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IMPORTANT TERMS
1
Why current interruption is necessary
Every Electrical Circuit needs a switching devices
to cutoff the load from source in both normal and
abnormal conditions.
3
Fuse:- Fuse is the simplest current interrupting
device for the protection from over current & short
circuits.
4
Contactor- Contactor is a switching device
capable of making, carrying and breaking electric
current under normal and over load conditions.
5
Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is a switching and current
interrupting device of a switch gear. The
circuit breaker serves two basic purpose.
7
Over voltages are also produced during the closing
operation of circuit breaker while closing unloaded
transmission lines. Such over voltage can be
minimized by incorporating preclosing resistors.
8
Lightning Surges
Originate with a lightning stroke on overhead
line or outdoor equipment. The wave travels
along conductors and reaches the substations.
10
Measures for suppressing the surges
Following are the important measures for
suppressing the surges.
Use of suitable circuit breakers.
Use of RC surge suppressors near circuit breaker
or the load.
Use of ZnO arresters.
11
Surge arrestor
Surge Arresters are connected between phase and
earth in substations, distribution system, near
transformer terminals and near terminals of large
rotating machines.
Surge arresters discharge the excessive surge voltage
to ground and protect the insulation system.
The gapped, silicon carbide surge arresters are being
used since 1950's. During 1960's the gap less Zinc
Oxide arresters (ZnO Arresters) of superior quality
have been developed.
ZnO arresters have higher energy absorption
capability and superior V/I characteristic.
12
The resistor blocks in the surge arrester offer
low resistance to high voltage surge and divert
the high voltage surge to ground. Thereby the
insulation of protected installation is not
subjected to the full impulse wave.
13
Surge Arrester discharges current impulse
surge to earth and dissipates energy in the
form of heat.
14
Protective Devices Against Lightning Surges
Rod gaps - Across insulator string, bushing
insulators.
Overhead Ground Wires (earthed) - Above
overhead lines, Above the sub-station area
Vertical Masts in sub-stations - In sub-stations
Lightning Arresters (Surge Arresters) - On
incoming lines in each sub-station, Near terminals
of Transformers and Generators, Near motor and
generators terminals
Surge Absorbers- Near rotating machines or
switchgear. 15
Operating mechanism
Operating mechanism is required to achieve the
opening and closing operation. The circuit
breaker mechanism must be capable to deal large
force at high speed. Closing must be fast with
high contact pressure to avoid contact welding.
16
Requirement during closing
High thermal stress and electromagnetic stress are
involved, when circuit breaker is closed in fault
condition.
17
Opposing force during closing
operation
Electromagnetic force between contacts.
Friction
18
Opening operation
The energy for opening is achieved from
following:
19
Opposing force during opening
Electromagnetic force due to contact grip
Friction.
20
Types of circuit breaker mechanism
The operating mechanism in circuit breaker are of
two type
1. Dependable
2. Stored energy type or independent operating
mechanism.
1. Dependable operating mechanism depend on
continuity of power supply or manual force
during
closing. Accordingly they are called.
- Dependable manual operating mechanism.
- Dependable power mechanism. 21
2. The stored energy type operating
mechanism are called independent
operating mechanism as they are
independent of continuity of power supply.
In such mechanism, the energy required
for closing is stored in charged spring.
22
Stored energy type mechanism can be classified
as follows.
• Spring opened spring closed mechanism
• Solenoid closed, spring opened mechanism.
• Hydraulic Mechanism
• Pneumatic operating Mechanism.
• Pneumatically- closed, spring opened
mechanism.
• Pneumatically opened, spring closed
mechanism. 23
Circuit breaker time (Total break time) = Opening time +
arcing time
Relay time = Instant of fault to closing of trip circuit.
Fault clearing = Relay time + circuit breaker time
ie. Time between instant of occurrence of fault and instant
of final arc extinction.
