Excel Review Center
What are the three types of control synchros?
CX, CT, CDX *
The CX and CDX differ from the TX and TDX
because the CX and CDX have which of the
following characteristics?
Higher impedance windings *
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic
of the rotor of a control transformer (CT) rotor?
It has a drum- or wound-type rotor *
Which of the following terms applies to the
output of a control transformer?
Output voltage *
Synchro capacitors are used to provide which
of the following characteristics in a synchro
system?
Improved accuracy *
Which of the following synchro devices uses a
synchro capacitor?
CDX *
What type of current is eliminated by synchro
capacitors?
Stator *
In what configuration are synchro capacitors
connected in a synchro circuit?
Delta, across the stator windings*
To maintain system accuracy, where are
synchro capacitors physically placed in a
synchro circuit?
Close to the TDX, CDX, or CT *
Which of the following is a disadvantage of a
double receiver as compared to two single
receivers?
The entire unit must be replaced if one
portion fails *
The voltage used to prevent false
synchronizations is known by what term?
Stickoff voltage *
What is the reference point for the alignment of
all synchro units?
Electrical zero *
What is the most accurate method of aligning a
synchro?
The ac voltmeter method *
During synchro alignment, what is the purpose
of the coarse setting?
To ensure a setting of zero degrees rather
than 180 degrees*
If a synchro receiver is properly zeroed, when
do the stator windings have electrical zero
voltages?
When the rotor is at its reference position *
The output voltage of a control transformer on
electrical zero is which of the following relative
values?
Minimum *
When a tri-speed synchro system is being
zeroed, which synchro should be zeroed first?
Coarse *
What method of zeroing a synchro is the
fastest but NOT the most accurate?
The electrical-lock method *
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The electrical-lock method of zeroing a
synchro requires accessible leads and which
of the following conditions?
A rotor free to turn *
A synchro is zeroed by the use of a synchro
tester. After it is zeroed, the S1 and S3 leads
are shorted together, and the synchro tester
dial moves. What does this indicate?
The synchro is not zeroed correctly *
If you find that a synchro has bad bearings,
which of the following actions should you take?
Replace the synchro *
Which of the following troubles is common in
newly installed synchro systems?
Improper wiring *
What type of indicating device is usually
installed in the stator circuit of a torque
synchro system?
An overload indicator *
A servo is normally designed to move (a) what
type of load to (b) what type of positions?
(a) Large (b) Exact *
Servo systems can be found in which of the
following forms?
Pneumatic, Hydraulic, Electromechanical
Which of the following systems are control
systems?
Open-loop & Closed-loop
A servo system is defined as which of the
following types of control systems?
Closed-loop *
Which of the following is a basic difference
between an open-loop control system and a
closed-loop control system?
System of feedback *
In a dc position servo system, what
characteristic of the error signal determines the
direction in which the load is driven?
Phase *
The sum point in a position servo system
combines what two signals to produce an error
signal?
Feedback and input *
A position servo system exhibits a series of
overtravels. This condition is known by which
of the following terms?
Hunting *
A velocity servo has which of the following
characteristics?
Senses position of the load; error signal
present at correspondence*
What device is usually used to provide
feedback in a velocity servo loop?
Tachometer *
When friction-clutch damping is used in a
servo system, the first overshoot of the load
may be characterized as
large *
Error-rate damping is considered to be better
than friction or friction-clutch damping because
of which of the following characteristics of the
error-rate damping system?
A large change in the error signal causes
maximum damping *
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Q & A 6 - Electronics
Under what condition would a servo system
that is properly designed and operating
correctly have an oscillating load?
The input signal oscillates *
A servo system is found to be "noisy." If the
bandwidth of the servo amplifier were adjusted
to reject the unwanted noise signals, which of
the following characteristics of the servo
system would be affected?
Amplifier gain *
Which of the following devices can be used as
a position sensor in a servo system?
A potentiometer *
Which of the following devices are magnetic
error detectors?
E-transformers *
A dc rate generator is used in which of the
following loops of a velocity servo system?
Control *
What is the function of a modulator in a servo
system?
To convert a dc error signal to an ac error
signal *
In a servo system that uses a modulator, what
characteristic of the modulator output
determines the direction of load movement?
Phase *
What phase relationships between the input
and reference signals are sensed by a servo
demodulator?
0º and 180º *
In a properly operating servo system, what is
the phase relationship between the reference
voltages to the error detector and the
demodulator?
In phase only *
Which of the following should be a
characteristic of a servo amplifier?
Low noise level *
An ac servo motor would probably be used
instead of a dc servo motor in which of the
following situations?
To move light loads at a constant speed *
In which of the following situations should a
magnetic amplifier be used instead of a
conventional amplifier?
When a heavy load is to be moved *
Which of the following objects has gyroscopic
properties?
A spinning top
A wheel on a moving bicycle
The moving blade assembly of an electric
fan
The ability of a gyro to maintain a fixed position
in space is referred to by what term?
Rigidity *
A gyro will resist all forces that attempt to
change its
spin axis direction *
What action takes place when an outside force
