =16 Lettonie v. Latvia. l pie =i once = hg
l karus hiri-ichi-da = 18 Luxemburg.—m.c. 1820. Pre- l légua = 5000 pond = kg
l komma-ichi-da = 40 viously used a local unit: Mass Capacity, dry
A rea 1 malter = 191 1. l libra = 460.246 34 g maatje = dl
Malacca.— kop =1
(Land Measure) Unit Libra
100
Length l tomin = yj-g- schepel = dkl
2
lbu
=3№m 1 asta = 0.457 m 1 adarme = -j-J-j- mudde = hl
= 3.305 785 12 m 2 l depa = 4 asta 1 ochava = i^s" zak = hl
1 jumba = 8 asta last = 30 hl
Unit Bu 1 onza = TV
l go = 0.1
Mass 1 arroba = 25 Capacity, liquid
l tsubo =l 1 catty = 0.61 kg 1 quintal = 100 vingerhoed = cl
l sé =30 Unit Catty 1 tercio = 160 maatje = dl
l tan = 300 1 miam = iHhjr Area kan =1
l chô = 3000 1 buncal = -£$ 1 fanega = 356.628 a dekaliter = dkl
l ri2 = 46 656 1 tampang = 1 vat = hi
1 bedur =2 Unit Fanega
Capacity 1 caballeria = 12 Old national system is more
i shô = |IM i 1 kip = 15
1 labor = 18 or less current in some of the
= 1.80390681 1 pecul = 100 old colonies:
1 bahar = 300 1 sitio = 492.28
= 64827 bu3 Length
Area Capacity, dry
Unit ShO (Amsterdam)
1 jumba 2 =.13.38 m 2 1 cuartillo = 1.8918 1
l shaku = IO-2
\ = 400 jumba 2 Unit Cuartillo 1 roeden = 3.679 77 m
l go = IO-1 lorlongj = 5 3 5 2 a
1 almud = 4 1 elle = 0.687 813 m
l to = 10
Capacity 1 fanega = 48 l voeten = 0.283 0594 m
l koku = 100
1 chupa = ca. l l 1 carga = 96 l duime = 25.733 mm
Kanada v. Canada. l lyne = 2.144 mm
Kolumbien v. Columbia. 1 gantang = 4 chupa Capacity, liquid
Malaysia v. British India; v. 1 cuartillo = 0.456 264 1 Mass
Kongo v. Congo. l pond = 492.16772 g
Dutch East Indies. 1 cuartillo for
* The old shaku (kujirajaku) = l pond* = 494.090 32 g
1.25 shaku is legal for fabrics. Malta.—m.c. 1914. Older, oil = 0.506 162 1
British and local (old Sicilian) : 1 jarra =18 cuartillos * Amsterdam.
t Oneri marin (kai-ri) = nautical ri.
Netherlands.—CWd Length Unit Miskal Poland.—Metric in process
1 pond (Apothecary) I vara (old) = 0.838 56 m l nakhodl _ 1 of adoption; in some provinces
= f pond lcuerdai ara= m
l carat J ~~ ~^* it has been in use since 1872.
= 369.126 g 1 cordel J l düng =i Russian system legalized in
1 vara = 0.866 m l dartung = 0.22 1849, without displacing
Unit Pond
l dirhem =2 national measurements. Since
1 mark = \ Unit Vara
l sir = 16 1819 these have been defined by
1 unze = 1*5- 1 piede =^
l pinar = 20 their metric equivalents.
