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Visual EstiTrack™
(Updated 2013)
Most companies that maintain raw material, work in process and finished goods inventories post net
changes to these asset accounts on a monthly basis. The net changes posted to these accounts represent
the change in value from one month to another.
Not every business uses the same method for calculating inventory values and net changes. Some
businesses simply perform physical inventory counts each month for each item within each of the three
inventory classifications (i.e., Raw Material (RM), Work in Process (WIP) and Finished Goods(FG)) to
determine month ending values of these inventories. They then compare the current month’s values to the
previous month’s values to determine the net changes in these inventory accounts and use the general
journal to post the net changes calculated. There are a wide variety of methods that businesses use to
calculate actual inventory value. This includes using actual cost, standard cost or at times a percentage of
the item’s selling price.
Actual cost is typically used on valuation of raw material (i.e., directly purchased items) because this cost
can be easily determined by the purchased cost of the item.
What is more complicated for businesses is the determination of WIP and FG values when manufactured
“added value” and overhead expenses are added to the cost of the raw materials. Many companies want
to calculate their work in process and finished goods cost at actual value but lack the discipline or
resources required to accurately account for each added value cost and overhead component.
Only through the very detailed tracking and reporting of each added value and overhead component can
an accurate cost value be derived. The four major component costs tracked in Visual EstiTrack include
material, labor, burden/overhead and other (outside processes and miscellaneous costs). The shop order is
the container for recording these component costs. It is only through the accurate capturing of these
component costs that an accurate actual value is calculated and assigned to the WIP and FG items being
produced.
This means all labor hours for the shop order must be accurately reported; both employee labor and
workcenter burden/overhead rates must be accurately defined and maintained. In addition, all raw
material and manufactured components must be accurately consumed and all other costs entered and
assigned to the appropriate shop order to get a complete and accurate actual cost.
If a business fails to completely capture and enter any of the actual cost details (i.e.,
material, labor, burden/overhead and other costs) the calculated actual cost of an item will
be inaccurate thus distorting the final WIP and FG inventory valuations.
Visual EstiTrack provides a formalized method for tracking actual job costs through shop order time and
materials reporting. Visual EstiTrack’s Inventory Monthly Reconciliation screen provides the bookkeeper
an interactive worksheet designed to summarize actual cost details in order to generate the monthly net
changes accounting entry for RM, WIP and FG inventory values. In addition, the Inventory Monthly
Reconciliation screen will calculate the movements of cost of goods sold (i.e., absorption of costs into
WIP and recognize the costs of goods shipped/sold).
If a business lacks the discipline to accurately record shop order component costs then the
Visual EstiTrack’s Monthly Inventory Reconciliation screen cannot be used and an
alternative manual accounting method for Raw Material, WIP and FG valuations must be
used.
Alternative manual inventory accounting methods include using a standard cost for finished good items,
using a standard cost for work in process items based on a percentage of completion or using a percentage
of the selling price of an item.
In the end, there are a wide variety of methods used by businesses to valuate inventory and it
is your responsibility to determine which method works best for your company.
The remainder of this document describes Visual EstiTrack’s formalized Inventory Monthly
Reconciliation method of calculating actual inventory values and cost of goods sold and the various
options available.
To accurately reflect profit and loss on the Income Statement it is important that you make appropriate
monthly adjustments to move expenses back and forth between the Income Statement and the Balance
Sheet. The goal is to have the expenses that are reflected in cost of goods occurring during the same
fiscal period as the sales of the goods sold.
While many accountants choose to calculate and enter these monthly adjustment entries manually, Visual
EstiTrack’s Inventory Reconciliation Screen provides the means to calculate and generate the necessary
monthly adjustment entries directly via the general journal enabling posting to the general ledger.
The following outlines the typical monthly procedure used to make inventory and cost of goods general
ledger adjustments. These monthly adjustments are used to “absorb” expenses from the Income
statement and transfer to the Balance Sheet’s WIP account for shop orders that are in process. Visual
EstiTrack’s shop orders track all WIP component costs (i.e., direct labor, burden/overhead, material and
other subcontracting/miscellaneous costs) that occur during the life of the shop order.
These summarized component costs are used to move costs from the Balance Sheet inventory accounts
(i.e., either FG if you are using FG inventory or WIP if you are not using FG Inventory) to the Income
Statement’s cost of goods sold accounts when FG items are shipped/sold or when a WIP to COGS shop
order is closed to match these expenses with the shipment/sales of items actually sold during the month.
