Em1110 2 2006

Department of the Army
CECW-EG U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

EM 1110-2-2006
Engineer Manual Washington, DC 20314-1000
1 February 1992
《工兵手册》美国陆军部
美国陆军工兵兵团 1992年2月1日
1110-2-2006
华盛顿特区20314-1000
Engineering and Design
工程技术与设计
ROLLER-COMPACTED CONCRETE
碾压混凝土
Distribution Restriction Statement
分发限制声明
Approved for public release; distribution is
unlimited.
核准公开发行，无分发限制。
EM 1110-2-2006
1 February 1992
1992年2月1日
US Army Corps of Engineers
美国陆军工兵兵团
ENGINEERING AND DESIGN
Roller-Compacted Concrete
碾压混凝土
ENGINEER MANUAL
《工兵手册》
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EM 1110-2-2006
Washington, DC 20314-1000
美国陆军部
CECW-EG 华盛顿特区20314-1000
Engineer Manual
No. 1110-2-2006
《工兵手册》
编号1110-2-2006
1 February 1992
1992年2月1日
工程与设计
碾压混凝土
1. Purpose. The purpose of this manual is to provide information and guidance on the use of
roller-compacted concrete (RCC) in dams and other civil works structures. Elements discussed
include investigation and selection of materials, mixture proportioning, design and construction
considerations, construction equipment and techniques, and inspection. This manual is intended to
serve as a companion to Engineer Manual (EM) 1110-2-2000, "Standard Practice for Concrete."
The user of this manual should have a copy of EM 1110-2-2000 and the references listed therein.
This manual does not cover RCC for pavements.
目的。本手册旨在为在大坝和其他土木工程结构中使用碾压混凝土（RCC）提供信息和
指导。讨论的内容包括材料的勘查和选择、混凝土配合比、设计与施工注意事项、施工设备
和技术，以及检测。本手册旨在作为《工兵手册》（EM）1110-2-2000“混凝土标准实施规程
”的指南。本手册的使用者应备有EM 1110-2-2000以及其中列出的参考文献。本手册不包括
路面用碾压混凝土。
2. Applicability. This manual applies to all HQUSACE/OCE elements, major subordinate

commands, districts, laboratories, and field operating activities having Civil Works responsibilities.
适用范围。本手册适用于所有美国陆军工兵兵团司令部/总工办公室、多数下属指挥部、
工区、实验室和具有土木工程责任的现场作业活动。
FOR THE COMMANDER:
致司令员：
MILTON HUNTER
Col, Corps of Engineers
Chief of Staff
MILTON HUNTER
This manual supersedes EM 1110-2-2006, 20 August 1985.
本手册取代了1985年8月20日出版的EM 1110-2-2006。
工兵兵团上校
参谋长
ENGINEER MANUAL
《工兵手册》
美国陆军部
Engineer Manual
No. 1110-2-2006
《工兵手册》
编号1110-2-2006
1 February 1992
1992年2月1日
碾压混凝土
Table of Contents
目录
Subject Page
主题页码
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1
第1章引言............................................................................................................................................................ 1
1-1. PURPOSE ............................................................................................................................................................... 1
目的 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 1
1-2. APPLICABILITY ........................................................................................................................................................ 1
适用范围 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1
1-3. REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................................... 1
参考文献 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1
1-4. DEFINITION ............................................................................................................................................................ 1
定义 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 1
1-5. APPLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
应用 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
1-6. OBJECTIVE OF RCC OPERATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 2
RCC的施工目标 .............................................................................................................................................................. 2
1-7. MAJOR ADVANTAGES ............................................................................................................................................... 3
主要优势 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER 2 INVESTIGATION AND SELECTION OF MATERIALS ................................................................................. 1
第2章材料的勘查和选择 ..................................................................................................................................... 1

2-1. POLICY .................................................................................................................................................................. 1
原则 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 1
2-2. CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS ....................................................................................................................................... 1
胶凝材料 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1
美国陆军部
Engineer Manual
No. 1110-2-2006
《工兵手册》
编号1110-2-2006
1 February 1992
1992年2月1日
工程与设计
碾压混凝土
2-3. AGGREGATES .......................................................................................................................................................... 1

骨料 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 1
2-4. WATER.................................................................................................................................................................. 2
水 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
2-5. CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES ........................................................................................................................................... 2
化学掺合料 .................................................................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 3 MIXTURE PROPORTIONING ................................................................................................................ 1
第3章混凝土配合比 ............................................................................................................................................ 1

3-1. GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................................... 1
概述 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 1
3-2. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS............................................................................................................................................ 1
基本考虑因素 ................................................................................................................................................................ 1
3-3. PROCEDURE FOR SELECTING RCC MIXTURE PROPORTIONS .............................................................................................. 7
选择RCC拌合料配合比的步骤 ...................................................................................................................................... 7
3-4. EXAMPLE PROBLEM ............................................................................................................................................... 12
问题示例 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 12
3-5. FIELD ADJUSTMENT OF MIXTURE PROPORTIONS ......................................................................................................... 21
混凝土配合比的现场调整 .......................................................................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER 4 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................ 1
第4章设计和施工注意事项 ................................................................................................................................. 1