1 drachme = y^ 1 pouce = ^V
l danar = 40 National :
1 engel = -fa 1 ligne =^
1 vierling = y-^ir l cuadra = 100 l abbassi = 80 Length
1 grein = y^ 1 lieue = 5000 l rottel = 100 1 stopa = 0.288 m
l tcheirek =160
Mass l saddirham = 320 Unit Stopa
Area
1 libra (old) = 460.08 g l batman (Tauris) = 640 1 linja = Ti¥
l morgen = 81.244 346 a 1 cal = ^
1 libra = 459 g l batman (Shirez) = 1280
Capacity, dry l batman = 600 to 1 lokiec = 2
Unit Libra 1 sazen = 6
1 schepel = 27.26 1 1 once = TV 1000
Unit Schepel l karvar = 100 bat- 1 prêt = 15
1 arrobe =25
1 kop = -fa 1 quintal = 100 man Old measures
1 vierd = -J 1 tonne = 2000 A rea 1 pied (Warsaw) = 0.2978 m
1 zak =3 l jerib = 1082 m 2 to 1153 m 2 1 pied (Cracow) = 0.3564 m
Area = 1000 to 1066 zar2
1 mud = 4 1 aune = 0.620 m
1 last = 108 1 lino (old) = 48.832 a
1 lino = 100 vara2 Capacity Mass
Capacity, liquid 1 lino = 75 m 2 l chenica = 1.32 l
Unit Chenica l funt = 405.504 g
1 mingelen = 1.200 to 1.237 1 Capacity, dry l sextario =0.25 Unit Funt
Unit Mingelen 1 fanega = 288 1 l capichas = 2 1 gran = ^^u
Ivat =768 1 almude = -^ fanega l sabbitha =5.5 1 skrupul = -g^
1 oxhooft = 192 Capacity, liquid l colluthun = 6.25 1 drachma = -^-g-
1 aam = 128 I frasco = 3.029 1 l legana = 30 llut = ^V
1 anker = 32 l artaba = 50 1 uncja = TV
Unit Frasco
1 steekan =16 1 cuarta = -J Peru.—m.c. 1869. Older 1 kamian = 25
1 stoop =2 1 baril = 32 (from Spanish, Castillian): 1 centnar = 100
1 pint =% Length Old measures
1 pipe ==192
1 mutsje = \ l vara = 0.83598m
Pays-Bas v. Netherlands. l funt = 404 g
Nicaragua v. Costa Rica. Persia.—Metric is in process Mass l centner =16 funt
Niederlande v. Netherlands. of adoption. By 1924 the fol- l libra = 460.09 g l stein = 3.2 funt
Northern Ireland v. Great lowing assimilation had occur- Unit Libra
Britain. Area
red : 1 zar = 1 m, 1 dram = l g, l arroba = 25
Norway.—m. c. 1882; m.o. l ralte = 11. National meas- 1 quintal = 100 l prêt2 = 18.6624 m 2
1879. Older differed very little ures, provincial, var.; even to- l fanega = 140 l morga = 300 prêt2
from Danish; legal equivalents: day, in retail commerce, cereal l wloka = 9000 prêt2
A rea
Length grains are used as weights : l topo = 27.06 a Capacity
1 fod = 0.3137 m Length l fanegada = 64.596 a i kwarta =11
1 guerze (common) = 0.63 to Philippine Islands.—m.c. Unit Kwarta
Mass 1860. Older = Spain. Local: l kwarterka = ^-
0.97m
I skaalpund = 0.4981 kg = 1 monk- Mass l garniec =4
Area elzer 1 catty = about 600 g l cwierc = 32
l mal = 10 a 1 zar = 1.04 m Unit Catty l korzec = 128
Unit Zar 1 punto =^ Porto Rico.—m.c. 1860.
Capacity', dry 1 gireh = TV 1 chinanta = 10 Older = Spain:
1 korntonde = 138.97 1 l ouroub =J 1 lachsa = 48 Area
Capacity, liquid l charac = j 1 caban = 97 l cuerdo = 2250 vara2
1 pot = 0.9651 1 l gez | _1 l pecul = 100 = 15.72 a
l guerze j Area
Oceania.—British measures. lfarsakh J Portugal.—m.c. 1872; m.o.
= ^ 1 balita = 27.95 a
Olanda v. Netherlands. l parasang J 1852. Older:*
Österreich v. Austria. Unit Balita
Mass 1 loan = 0.1 Length
Paesi Bassi v. Netherlands. l pe = 0.3285 m
Panama.—Metric compul- l miskal = 4.60 g 1 quignon = 10
l estadio = 258 m
sory. Unit Miskal Capacity l milha = 8 estadio
Paraguay.—Metric almost l una = 3^¥ 1 kaban = 99.90 1 l legoa = 24 estadio
exclusively used. m.o. 1899. l gandumi _ j 1 chupa = 3.75 cm3 * In some of the older colonies the
Older = Spain; legal equiva- l grain / ~™ 1 ganta = -£% kaban old Portuguese system, more or less
lents: l abbas = -^- 1 apatan = J chupa modified, is still in use.
 Unit Pe Capacity Unit Ligne2 Length
llinha = T^J- 1 dimerla = 24.6 l 1 duïme2 = 100 I wah = 2m
lpollegada =^ Unit Dimerla l verchoc2 = 306.25 Unit Wah
lpalmo =f l oke = TV l foute2 = 14 400 1 anukabiet = ^-ç
lcovada =2 . l mirze = 8 l archine2 = 78 400 1 kabiet = ^-c
lvara = *£- l kilo = 16 Unit Archine2 1 niou = ^V
Mass l sagène2 =9 1 keup =I
Capacity, liquid l déciatine = 2 1 600 1 sawk 1 __ i.