attempts to tilt the spin axis of a gyro?
The gyro precesses in a direction at a right
angle to the applied force *
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For a gyro to be universally mounted, it MUST
have a total of how many gimbals, if any?
Two *
Of the following factors, which one does NOT
affect rigidity?
Rotor shape *
The forces that act through the center of
gravity of a gyro and do NOT cause
precession are referred to by what term?
Forces of translation *
Which of the following factors determine(s) the
amount of precession that will result from a
given applied force?
Rotor speed, Rotor weight
Rotor shape
Which of the following factors determine(s) the
direction a gyro will precess in response to a
particular force?
Direction of the rotor's spin *
According to the right-hand rule for gyro
precession, what does the thumb indicate?
Spin vector and axis *
Which of the following is a universally mounted
gyro?
A two-degrees-of-freedom gyro *
Which of the following factors is NOT a cause
of mechanical drift?
Apparent precession *
Which of the following is a purpose of a gyro-
erection system?
To precess the gyro to its operating
position
To prevent a gyro from precessing once the
rotor is up to speed
To establish a vertical position to which the
gyro position may be compared
Which of the following is an advantage that the
mercury ballistic erection system has over the
mercury erection system?
Spin axis aligns north-south *
What is the principal purpose of rate gyros?
To measure angular rates *
In what maximum number of directions is a
rate gyro free to precess?
One *
The operation of an accelerometer is based on
what physical property?
Inertia *
Every known element has
a unique type of atom
Accelerometers find their greatest use in what
type of system?
Navigation *
Pulse-counting accelerometers are designed
for use only with what type of equipment?
Digital computers *
Which of the following electronic devices
operates by virtue of the movement of
electrons within a solid piece of semiconductor
material?
Transistor
Junction diode
Solid-state device
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A resolver performs which of the following
mathematical functions?
Trigonometric *
Which of the following electronic devices is a
minute piece of semiconductor material that
can produce complete electronic circuit
functions?
Integrated circuit *
Which of the following terms is used for the
decrease in resistance as the temperature of
the semiconductor increases?
Negative temperature coefficient *
In addition to rectifying properties, selenium
has the property of being light sensitive. How
is selenium's resistance affected by light?
It decreases with an increase in light
intensity *
One of the most sensitive elements of
semiconductor materials is galena. Galena is a
crystalline form of what material?
Lead sulfide *
What significant discovery caused a
breakthrough in the development of
semiconductor devices?
The junction diode *
Which of the following devices is frequently
used to regulate power supply voltages at
precise levels?
Zener diode *
Which of the following solid-state devices has
both gain and fast-switching capabilities?
Tunnel diode *
When compared to an electron tube, the
semiconductor device has which of the
following limitations?
The semiconductor is used only in radar
equipment *
Matter can be found in which of the following
forms?
Solid, Liquid, Gas
A substance that cannot be reduced to a
simpler form by chemical means is called a/an
Compound *
An atom is the smallest possible particle that
retains the characteristics of which of the
following substances?
An element *
A molecule is the smallest possible particle
that retains the characteristics of which of the
following substances?
A compound *
Which part of the atom has a negative charge
and a small mass?
Electron *
Which part of the atom has a positive charge
and a large mass?
Proton *
Which part of the atom has no electrical
charge?
Neutron *
What name is given to the outermost shell of
an atom?
Valence shell *
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Q & A 6 - Electronics
What term is used to describe an atom which
has more than its normal amount of electrons?
Negative ion *
Which of the following terms is defined as\ the
process by which an atom gains or loses
electrons?
Ionization *
Electrons are NEVER found in which of the
following bands?
Forbidden band *
What determines whether a substance is an
insulator, semi-conductor, or conductor?
The separation between the
conduction and valence bands *
When the insulator is compared to the
semiconductor, (a) which one requires the
least energy to move an electron and (b) from
which point in the energy level does the
electron leave in its travel to the conduction
band?
(a) Semiconductor (b) Valence band *
Which of the following terms applies to the
process that holds the atom together in a
crystal?
Covalent bonding *
The movement of electrons in a semiconductor
toward the applied voltage is termed
electron current flow *
When the theory of semiconductors is
discussed, what term(s) is/are used to
describe the current that flows in the
semiconductor?
Hole flow, Electron flow
What process takes place within the
semiconductor to cause hole flow?
The combining of valence bands *
A material which has an equal number of
electron-hole pairs and conducting electrons is
known as what type of semiconductor
material?
Intrinsic *
The process of adding impurities to crystals is
known by which of the following terms?
Doping *
When doping increases the number of free
electrons in a semiconductor, what type of
impurity has been added?
N-type *
The semiconductor doping impurities—
arsenic, antimony, and bismuth—are classified
as what type of impurities?
Pentavalent *
In the P-type semiconductor, what are the
majority carriers?
The holes *
What is/are the purpose(s) of the PN junction
diode?
To rectify only *
In a schematic diagram of a PN junction diode,
which of the following symbols represents the
cathode (N-type material)?
The vertical bar *
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The placing of an impurity on a semiconductor