4-1. TEST SECTIONS ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
试验段 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1
4-2. FACING TECHNIQUES................................................................................................................................................ 2
饰面工艺 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2
4-3. SEEPAGE CONTROL .................................................................................................................................................. 4
防渗 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
4-4. BEDDING MORTAR .................................................................................................................................................. 5
垫层砂浆 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 5
4-5. DURABILITY............................................................................................................................................................ 6
耐久性 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 6
美国陆军部
Engineer Manual
No. 1110-2-2006
《工兵手册》
编号1110-2-2006
1 February 1992
1992年2月1日
碾压混凝土
4-6. TEMPERATURE CONTROL .......................................................................................................................................... 6
温度控制 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6
4-7. TRANSVERSE CONTRACTION JOINTS ............................................................................................................................ 7
横向收缩缝 .................................................................................................................................................................... 7
4-8. WATERSTOPS.......................................................................................................................................................... 8
止水带 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 8
4-9. GALLERY CONSTRUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 8
廊道施工 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8
CHAPTER 5 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES ................................................................................. 1
第5章施工设备和工艺......................................................................................................................................... 1
5-1. PLANT REQUIREMENTS............................................................................................................................................. 1
设备要求 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1
5-2. RCC PLACEMENT RATES ........................................................................................................................................... 1
RCC浇筑速度 .................................................................................................................................................................. 1
5-3. CONVEYOR SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................................ 2
输送机系统 .................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5-4. VEHICLE TRANSPORTATION ........................................................................................................................................ 3
车辆运输 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3
5-5. PLACEMENT ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
浇筑 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
5-6. LIFT SURFACE MOISTURE MAINTENANCE ..................................................................................................................... 7
浇筑仓面湿养护 ............................................................................................................................................................ 7
5-7. LIFT SURFACE PREPARATION ...................................................................................................................................... 7
浇筑仓面准备 ................................................................................................................................................................ 7
5-8. LIFT JOINT BEDDING ................................................................................................................................................ 8
层间接缝垫层 ................................................................................................................................................................ 8
5-9. BEDDING AT ROCK CONTACT...................................................................................................................................... 9
岩石接触垫层 .............................................................................................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER 6 RCC INSPECTION ................................................................................................................................. 1
第6章 RCC检测 ..................................................................................................................................................... 1

6-1. SURVEILLANCE AND INSPECTION................................................................................................................................. 1
美国陆军部
Engineer Manual
No. 1110-2-2006
《工兵手册》
编号1110-2-2006
1 February 1992
1992年2月1日
工程与设计
碾压混凝土
监督和检测 .................................................................................................................................................................... 1
6-2. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL IN RCC CONSTRUCTION .............................................................................. 5
RCC施工的质量保证和控制 .......................................................................................................................................... 5
APPENDIX A REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................ 9
附录A 参考文献 .................................................................................................................................................... 9
APPENDIX B RCC CONSTRUCTION HISTORY ............................................................................................................. 1
附录B RCC施工历史 .............................................................................................................................................. 1
APPENDIX C SAMPLE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS .................................................................................................. 1
附录C 技术规范样本 ............................................................................................................................................ 1

EM 1110-2-2006
1 Feb 92
1992年2月1日
Chapter 1 Introduction
第1章引言
1-1. Purpose
目的
The purpose of this manual is to provide information and guidance on the use of roller-compacted
concrete (RCC) in dams and other civil works structures. Elements discussed include investigation
and selection of materials, mixture proportioning, design and construction considerations,
construction equipment and techniques, and inspection. This manual is intended to serve as a
companion to Engineer Manual (EM) 1110-2-2000, "Standard Practice for Concrete." The user of
this manual should have a copy of EM 1110-2-2000 and the references listed therein. This manual
does not cover RCC for pavements.