24
Circuit breaker features
i) Trip Free Features
26
iii) Static series trip - This is inbuilt
protection of a circuit breaker. It is not
dependent on any DC supply for trip coil.
Inbuilt relay senses the signal from
running current through CT. Relay
produces own supply by electronic circuit
for tripping the coil.
27
iv) Shunt trip- This is operated by different signals
from different relays. All relays contacts are wired in
parallel and gives command for tripping the breaker in
any fault condition. External auxiliary DC supply is
used for actuating the trip coil.
28
v) Magnetic over current- This is also in
built protection over current magnetises
the pulling magnetic assembly which
pulls the trip shaft.
29
Insulation coordination
The power system elements should with stand the over
voltage without insulation failure. The insulation level of
power system equipments refers to its value of power
frequency and impulse voltage with stand.
The insulation level of equipment is designed in such a way
that the damaged caused by voltage is minimize &
equipment is economical.
Insulation coordination is assisted by following.
• Use of over head ground wire
• Low tower footing resistance
• Use of lighting arrestor.
30
Method for improving transient
stability
• Use of faster & superior protection
system.
• Use of faster circuit breaker.
• Use of auto reclosing of circuit
breaker.
• Superior excitation system.
31
UNIT-2
Switching Phenomena
Introduction
(a) Resistance
(b) Inductance
(c) Capacitance
(a) Resistance - The obstruction in the path of
current is called resistance. It depends upon
nature of material, length of conductor and
area of cross section. Resistance play the role
in dissipating the energy.
(b) Inductance, Inductance is defined as
………. (1)
C
P
Complete Solution
i= ip + ic
+
Doubling effect – DC component is max. when
switch is closed at voltage zero. This case is called
doubling effect because peak value is 2Em/WL at
first current loop. There is slight drop in
instantaneous Value of current from t=0 to t=π/2
Therefore, the peak value can be considered to be
approx. 1.8 Em/WL Instead of 2Em
WL
When an R-L series circuit is closed with an
alternating voltage source, the resulting current
consists of two components, the d.c. component
and a.c. component. The a.c. component is super
imposed on the d.c. component. The magnitude of
d.c. component depends upon the voltage at the
instant of closing the switch.
When the switch is closed at voltage zero, the d.c.
component is maximum (Fig.).
If the switch is closed at voltage maximum, d.c.
component is zero and the waveform is
symmetrical about the normal zero axis as shown in
Fig.
Sub transient, transient & steady state
When there is short circuit, the current rise rapidly to
high value (10 to 18 times) during the first quarter
cycle. This first few cycle comes under sub transient
state.
Breaking current
The rms value of short circuit at the instant of
contact separation is termed as breaking current.
Transient Recovery voltage
When arc gets extinguished a high frequency voltage
transient appears across the contacts which is
superimposed on power frequency system voltage.
This high frequency transient voltage tries to restrike
the arc, hence is called restricting voltage or
transient recovery voltage.
The voltage of the arc is increased till it is more than the system voltage
across the contacts. At this point, the arc gets extinguished.
HRC Fuses
Introduction
(What is Fuse)
Fuse is the simplest current interrupting device
for protection from excessive currents.
Fuse is used for overload and / or short circuit
protection in medium voltage (upto 33kv and
low voltage (400 V) installation.
Modern High Rupturing Capacity Cartridge.
Fuses (HRC) provide a reliable discrimination
and accurate characteristics.
In some respects HRC fuses are superior to-
breaker.
Advantages of fuse over
circuit breaker
It is fastest interrupting device
It is protective and interrupting device.
It is cheapest, simplest, and oldest device.
No maintenance required.
Current limitation by cut-off action.
Inverse time-current characteristic.
Reliable discrimination.
Consistent performance.
Disadvantages of fuse over
circuit breaker
Applicable to low voltage and low current.
It has to be replaced after once use.
Used for over current & short circuit protection
only.
Interlocking is not possible.
It produces overheating of the adjacent
contacts.