l libra* = 459 g l verste2 = 2 250 000 1 sock J ~~ é
l viacka = 14.15 l
Unit Libra l oke =0.1 viâcka 1 ken =J
1 grao = Tnfru- Volume
1 sen = 20
1 escrupulo = -$^ Russia.—m.o. 1900. Defini- !archine3 = 0.3597288m3 1 roeneng = 2000
1 outava = T-|-g- tions of fundamental national l ligne3 = 16.387 06 mm 3 1 yote = 8000
1 onca = yV units: Length: Archine is dis- Unit Ligne3
1 marco i _ i tance at 170C between the axes 1 duïme 3
= 1000 Mass
T of two lines drawn on the
1 meio J "" l verchoc3 = 5359.375 1 tchang* = 1200 g
1 arratel =1 platinum-iridium prototype l foute3 = l 728 000 Unit Tchang
1 arroba = 32 marked "H 1894." Mass: !archine3 =21952000 1 klom = TlFTTTF
1 quintal = 128 Fount is mass of the platinum- Unit Archine3 1 klam = -rfaf
iridium prototype marked "H l sagène 3
= 27 1 Pai = WfrTF
Area 1894." Capacity, liquid: Vedrò
1 vara2 = 1.2 m 2 l tonne marine = 7.87172 1 sompayì l
is volume of 30 founts of pure l last marin = 15.743 44 1 grani / =T
^^
Unit Vara2 water at 16%°C. Capacity, 1 fuang = ^%-c
l ferrado = 605 dry: Garnet z is ^f 5 vedrò. Capacity, dry
1 salung = ^I1J-
l geira = 4840 l garnetz = 3.279 842 l 1 baht = -fa
Length l tchast = 0.109328071
Capacity, dry 1 tamlung =^
1 archine =0.711 200 m Unit Tchast 1 doon = 20
l fanga = 54 l l totchka = 0.254 0000 mm l polougarnetz = 15
Unit Fanga 1 hap = 50
Unit Totchka l garnetz = 30 1 bara = 400
l outava = -J51J- 1 ligne = 10 l lof = 592
l quarto = yV l paletz = 50 Area
Unit Garnetz
l meio =£ l sotka = 84 l tchetverik =8 1 wah2 = 4 m 2
l alqueira = \ 1 duïme = 100 1 ngan = 100 wah2
l polouosmina =16
l moio = 15 l verchoc = 175 1 rai = 400 wah2
l osmina = 32
Capacity, liquid l foute = 1200 l tchetvert = 64
l almude = 16.5 l l archine = 2800 Capacity
Capacity, liquid
Unit Almude Unit Archine 1 tananf = 1 1
l vedrò = 12.299 41 l
l quartillo = -3*5- l sagène = 3 l tcharka = 0.122 99411 Unit Tanan
l meio = -^r l verste = 1500 1 niou =T^
l canada = ^V Unit Tcharka 1 chai meu =^
Mass (1) Ordinary l chkalik = 0.5 l kam meu = f
l alqueira = ^
1 fount = 409.51241 g l bottle (vodka) = 5
l bota i =26 1 laang 1=*
1 doli = 44.434 9403 mg l bottle (wine) = 6.25 1 chang awn J ^
l pipa J l krouchka = 10
l tonelada = 52 Unit Doli 1 kanahn =1
l shtoff = 12.5 1 sat = 20
Portuguese Colonies.—Met- 1 sol 1 = 96 l vedrò = 100
ric compulsory. l zolotnik/ 1 tang = 40
Unit Vedrò 1 tamlaum = 400
Portuguese East Africa (Mo- l lote = 288
l stekar =1.5
zambique).—-rn.c. 1910. Older, l once = 576 1 seste = 800
l anker =3 1 ban = 1600
mainly of Portugal; one bahar l lana = 768
l pipe = 36
is considered equivalent to l fount = 9216 Ikwienì =
lfass I 1 koyan J
109 kg. Unit Fount Ibotchka/ ~4U
Prussia v. Germany. l poud = 40 1 cohi = 32 000
Salvador v. Costa Rica.
Rumania.—m.c. 1884; m.o. l berkovets - 400 Siria v. Syria.
1866. In old Bessarabia, Rus- l tonne marine = 2400 Schottland v. Great Britain. Somaliland.—m.o.; local,
sian measures replaced by met- Schweden v. Sweden. vary with material and prov-
Afass (2) For drugs Schweiz v. Switzerland. ince :
ric in 1922. Older:
Unit Doli Scotland, Scozia v. Great
Length Britain. Length
1 grain =1.4
1 halibiu = 0.701 m 1 scrupule = 28 Serbie-Croatie-Slovénie v. 1 top = 3.92 m
1 endere = 0.662 m 1 drachme = 84 Yugoslavia. 1 cubito = -f top
1 stringene = 1.96 m 1 once = 672 Seychelles Islands v. Mauri- Mass
Mass 1 livre = 8064 tius.
Siam.—m.c. 1923; m.o. 1889. 1 rottolo = 448 g
1 cantar = ca. 56 kg
l oke = -fa cantar Area Older now defined by metric * Previously, 1 tchang = 600 to
1300 g.