本手册旨在为大坝和其他土木工程结构中使用碾压混凝土（RCC）提供信息和指导。讨论的
内容包括材料的勘查和选择、混凝土配合比、设计与施工注意事项、施工设备和技术，以及
检测。本手册旨在作为《工兵手册》（EM）1110-2-2000“混凝土标准实施规程”的指南。本
手册的使用者应备有EM 1110-2-2000以及其中列出的参考文献。本手册不包括路面用碾压混
凝土。
1-2. Applicability
适用范围
This manual applies to all HQUSACE/OCE elements, major subordinate commands, districts,
laboratories, and field operating activities having Civil Works responsibilities.
本手册适用于所有美国陆军工兵兵团司令部/总工办公室、多数下属指挥部、工区、实验室
和具有土木工程责任的现场作业活动。
1-3. References
参考文献
Applicable references are listed in Appendix A.
附录A中列出了适用的参考文献。
1-4. Definition
定义
The American Concrete Institute (ACI) defines RCC as "concrete compacted by roller compaction
that, in its unhardened state, will support a roller while being compacted" (ACI 1990). Properties of
hardened RCC are similar to those of conventionally placed concrete. The term "roller compaction"
is defined as follows by the ACI: "a process for compacting concrete using a roller, often a vibrating
roller" (ACI 1990). The terms "rollcrete" and "rolled concrete" are no longer to be used.
美国混凝土学会（ACI）将碾压混凝土（RCC）定义为“一种用碾压方法压实的混凝土，在
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其未硬化状态，能支撑压实施工时使用的碾压设备（ACI 1990）。硬化后的碾压混凝土与常
规浇筑混凝土的特性相似。美国混凝土学会对术语“碾压”的定义如下：“使用碾压设备（
通常是振动碾）压实混凝土的过程”（ACI 1990）。术语“rollcrete”和“rolled concrete”均
不再使用。
1-5. Applications
应用
RCC may be considered for application where no-slump concrete can be transported, placed, and
compacted using earth and rock-fill construction equipment. Ideal RCC projects will involve large
placement areas, little or no reinforcement, little or no embedded metal work, or other
discontinuities such as piles. Application of RCC should be considered when it is economically
competitive with other construction methods. It may be considered in lieu of gabions or riprap for
bank protection, especially in those areas where riprap is scarce. It may be considered for large
work pads, aprons or paved areas, massive open foundations, base slabs, cofferdams, massive
backfill, emergency repairs, and overtopping protection for embankment dams. It may be used in
lieu of conventionally placed concrete in concrete gravity dams. RCC may be considered for use in
levees where foundations are adequate and may also be used in caps for jetties to reduce the
amounts of required rock. For many dam projects, it may prove that the use of RCC will allow a
more economical layout of project features such as an over-the-crest spillway as opposed to a side
channel spillway. A summary of RCC applications is given in Appendix B.
可使用土石方填筑设备来运输、浇筑和压实无坍落度混凝土的工程均可采用碾压混凝土。理
想的碾压混凝土工程的特点是浇筑面积大，很少或没有钢筋和金属埋件，以及不存在其他不
连续点，如桩。当碾压混凝土与其他施工方法比较，有明显经济上的竞争力时，应考虑使用
碾压混凝土。岸坡保护的石笼或抛石，可考虑用碾压混凝土代替，特别是在抛石稀缺的那些
地区。对于大型工程的基座、护墙或铺砌区、大规模的露天地基、底板、围堰、大规模回填
、紧急抢修和土石坝的漫顶保护都可考虑采用碾压混凝土。碾压混凝土可用于代替混凝土重
力坝内的常规浇筑混凝土。可以考虑在基础充分的防洪堤内使用碾压混凝土，也可以在防波
堤的堤帽内使用，以减少所需岩石的用量。对于许多大坝项目，可以证明的是使用碾压混凝
土可使项目布局更经济，例如，与侧槽式溢洪道相对的坝顶溢洪道。附录B给出了碾压混凝
土应用的概要。
1-6. Objective of RCC Operations
RCC的施工目标
To achieve the highest measure of cost effectiveness and achieve a high quality product similar to
what is expected of conventional concrete structures, the following RCC design and construction
objectives are desired: RCC should be placed as quickly as practical using large earth moving
equipment; RCC operations should include as few laborers as possible; RCC design should avoid,
as much as possible, multiple RCC mixtures, and other construction or forming requirements that
tend to interfere with RCC production; and the design should not require complex construction
procedures.
