Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Received August 8th, 2012; revised September 14th, 2012; accepted October 30th, 2012
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To assess treatment results in pediatric patients with cataracts, to evaluate the efficacy of various surgical
interventions, and to determine the factors that affect visual outcomes. Methods: This is aProspective cohort study. We
studied a consecutive series of pediatric patients with congenital, developing, or traumatic cataracts who underwent
surgery between January, 1999 and April, 2012 at Drashti Netralaya, Dahod. Patient demographics, cataract type,
presenting symptoms, surgical intervention, postoperative visual acuity, and follow-up refractive changes were recorded.
Results: In total, 1305 eyes of 1047 children were included: unilateral cataracts were present in 786 (60.2%) eyes.
There were 610 (46.7%) traumatic and 695 (53.3%) non-traumatic cases. Ages at surgery ranged from 1 to 215 months.
Eyes were grouped by the surgical intervention performed: Group 1, pars plana approach including 366 (28%) eyes that
underwent lensectomies, and Group 2, anterior approach, including 939 (71.9%) eyes that underwent phacoemulsifi-
cation ± IOL placement or small incision cataract surgery ±IOL placement. The mean follow-up time was 117 days.
Ultimately, 113 (30.9%) Group 1 and 503 (53.6%) Group 2 patients achieved a visual acuity better than 20/60 (P <
0.001). Age at intervention, laterality, sensory nystagmus, pre-treatment vision, IOL insertion, and etiology were all
significantly related (all P < 0.001) to visual outcome. Conclusions: Surgical treatment with intraocular lens implanta-
tion for children with congenital, developmental, or traumatic cataracts is an effective treatment for visual rehabilitation.
Visual outcome was significantly better in cases of traumatic cataracts versus non-traumatic cataracts.
Keywords: Pediatric Cataract; Visual Outcome; Traumatic Cataract; Developmental Cataract; Congenital Cataract
small, but even a small posterior polar cataract can im- care eye hospital in western India over 20 years, from
pair vision. A distinctive type of posterior polar cataract January, 1992 to April, 2012. All pediatric patients (0 to
is the posterior lentiglobus or lenticonus, in which a pro- 18) with cataracts presenting to our department during
trusion of the posterior capsule is present. Membranous this period were enrolled in the study.
cataracts form when the lens, cortex, and nucleus are par- Patient primary details and history were documented
tially or completely reabsorbed, leaving a small amount using a pre-tested online format. Ocular trauma details
of opacified lens material between the anterior and the were documented with an online world eye injury regis-
posterior lens capsules (Duke-Elder, 1972). try form.
Congenital cataracts are one of the most common Vision was checked according to the American Aca-
causes of treatable blindness in children, particularly in demy of Pediatrics vision check protocol. Both eyes were
developing countries [1]. A recent report indicated that assessed. Anterior segment examinations were conduc-
infants with bilateral congenital cataract who underwent ted using a slit lamp bio-microscope. The pupils were
early surgery (within 1 month of birth) and received ap- dilated.
propriate optical rehabilitation could obtain visual acuity Ocular pressure was measured using a Perkin’s hand-
of better than 0.4 and could even achieve stereopsis [2]. held tonometer. If this was not possible, the pressure was
However, because of typically relatively late detection measured under general anesthesia. This procedure was
and diagnosis, the nonavailability of facilities for infant omitted for eyes with open globe injuries. The posterior
anesthesia, and poor compliance with long-term follow- segment of the eye was evaluated with the help of an
up, the visual prognosis for infants with congenital cata- indirect ophthalmoscope and a +20 D lens and an ultra-
ract in developing countries differs markedly from that in sound “B” scan if the media was not clear.
industrialized countries. Visual loss is primarily attribu- The surgical technique was decided based on etiology,
table to amblyopia, most importantly, to “stimulus-form cataract morphology, and the position of the lens. Sur-
deprivation amblyopia,” with the additional factor of ocu- gery was done by the anterior or pars plana route. Ante-
lar rivalry in unilateral disease. Thus, improved under- rior route surgeries were performed using a phacoemulsi-
standing of the critical periods of visual development has fier or manual suction. Membranectomies and lensecto-
resulted in to surgical intervention for dense cataracts mies were performed using a pneumatic cutter leaving
being deemed necessary within the first 3 months of life, capsular support for secondary implant. Intraocular lenses
possibly as early as the first 6 weeks in unilateral disease. were not implanted in patients younger than 1.5 years.