Parts of Fuse
Fuse base
Fuse Carrier
Fuse Link
Fuse Element
Types of Fuse
1. Semi-enclosed or Rewirable Type. This type fuse is generally used in
houses.
The fuse carrier can be pulled out and the blown out fuse element (wire
which melts) can be replaced by a new one.
Thus the cost involved is very much
less. However, the fuse element
(wire in this case) is exposed to
atmosphere.
(IV) Grading or Discrimination between other fuses and circuit breakers in the
circuit.
Steady load or Fluctuating load. Fluctuating
loads are those in which peaks of comparatively
short durations occur.
Steady loads fluctuated but a little from their
normal value e.g. heaters.
• In selecting a fuse for steady loads, one
has to decide whether to give over-load
protection or short circuit protection.
• For over-load protection of steady loads
class P fuses of fusing factor 1.25 are
preferred.
• In circuits where the load does not
fluctuate much from its normal value
(e.g. in heating circuits) select the
standard cartridge fuse-link intended for
fuses having a current rating equal to or
next greater than the anticipated steady
The fuses give protection against small but
sustained over currents. The fuse is selected
from the available fuses on the basis of normal
current of the circuit.
The fuse of rated current equal to the normal
current may be selected.
If such fuse is not available the next greater
rated current fuse is selected.
The standard rated currents of fuses are as
under:
2 – 4 – 6 – 10 – 16 – 25 – 32 – 50 – 63 – 80 – 100 –
125 – 160 – 200 – 250 – 400 – 500 – 630 – 800 –
1000 – 1250 amperes.
(ii) Fluctuating loads:
Fuse Reading
When the starting current is not known, useful
approximately assumptions are
Faul
t
Coordination of Fuse and CB
In case the fault on an out
going feeder, the fuse of
that feeder should operate
first. Circuit breaker should
be as back up.
The characteristic of fuse
and CB should be matched.
Such that the fuse takes
time for operation than
circuit breaker.
Factors affecting current
capacity of fuse element
Specific heat (heat=mst)
Melting Point
2. Pneumatic mechanism.
Interlocks
To prevent the mal-operation, the isolator is provided
with the following interlocking:
Normally it is open.
While opening :
(1) Open Circuit-breaker
(2) Open Isolator
(3) Close Eathing Switch (if any)
While closing :
(1) Open Earthing Switch
(2) Close Isolator
(3) Close Circuit-breaker.
Unit-6
Contactors, MCC &
Starters
Introduction
Contactor is a mechanical switching device capable of
making carrying and breaking electric current under
normal circuit conditions including operating overload
conditions.
The contactors are basically for operation under
normal conditions and overload conditions.
This condition distinguishes the 'contactors' from
'circuit-breaker'.
Circuit breakers must necessarily be capable of
making, carrying and breaking short-circuit currents.
However contactors may be capable of making and
breaking short-circuit currents, if they are designed
for short-circuit duties also.
Contactors are usually intended to operate more
frequently.
Contactors have a main circuit and control circuit.
• The main circuit is the conducting parts of contact
designed to close or open.
• The current flows from the supply to load through
main circuit.
• The control circuit is energized or de-energized
electrically for opening & closing operation of
contactor.
Types of contactor
(According to method of energizing the control
circuit)
1. Electromagnetic
2. Pneumatic
2. Electro-pneumatic
Contacts
There are two type of contacts in contactor
(i) Power contacts - These are three phase double break
type
(ii) Aux Contacts - It may be 2 NO + 2NC, 3 NO + 3NC or
4NO + 4NC as per required
Contacts are made of copper, silver & cadmium alloy.
Silver oxide plating over contacts is very good
conductor.
Cadmium oxide plating over contacts has good
property of resistance to welding action.
Contacts
Hence the contacts must not be filed or rubbed with
sand paper even if they appear to be dull they should
be cleaned by clean cloth.