为了保证获得最大的成本效益和与常规混凝土结构相当的高质量产品，要求达到以下RCC设
计和施工目标：碾压混凝土的浇筑应尽量像使用大型推土设备施工一样快；RCC施工应尽量
少用人力；RCC设计应尽量避免使用多种RCC拌合料，尽量避免对RCC生产有干扰的其他施
工或成型要求；设计上应该不需要复杂的施工程序。
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1-7. Major Advantages
主要优势
RCC construction techniques have made RCC gravity dams an economically competitive
alternative to conventional concrete and embankment dams. The following factors tend to make
RCC dams more advantageous than other types of dams:
RCC施工技术已经使碾压混凝土重力坝比常规混凝土和土石坝在经济上更有竞争力。下列因
素可使碾压混凝土坝比其他类型的大坝更有优势：
a. Costs. Construction-cost histories of RCC and conventional concrete dams show the unit
cost per cubic yard of RCC is considerably less than conventionally placed concrete. Approximate
costs of RCC range from 25 to 50 percent less than conventionally placed concrete. The difference
in percentage savings usually depends on complexity of placement and on total quantities of
concrete placed. Savings associated with RCC are primarily due to reduced forming, placement, and
compaction costs, as well as reduced construction times. Figure 1-1 shows the comparison of costs
of RCC and conventional concrete used in jobs of various sizes throughout the world. Table 1-1
provides a typical RCC cost breakdown per cubic yard.
成本。碾压混凝土和常规混凝土坝的施工成本发展过程表明，每立方码碾压混凝土
的单位成本远远低于常规浇筑混凝土。碾压混凝土的近似成本比常规浇筑混凝土低25-50%
。节约百分比的差异通常取决于浇筑的复杂性和浇筑混凝土的总量。采用碾压混凝土节约成
本，主要是由于降低了成型、浇筑和压实的费用，同时也较少了施工时间。图1-1显示了世
界各地不同规模的工程中使用的碾压混凝土和常规混凝土成本比较。表1-1提供了每立方码
碾压混凝土的典型成本明细表。
b. Rapid Construction. Rapid construction techniques (compared to both concrete and

embankment dams) and reduced material quantities (compared to embankment dams) account for
major cost savings in RCC dams. Maximum placement rates of 5,800 to 12,400 cu yd (yd 3) per day
have been achieved. These production rates make dam construction in one construction season
readily achievable for even large structures. When compared to embankment or conventional dams,
construction time for large projects can be reduced by 1 to 2 years. Other benefits from rapid
construction include reduced administration costs, earlier project benefits, and possible use of sites
with limited construction seasons. Basically, RCC construction offers economic advantages in all
aspects of dam construction that are related to time.
快速施工。快速施工技术（与混凝土坝及土石坝相比）和减少材料量（与土石坝相
比）是碾压混凝土坝节约成本的主要方面。最高浇筑速度已达到每天5800~12400立方码（
yd3）。这些生产速度可以使大坝施工在一个施工季完成，甚至大的结构物也可完成。和土石
坝或常规大坝相比，大规模工程的施工时间可以减少1～2年。快速施工带来的其他效益，包
括减少管理成本、早期的项目效益，和可能使用对施工季有限制的场地。基本上，碾压混凝
土施工在大坝施工的各个方面提供了经济优势，均与时间有关。
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Figure 1-1. Comparison of RCC and mass concrete costs (1990)
图1-1 碾压混凝土和大体积混凝土的成本比较（1990年）
Table 1-1 Typical RCC Cost Breakdown
表1-1 碾压混凝土的典型成本明细表
Item Cost, $/cu yd
项目成本，$/cu yd
Portland cement 4.13
波特兰水泥
Fly ash 1.14
粉煤灰
WRA 0.30
减水剂
Contraction joints 0.58
收缩缝
Placement 14.00
浇筑
Aggregate
骨料
Batching
配料
Mixing
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混合
Conveying
输送
Compacting
压实
Curing
养护
Clean-up
清洁
Bedding Mortar ($0.27/sq yd)
垫层砂浆（$0.27/sq yd）
TOTAL 20.15
合计
c. Spillways and appurtenant structures. Spillways for RCC dams can be directly
incorporated into the structure. A typical layout allows discharging flows over the dam crest and
down the downstream face. In contrast, the spillway for an embankment dam is normally
constructed in an abutment at one end of the dam or in a nearby natural saddle. Generally, the
embankment dam spillway is more costly. For projects which require a multiple-level intake for
water quality control or for reservoir sedimentation, the intake structure can be readily anchored to
the upstream face of the dam. For an embankment dam the same type of intake tower would be a
freestanding tower in the reservoir or a structure built into or on the reservoir side of the abutment.