* For drugs 1 libra = J libra = 1 archine2 = 0.505 8054 m 2 equivalents; those of transition t Previously, 1 tanan = 0.9 to 1.2
344.25 g. 1 ligne2 = 6.451 600 mm2 period : liter.
Somaliland.—Cont'd. Area Mass Unit Pied
Unit Rottolo 1 vara2 = 0.698 7372 m 2 l skälpund = 425.076 g 1 perche =16
1 okia = jV Unit Vara2 Unit Skälpund 1 lieue = 16 000
l frasla = 36 1 cuartilla = 25 1 as = YsVg- Mass (1) Ordinary
l gisla = 360 l calemin = 768 l quintin = y^
Area 1 livre = 500 g
l aranzada = 6400 1 lod = ¥V
l darat = 80 a lfcmega \ Q2W l untz = y1^ Unit Livre
l fanegada J l lispund = 20 1 loth = ^2
Capacity, dry 1 once = TV
l yugada = 460 800 l sten = 32
l chela = 1.359 l l centner = 100 or 120
Capacity, dry Mass (2) For medicine
Unit Chela l waag =165
l fanega = 55.501 l 1 livre = 375 g
l tabla = 15 l skeppund = 400
l gisla = 120 Unit Fanega l nyläst = 12 000 Unit Livre
l ochavillo = Tjr-g-g- 1 grain = -ç-fa-ç
Capacity, liquid Area
l racion = -j-J-g- 1 scruple = -2-^-g-
l fot 2 = 0.088 149 61 m 2 1 drachme = -gV
l caba = 0.453 l l cuartillo = -fa
' , , / = 1.542 618 17 a 1 once = y1^-
Soudan v. Sudan. 1 medio = fa Ikapplandj = ^ ^2
South Africa v. Union of l calemin = y1^- Syria.—m.o.; current:
l ref 2 = 8.814 961 a
South Africa l almude = -^
( = 49.363 781 6 a Length
Spain.—m.c. 1860. Older,* l cuartilla = J Itunlandj = 56 000 fot2
l cahiz = 12 l pic = 0.582 m
var., provincial; Castillian:
Capacity, dry
Capacity, liquid -Mass
Length l kanna = 2.617 l
(Arroba was plefined as vol- 1 rottolo = 1785 g
l vara = 0.835 905 m Unit Kanna
ume of 34 libra of river water. Unit Rottolo
(Other vara comprised be- l ort = ^V
The arroba for oil was volume l junkfra =^ 1 drachme \ -,
tween 0.768 m and 0.912 m)
of 25 libra of oil) l quarter =^ l pesi / = T™
Unit Vara 1 arroba (wine) = 16.133 1 l metecali = y^j-
1 punto = ^ 91I-J l stop =^
1 arroba (oil) = 12.563 1 l kappar =J 1 mitcal = ^J-C-
1 linea = -5^ Unit Arroba l once = -^
1 diedo = -^8- 1 fjerdingar = 7
1 COpaS = yi^g- l spanna = 28 1 zurbo = 27.5
1 pulgada = -£$ 1 quarterone 1 _ _ j l cola = 35
1 sesma = f ltunna = 56
1 panilla* J "1^ l koltunna = 63 l cantar = 100
1 palma = J 1 libra 1 = !
1 pie =£ l kolläst = 756 Capacity
l cuartillo J *"*
1 codos = J Capacity, liquid l roti = 3.2 l
1 azumbre =f
1 passo = if 1 cuartilla* = \ l kanna =0.1 fot 3 Unit Roti
1 estado = 2 1 cantara =1 = 2.617 162 l l makuk = 250
1 estadal = 4 1 moio = 16 Unit Kanna l garava = 450
1 mula t = 1666f 1 pipa = 27 ljungfruri = j Tchéco-Slovaquie v. Czecho-
1 légua = 5000 or 8000 1 bota = 30 ljungfer J "^ slovakia.
Mass Stati Uniti v. United States. l quarter = -g- Tonkin.—Same as Anam
Straits Settlements v. British l stop = \ (ff.».)