B
TYPE - F
N
USE : MOTORISED
VALVE
Switch
Fuse 1
Unit F1-
F3 415/110V 11
95
11 11 97
T-31
13 49
3C-1 3C-2 12 14
F-42 PT F-46 96
14
2 98
1 2 U U 1 2 4 A2 A2
3C 1 3C 2
1 2 V V 21 21 A1
1 2 42-2 42-1 A1
22 22 14
X-4 12 13
F-43 Alarm
A2 A2 2 4 3
42-1 42-1 42-2
A1 A1
Initiating Device
34 3TD-11
27
49
6 8 10 12 16
16 21 23
18
13 13 31 31
31 43
14 14 32 32
32 44
15 19 22 28
Valve 17 29
3~ Motor
M 17
18
5 7 9 11
3C
42-1 42-2
Maintenance of MCC
Unit-7
ACB
OCB
ABCB
SF6
Vacuum
Types of Circuit Breaker
Fig-12
Lengthening of Arc by Means of blow out coils
Fig-13
Fig-15
Sequence of Contact operation
There are two sets of contacts: Main contacts (1)
and Arcing contacts (2) Main contacts conduct the
current in closed position of the breaker.
Arc Runner
Main Control
Fig-16
While opening the contact, the main contacts dislodge first. The current is shifted
to arching contacts. The arcing contacts dislodge later and arc is drawn between
them. This arc is forced upwards by the electromagnetic forces and thermal action.
The arc ends travel along the Arc Runner (Arcing horns). The arc moves upwards
and is split by arc splitter plates.
The arc is extinguished by lengthening, cooling, splitting etc. In some breakers the
arc is drawn in the direction of the splitter by magnetic field.
Operating Mechanisms for Air-Break Circuit-
Breakers
The operating mechanisms of Air-Break Circuit-Breakers
are generally with operating spring. The closing force is
obtained from one of the following means:
- solenoid
- spring charged manually or by motor
- pneumatic
The solenoid mechanisms drive power from battery
supply or rectifiers. The solenoid energized by the direct
current gives the necessary force for closing the circuit-
breaker.
Operating Mechanisms for Air-Break
Circuit-Breakers
Fig-16
1. Rated voltage
The rated voltage is corresponds to the higher system voltage
for which circuit breaker is intended.
The rated voltage is expressed in kV rms and referred to ph to
ph voltage.
Rated voltage of circuit breaker
Normal system voltage Rated voltage kV rms
Kv rms
.415 .440
3.3 3.6
6.6 7.2
11 12
22 24
33 36
66 72.5
220 245
400 420
2.Rated insulation level
The rated insulation level of a circuit breaker
refers to the power frequency withstand
voltage and impulse voltage withstand valves.
Circuit breaker rated insulation One min power frequency
level withstand voltage
2) CO-t1 -CO
t1 = 15 sec. for circuit breaker (not to be used for auto
reclosure.)
9. Rated quantities for auxiliary contact & operating
mechanism for closing & opening.
Sub-assemblies
Air circuit breaker consists of following sub assemblies:
1. Cubicle
2. Closing mechanism
IMS
WMS
3. Tripping mechanism
4. Isolating mechanism
Construction of circuit breaker
5. Arc chamber
6. Isolating contact
Primary isolating contact
Secondary isolating contact.
7. Contact System
Arcing Contact
Main contact
Other parts
Auxiliary contact
Spring charging contact
Closing Coil
Tripping Coil
Closing shaft
Tripping shaft
CTZM Relay (In built protection)
Spring charging motor
ON/OFF indicating device
Test/ Service/Isolate Position indicator.