The cost for an RCC dam intake is considerably lower, especially in high seismic areas. The shorter
base dimension of an RCC dam compared to an embankment dam reduces the required size and
length of the conduit and penstock for outlet and hydropower works.
溢洪道和附属结构物。碾压混凝土坝的溢洪道可直接与结构物相结合。典型的布局
是通过坝顶并沿坝体下游面溢流。相反，土石坝的溢洪道一般是构造在大坝一端或在附近垭
口上的坝肩。一般来说，土石坝的溢洪道更昂贵。因考虑水量控制或水库淤积，对于需要在
多个不同高程布置进水口的项目，可以简单地将进水结构物锚固到大坝的上游面。对土石坝
来说，相同类型的进水塔将是水库中的独立进水塔或是在坝肩库岸里或库岸上修建的结构物
。碾压混凝土坝的进水口的成本相当低，特别是在高地震区。和土石坝相比，碾压混凝土坝
的较短基底尺寸减少了出水水电工程的管道和压力水管所需的尺寸和长度。
d. Diversion and cofferdam. RCC dams provide cost advantages in river diversion during
construction and reduce damages and risks associated with cofferdam overtopping. The diversion
conduit will be shorter compared to embankment dams. With a shorter construction period the
probability of high water is less, and thus the size of the diversion conduit and cofferdam height can
be reduced from that required for both embankment and conventional concrete dams. These
structures may need to be designed only for a seasonal peak flow rather than annual peak flows.
With the high erosion resistance of RCC, the potential for a major failure would be minimal and the
resulting damage would be less, even if over-topping of the cofferdam did occur.
引水和围堰。碾压混凝土坝施工期引水也有降低成本的优势，并且可以减少围堰漫
顶的风险和损失。和土石坝相比，其引水渠较短。由于施工期短，高水位的概率较小，碾压
混凝土坝施工所需的引水渠大小和围堰高度比土石坝和常规混凝土坝施工时都要小。设计这
些结构物时可能仅仅需要考虑一个季节性洪峰流量，而无需考虑年度洪峰流量。因碾压混凝
土抗冲蚀能力强，即使是真的发生围堰漫顶，重大故障的可能性将微乎其微，由此而造成的
损害也会少一些。
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e. Other advantages. As compared to embankment dams, the smaller volume of an RCC dam
makes the construction material source less of a driving factor in site selection of a dam.
Furthermore, the borrow source will be considerably smaller and more environmentally acceptable.
The RCC dam is also inherently safer against internal erosion, overtopping, and seismic ground
motions.
其他优势。和土石坝相比，碾压混凝土坝较小的体积使得施工用料减少，这是坝址
选择中的一种驱动因素。此外，取土材料将显著减少，同时更符合环保要求。碾压混凝土坝
在抗内部侵蚀、漫顶和地震地面运动等方面本质上较安全。
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Chapter 2 Investigation and Selection of Materials
第2章材料的勘查和选择
2-1. Policy
原则
Policies regarding the investigation of concrete materials and the scope of the required investigation
are the same as a conventional concrete dam and are discussed in detail in EM 1110-2-2000.
Additional investigations may be needed for RCC in various applications, as appropriate.
混凝土材料的调查和调查所需范围的有关原则与常规混凝土坝相同，在EM 1110-2-2000中进
行了详细讨论。适当情况下，在各种应用中可能还需要对RCC进行额外调查。
2-2. Cementitious Materials
胶凝材料
The method of investigating cementitious materials for RCC is similar to that used for
conventionally placed concrete and should be in accordance with EM 1110-2-2000. The use of a
pozzolan or ground slag may be especially beneficial in RCC as a mineral filler and for its
cementitious properties, as well as providing a degree of lubrication during compaction. The use of
Type III portland cement is not practical for RCC since it shortens the time available for compaction
and increases heat evolution at early ages.
碾压混凝土胶凝材料的勘查方法与用于常规浇筑混凝土勘查的方法相同，也应遵守EM 1110-
2-2000。在碾压混凝土中掺入火山灰或磨细矿渣有特别的益处，它既是一种矿物填料，又具
有胶凝性，并且在碾压混凝土压实过程中能提供一定程度的润滑作用。Ⅲ型波特兰水泥因缩
短了可碾压的时间并增加了早期析热量而一直未用于碾压混凝土中。
2-3. Aggregates
骨料
a. General. One of the most important factors in determining the quality and economy of
concrete is the selection of a suitable source of aggregate. This statement is as true for RCC as for
conventional concrete. The investigation of aggregates will follow the procedures described in EM
1110-2-2000.
