Modal Analysis

ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge™
Chapter 9 Modal Analysis

Objective This chapter introduces:
9 Natural Frequency
9 Mode Shapes
9 Defining a Modal Analysis
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Modal analyses are A modal analysis in Pro/MECHANICA helps you determine the
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sometimes called natural frequency and mode shape of a model. Modal analyses report the
frequency analyses. dynamic response of structures characterized by resonance
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frequencies (natural frequencies), mode shape and damping. These
factors are important for models that are subjected to cyclic or
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vibration loads. You can calculate natural frequencies and model
shapes for the following types of parts:
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• A free part (when it has six rigid body modes)
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• A partially fixed part (when the number of rigid body modes is less
than six)
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• A full fixed part (when there are no rigid body modes)
Natural All models have a natural frequency. If a dynamic load is applied to a

model close to its natural frequency, the model exhibits a larger than
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Frequency normal oscillation. Without proper damping, the oscillation can

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become uncontrollable and cause the model to collapse.

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Resonance occurs when To prevent this problem, Pro/MECHANICA predicts the natural
the frequency of the forced frequency of your model so that you can analyze the model under
vibrations approaches or specific, dynamic constraints. The results of a modal analysis helps
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coincides with the natural determine whether a model requires more or less damping to prevent
frequency of the system. failure. Use a modal analysis to find the resonant frequencies for a
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structure under specific constraints.

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Degrees of Any object that vibrates has a degree of freedom. The degrees of
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freedom is the number of directions in which the object can vibrate.

Freedom An object with a single degree of freedom can move back and forth in
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one direction only. An object with multiple degrees of freedom can

move back and forth in more than one direction.
Frequency = number Degrees of freedom can also be defined by the number of objects that
cycles in a unit time. move. For example, take two objects attached with a spring. The first
object can move back and forth in only one direction. The second
object can move back and forth in only the same direction as the first.
The two-object system has two degrees of freedom.
Pro/MECHANICA: Structure and Thermal Analysis 9–1

If your system has more than one degree of freedom, the combined
forces of the two objects can yield a frequency that affects your part.
Pro/MECHANICA can automatically calculate the degrees of freedom.
Damping Damping is used to dissipate the vibrational energy in a model or part.

All models and parts have some inherent damping; however, the
amount of damping can be increased to dissipate energy in particular
modes.
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After you run a modal analysis, you can decide whether more or less
damping is required.
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Modes Modes measure the vibration of an object at a particular frequency.
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Each mode is assigned a number. The lowest speed at which a
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structure vibrates after all external loads are removed is assigned to
mode 1. This mode is called the free vibration mode because it is not
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damped.
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Each mode is assigned a different frequency. For example, mode 1
(the free vibration mode) for a part could be 255.6Hz. and mode 2 for
the part could be 868.7Hz. Any number of modes can apply to a
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particular part. Pro/MECHANICA can analyze up to 9999 different
modes.
Mode Shape Each mode is characterized by a deformed shape called the mode
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shape. Any number of mode shapes can apply to a particular part.

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Using Pro/MECHANICA, you can visualize these shapes and the

frequency that is associated with them. Four mode shapes are shown
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in Figure 9–1. By viewing mode shapes, you can see how a part
reacts to different frequencies.
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9–2 Pro/MECHANICA: Structure and Thermal Analysis

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255.6Hz 868.8Hz
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Figure 9–1
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Defining a Modal Modal analysis parameters are defined in the Modal Analysis
Definition dialog box, as shown in Figure 9–2.
Analysis
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Figure 9–2
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The options in the Modal Analysis dialog box are described in

Table 9–1.
Table 9–1
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Option Description
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Name Enter a name for the analysis in this field.

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Description Enter a description of the analysis in this field (optional).

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Constraints Enables you to define the constraint set using the

following options:
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Option Description
Constrained Use this option to select a constraint set, if one is

available.
Unconstrained Use this option if you do not want to use a constraint.
With rigid Use this option if you are not using a constraint. This
mode search option is automatically selected if no constraint set is
available. Pro/MECHANICA reports any rigid body modes
that it finds.
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Output Define the output for the analysis in the Output tab. This
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tab contains the following options:
Calculate With this option, you select the stresses, rotations, and/or
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reactions to calculates quantity values.
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Plot With this option, you can enter a plotting grid density.
Pro/MECHANICA calculates quantity values at the
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intersection of grid lines; therefore, grid density is
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important.
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Convergence Select a convergence method using the Method
pull-down menu in the Convergence tab.
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Modes Define the modes for the analysis in the Modes tab. This
tab contains the following options:
Number of Use this option to specify the number of modes for
Modes Pro/MECHANICA to calculate. This number is added to
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the specified frequency.