Clinical factors believed to be important to visual out- Children below this age underwent lensectomies/mem-
come in children include age at diagnosis and surgery, branectomies; secondary implant placement was conduc-
type of refractive correction, type of cataract surgery, ted later. Patients were rehabilitated using glasses or con-
compliance with occlusion regimen, etiology of the cata- tact lenses in-between. For IOL power calculations, we
ract, presence of non-ophthalmic disorders, development followed published guidelines [20,21].
In cases of globe rupture, open globe injury wound
of capsular opacity or secondary membrane, and serious
repair was done as a first stage and the cataract was ope-
ocular postoperative complications.
rated on at a second sitting. All steps of the surgical
Primary posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy
techniques were documented using a pretested online
are considered “routine surgical steps,” especially in
format.
younger children. Previously, preparation for secondary
All traumatic cataract patients without infection were
intraocular lens (IOL) implantation at a later date was not
treated with systemic corticosteroids. In all patients with
considered. However, widespread acceptance of IOL im-
inflammation and membranous cataracts, a primary pos-
plantation in children has caused this to be revised. Thus,
terior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy were per-
management of the posterior capsule should eliminate or
formed.
delay the formation of visual axis opacity and yet leave
Postoperative follow-up was performed according to a
sufficient capsular support to achieve the desired “in-
pretested online format, including vision, anterior and
the-bag” (or ciliary sulcus) fixation of an IOL. Even
posterior segment findings and intra ocular pressure, over
when IOL implantation is not performed with the pri-
an appropriate follow-up schedule. Glasses were pre-
mary procedure, it is important to treat and prepare the
scribed when the media were clear and the final prescrip-
eye in such a way that secondary implantation can be
tion was at 6 weeks post-operation. Patients underwent
achieved subsequently.
orthoptic evaluations and amblyopic patients were treated
with appropriate patching. Aphakic patients were reha-
2. Materials and Methods bilitated using glasses or contact lenses. Patients were
The study was approved by the hospital ethics committee. evaluated for stereopsis and contrast sensitivity using a
This was a prospective hospital-based study at a tertiary Titmus vision tester or a Titmus fly test.
Patients developing later cataracts underwent mem- Table 1. Age and sex distribution.
branectomies and vitrectomies as required. For children
Sex
operated on below the age of 1.5 years, secondary lens Age (Years)
implantation was performed after they reached 1.5 years Female Male
of age. 0 to 2 37 56
Data were analyzed using the SPSS software (ver. 19.0;
SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Univariate parametrical 3 to 5 67 119
analyses were used. A P-value of <0.05 was considered 6 to 10 156 293
to indicate statistical significance.
11 to 18 187 390
Type of Cataract
Visual Acuity
Complicated Congenital Developmental Traumatic
Uncooperative 0 9 6 5
<1/60 20 66 66 201
1/60 to 3/60 3 61 65 69
6/60 to 6/36 2 17 50 46
6/12 to 6/9 0 5 30 53
P = 0.0001299.
Uncooperative 7 13 0 0 0 0 0
<1/60 7 321 11 11 3 1 0
6/60 to 6/36 0 74 28 10 3 0 0
6/12 to 6/9 1 62 15 3 7 1 0
P = 0.000.
Table 5. Comparision of visual outcome amongst traumatic Table 6. Comparision of visual outcome according to pre-
and non traumatic group. sence of sensory nystegmus.
Cataract Sensory_Nystagmus
Visual Acuity Visual Acuity
Non Traumatic Traumatic No Yes
Uncooperative 15 5 Uncooperative 13 7
P = 0.000. P = 0.000.
Table 7. Comparision of visual outcome according to lateri- Table 10. Comparision of visual outcome according to PPC.
lity.
PPC
Laterality Visual Acuity
Visual Acuity No Yes
Bilateral Unilateral Uncooperative 12 8
Uncooperative 8 12 <1/60 259 95
<1/60 75 278 1/60 to 3/60 108 91
Table 12. Comparision of visual outcome amongst I nter- Table 14. Comparative visual outcome in unilateral ambly-
vention under and above 5 years. opic eyes.