of the opposite impurity and fusing the two
together produce what type of semiconductor
junction?
Alloy Junction *
A perfect bond at the junction of the two diode
materials is important for which of the following
reasons?
It is the point at which rectification takes
place *
Current flow in a copper wire can be compared
to current flow in what type(s) of
semiconductor material?
N- and P-type *
What is the overall electrical charge of the N-
material in a semiconductor?
Zero *
What is the overall electrical charge of the P-
material in a semiconductor?
Zero *
What causes the process called junction
recombination to occur when N and P
materials are joined together?
The diffusion of electrons and holes
moving across the junction into the two
materials *
After the junction recombination process has
reached equilibrium, what is the area that
surrounds the junction called?
The depletion region *
A voltage applied to a PN junction so that it
reduces the junction barrier and aids current
flow is what type of bias?
Forward *
In a forward-biased PN junction, when an
electron leaves the negative terminal of the
battery and enters the N material, it becomes
what type of carrier?
Majority *
In the PN junction, which of the following
actions will increase the number of majority
carriers and increase current flow in a forward-
biased condition?
Increasing battery voltage *
A voltage applied to a PN junction so that it will
increase the junction barrier and offer a high
resistance to current flow is called what type of
bias?
Reverse *
When the negative terminal of a battery is
connected to the P material, and the positive
terminal is connected to the N material, what
type of bias is being used?
Reverse *
What term is used to indicate current gain in a
common-emitter configuration?
Beta *
What provides you with information concerning
the voltage-current relationship of a PN
junction diode?
The characteristic curve graph of the diode
* Common emitter *
If the input frequency to a half-wave rectifier is
120 hertz, what is the output frequency of the
rectified dc?
120 pps *
In a transistor, the flow of current carriers is
controlled by which element(s)?
Emitter *
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Why are the units (plates) of the metallic
rectifier stacked?
To prevent inverse voltage breakdown
To handle high current applications
Which of the following types of rectifiers
replaces the bulky selenium rectifier?
Silicon rectifier *
Signal diodes are used for which of the
following purposes?
As switches *
What type of bias makes a diode act as an
open switch?
Reverse *
A standard specification sheet for a diode
contains which of the following information?
A brief description of the diode
Major application of the diode
Special features of the diode
A matching pair of diodes is indicated by which
of the following numbers?
1N325M *
The number 3N345 identifies which of the
following semiconductors, if any?
Tetrode transistor *
What type of diode has green, blue, and
orange bands?
1N563 *
One of the prime dangers to the
semiconductor diode is heat. Excessive
current generated by heat which eventually
destroys a diode is called
thermal runaway *
When replacing a diode in a circuit, which of
the following safety precautions should you
observe in removing the diode from the circuit?
Do not pry the diode from the circuit
Do not use excessive heat to remove the
diode
Do not remove the diode from the circuit
while voltage is applied
As you make a front-to-back ratio check of a
diode with an ohmmeter, your first
measurement (forward) is a low resistance
reading, and your second measurement
(reverse) is also a low reading. What should be
your evaluation of the diode?
It is shorted *
What are normally the front-to-back ratio of (a)
a power rectifier and (b) a signal diode?
(a) 10:1 (b) 300:1 *
Of the following tests, which is the most valid
for checking a diode?
A forward and reverse resistance check
with an ohmmeter *
What term is used for a semiconductor that
has three or more elements?
Transistor *
The term transistor was derived from which of
the following words?
Transfer and resistor *
What are the three elements of a transistor?
Emitter, collector, and base *
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Q & A 6 - Electronics
Junction transistors have replaced point
contact transistors for which of the following
reasons?
Junction transistors generate less noise
Junction transistors handle more power
Junction transistors provide higher current
and voltage gains
What is the total number of PN junctions in a
transistor?
Two *
What are the two junctions of a transistor?
Emitter-base and base-collector *
With proper bias applied to a transistor, what
should be the relative resistance of (a) the
emitter-base junction and (b) the base-
collector junction?
(a) Low (b) high *
For normal operation of a transistor, what is
the bias of the (a) emitter-base junction and (b)
base-collector junction?
(a) Forward (b) reverse *
What are the majority current carriers in (a) the
PNP transistor and (b) the NPN transistor?
(a) Holes (b) electrons *
How will the transistor currents be affected if
the forward bias provided by V BB is increased?
IB will increase, IE will increase, and IC will
increase *
What device provides an increase in current,
voltage, or power of a signal without
appreciably altering the original signal?
Amplifier *
In the quiescent state of a transistor circuit,
what does the symbol VC indicate?
Collector voltage *
What type of bias keeps the base bias
constant and improves thermal stability?
Fixed bias *
Which class of amplifier allows collector
current to flow for a full 360 degrees of the
input signal?
A*
Which class of amplifier allows collector
current to flow for more than 180 degrees of
the input signal but less than 360 degrees?
AB *
Which class of amplifier has the highest fidelity
and lowest efficiency?
A*
Which class of amplifier has the highest
efficiency?
C*
What are the three transistor configurations?
Common emitter, common base, and common
collector *
Which of the following is a transistor
configuration that provides a phase reversal?