概述。选择适当的骨料来源是决定混凝土质量和经济性的最重要因素之一。这一说
法对于碾压混凝土和常规混凝土是完全相同的。骨料的调查将遵守EM1110-2-2000的有关规
定。
b. Aggregates for RCC. As with conventional concrete, aggregates for RCC should be
evaluated for quality and grading. Aggregate for RCC should meet the same high standards for
quality and grading as required for conventional concrete construction. Only where extraordinary
circumstances exist, such as construction during an emergency situation or when the use of a poorer
quality aggregate does not prevent meeting design quality requirements of the concrete, could
aggregate of lesser quality be justified. Changes from the grading or quality requirements must be
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supported by laboratory or field test results included in a design memorandum which shows that the
concrete produced from the proposed materials fulfills the requirements of the project for strength,
durability, watertightness, and economy. The nominal maximum size of aggregate (NMSA) particle
which has been handled and compacted in Corps of Engineers RCC construction is 75 mm (3 in.).
While larger sizes have been successfully used in Japan and at Tarbela Dam, the use of NMSA
larger than 75 mm (3 in.) will seldom be technically justified or economically viable in most Corps
of Engineers structures. Use of larger aggregate greatly increases the problem of segregation during
transporting and spreading RCC. A proposal to use aggregate of larger than 75-mm (3-in.) nominal
maximum size should be included in a design memorandum and should be accompanied by results
from an investigation showing that the larger nominal maximum size aggregate can be handled
without segregation, can be compacted, and that its use will actually result in lower costs. The
required amount of material passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve is greater for RCC than is
acceptable for conventional concrete. The larger percentage of fines is used to increase the paste
content in the mixture to fill voids and contribute to compactability. The additional fines are usually
made up of naturally occurring nonplastic silt and fine sand, or manufactured fines. The use of extra
pozzolan (fly ash) in lieu of natural fines passing the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve was successfully used
during construction of the Mount St. Helens Sediment Retaining Structure.
碾压混凝土骨料。碾压混凝土骨料的质量和级配评价方法和常规混凝土相同。碾压
混凝土骨料应满足常规混凝土施工所需的相同质量和级配高标准。只有在发生紧急情况或者
质量差的骨料并不妨碍混凝土满足设计质量要求等特殊情况下，适当降低骨料的质量要求是
可能的。级配和质量要求的改变必须由实验室和现场试验结果支持，并有设计备忘录表明所
推荐的材料生产出的混凝土满足项目对强度、耐久性、水密性和经济性要求。陆军工兵兵团
RCC施工中处理和压实过的骨料公称最大粒径（NMSA）为75 mm（3 in.）。日本和塔贝拉（
Tarbela）坝曾成功地使用过更大粒径的骨料，使用公称最大粒径大于75 mm（3 in.）的骨料
，对大多数陆军工兵兵团的结构物来说，并无技术上的合理性和经济上的可行性。大粒径骨
料的使用大大增加了碾压混凝土在运输和摊铺过程的分离。使用公称最大粒径大于75-mm（
3-in.）骨料的建议应连同调查结果一起包括在设计备忘录。调查显示，公称最大粒径较大的
骨料可以在不分离情况下处理，可以被压实，并且它的使用确能降低成本。碾压混凝土所需
粒径小于75-µm（通过200号筛）材料的总量高于常规混凝土允许的数量。增大细料通常可
以增加拌合料中浆体含量，用以充填空隙和增加可压实性。附加细料可以是天然存在的非塑
性淤泥和细砂，或是人工细粉。在圣海伦火山沉积物围护结构的施工中，曾成功地用外加火
山灰（粉煤灰）替代粒径小于75-µm（通过200号筛）的天然细粉。
2-4. Water
Criteria for assessing available water supplies as sources of mixing and curing water are given in
EM 1110-2-2000.
作为拌合和养护水来源的合适水源的评估标准在EM 1110-2-2000中给出。
2-5. Chemical Admixtures
化学掺合料
a. Water reducing and retarding admixtures. The use of a water reducing and retarding
admixture or a retarding admixture, Type B or D, according to CRD-C 87(ASTM C 494), should be
considered for any RCC placement. The use of a water reducing and retarding admixture has been
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proven to be beneficial for extending placeability of RCC for at least 1 hour and maintaining lift
surfaces in an unhardened state until the next layer of RCC was placed, thereby creating a better
bond and increased likelihood of a watertight joint. The extended workability was especially
beneficial during warmer weather, during RCC startup activities, and for placement of 24-in.-thick
lifts. The addition of the water reducing and retarding admixture results in a decrease in the amount
of required water while increasing the workability as measured by the modified Vebe apparatus.