1 libra = 460.093 g l ankar = 15
India. Tripoli and Cyrenaïca.—m.o.,
(Other libra comprised be- l eimer = 30
Sud-Africaine, Union v. current defined by metric equi-
tween 350 g and 575 g)
Union of South Africa. =6 valents :
Unit Libra
Sudan.—Egyptian in use. lÎ ohm
T J} ° Length
1 grano = 9^ l oxhufud Ì _ Qn
1 arienzo = ^^^ Suède v. Sweden. 1 pik = 0.68 m
Suisse v. Switzerland. l oxhoft J ~
l tomin = y|-g- l pipe = 180 = 1 handaze
1 dinero =^ Svèzia v. Sweden. 1 palmo = \ pik
Svizzera v. Switzerland. l fuder = 360
1 adarme 1 _ _i 1 draa = 0.46 m
Sweden.—m.e. 1889; m.o. Switzerland.—m.c. 1877;
1 dracma J "" "*** m.o. 1868. Older, var.; during Mass
1 ochava \ __ _^ 1879. Older:
transition were fixed as follows : 1 rottolo = 512.8 g
1 caracter / ~~ 1 2 ^ Length , , / = 2.5 rottolo
1 escrupulo = -fc Length loka
1 fot = 0.296 90 m 1 pied Ì I =1282 g
1 onza = y1^ - t >• ~ 30on
cm l metical = 4.76 g
Unit Fot t 1 fuss J
1 marco =J 1 unie = y-J-ç Unit Rottolo
1 arroba = 25 Unit Pied
l turn = y1-^ 1 ligne ! l kharouba = ^VlT
1 barrii = 50 1 aim = 2 T¥¥ 1 dram = T^
1 quintal = 100 1 unie
l famm = 6 1 pouce __ j 1 termino = y^-g-
1 quintalmacho = 150 l stang =16 l uckin = ^V
1 tonelada = 2000 Izoll ~T^
l ref = 100 or 160 1 aune __ ^ 1 mattaro = 42
* Old national system, more or less l mil = 18 000 1 elle ~~ 1 cantar = 100
modified, is still in use in the old * Oils. Area
Spanish colonies. t The fot is also divided into deci- 1 toise _ fi
t Milla = 5000 pie. mals. 1 ruthe ~~ 1 pik2 = 0.4624 m 2
 Unit Pik2 Length Length Area
l deimm = 1600 1 archine = 64 to 76 cm 1 yard (yd.) = «M ™ I inch2 (sq. in.)
l jabia = 1800 1 archine (for = 0.914 401 83 m = 6.451 6258 cm2
2
Capacity, dry architecture) = 75.77 cm 1 foot (ft.) = ^ yd. 1 foot (sq. ft.)
l orba = 7.6 l 1 nul = 1 km = 30.480 061 cm = 929.0341 cm2
2
Unit Archine 1 inch (in.) = -fa yd. 1 yard (sq. yd.)
Unit Orba = 0.83613071m2
l nufsorbah = \ 1 nocktat = irAnr = 2.540 005 08 cm
1 hatt = 2Tg- Unit Inch 1 acre (A.)
l temen =4 = 4046.873 m 2
l ueba = 16 1 parmack = -fa 1 mil = 0.001
1 ouromb =^ 1 hand =4 Unit Foot2
2
(Measured by weight) 1 pic =1 1 span =9 1 inch = T^T
l oka = 1282 g Mass 1 foot = 12 1 yard2 =9
1 marta = 11 to 14 oka 1 oka = 1283 g 1 yard = 36 Unit Yard2
2
l kele = 2 marta Unit Foot 1 rod (sq. rd.) \
Capacity, liquid
Unit Oka
1 fathom =6 11 perch
1 . J( ~ OU.ZO
1 karat = ^TVfr 1 chain * 2
= 484
1 barile = 64.8 l lrod
l denke = T^¥ 1 rood = 1210
1 pole [ = 16.5
1 bozze = -fa barile 1 dirhem 1 _ i 1 acre (A.) = 4840
1 drachme J ~ TW 1 perch
(Measured by weight) 1 chain* (Gunther's) = 66 Unit Acre
1 miskal = -g-f 75-
1 oka = 1282 g 1 chain* 1 mile2 (sq. mi.) = 640
1 cequi I =1
Unit Oka 1 yusdrum J 4 (.engineer's) = 100 1 township t = 23040
1 gorraf =9.75 1 rottel = 0.44 1 bolt = 120
1 furlong = 660 Volume
1 giarra =58.5 1 batman =6
Tschechoslovak v. Czechoslo- 1 kantar = 44 1 cable length = 720 1 yard3 (cu. yd.)
vakia. 1 tcheki = 176 to 195 1 mile (statute) = 5280 = 0.764 559 45 m3
Tunis.—m.c. 1895. Current: 1 mile (nautical) t = 6080.20 1 foot 3 (cu. ft.)
Area 1 league (statute) = 3 st. mile = 28 317.0cm3
Length 1 , J = 1600 archine2 1 league 1 inch3 (cu. in.)
ldeunum | = ^3 m2
1 pic arabe =48.8 cm (nautical) = 3 n. mile = 16.387 162 cm3
1 pic turc == 63.7 cm 1 djeril = 100 a Unit Foot3
1 pic endazé =67.3 cm Mass
Capacity 1 inch3 = l'i^-g-g-
The pic used depends upon 1 pound avoirdupois 1 board foot (bd. ft.) = -fa
1 kile = 32 to 43 1
the object measured. 1 zira3 = 0.435 m3
(Ib. av.) = 453.592 4277 g 1 yard3 = 27
= 7000 grain (gr.) 1 shipping ton = 40
Mass Unit Kile 1 grain = 64.798 918 24 mg 1 register ton = 100
1 uckir = 31.495 g 1 chinik = i (Three systems: avoirdupois, 1 cord (cd.) = 128
Unit Uckir 1 fortin = 4 troy, apothecary.)