Uncooperative 8 12 20 Uncooperative 8 0 8
P = 0.000. Uncooperative 7 0 7
<1/60 71 6 77
Table 13. Comparative visual outcome in eyes with lamellar
catarcat with other morphologies. 1/60 to 3/60 26 5 31
Post Operative
Morphology Total 6/60 to 6/36 10 1 11
Unilateral Vision
Post Operative Vision
Other Lamellar Other 6/24 to 6/18 32 4 36
Table 16. Object causing the injury. individual patients. Finally, some observations that would
have been useful for analysis were missing from the re-
Object Percentage (%)
cords because of loss to follow-up.
Ball 1.4 Nevertheless, we feel that some useful observations
Cattle Horn 1.7
can be made on the basis of this review of patients. There
seem to be two general categories of patients with con-
Cattle Tail 0.3 genital and developmental cataracts. One is characterized
Finger 0.8 by extensive lens opacity and an early, obvious reduction
in vision. These patients, who come for cataract surgery
Fire 2.8
in the first year of life, often have smaller-than-normal
Glass 1.1 corneal diameters, poorly dilating pupils, and a vulner-
ability to delayed postoperative open-angle glaucoma.
Thorn 3.4
The other category includes patients with partial, often
Other 8.8 lamellar lens opacities, corneas of normal size, and a
Sharp Object 8.8 remarkably good visual prognosis. Lamellar cataract did
significantly better when compared with other mor-
Stone 10.7
phologies in the non-traumatic group, similar to other
Unknown 8.8 studies (Table 13) [10]. Of the patients in the first cate-
gory, 222 (17%) developed nystagmus at 2 - 4 months of
Stick 51.4
age, which was accompanied by a reduction in visual
Total 100.0 acuity despite a good anatomical result from surgery
(Table 6). Early surgery, within the time frame indicated
cases, we found that unilateral cataracts did better, in in [10], did not appear to stop the development of nys-
contrast to some other reports (Table 7) [10,33,34], again tagmus, although some investigators have suggested that
likely attributable to the large number of traumatic cases. this may be so, based on anecdotal experiences with
A prospective study of the outcome of surgery for small numbers of patients [10,18,19]. It is possible that
cataracts in the pediatric age group has several limita- even earlier surgery than we have done, undertaken in
tions. Although we believe that all patients included in the first few weeks of life, would have a more favourable
the study had congenital, developmental, or traumatic lens influence on the development of nystagmus. On the other
opacities, not all patients were seen and followed by us hand, the nystagmus may be a manifestation of a more
from the time of birth. In particular, some patients with general ophthalmic disorder that would not be influenced
lamellar cataracts were not seen by us until they were by the timing of surgery. Further evaluation of this ques-
several years old. tion will require a randomized controlled study, because
Regarding timing of intervention, our study suggests patient selection could influence the prevalence of nys-
that visual outcome is affected by age of intervention, tagmus in any small series of patients, especially if all
etiology, and laterality. Traumatic cataracts did well with patients with congenital cataracts, regardless of type, were
late interventions (age 11 - 18; Table 3). Patients in the subjected to early surgery.
non-traumatic group did well in the case of type 1 mor- Some concern has been raised about the possibility of
phology if the intervention was early and in the case of a higher complication rate following cataract surgery per-
type 2 morphology (partial opacity), if the intervention formed in the first 2 months of life, an important concern,
was late. In cases of unilateral cataracts, sooner is better. but also one based on a prospective study of patients not
These findings were similar in the non-traumatic group randomized with regard to the timing of surgery. While it
[10]. For the traumatic group, the interval between injury is well-known that deprivational amblyopia is difficult to
and intervention is important [35]. On the other hand, surmount in patients with unilateral congenital cataracts
their lens opacities were characteristic of congenital la- (Table 14) [10], it is not a major factor in patients with
mellar cataracts [10], a type of cataract we have not bilateral partial or lamellar opacities, as long as their lens
found to be acquired postnatally in otherwise healthy opacities are symmetrical (Table 10).
children. The visual prognosis in this group of patients, whose
The surgeries performed in our series of patients were surgery is usually performed after 5 years of age, at a
not identical in all cases. For example, the posterior cap- time when increasing visual needs begin to exceed the li-
sule was handled differently at different times during the mits imposed by bilateral congenital cataracts, is excel-
study period. Additionally, the timing of surgery was not lent (Table 13). The only patients in this second general
dictated by an established protocol, but was determined category who fell short of this high expectation were a
by age at the time of referral and by the visual status of few who also had the unfortunate combination of nys-
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