In Visual EstiTrack™ these adjustment entries must be made as monthly general journal entries.
Visual EstiTrack™ supports a wide variety of inventory accounting methods. It is important that you
determine your type of business operation to determine which inventory accounting method applies to
you. For example, some businesses don’t track Raw Material or Finished Good inventory. They simply
buy directly to WIP (i.e., shop orders) and then ship directly from WIP without reporting a finished good
item. In this case, costs are reported directly to WIP via the shop order and then moved directly to cost of
goods sold from WIP when the item is shipped/sold or when the shop order is closed. In other cases,
businesses formally track Raw Material, WIP and FG inventory and all the movements between each
inventory account. While other businesses use a combination of these methods.
Let’s take a closer look at Visual EstiTrack’s Inventory Reconciliation criteria screen and options.
The Reconciliation Criteria tab allows the user to define the accounting fiscal period, business specific
options to customize the cost accounting methods and specific general ledger account numbers used to
generate the general journal monthly entries. Following is a description of each field and option.
the accounts for each Division / Department have different account numbers. The Accounting Division
and Departments are entered in Visual Books via the Tables submenu.
Additional Inventory Monthly Reconciliation Defaults are available by clicking the Inventory
Reconciliation Defaults button. Default options are described below.
Check if you separate the Other Inventory account into multiple sub-accounts. This option posts to Other
Inventory based on the item’s Product Code. Each Product Code can be assigned an Other Inventory
account number. If the Product Code’s Other Inventory account number is blank, that item’s transactions
are posted to the default Other Inventory account number entered on the Reconciliation Criteria screen.
Multiple Product Codes can have the same Other Inventory account number. [Figure 7b.2]
Figure 7b.1 Distribution Code Table – Post Raw Material Inventory by Distribution Code
Figure 7b.2 Product Code Table – Specific COGS and Absorption Accounts
Figure 7b.4 Set Defaults to Post Rework to Rework Cost of Goods Sold Accounts
Figure 7b.6 Visual Books Company Table Option – Posting COGS directly from Invoice
Figure 7b.7 Post COG based on Source Inventory Transaction Product/Distribution Code
Figure 7b.8 Override Product Code’s Division/Department/Inventory G/L Number with Inventory
Location’s Division/Department/Inventory G/L Number
(A) ABSORBING COSTS TO Work In Process (WIP) for Open/Active Shop Orders
d. This journal entry will Credit (reduce) the Labor Absorption Account and Debit
(increase) the WIP Inventory Account.
e. The net effect will reduce payroll expense for the month by the direct labor performed on
active shop orders, thus transferring those direct labor expenses from the income
statement to WIP Inventory on the balance sheet.
5) BURDEN
a. Burden (overhead such as office salaries, rent) is typically expensed on the Income
Statement but then offset (removed as an expense) and transferred to the WIP inventory
account on the Balance Sheet based on the Job Card activity occurring during the month.
b. Most clients achieve this movement by creating a BURDEN ABSORPTION account.
The absorption account is used to transfer burden expense from the income statement to
the balance sheet’s WIP inventory account.
c. The Inventory Reconciliation module will create a GL Journal Entry reflecting this
Burden expense movement into WIP inventory. Use the Production Costs Report to
review the job cards executed during the selected month and support the GL journal
entry.
d. This journal entry will Credit (reduce) the Burden Absorption Account and Debit
(increase) the WIP Inventory Account.
e. The net effect will reduce burden expense for the month by the burden carried on active
shop orders, thus transferring those burden expenses from the income statement to WIP
Inventory on the balance sheet.
6) OUTSIDE (SUBCONTRACTED)
a. Tie the purchase order line item directly to the Shop Order and Cost of Goods by entering
the appropriate shop order number and COGS account number into the line item of the
Purchase Order. Be sure to select a non-inventory type Distribution Code.
b. Use the receiving screen to receive in the line items of a Purchase Order.
c. Tie vendor invoices directly to the received PO Line Items using the “Get Receipts”
button found on the Vendor Invoice maintenance screen. This marks the receipt records
as being invoiced and defaults the received quantity and appropriate COGS account
number into the vendor invoice to prepare it for posting to the general ledger.
d. The WIP account net change is adjusted through the Inventory Reconciliation process.