1 rottolo attari =16 Ungarn, Ungheria v. Hun- Capacityj dry
1 rottolo sucki =18 gary. Avoirdupois (av.) 1 bushel (bu.) = 2150.42 inch3
1 rottolo khaddari = 20 Union of South Africa.—Met- (General use) = 35.238 329 1
1 cantaro = 100 ric, British, and old Dutch: Unit Bushel
Unit Pound
Capacity Length 1 dram (dr.) = T^ 1 pint (pt.) = fa
1 cafisso = 496 1 1 elle = 0.685 m 1 ounce (oz.) = -fa 1 quart (qt.) = -fa
1 millerole (Marseilles) 1 hundred-weight (cwt.) 1 peck (pk.) = I
Mass 1 barrelt (bbl.) = 3.281
= ca. 64 l 1 bundle = 3175 g (long) =112
1 ton (short) (sh. tn.) = 2000 1 chaldron§ = 36
Unit Cafisso Area 1 ton (long) (1. tn.) == 2240 1 firkin = 9 gallon
1 saah = T-£Ï l morgen = 85.5 a
l whiba = -fa Troy (t.) Capacity, liquid
Capacity
Turkestan.
(For precious metals) , .. / = 231 inch3
1 gantang = 9.2 1 1 gallon (gal.) j ^ 3-7863321
Length 1 balli = 5 gantang Unit Grain 1 minim (min. or TTl)
l hasch = 0.7112 m 1 muid = 109.1 1 1 pennyweight (dwt.) = 24
= 1T1T¥¥ gal.
Unit Hasch 1 legger = 516 1 1 ounce (oz.) =480 = 0.061 6102 ml
1 archine* 1 _ Unit Legger 1 pound (Ib.) = 5760 Unit Minim
l altschin / 1 kanne = -gfa Apothecary (ap.) 1 fluid dram (fl. dr.) = 60
Mass l ahm =i 1 fluid ounce (fl. oz.) = 480
United States of America.— (For dispensing drugs) 1 gill (gi.) = 1920
l batman = 125 kg to 128 kg Unit Grain
m.o. 1866; m.c. for certain
Unit Batman 1 scruple (s. or 3) = 20 * Gunther's chain.
governmental purposes. Fun- t 36 mile*.
1 sir =| damental units of national 1 dram (dr. or 5) = 6 0 J For dry commodities, except
1 tscharik = ^ system are defined in terms of 1 ounce (oz. or g) = 480 cranberries, barrel = 7056 inch3; cran-
1 mimtscha = Tj-Jr metric units. For less common 1 pound (Ib.) = 5760 berry barrel =» 5826 inch8; lime barrel
Turkey.—m.o.; current, var.: and obsolescent units, see Great contains 180 Ib. av. or 280 Ib. av.; by
* 1 link = 0.01 chain. custom, flour barrel = 196 Ib. av.
* Russian. Britain. t 1 nautical mile = 1853.249 m § Variable.
 united States.—Cont1 d. Length Unit Feddan Capacity
Unit Gallon l linija = 21.95 mm 1 achir \ _ x
1 gill (gi.) =^ l palaz = 36.34 mm Iqasaba/ " TTnr (Measured by weight)
1 pint (pt.) = I l archine = 660 mm to 712 mm 1 qamha = -gV 1 amphora = 32.6 kg
1 quart (qt.) = i l khvat = 1.896 m 1 habbah = -^V Unit Amphora
l barrel* = 31.5 l stopa = J kvat 1 cafiz = ^0- 1 cados = jfa
l hogshead = 63 1 qirat = -^ 1 makuk =f
Mass
Uruguay.—m.c. 1894; m.o. 1 daneq = ^ 1 woëbe 1 _ i
l oka = 1280 g 1 djarib = J 2
1866. Older = Spain (Castil- 1 modius J
lian), more or less modified. Unit Oka 1 small artaba = I^
l dramm = -%^-c Capacity
Venezuela.—m.c. 1914; m.o. 1 large artaba =2
l satlijk =i (Measured by weight) 1 large amphora =3
1857. Older = Spain (Castil- l litra = \
lian), more or less modified, and 1 cafiz = 32.64 kg 1 gariba =8
l akov = 40
the following of Granada : l tovar = 100 Unit Cafiz Egypt: System of the Pha-
1 mudd = ^g- raohs.