Closed Breaker Cubicle
Perspex
Window
Isolating
Sector Closing
Sector
Emergency
Push Button
Fig-1
Open Breaker Cubicle with breaker
Cubicle
MWS
Mechanism
Name Plate
Door
Closing Sector
Circuit
Interlock Breaker
Flapper
Fig-2
Empty Cubicle
Door
Interlock
Shutter
Fixed primary
isolating contacts
Roller
Mechanism for Control Circuit
moving the shutter fixed Contacts
Fig-3
Manual Breaker with CTZM Relay
Closing Spring
Sliding Rail
Sliding Rail
CTZM Inbuilt
Protection
Fig-4
Manual Breaker
Closing
Spring
Auxiliary
Switch
Fig-5
Electrically Operated Breaker
Spring Charging Disc
Motor
Spring Charging
Contact
Spring Release
Liver
Closing
Coil
Position
Indicator
On/OFF
Indicator
Fig-6
Rear Side of Breaker
Fig-7
In built Protection
CTZM Relay
Para trip
Fig-8
Fig-9
Safety Shutter
Fig-10
220 V DC closing logic of 415V Class-IV Circuit
breaker
220 V DC Tripping logic of 415V Class-IV Circuit
breaker
3.3 48V DC Control logic/ Protection logic
UNIT-8
Odourless.
Hence for the equal conductor size the current carrying capacity is
relatively more.
Low arc-time constant
(iv) Electronegative-gas.
379
OPERATION OF SF6
CIRCUIT BREAKER
380
Types of Design
Live Tank Design. In which the interrupters are
supported on porcelain insulators.
The arc space is filled with fresh SF6 gas and the
dielectric strength of the contact space is rapidly
recovered due to the electro-negativity of the gas.
The single flow pattern (Fig. 1A) and double
flow pattern (Fig. 1B) are used for arc-
extinguishing in single pressure puffer type an
double pressure type SF6 circuit breakers.
Double flow gives lengthening of arc through hollow contacts and removes
heat of arc more efficiently.
26 May
Electrical System Nuclear Training Center, RRSite 401
2018
CIRCUIT BREAKER
220 kV SF6 breaker technical details:
1. Make – M/s Crompton greaves.
2. Type – ELFS L4-1.
3. Applicable standard – IEC – 56/87.
4. No. of poles – 3.
5. Rated voltage – 245 Kv.
6. Rated insulation level
(i) Lightning impulse withstand voltage – 1050 Kv.
(ii) One min. power frequency withstand voltage – 460 Kv.
7. Rated frequency – 50 HZ.
8. Continuous current – 2000 A.
9. Maximum temp. rise (over ambient temp. 49⁰C-55⁰C.
10. Short time rating – 40 KA/3 sec. 402
11. Short circuit breaking current –
(i) AC component – 40 KA (rms).
(ii) DC component – 55%
12. Rated short circuit making current – 100 KA.
13. Operating mechanism – air to open and spring to
close.
14. Compressed air system – individual compressor for
end breaker.
15. Timing –
Closing < 100 ms.
Opening < 30 ms.
Contact mismatch during closing – 5ms (max.)
403
SF6 breaker – gas pressure setting
404
SF6 breaker – air pressure setting
Minimum In practice
12 kV Interrupter 6 - 10 mm 8 - 20 mm
3.6 kV Contractor 2 - 3 mm 3 - 5 mm
For smaller arc currents, the arc is diffused. Due to peculiar petals
in the contact, the arc roots move towards the edges. The cathode
spots tend to spread towards the edge of the contact disc instead of
farming single constricted arc.
For higher arc currents, the arc roots tends to move from central
zone to the edges due to blow out effect of petals. Because of spiral
shape of grooves, the movement of arc roots has radial and
circumferential components. Thereby the arc roots are blown out of
the disc. This helps in diffusing the arc.
Segmented Contact (Contrate
Contact)
The contact tips are of cup shape with inclined segments.
Because of several segments, the arc roots are formed
and the arc is split up in several parallel paths. These arc
paths repel each other and the arc roots are pushed away
from the contact face.
Requirement of Contact Design
When fault If ≠ 0
I1 > I 2
I1 these is not flux in CT
When no fault If = 0
I1 = I 2
Q1 = Q2
Q1-Q2 =0
When fault If ≠ 0
I1 > I2
Q1> Q2
Q1-Q2 =0