What term is used to indicate current gain in a
common-collector configuration?
Gamma *
What term is used to indicate current gain in a
common-base configuration?
Alpha *
Excel Review Center
The common collector is also referred to by
which of the following terms?
Emitter follower *
Which of the following conditions presents the
greatest danger to a transistor?
Heat *
What is the total number of connections in a
diode?
Two *
What causes a small leakage current in a
reverse-biased PN junction?
Minority carriers *
At some potential, as you increase the reverse
bias voltage on a PN junction, the reverse
current increases very rapidly. What electronic
term is given to this voltage potential?
Breakdown voltage *
Which of the following is a characteristic of the
Zener diode?
A PN-junction diode that uses the Zener
effect *
What determines whether a solid material will
act as a conductor, a semiconductor, or an
insulator?
The energy difference across the forbidden
gap *
In comparing a conductor and an insulator,
what is the relative dimension of the forbidden
gap of (a) the conductor and (b) the insulator?
(a) Narrow (b) wide *
What is the "tunneling phenomenon" within the
Zener diode?
An action where the minority carriers
tunnel across the junction to form the
current that occurs at breakdown *
Which breakdown theory explains the action
that takes place in a heavily doped PN junction
with a reverse bias above 5 volts?
Zener effect *
Why is the Zener diode an ideal voltage
regulator?
The voltage across the diode remains
almost constant after breakdown *
The varactor operates like which of the
following electronic components?
A variable capacitor *
An increase in reverse bias of a varactor will
have what effect on the width of the depletion
region?
It will increase *
What happens to the capacitance of a varactor
diode as the reverse bias is increased?
It decreases *
In electronic circuits, how is the varactor used?
As a tuning device *
What is/are the basic purpose(s) of the silicon
controlled rectifier (SCR)?
To function as a switch
To function as a regulator
To function as a rectifier
The SCR is equivalent to what electronic
device?
Thyratron *
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Which of the following circuits uses an SCR in
its electronic circuitry?
Computer logic circuit
Voltage comparator circuit
Antenna power amplifier circuit
Once an SCR is turned on by a positive pulse
of current applied to the gate lead, what action
turns the SCR off?
Reducing the collector current to a value
below that necessary to maintain
conduction *
What is the total number of terminals in a
TRIAC?
Three *
What name is given to a group of devices that
either produce light or use light in their
operation?
Optoelectronic *
What is the main difference between the
TRIAC and the SCR?
The TRIAC controls and conducts current
during both alternations of an ac cycle,
while the SCR controls and conducts
current during only one alternation *
In optoelectronic devices, what do the initials
LED stand for?
Light-emitting diode *
What determines the color of light emitted by
an LED?
The type of material used *
What is the standard schematic symbol used
to designate LEDs?
A diode with two arrows pointing away
from the cathode *
The circuit symbols for all optoelectronic
devices have arrows pointing either toward
them or away from them. When the arrows
point toward the symbol, what does this
indicate?
The device uses light *
When replacing LED displays, which of the
following methods should you use to ensure
that the replacement display is of the same
type as the faulty display?
A check of the manufacturer's number *
The photodiode acts as what type of electronic
device?
Variable resistor *
When the photodiode is exposed to an
external light, what happens to (a) resistance
and (b) current?
(a) Decreases (b) increases *
To conduct, how must a photodiode be
biased?
depending on light intensity *
Photodiodes are useful in which of the
following applications?
Computer card readers
Photographic light meters
Optic scanning equipment
Which of the following optoelectronic devices
provides increased, conduction for a given light
intensity?
Phototransistor *
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Q & A 6 - Electronics
UJTs may be used in which of the following
circuits?
Switching, Waveshaping, Oscillating
The field-effect transistor (FET) combines what
desired characteristic of the vacuum tube with
the many other advantages of the transistor?
High input impedance *
What does the FET use to control the
electrostatic field within the transistor?
Voltage *
The junction field-effect transistor's (JFET)
gate element corresponds very closely in
operation with (a) what part of a conventional
transistor and (b) what part of the vacuum
tube?
(a) Base (b) grid *
In the JFET, the portion of the bar between the
deposits of gate material is of a smaller cross
section than the rest of the bar. What does this
cross section form?
A channel *
If a P-type material is used to construct the
gate of a JFET, what material should be used
to construct the remaining part of the JFET?
N-type *
What is the key to FET operation?
The control of the effective cross-sectional
area of the channel
The control of the effective cross-sectional
area of the gate
When reverse bias is applied to the gate lead
of a JFET, what happens to (a) source-to-drain
resistance of the device and (b) current flow?
(a) Increases (b) decreases *
What is the "pinch off" voltage of an FET?
The voltage required to reduce drain
current to zero *
Name the two series circuits that are
associated with a diode electron tube.
The plate and filament circuits *
When an ac voltage is applied across the plate
and filament of a diode, the current measured
will represent what type of waveform?
Pulsating dc *
A filament that uses a one-molecule thick layer
of barium and strontium is classified as what
type of filament?
Oxide-coated *
Which of the following ac filament voltages is
most likely to be considered a common
voltage?
6.3 volts *
An ac directly heated filament has which of the
following advantages?