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All Modes in Use this option to specify all modes within a frequency
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Frequency range in the Min Frequency and Max Frequency fields.

Range
Number of Use this pull-down menu to specify the number of modes
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modes above the specified frequency that you want

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Pro/MECHANICA to calculate. The number must be

between 1 and 9999. You can only change this number if
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the Number of Modes option is selected.

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Minimum Use this option to specify the minimum frequency of a

Frequency frequency range. You can only specify this if the All Mode
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in Frequency Range option is selected.

Maximum Use this option to specify the maximum frequency of a
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Frequency frequency range. You can only specify this if the All Mode
in Frequency Range option is selected.

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Exercise 9a Modal Analysis (Natural Modes

of Vibration)
Goal After you complete this exercise, you will be able to:
9 Create user-defined measures

9 Set up and run a modal analysis for a Quick Check
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convergence
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9 Set up and run a Multi-Pass Adaptive analysis
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9 Display the results
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A modal analysis enables In this exercise, you set up and run a modal analysis on a hook
you to find the natural model, as shown in Figure 9–3. You use the shell idealization to
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frequencies and represent the thin sections of the model as a FEA model.
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corresponding principal
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mode shapes of the hook
under a specific constraint
set.
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Figure 9–3
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Modeling Tasks
Task 1: Open the part called modal_hook_1 in Pro/ENGINEER

and launch Pro/MECHANICA.
1. Open modal_hook_1.prt. The unshaded part appears as shown

in Figure 9–4.
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Figure 9–4
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2. Make sure that the unit systems is set to mmNs.

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3. Launch Pro/MECHANICA Structure.

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4. Make sure the model type is set to 3D.

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Task 2: Define shell elements.

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1. Create a mid-surface shell for the hook entities shown in

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Figure 9–5.
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Shell these
entities
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Figure 9–5
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2. Click Compress > Shells and Solids > ShowCompress to
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ensure that the compression of the shells worked. The model
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appears as shown in Figure 9–6.
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Figure 9–6
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Task 3: Apply loads.
In this task, you apply a bearing load to the hook hole.
1. Click Insert > Bearing Load or select the icon. The Bearing
Load dialog box appears as shown in Figure 9–7.
The Dir Point & Mag and

Dir Vector & Mag are
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other options in the Force
pull-down menu.
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Figure 9–7
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1. Enter [hole_load] in the Name field.

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2. Select the surface of the hole shown in Figure 9–8.

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Select this
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surface
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Figure 9–8
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3. Enter [-1500] in the Y field and select . The model
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appears as shown in Figure 9–9.
Use the Simulation

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Display dialog box to turn
the load values off.
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Figure 9–9
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Task 4: Apply the constraints.
In this task, you apply constraints to the top and bottom surfaces of
the hook using the icon, as shown in Figure 9–10.
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Fix these
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surfaces
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1. Enter [surface_fix] in the Name field.
2. Constrain these surfaces in all directions. The model appears as

shown in Figure 9–11.
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Figure 9–11

Task 5: Apply the material.
1. Assign STEEL to the hook model.
The model’s material The following values are the default material properties for
properties should be as HS-low-alloy steel (STEEL):
stated. • Poisson = 0.27
• Young’s modulus = 199948 N/mm2
• Coeff of thermal expansion = 1.17e-5 /C
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• Density = 7.82708e-9 tonne/mm^3
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2. Select to check your material properties.
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Task 6: Mesh the model.
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1. Make sure the AutoGEM Settings are the default limits in the
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Limits tab of the AutoGEM Settings dialog box, as shown in
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Figure 9–12.
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Figure 9–12
2. Mesh the model using the All with Properties option.