Length Area
1 kiladja ]
1 vara = 0.8 m l stopa2 = 998.56 cm2 Length
1 caphite [ == -^r
l meile = 6280 vara Unit m2 1 kist J
l dunum = 700 1 sâa = y1-^ 1 pied = 0.349 m
Mass l motyka = 800 1 makuk = J Unit Pied
I libra == l kg l raliza = 2500 1 ferk = i 1 doigt, finger! _ j
lir
l bag = 62.5 kg l dan oranja = 3597 1 woëbe \ __ i 1 theb J
J = 5760 1 khoull J ~ 2 - 1 palme Ì _ ^
Vereinigte Staaten v. United llanaz j ssimkhv^ 4
1 modius = lj 1 choryos/
States.
Capacity 1 artabe __ _ 1 dichas = \
Württemberg v. Germany
1 amphora 1 spithame =f
Yugoslavia.—m.c. 1883. (Liquids are measured by
1 gariba 1 pied royal 1 _
Older: weight.)
l den -8 1 zereth / ~~
1 pigon = \\
Assyro- Chaldean -Persian 1 coudée royale i _ ^
C. SYSTEMS OF ANTIQUITY System. 2
l derah J
Our knowledge of the measures of antiquity is derived from the l coudée longue = 2
texts and monuments which have persisted to modern times, and Length l pas = 2\
some actual standards which have come down to us. The latter 1 foot = 0.320 m l xilon = 4|
enable us to establish quite exact equivalence between the meas- l orgye =6
Unit Foot
ures which they represent and ours. But most frequently such l canne = l if
1 finger = -^
equivalence is only very roughly known, or is actually unknown. l senus = 150
1 palm =J
In this section are given only the more important or the best 1 zereth =1 l stade = 500 or 600
studied of these systems. The values given must not be taken too 1 cubit =2 l mille *= 5000
literally. Indeed, especially in antiquity, systems do not succeed l a tour vulgaire =15 000
1 pace =6
one another; they evolve. Several rnay coexist among a single l schoëme = 18 000
1 qasab 1 _ 10
people; it is generally impossible to fix the dates at which these i cane
1 Ji — -"-^ l parasange = 20 000
systems were used. The ancients had no capacity measures, such 1 chebel - 80 l atour royal = 30 000
as ours; they weighed liquids and grains in terms of standards l Stadion l ^720
forming a second system of weights. 1 ghalva J Mass
1 mille = 5400
Arabian System. Mass 1 parasang = 20 000 l mine = 850 g
Length (So-called system of the 1 schoëme = 21 600 Unit Mine
1 foot = 0.320 m Prophet) lstathmosi ^80000 1 gerah = T^Vrr
Unit Foot 1 mansion J 1 side = ^V
1 roti = 340 g
1 assbaa (finger) = -^8- 1 kikkar 1 _
1 cabda (palm) = J Unit Roti Mass 1 talent J ~ U
1 cubit (new) = I^ 1 dirhem = y-J-g- 1 talent = 32.6 kg
1 cubit t =2 l nevat = ^j- (Talent divided into 50, 60 or
1 orgye (pace) =6 l nasch = J 100 mina) Area
1 qasab = 12 l oukia = ^ 1 drachma =0.01 mina
l man Ì I pekeis = 27.405 m 2
1 seir = 600 =2

1 ghalva = 720 l mine J Area Unit Pekeis

1 mille = 6000 l ocque =4 1 coudée2 = iirr
l qanthar =100 ( = 14.7 m2 1 su = 6.25
1 parasang = 18 000 1 gar
\ = 144 foot2
lbarid 1 l kikkar = 125 1 dizaine =10
=72000
1 veredusj Area Unit Gar 1 rema = 50
1 marhala = 144 000 l feddan = 14 400 cubit 2 t 1 dizaine = 10 1 aurure i =

* Wine barrel,
= 59 a 1 gan = 100 1 aro ure J
t Hachemic. 1 gur = 1000 1 setta = 1000
 Capacity Unit Chenica Hindu System. 1 decempeda
(Measured by weight) 1 maris ~2 Length (perch) = 10
1 chous =3 1 actus (chain) = 120
1 khar = 34 kg 1 hasta = 0.457 m
1 hemiektos = 4 1 millarium (mile) = 5000
Unit Khar 1 hektos Ì _g Unit Hasta
1 outen = Tihr 1 modius J 1 angula (finger) = -£% Mass
1 man i _ i 1 metretes = 36 1 vitasti (span) = f 1 podium = 326 g