Rapid heating effect *
An indirectly heated cathode always uses what
material for its emitting surface?
An oxide coating *
What is the principal advantage of an indirectly
heated cathode over a directly heated
cathode?
It is immune to ac heater current variations
*
Excel Review Center
When you view an electron tube and its socket
connection from the bottom, in what direction
are (a) the pins of the tube and (b) the pins of
the socket numbered?
(a) Clockwise (b) Clockwise *
Electron tubes are identified by a number
preceded by which of the following letter
designations?
V*
The getter in an electron tube serves what
purpose?
It helps to produce a better vacuum
An electron tube is operated at 300 volts and a
plate current of 60 milliamperes. To avoid
being damaged, the tube must have what
minimum plate dissipation rating?
18 watts *
Under which of the following conditions can a
tube be considered operating beyond its peak
inverse voltage rating?
When current flows from the plate to the
cathode *
Why does control grid voltage of a triode
exercise greater control than plate voltage over
conduction of the tube?
The grid is closer to the cathode than the
plate *
An atom consists of
One nucleus and one or more electrons
Protons, electrons, and neutrons
The nucleus of an atom is made up of
Protons and neutrons
Valence electrons are
In the most distant orbit from the nucleus
A positive ion is formed when
A valence electron breaks away from the
atom
The most widely used semiconductive material
in electronic devices is
Silicon
The difference between an insulator and a
semiconductor is
A wider energy gap between the valence
band and the conduction band
The number of free electrons
The atomic structure
The energy band in which free electrons exist
is the
Conduction band
In a semiconductor crystal, the atoms are held
together by
The interaction of valence electrons
Forces of attraction
Covalent bonds
The atomic number of silicon is
14
The atomic number of germanium is
32
The valence shell in a silicon atom has the
number designation of
3
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Each atom in a silicon crystal has
Eight valence electrons, four of its own and
four shared
Electron-hole pairs are produced by
Thermal energy
Recombination is when
An electron falls into a hole
The current in a semiconductor is produced by
Both electrons and holes
In an intrinsic semiconductor,
The free electrons are thermally produced
There are as many electrons as there are
holes
The process of adding impurity to an intrinsic
semiconductor is called
Doping
A trivalent impurity is added to silicon to create
A p-type semiconductor
The purpose of a pentavalent impurity is to
Increase the number of free electrons
The majority carriers in an n-type
semiconductor are
Conduction electrons
Holes in an n-type semiconductor are
Minority carriers that are thermally
produced
A pn junction is formed by
The boundary of a p-type and an n-type
material
The depletion region is created by
Ionization
Diffusion
Recombination
The depletion region consists of
Positive and negative ions
No majority carriers
The term bias means
A dc voltage is applied to control the
operation of the device
To forward-bias a diode,
An external voltage is applied that is
positive at the anode and negative at the
cathode; An external voltage is applied that
is positive at p region and negative at the n
region
When a diode is forward-biased,
The current is produced by both holes and
electrons
Although current is blocked in reverse bias,
There is a very small current due to
minority carriers
For a silicon diode, the value of the forward-
bias voltage typically
Must be greater than 0.7 V
When forward-biased, a diode
Conducts current
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Q & A 6 - Electronics
A diode is normally operated in
The forward-bias region
The reverse-bias region
The dynamic resistance can be important
when a diode is
Forward-biased
The V-I curve for a diode shows
The voltage across the diode for a given
current
Ideally, a diode can be represented by a
Switch
In the practical diode model
The barrier potential is taken into account
In the complete diode model,
The barrier potential is taken into account
The forward dynamic resistance is taken
into account
The reverse resistance is taken into
account
When a silicon diode is working properly in
forward bias, a DMM is the diode test position
will indicate
Approximately 0.7 V
When a silicon diode is open, a DMM will
generally indicate
0L
The average value of a half-wave rectified
voltage with a peak value of 200 V is
63.7 V
Which of the following limit(s) the frequency
response of a transistor amplifier?
The inductance
The transistor
The capacitance
What type of feedback is caused by inter-
electrode capacitance?
Negative *
What happens to capacitive reactance as
frequency decreases?
It increases *
What happens to inductive reactance as
frequency increases?
It increases *
What is the major factor that limits the high
frequency response of an amplifier?
Capacitance *
What components can be used to increase the
high-frequency response of an amplifier?
Inductors *
What determines whether a peaking
component is considered "series" or "shunt"?
The relationship of the component to the
output signal path *
What is the arrangement of both "series" and
"shunt" peaking components called?
Combination *
Excel Review Center
Which of the following components in a
transistor amplifier circuit tends to limit the low-
frequency response of the amplifier?
The coupling capacitor *
What is the effect of the gain of an amplifier if
the input-signal developing impedance is
decreased?
It decreases *
What is the effect on the gain of an amplifier if
the output-signal-developing impedance is
increased?
It increases *
What is/are the purpose(s) of a frequency-
determining network in an RF amplifier?
To provide maximum impedance at a given
frequency *
Of the following networks, which could be used
as a frequency-determining network for an RF
amplifier?
A parallel LC network *
Which of the following methods may be used
to tune an LRC frequency determining network
to a different frequency?