Many clients do not use Finished Goods Inventory but rather ship directly out of Work In Process (WIP).
It is critical that ALL costs are entered against the Shop Order before closing the Shop Order to ensure
accurate reporting.
1) The Inventory Reconciliation module will create a GL Journal Entry reflecting this movement
from WIP Inventory back to the Cost of Goods accounts. Use the Cost of Sales Analysis Report
or one of the Work in Process Reports to review component costs (ie: labor, burden, material and
other) of the shop orders that closed during the selected month and support the GL journal entry.
2) The journal entry will Credit (reduce) the WIP Inventory Account for the total cost of the shop
orders closed during the month and Debit (increase) the appropriate Cost of Goods expense
accounts for the same amount.
3) This entry aligns the timing of the Cost of Goods to be reflected in the same fiscal period as the
Sales of those items.
Clients who make to stock and sell from finished goods inventory or use inventory numbers to track and
record production, will need to transfer costs from WIP Inventory account to the FINISHED GOODS
Inventory account.
It is critical that ALL costs are entered against the Shop Order before closing the Shop Order to ensure
proper inventory valuation.
1) The Inventory Reconciliation module will create a GL Journal Entry reflecting this movement
from WIP Inventory into the Finished Goods Inventory Balance Sheet accounts. Use the Cost of
Sales Analysis Report or one of the Work in Process Reports to review component costs (i.e.
labor, burden, material and other) of the shop orders that closed during the selected month and
support the GL journal entry.
2) The journal entry will Credit (reduce) the WIP Inventory Account for the total cost of the shop
orders closed during the month and Debit (increase) the Finished Goods Inventory account for the
same amount.
3) The net effect of this transaction is that all costs remain on the Balance Sheet; they simply move
from one asset account to another (i.e. from the WIP Inventory Account to the Finished Goods
Inventory Account).
Clients who sell from Finished Goods Inventory will need to transfer costs from the Finished Goods
Inventory account to Cost of Goods expense accounts to reflect the sales.
1) The Inventory Reconciliation module will create a GL Journal Entry reflecting this movement
from Finished Goods Inventory into the Cost of Goods expense accounts. Use the Inventory
Journal Report, select ‘Show Component Costs’ option and filter by ‘Sale/Shipped’ transaction
type to review the component costs of the goods sold during the selected month and support the
GL journal entry.
2) The journal entry will Credit (reduce) the Finished Goods Inventory Account on the Balance
Sheet and Debit (increase) the appropriate Cost of Goods expense accounts on the Income
Statement by debiting the corresponding values of Labor, Burden, and Material.
3) This entry aligns the timing of the Cost of Goods to be reflected in the same fiscal period as the
Sales of those items.
It is quite common that goods are received into inventory (i.e., Raw Material and WIP Inventory) prior to
receipt of the Vendor Invoice. Many clients want to reflect that future liability in the general ledger even
though the liability is not yet reflected in Accounts Payable.
For this example, we will use the Company Default to Calculate Finished Goods at Standard Cost until
the Shop Order is closed. When the Shop Order closes, actual costs will be calculated and update all
previous transactions originating from the Shop Order.
Next, I create a purchase order for heat treating and receive it in.
Notice the change in WIP and Other Direct Costs Absorption.
Completing the final operation, the shop order has produced inventory into Finished Goods.
Notice the costs being moved from WIP into Finished Goods at the Standard Cost.
This is what the G/L Entries would look like if we posted now.
When the Shop Order is closed, the Finished Goods Inventory is valued at Actual Cost.
When shipped, the Finished Goods Inventory value moves to Cost of Goods.
All costs have transferred from Inventory to Cost of Goods Sold, except a few pennies rounding.
Created purchase order for materials to go directly to a specific job and received it.
If you look at the G/L Entries you will see WIP Debited and Direct Costs Absorption Credited. Upon
Vendor Invoice entry, you will be Debiting Purchases in Cost of Goods and Crediting Accounts Payable.
Completing the final operation, the shop order has produced inventory into Finished Goods.
Notice the costs being moved from WIP into Finished Goods at the Standard Cost.
When the Shop Order is closed, the Finished Goods Inventory is valued at Actual Cost.
When shipped, the Finished Goods Inventory value moves to Cost of Goods.
All costs have transferred from Inventory to Cost of Goods Sold.