Required dosages of water reducing and retarding admixtures are normally several times as much as
recommended for conventionally placed concrete. Dosage should be based on results of laboratory
mixture proportioning studies. Water reducing and retarding admixtures have proven to be generally
less effective for RCC mixtures with higher Vebe times (generally lower unit water content and less
workability).
减水缓凝剂。根据CRD-C 871（ASTM C494），任何RCC浇筑都应当考虑使用B型或

D型减水缓凝剂或缓凝剂。减水缓凝剂能延长碾压混凝土可浇筑时间至少1小时，在下层碾
压混凝土浇筑前保证浇筑仓面处于非硬化状态，从而产生更好结合和增加形成水密接缝的可
能性。在高温天气、RCC启动活动，以及浇筑层厚为24-in.时，化学掺合料对增加碾压混凝
土的和易性特别有益。添加减水缓凝剂，在增加和易性（用改进的维勃仪器测量）的同时，
可减少用水量。碾压混凝土所需减水缓凝剂的用量是常规混凝土的几倍。用量应根据混凝土
实验室内进行的混凝土配合比研究确定。对于具有较长维勃（Vebe）时间（通常是单位含水
量低，和易性差）的RCC拌合料来说，已证明减水缓凝剂一般不太有效。
b. Air-entraining admixtures. Air-entraining admixtures have been added to RCC mixtures in

an attempt to entrain air in a proper bubble size and spacing to resist damage to the concrete when it
is subjected to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing while in a critically saturated state. Research
continues at the USAEWES to determine if and how a proper air-void system can be achieved in
RCC. From what has been learned, it appears that the dosages of air-entraining admixtures required
for RCC may be considerably greater than required for conventionally placed concrete. As with
conventionally placed concrete, the workability of the RCC is visibly improved by the addition of
air-entraining admixtures resulting in a reduction of amount of mixing water required.
引气剂。在一次以合适尺寸和间距的气泡向碾压混凝土中加入空气以防其破坏的尝
试中，已经将引气剂加入RCC拌合料中，以防止混凝土在临界饱和状态下遭受冻融循环作用
而破坏。为确定在碾压混凝土中是否和怎样形成适当的空气—空隙系统，研究还在美国陆军
工兵兵团水道实验站（USAEWES）继续。从已经取得的经验看，好像碾压混凝土所需的引
气剂用量比常规混凝土大的多。和常规浇筑混凝土一样，掺用引气剂在减少拌合用水量的同
时可显著改善碾压混凝土的和易性。
1
All CRD-C designations are to Handbook for Concrete and Cement, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station.
所有CRD-C名称见美国陆军工兵兵团水道实验站编的《混凝土与水泥手册》。
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Chapter 3 Mixture Proportioning
第3章混凝土配合比
3-1. General
概述
The proper selection of mass or structural RCC mixture proportions is an important step in
obtaining an economical, durable concrete and should be accomplished by a division laboratory.
RCC mixture proportions, like those of conventionally placed concrete, depend largely upon the
strength and durability requirements of the structure.
大体积或结构RCC拌合料配合比的合理选择是获得一种经济、耐久性混凝土的一个重要步骤
，应该通过分部实验室来完成。和常规浇筑混凝土一样，RCC拌合料配合比主要是根据结构
的强度和耐久性要求来确定的。
3-2. Basic Considerations
基本考虑因素
a. Durability. The frost resistance of nonair-entrained RCC that is exposed to freezing and
thawing while critically saturated is poor. However, when RCC does not become critically
saturated, the frost resistance of RCC has been satisfactory, even in areas of severe climate.