Vary the capacitance. Vary the inductance
What is the most common form of coupling for
an RF amplifier?
Transformer *
Which of the following advantages are
provided by transformer coupling?
Fewer parts are used *
If a current gain is desired, which of the
following elements/networks should be used
as an output-coupling device?
A step-down transformer *
Which of the following techniques would cause
a too-narrow band-pass in an RF amplifier?
A loosely coupled transformer *
Which of the following techniques would cause
low gain at the center frequency of an RF
amplifier?
An over coupled transformer *
What type of transformer coupling should be
used in an RF amplifier?
Optimum *
Which of the following methods provides the
widest band-pass in an RF amplifier?
A swamping resistor *
Which of the following methods will
compensate for the problem that causes low
gain in an RF amplifier?
Using rf transformers
Taking advantage of the inter-electrode
capacitance
Which of the following types of feedback is
usually caused by the base-to-collector inter-
electrode capacitance?
Negative *
In an RF amplifier an unwanted signal is
coupled through the base-to-collector inter-
electrode capacitance. This problem can be
solved by providing feedback out of phase with
the unwanted signal. What is this technique
called?
Neutralization *
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What is the maximum number of possible
outputs in a differential amplifier?
Two
What is the maximum number of possible
inputs in a differential amplifier?
Two *
*
Which of the following statements describes
the output signal if the input signals are in
phase with each other?
A sine wave in phase with the input
signals*
Which of the following is NOT a requirement
for an operational amplifier?
Very high output impedance *
Which of the following types of components
are used in most operational amplifiers?
Integrated circuits *
If degenerative feedback is used in an
operational-amplifier circuit, which of the
following terms describes the circuit
configuration?
Closed loop *
Which of the following signals determines the
stability of the output signal from an
operational-amplifier circuit in which
degenerative feedback is used?
The input signal only. The feedback signal
only
In the inverting configuration of an operational-
amplifier circuit where are the (a) input signal
and (b) feedback signal applied?
(a) Inverting input (b) Inverting input *
In the inverting configuration of an operational-
amplifier circuit with feedback applied and a 1-
volt, peak-to-peak, sine wave as an input
signal, what is the amplitude of the signal at
the inverting input of the operational amplifier?
0 volts *
In the inverting configuration of an operational-
amplifier circuit, when the non-inverting input
of the operational amplifier is grounded, what
is the term that describes the potential at the
inverting input of the operational amplifier?
Virtual ground *
The open-loop gain of the operational amplifier
is 100,000 and the open-loop bandwidth is 10
hertz. If we make it a closed-loop with a gain of
10, what is the bandwidth of the circuit?
100 kHz *
Which of the following is a difference between
a summing amplifier and an adder circuit?
The amount of gain *
Which of the following is a difference between
a difference amplifier and a subtractor?
The amount of gain *
How many inputs can a (a) difference amplifier
and (b) summing amplifier have?
(a) Two only (b) More than two *
A magnetic amplifier can be classified as
which of the following types of amplifier?
Audio amplifier *
Which of the following statements describes
the basic operating principle of a magnetic
amplifier?
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Q & A 6 - Electronics
The inductance of an air-core inductor will
change as the power used by the load
changes *
What happens to the true power in a series LR
circuit if the inductance is decreased?
It increases *
If the permeability of the core of a coil
decreases, what happens to the (a) inductance
and (b) true power in the circuit?
(a) Decreases (b) increases *
If the current in an iron-core coil is increased to
a large value (from the operating point) what
happens to the permeability of the core?
It decreases *
If two coils are wound on a single iron core, a
change in current in one coil (a) will or will not
cause a change in inductance and (b) will or
will not cause a change in current in the other
coil.
(a) Will (b) will *
A magnetic amplifier should be operated on
what portion of the magnetization curve?
The knee *
A toroidal core is used in a saturable-core
reactor to counteract which of the following
effects?
Copper loss *
Why is a rectifier used in a magnetic amplifier?
To eliminate hysteresis loss *
What can be used to set a magnetic amplifier
to the proper operating point and leave the
control winding free to accept input signals?
A bias winding *
A magnetic amplifier would not be used in
which of the following devices?
A wideband audio power amplifier system *
In a simple synchro system, what leads are
connected to the source voltage?
R1 and R2 *
When using an oscilloscope to measure a high
voltage, you should use which of the following
procedures?
Use the high voltage probe instead of the
normal probe *
Oscilloscopes are normally calibrated to
display which of the following types of
voltages?
Ans: Peak-to-peak *
When using an oscilloscope to observe a sine
wave, what, if anything, must you do to
determine the rms voltage?
Divide the observed peak-to-peak voltage
by 2; then multiply by 0.707 *
The frequency-measuring capabilities of a
digital multimeter can be extended by using
which of the following devices?
An RF probe *
When performing ac voltage measurements,
you should use which of the following pieces of
equipment to obtain the most accurate
reading?
A differential voltmeter *
For which of the following purposes would you
connect two ammeters in parallel?
To decrease input impedance *
Excel Review Center
When taking measurements with two
ammeters connected in parallel, how do you
determine the resulting readings?
The current equals the sum of both meter
readings *