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3. Note the number of Tri, Quad and Tetra elements in the

AutoGEM Summary dialog box. The model appears as shown in
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Figure 9–13.
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The shell elements (Tri and

Quad) are shown in green
and 3D solid elements
(Tetra) are shown in blue.
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Figure 9–13
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4. Close the AutoGEM dialog box and save the mesh.
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Task 7: Create measure.
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This measure is useful for 1. Click Insert > Simulation Measure to define a centre of mass
locating the center of mass measure to locate the model’s centre of mass relative to WCS in
of an assembly model.
the X-direction. Select . The Measure Definition dialog box
appears.
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2. Name the measure [mass_centre].

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3. Select the Center of Mass in the Quantity pull-down menu. Note

the analysis types for which you can set this measure, as shown
in Figure 9–14.
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Figure 9–14
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Summary
In the previous tasks, you created the simulation entities required to

analyze your model.In the following tasks, you specify the analysis
type and the convergence method and run the analysis.

Analysis Tasks
Task 8: Set up the analysis.
In this task, you specify the analysis type. First, the hook is analyzed
using the Quick Check convergence option, which checks for errors.
You then analyze the hook using the Multi-Pass Adaptive
convergence option.
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1. Click File > New Modal in the Analysis and Design Studies
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dialog box. The Modal Analysis Definition dialog box appears as
shown in Figure 9–15.
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The objective of a modal
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study is to ensure that the
system does not have a
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resonant frequency near
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the operating frequency.
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Figure 9–15
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2. Enter [modal_hook] in the Name field.

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Select the Constrained 3. Enter a description of the analysis in the Description field
and With rigid mode (optional).
search options when you
are not sure if your model 4. Accept the defaults in the Constraints section.
is fully constrained. 5. Enter [25] in the Number of Modes field.

6. Select the Convergence tab and select Quick Check in the

Method pull-down menu.
7. Select the Output tab, as shown in Figure 9–16.
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Figure 9–16
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8. Select all of the options in the Calculate section.
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9. Accept the default option in the Plotting Grid field.
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10. Select to accept the selections and close the Modal
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Analysis Definition dialog box.
11. Check the validity of the model and run the analysis.
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The solution converges on 12. Set up the Multi-Pass Adaptive analysis. Enter [9] in the
frequency. Polynomial Order field and accept the defaults in the Percent
Convergence field in the Limits section and Converge on
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section.
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13. Run the analysis. If time permits compare your results to those
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provided in the canned_results directory.
14. Extract the following information from the modal_hook.rpt:

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• Stress errors for modes 1 to 4, as shown in Figure 9–17.

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These values are a

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Pro/MECHANICA
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benchmark of the result.

You should not accept
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more than 5 to 10% of the

maximum stress value.
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Figure 9–17

Note that the high percentage stress error is due to re-entrant

corners, which are caused by the intersection of shell elements
and 3D solid elements around the hook area. The solution
converges and stress errors are within the limits (10%), except
mode 3. Therefore, the results are valid.
• Frequencies for modes 1 to 4, as shown on Figure 9–18
Resonant frequencies
occur for the hook model
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under set conditions.
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Figure 9–18
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Note convergence percentage for the four modes. The solution
converges on frequency (you set the convergence in step 12. of
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this task). Convergence was obtained on pass six.
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Results Tasks
Task 9: Display the results.
In this task, you create, animate, and show four von Mises stress
fringe plots for the first four modes of vibration. You are interested in
the first four modes.
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1. Select the icon from the Analyses and Design Studies dialog
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box. The Untitled Result Window appears.
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2. Select the icon. The Result Window Definition dialog box
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appears.
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3. Select the icon and open the modal_hook study. The
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Result Window Definition dialog box appears as shown in
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Figure 9–19.
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Figure 9–19
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4. Enter [mode1_window] in the Name field and [mode_1] in the

Title field.
5. Select Stress in the first Quantity pull-down menu and select

von Mises in the Component pull-down menu.
6. Select the Display Options tab and enter the information shown
in Figure 9–20.

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Figure 9–20
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7. Show the "mode_1" fringe plot. Step through the animation to the
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frame shown in Figure 9–21.
Frame number
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Figure 9–21

In this mode (mode1), examine the areas of high stress and the
vibrational mode of the hook.
8. Create, animate, and show a von Mises stress for mode 2. Enter
[mode2_window] in the Name field and [mode_2] in the Title
field.
9. Select the second checkbox in the Include column, as shown in

Figure 9–22, and clear the first checkbox.
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Figure 9–22
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Figure 9–23

In this mode (mode 2), examine the areas of high stress and the
field.
12. Select the third checkbox in the Include column and clear the
second checkbox.
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Figure 9–24
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In this mode (mode3), examine the areas of high stress and the
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field.
15. Select the fourth checkbox in the Include column and clear the
third checkbox.

