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Setijo Bismo
University of Indonesia
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All content following this page was uploaded by Setijo Bismo on 25 October 2015.
ABSORPSI GAS
(Kuliah Pendahuluan - 2015)
oleh:
Setijo Bismo – DTK FTUI
Garis Besar Topik Pembahasan
• Pendahuluan Absorpsi
• Prinsip-prinsip Dasar Absorpsi
• Contoh-contoh Aplikasi di Industri
• Kesetimbangan Gas-Cair
• Operasi Satuan untuk Absorpsi Gas:
a). Kolom Isian (Packed Tower)
b). Kolom Talam (Tray Column, Plate Column)
• Perpindahan Massa di antara Fasa
Pendahuluan
• Peristiwa ABSORPSI ¨ di antara GAS dan CAIRAN.
• Fluida yang meng-ABSORPSI: CAIRAN ¨ ABSORBEN
• Fluida yang di-ABSORPSI: GAS ¨ ABSORBAT
• ABSORBAT (solutes) mengalami ABSORPSI dari fasa
GAS ke fasa CAIRAN.
• ABSORPSI tidak merusak (secara kimiawi) fasa GAS.
• Sederhananya: peristiwa perpindahan (massa) gas
KONTAMINAN menuju cairan (absorben).
• DESORPSI (Stripping) adalah peristiwa kebalikan dari
ABSORPSI
Pendahuluan: Skematis Sistem Absorpsi-Desorpsi
Pendahuluan: Garis Operasi dan Kesetimbangan Absorpsi
Bawah Menara
0,01 (Tower Bottom)
Garis Operasi
(Operating Line)
0,02
Garis Kesetimbangan
(Equilibrium Line)
0,03
Puncak Menara
(Tower Top) 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04
Pendahuluan: Garis Operasi dan Kesetimbangan Absorpsi-Desorpsi
0,5
0,45
0,4 Theoretical
Stages
0,35
0,25
P (X F , Y1 )
0,2
0,1
0,05
Q ( X n , Yn+1 ( = Ys ) )
0,0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4
Pendahuluan: Garis Operasi dan Kesetimbangan Absorpsi-Desorpsi
Prinsip-prinsip Dasar
Jenis Cairan Pengontak (ABSORBEN) yang dipilih
bergantung pada:
1. KELARUTAN Absorbat (gas kontaminan)
di dalam cairan pengontak yang dipilih.
¨ Air: NH3, Asam Asetat, Aseton
¨ Heksana: Bahan organik (herbal, FG)
pA = H xA
dengan H = konstanta Hukum Henry (frasi-mol gas/fraksi-mol cairan)
Data Kesetimbangan Lainnya...
• 3 principal types:
i) dumped packings, (0.25 – 3 inch)
ii) stacked packings, (2 – 8 inch)
iii) structured/ordered packings.
Setijo Bismo
PerMas – 2015
Based upon sources of pollution and the nature of polluted sites (air, land, or
water), environmental separations can be categorized as follows.
#1. Clean up of existing pollution problems
Examples:
z surface water contamination: (a). organics, (b). anorganics, (c). metals, etc.
z groundwater contamination: (a). organics, (b). metals, etc.)
z airborne pollutants: (a). SOx, (b). NOx, (c). CO, etc.)
z soil clean-up: (a). solvent contamination, (b). heavy metals, etc.)
z continuing discharges to the environment: (a). automobiles, (b). industrial
processes (chemical, nuclear, electronics, engineering, etc.).
General Purposes:
Figure [#01] below portrays a hierarchy for pollution prevention in Environmental Engineering.
It is apparent that the difficulty of implementation decreases from top to bottom. Note that, the
first four approaches on the hierarchy involve chemical separations (mass transfer operations).
The Chemical Manufacturers Association has published a strategy for addressing pollution
minimization or elimination in chemical processing facilities very similar to Figure below. They
suggest, in priority order:
1. Source reduction ¨ Process changes to eliminate the problem. These process changes can include:
z Reducing by-product formation through changes in processing and/or catalyst usage. This step can
include changes in raw materials used.
z Better process control to minimize processing variations which lead to additional discharges.
z New processing flowsheets to minimize unwanted product generation and/or release.
2. Recycle ¨ If source reduction is not feasible, then recycle:
z within the process
z within the plant
z off-site.
3. Treatment ¨ Post-process waste treatment prior to discharge to minimize the environmental impact.
Some recent researches and observations describe more than 50 pollution prevention strategies that do not
require large investment costs.
The Role of Chemical Separations in Industries
Figure [#2]. Sherwood plot. Reproduced with permission of National Academy Press.
This log–log plot shows that there is a reasonable correlation between the initial concentration of a solute
in a mixture and its final price. For environmental applications, this correlation would translate to the cost
of removal and/or recovery of a pollutant based on its initial concentration.
Remember: view of Separation Processes
1. Natural Gas.
The principal sulfur contaminant of natural gas is another gas –
hydrogen sulfide. Because it is extremely toxic, civil authorities
have long forbidden significant levels of this compound in
natural-gas pipelines. Hydrogen sulfide is removed from natural
gas by a variety of commercial processes including reaction
with aqueous solutions of oxidants, absorption into aqueous
solutions of bases, distillation, and selective permeation through
membranes. The end product of these processes is elemental
sulfur, which can be sold and, in some cases, is worth more
than the co-produced natural gas. In 1984, about 24,000 tons
(24 million kilograms) of sulfur was produced from natural-gas
wells in the United States.
Sulphur in Mineral Fossil (Fuels) Industries (#2)
2. Petroleum.
3. Coal.