Current tracers indicate the presence of a
current in which of the following ways?
By the lighting of an indicator lamp *
Which of the following is an advantage of using
a current probe?
It senses current by induction without
being connected directly into the circuit *
An ohmmeter that is used for field work should
meet which of the following criteria?
It should be portable
It should be simple to operate
When you use an analog multimeter to
measure resistance, which of the following
actions should you take first?
Make sure the meter is zeroed *
Digital multimeters are used to test
semiconductors for which of the following
reasons?
They typically limit the current flow through
the semiconductor to less than 1 milliamp *
Compensation for the resistance in test leads
of digital multimeters used to perform
resistance measurements is accomplished by
which, if any, of the following methods?
Short the leads, note the lead resistance
displayed, and subtract the value from
subsequent resistance measurements *
Which of the following is a typical use for a
megger?
Testing an ac power cord for insulation
breakdown *
When large capacitors are stored as spare
parts, why should their terminals be shorted
with a piece of wire?
It prevents the capacitors from becoming
charged when in close proximity to an RF
field *
Capacitance meters can be grouped into which
of the following basic categories?
Bridge-type and reactance-type *
Which of the following statements correctly
describes the accuracy and use of a
reactance-type capacitance meter?
It gives approximate values and is usually
portable *
Which of the following types of inductor core
materials produces the greatest inductance?
Magnetic metal *
As frequency increases, the inherent
resistance of the inductor causes which of the
following types of losses to become more
critical?
Skin effect *
Most capacitance test sets are capable of
testing capacitors and what other type of
component?
Inductors *
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When using reactance-type test equipment to
measure inductance, what relationship exists
between the inductor and the voltage drop
across the reactance of the inductor?
The voltage drop is directly proportional to
the value of inductance *
What is the most common cause of electron
tube failures?
Open filaments *
The simplest way to test a tube is by which of
the following methods?
Substituting tubes *
The electron tube tester can be used to test
common low-power tubes for which of the
following conditions?
Gas, Quality, Leakage
Which of the following is an appropriate reason
to use transistors instead of electron tubes?
Transistors are more rugged than electron
tubes *
When using an ohmmeter to test a transistor’s
base-to-emitter or base-to collector junction,
what minimum back-to- forward resistance
ratio should you expect to read?
100 to 1 *
When taking forward and reverse resistance
readings between a transistor’s emitter and
collector, what type of reading should you get?
Less than 15 ohms when measuring in the
forward direction and infinite in the reverse
direction *
Which of the following is a description of ESD
devices?
Components that are sensitive to
electrostatic discharge *
MOS and CMOS devices without input diode
protection circuitry belong in which, if any, of
the following ESDS device categories?
Sensitive devices *
Wearing a grounded wrist strap when repairing
electronic circuit boards serves which of the
following purposes?
It protects ESDS devices from damage *
What, if any, precaution should you take
before you open a package that contains an
ESDS device?
Discharge any static electricity by
connecting a grounded lead to the package
* Directly proportional to light intensity
Which of the following terms accurately
describes a synchro?
Position-sensing, Electromechanical,
Rotary
What are the two general classifications of
synchro systems?
Torque and control *
What is the difference in application between
the two classifications of synchros?
Light versus heavy load *
Which of the following types of synchro
devices provides a mechanical output?
A torque receiver *
What does the arrow on a synchro schematic
symbol indicate?
The angular position of the rotor *
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Q & A 6 - Electronics
What are the two major components of a
synchro?
The rotor and the stator *
What type of rotor can be composed of a
single winding or three Y-connected windings?
Drum or wound *
How does the stator of a TX receive voltage?
By a magnetic coupling with the rotor *
What part of a synchro provides a point for
external connections?
The terminal board *
Which of the following terms is defined as the
amount of load a machine can turn?
Torque *
Which of the following units should be used in
measuring the amount of turning force of a
synchro?
Ounce-inches *
An overloaded synchro will probably exhibit
which of the following conditions?
Excessive temperature *
A synchro receiver has which of the following
characteristics that is NOT found in an ordinary
transformer?
A primary that can rotate in relation to the
secondary *
When a synchro transmitter is in the zero-
degree position, the rotor is aligned in what
manner?
With winding S2 *
Maximum voltage is induced in a stator
winding of a synchro transmitter when the rotor
and the stator winding have what angle
between them?
0 degrees *
Which of the following factors does NOT affect
the amplitude of the voltage induced in a stator
winding of a synchro transmitter?
The speed of data transmission *
To saturate a BJT,
IB > IC(SAT)/βDC
Once in saturation, a further increase in base
current will
Not affect the collector current
In a phototransistor, base current is
The relationship between the collector current
and a light-generated base current is
IC = βDCIA
An optocoupler usually consists of
An LED and a photodiode
An LED and a phototransistor
In a transistor amplifier, if the base-emitter
junction is open, the collector voltage is
VCC
A DMM measuring on open transistor junction
shows
0L
The maximum value of collector current in a
biased transistor is
IC (sat)
Excel Review Center