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Figure 9–25
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It is recommended that the In this mode (mode 4), examine the areas of high stress and the
natural frequency of the vibrational mode of the hook.
system occur below 1/3 or
above 3 times the 17. Save the model and close the window.
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operating frequency.
Task 10: Set up and run a new analysis (optional).
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1. Delete the mesh.

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2. Delete the mid-surface shells.

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3. Mesh the model with 3D solid elements only.

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4. Set up and run a new Multi-Pass Adaptive analysis. Enter a

different name for the analysis. Enter [9] in the Polynomial Order
field, and accept the defaults in the Percent Convergence field in
the Limits section and Converge on section.
5. Compare the results.

Modal Analysis

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ASCENT - Center for Technical Knowledge™

Chapter 9 Modal Analysis

Natural All models have a natural frequency. If a dynamic load is applied to a

Frequency normal oscillation. Without proper damping, the oscillation can

become uncontrollable and cause the model to collapse.

structure under specific constraints.

freedom is the number of directions in which the object can vibrate.

one direction only. An object with multiple degrees of freedom can

Pro/MECHANICA: Structure and Thermal Analysis 9–1

Damping Damping is used to dissipate the vibrational energy in a model or part.

shape. Any number of mode shapes can apply to a particular part.

Using Pro/MECHANICA, you can visualize these shapes and the

9–2 Pro/MECHANICA: Structure and Thermal Analysis

Pro/MECHANICA: Structure and Thermal Analysis 9–3

The options in the Modal Analysis dialog box are described in

Name Enter a name for the analysis in this field.

Description Enter a description of the analysis in this field (optional).

Constraints Enables you to define the constraint set using the

9–4 Pro/MECHANICA: Structure and Thermal Analysis

Constrained Use this option to select a constraint set, if one is

the specified frequency.

Frequency range in the Min Frequency and Max Frequency fields.

modes above the specified frequency that you want

Pro/MECHANICA to calculate. The number must be

the Number of Modes option is selected.

Minimum Use this option to specify the minimum frequency of a

in Frequency Range option is selected.

Pro/MECHANICA: Structure and Thermal Analysis 9–5

9–6 Pro/MECHANICA: Structure and Thermal Analysis

Exercise 9a Modal Analysis (Natural Modes

9 Create user-defined measures

Pro/MECHANICA: Structure and Thermal Analysis 9–7

Task 1: Open the part called modal_hook_1 in Pro/ENGINEER

1. Open modal_hook_1.prt. The unshaded part appears as shown

2. Make sure that the unit systems is set to mmNs.

3. Launch Pro/MECHANICA Structure.

4. Make sure the model type is set to 3D.

Task 2: Define shell elements.

1. Create a mid-surface shell for the hook entities shown in

9–8 Pro/MECHANICA: Structure and Thermal Analysis

Pro/MECHANICA: Structure and Thermal Analysis 9–9

Task 3: Apply loads.

In this task, you apply a bearing load to the hook hole.

The Dir Point & Mag and

1. Enter [hole_load] in the Name field.

2. Select the surface of the hole shown in Figure 9–8.

9–10 Pro/MECHANICA: Structure and Thermal Analysis

Use the Simulation

Pro/MECHANICA: Structure and Thermal Analysis 9–11

Task 4: Apply the constraints.

the hook using the icon, as shown in Figure 9–10.

2. Constrain these surfaces in all directions. The model appears as

9–12 Pro/MECHANICA: Structure and Thermal Analysis

Task 5: Apply the material.

1. Assign STEEL to the hook model.

2. Mesh the model using the All with Properties option.

3. Note the number of Tri, Quad and Tetra elements in the

Pro/MECHANICA: Structure and Thermal Analysis 9–13

The shell elements (Tri and

2. Name the measure [mass_centre].

3. Select the Center of Mass in the Quantity pull-down menu. Note

In the previous tasks, you created the simulation entities required to

9–14 Pro/MECHANICA: Structure and Thermal Analysis