!mine/ ~~ Tir 1 medimnos = 48 1 cubit =1 Unit Podium
1 hecte = TIT Hebrew System. 1 dhanush Ì _ 1 scrupulus = -2^3-
1 apt = i 1 orgyia J ~~ 1 denier* = -^V
1 keramion =1 Length 1 erosa = 8000 1 denier t = -gV
1 metretes d'Héron = 1J 1 sacred cubit = 0.640 m 1 gavyuti = 16 000 1 denarius =^
l artabe des septante = I^ 1 cubit* = 0.555 m 1 yodjana = 32 000 1 solidus 1 _ _i_
l artabe \ _ , 7_ Unit Cubit* 1 sextula j 72
l letech / ~ %2 1 finger = -^ Mass
1 miliaresium = jfa
Greek System. 1 palm = Tf 1
} ^ 1 =0.147 g 1 sicilium = -/g^
1 zereth =^ 1 ratica J 1 duella = -gV
Length 1 pala = 47 g 1 semuncia = -^
Mass (Sacred system)
l pous* = 0.308 56 m 1 mina = 850 g Unit Retti 1 ounce = -j\
Unit Pous l yava =0.1 1 mina = if
Unit Mina l masha = 2, 5, 6, or 8
l daktylos (finger) = TV 1 oboi \ __ ! 1 centum-
1 condylos =i 1 tank-sala = 24 podium = 100
Igerah/ "T~^
l palestra (palm) = J l kona = 48
1 rabah = -j-'iir 1 tola = 80 Area
l dichas = \ 1 bekah = iiu
l spithame (span) = f l karsha = 96 1 common pes2 = 0.102 14 m2
1 shekel = -^0
1Ji 32
1 legal pes2 (1st) = 0.087 73 m2
l cubitf = l| 1 talent t = 50 1
1 dharana = /j ^ (silver)
l Grecian cubit =2
(goM)
1 legal pes2 (2nd) = 0.088 03 m 2
l berna (pace) = 2^ Mass (Talmudist or Rabbinical 1 pala = 320 Unit Pes2
l orgyia =6 system) Unit Pala 1 decempeda2 = 100
l amma (corde) = 60 1 mina = 354.2 g 1 tuba = 100 1 actus (small) = 400
l plethron = 100 Unit Mina l hara = 200 1 clima = 3600
l Stadion = 600 l pondiuscule = y-^Vö 1 bara = 2000 1 versum = 10 000
l mille = 4500 l mehah ] l achita = 20 000 1 actus = 14 400
L kiloorgyia = 6000 l gerah j- = 6 -fa 1 jugerum = 28 800
l oboi J Capacity 1 heredium = 57 600
Mass 1 centuria = 5 760 000
l zuzah Ì _ i (Measured by weight)
l mina = 425 g !drachma/ ~ roir 1 drona = 13.2 kg 1 saltus = 23 040 000
Unit Mina l shekel l _ j
2 Unit Drona Capacity, dry
l chalque = ^sW l tetradrachma / ^
1 pala Ì _ _j^ 1 sextarius = 544 g
l oboi = if^-ö l talent = 60
1 musti J ~ 2^
l dioboi = -sfa Capacity, dry 1cudava = -^ Unit Sextarius
l drachma =0.01 1 prastha =^ 1 modius =16
(Measured by weight)
l tetradrachma =0.04 1 adhaka =J 1 quadrantal = 48
- , , / (old) = 29.376kg
l talent = 60 1 ephah< ; \ 01 . _ _ .6 1 cumbha (small) = 2 1 pes31 (of water) = 48
{ (new) = 21.420 kg
Area Unit Ephah 1 shari = 16 Capacity, liquid
1 log = TV 1 cumbha = 20
l pous2 = 0.095 209 m 2 1 baha = 200 (Measured by weight)
1 cab = -fg
Unit Pous2 1 gomor =0.1 1 sextarius I] = 544
KA/I
2 Persian System v. Assyrio- g;
l dekapode = 100 sat 3 1 sextus j
l plethron2 = 10 000 } !5- }
1 modius J =°- Chaldean-Persian.
Roman System.
Unit
1 cyathus
Sextarius
= y1^-
Capacity 1 cor = 10
Length 1 acetabulum = f
(Measured by weight) Capacity, liquid 1 quartus =J
l chenica = 816 g (Measured by weight) 1 pes (common or 1 hemina = \
1 bath (old) = 29.376 kg Drusian) (foot) = 0.3196 m 1 congius =6
Unit Chenica 1 legal pes (1st) = 0.2962 m
l cyanthos = -^ 1 bath (new) = 21.420 kg 1 urna = 24
1 legal pes (2nd) = 0.2967 m 1 amphora = 48
1 oxybaphon = -^V Unit Bath
1 cotyle =i 1 log = TV Unit Pes lculeus I =96()
l sexte =J lhin = I 1 digitus (finger) = -^ 1 dolmm j
1 cor = 10 1 uncia (inch) =^
* The Olympic foot of Egyptian * Silver,
origin. * Talmudist, 1 cubitus (cubit) = Ij •j- Neronian.
t Lapidary. t Of Moses. 1 passus (pace) =5 Î Legal pes (2).