Ideally, a dc load line is a straight line drawn
on the collector characteristic curves between
VCE (cutoff) and IC (sat)
If a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the base of
a biased npn transistor and the resulting
sinusoidal collector voltage is clipped near
zero volts, the transistor is
Being driven into saturation
Operating nonlinearly
The input resistance at the base of a biased
transistor depends mainly on
βDC and RE
In a voltage-divider biased transistor circuit
such as in fig 5-13, R IN(BASE) can generally
be neglected in calculations when
R IN(BASE) > 10 R2
In a certain voltage-divider biased npn
transistor, VB is 2.95 V. The dc emitter voltage
is approximately
2.25 V
Voltage - divider bias
Can be essentially independent of βDC
Emitter bias is
essentially independent of βDC
Provide a stable bias point
The disadvantage of base bias is that
It is too beta dependent
Collector-feedback bias is
Based on the principle of negative feedback
In a voltage-divider biased npn transistor, if the
upper voltage-divider resistor (the one
connected to VCC) opens,
The transistor goes into cutoff
In a voltage-divider biased npn transistor, if the
lower voltage-divider resistor (the one
connected to ground) opens,
The transistor may be driven into saturation
In a voltage-divider biased npn transistor, there
is no base current, but the base voltage is
approximately correct. The most likely
problem(s) is
The base-emitter junction is open
The emitter resistor is open
A small-signal amplifier
Uses only a small portion of its load line
The parameter hfe corresponds to
βac
If the dc emitter current in a certain transistor
amplifier is 3 mA, the approximate value of r’e
is
8.33 Ω
A certain common-emitter amplifier has a
voltage gain of 100. If the emitter bypass
capacitor is removed,
The voltage gain will decrease
The transistors in a class B amplifier are
biased
at midpoint of the load line
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For a common-emitter amplifier, RC = 1.0 kΩ,
RE = 390Ω, r’e = 15Ω, and βac = 75. Assuming
that RE is completely bypassed at the
operating frequency, the voltage gain is
66.7
In the circuit of Question 118, if the frequency
is reduced to the point where XC(bypass) = RE,
the voltage gain
is less
In a common-emitter amplifier with voltage-
divider bias, Rin(base) = 68 kΩ, R1 = 33 kΩ, and
R2 = 15kΩ. The total input resistance is
8.95 kΩ
A CE amplifier is driving a 10 kΩ load. If RC =
2.2 kΩ and r’e = 10Ω, the voltage gain is
approximately
180
For a common-collector amplifier, RE = 100 Ω,
r’e = 10 Ω, and βac = 150. The ac input
resistance at the base is
16.5 kΩ
If a 10 mV signal is applied to the base of the
emitter-follower circuit in Question 122, the
output signal is approximately
10 mV
In a certain emitter-follower circuit, the current
gain is 50. The power gain is approximately
50Av
In a Darlington pair configuration, each
transistor has an ac beta of 125. If RE is 560Ω,
the input resistance is
8.75 MΩ
The input resistance of a common-base
amplifier is
very low
Each stage of a four-stage amplifier has a
voltage gain of 15. The overall voltage gain is
50,625
The overall gain found in Question 127 can be
expressed in decibels as
94.1 dB
A differential amplifier
is used in op-amps
has one input and one output
When a differential amplifier is operated single-
ended,
one input is grounded and a signal is
applied to the other
In the double-ended differential mode,
opposite polarity signals are applied to the
inputs
In the common mode,
an identical signal appears on both inputs *
An amplifier that operates in the linear region
at all times is
Class A
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Q & A 6 - Electronics
A certain class A power amplifier delivers 5 W
to a load with an input signal power of 100
mW. The power gain is
50
The peak current a class A power amplifier can
deliver to a load depends on the
quiescent current
For maximum output, a class A power amplifier
must maintain a value of quiescent current that
is
one-half the peak load current
A certain class A power amplifier is the ratio of
the power delivered to the load to the
power from the dc power supply
The maximum efficiency of a class A power
amplifier is
25%
Crossover distortion is a problem for
class B amplifiers
A BJT class B push-pull amplifier with no
transformer coupling uses
complementary symmetry transistors
A current mirror in a push-pull amplifier should
give an ICQ that is
equal to the current in the bias resistors
and diodes
The maximum efficiency of a class B push-pull
amplifier is
79%
The output of a certain two-supply class B
push-pull amplifier has a VCC of 20V. If the load
resistance is 50Ω, the value of IC(sat) is
0.4 A
The maximum efficiency of a class AB
amplifier is
slightly less than a class B
The power dissipation of a class C amplifier is
normally
very low
The efficiency of a class C amplifier is
greater than classes A, B, or AB
The transistor in a class C amplifier conducts
for
a very small percentage of the input cycle
The JFET is
a unipolar device
a voltage-controlled device
The channel of a JFET is between the
drain and source
A JFET always operates with
the gate-to-source pn junction reverse-
biased
For VGS = 0 V, the drain current becomes
constant when VDS exceeds
VP
Excel Review Center Intensive Final Coaching (IFC) Q & A 6 - Electronics

The constant-current region of a FET lies

between
pinch-off and breakdown

IDSS is
the maximum possible drain current

Drain current in the constant-current region

increases when
the gate-to-source bias voltage decreases

In a certain FET circuit, VGS = 0 V, VDD = 15 V,

IDSS = 15 mA, and RD = 470 Ω. If RD is
decreased to 330 Ω, IDSS is
15 mA

At cutoff, the JFET channel is

completely closed by the depletion region

A certain JFET datasheet VGS(off) = - 4V. The

pinch-off voltage, VP, is
+4V

The JFET in Question 158.

is an n-channel

For a certain JFET, IGSS = 10 nA at VGS = 10 V.

The input resistance is
1000 MΩ

For a certain p-channel JFET, VGS(off) = 8V.

The value of VGS for an approximate midpoint
bias is
2.34 V

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