Research indicates that air-entrained RCC can be success-fully produced in the laboratory; however,
field production and placement have yet to be tried. No standardized method currently exists for the
determination of the air content of RCC. The pressure method described in CRD-C 41 (ASTM C
231) has been used; however, the concrete cannot be consolidated into the bowl by rodding or
internal vibration. External vibration in conjunction with a surcharge, similar to that used for
molding compressive strength cylinders, should be used to consolidate the RCC into the bowl. A
metal, glass, or acrylic strike-off plate, such as that described in CRD-C 7 (ASTM C 138), should
be used to strike off the top surface of the concrete. The unit weight and air content of the sample
may then be determined following procedures given in CRD-C 7 and 41. If the unit weight of
mixtures containing 3-in. nominal maximum size aggregate is desired, a 1-cu-ft measure is required,
and external vibration applied by a pneumatic tamper may be the only means to effectively
consolidate the concrete. If air entrainment is specified in RCC, extensive laboratory and field
testing should be planned to determine the effectiveness and proper dosage rates of selected air-
entraining admixtures, the effects of air on RCC workability and water demand, the effects of RCC
handling and compaction operations on parameters of the air-void system, and the extent of testing
needed to ensure the required RCC quality is achieved. The maximum allowable water-cement ratio
(w/c) should be selected from EM 1110-2-2000, based upon the anticipated exposure conditions of
the structure or structural element.
耐久性。在临界饱和状态下，非引气碾压混凝土在冻融条件下的抗冻性较差。但是
，若不在临界饱和状态，即使在恶劣气候下，碾压混凝土的抗冻性也是另人满意的。研究表
明，在实验室内可成功地生产引气碾压混凝土，然而，现场生产和浇筑还只在试验中。目前
，测定碾压混凝土的含气量还没有标准方法。CRD-C 41（ASTM C 231）中的压力法已经得
到应用，但用棒振捣和内部振动方法都不能捣实钵内的混凝土。应该采用带有超载的外部振
动，类似于成型抗压强度圆柱体所采用的振动，将碾压混凝土捣实钵内。正如CRD-C 7（
ASTM C 138）中所描述的那样，应当使用金属、玻璃或丙烯刮板刮平混凝土顶面。然后可
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以按照CRD-C 7和41规定的方法确定试样的单位重量和空气含量。如果骨料公称最大粒径为
3-in.的拌合料的单位重量的合理的，则需要一个1-cu-ft的量器，并用风动捣固机进行外部振
动，风动捣固机可能是唯一能有效捣实混凝土的工具。若碾压混凝土规定有含气要求，应在
实验室和现场来进一步研究和确定所选引气剂的效果和掺量、含气量对碾压混凝土和易性和
用水量的影响、处理和压实对空气-空隙系统参数的影响，以及做进一步的试验，验证碾压
混凝土的质量能否达到要求。碾压混凝土的最大允许水灰比（w/c）应以结构物或其结构构
件将来所处的暴露条件为基础，根据EM 1110-2-2000选定。
b. Strength. When RCC is used in the interior of a massive structure, high strength will
seldom be required; however, if the RCC is placed in the outer surfaces of such a structure or in a
work pad, bridge pier footing, or other load-carrying structure, the strength requirements are no
different than for conventional concrete. As with all other concrete, the strength of RCC is largely
dependent upon the w/c. CRD-C 10 (ASTM C 192) describes a procedure for molding cylinders
containing concretes which have low water contents but which can be consolidated by using
external vibration and additional forces on the surface. A heavier surcharge than the 10-lb weight
suggested in the test method may be required to effectively consolidate RCC. Unless previous data
are available showing the relationship between w/c and compressive strength, the approximate
compressive strength of 6-by 12-in. cylinders for various w/c’s and equivalent cement contents can
be estimated from curves given in Figures 3-1 and 3-2, respectively. These curves represent data
from a variety of RCC mixtures which primarily contained 3-in. NMSA and 30 to 40 percent Class
F fly ash by absolute volume of cementitious material. Values estimated from the curves should be
verified by trial batches to ensure that the required average strength, fcr, is achieved. Results may
often show that durability rather than strength governs the selection of the w/c.
强度。当碾压混凝土用在一座大体积结构物内部时，很少需要高强度。但若碾压混
凝土被浇筑在该结构物的外表面、工程基座、桥墩基础或其他承载结构时，其强度要求与常
规混凝土没有差别。和其他混凝土一样，碾压混凝土强度主要取决于水灰比（w/c）。CRD-C
10（ASTM C 192）说明了包含混凝土（含水量低，但能靠外部振动和表面加重而压实）的
成型圆柱体的方法。为了有效压实混凝土，建议在试验中使用中重量大于10-lb的超载。在没
有数据表明水灰比与抗压强度的关系时，可以分别根据图3-1、3-2规定的曲线，估算各种水
灰比时6×12-in.圆柱体的近似抗压强度和当量水泥含量。这些曲线表示3-in. NMSA和30～
40%（以胶凝材料绝对体积计算）F级粉煤灰的各种RCC拌合料的数据。根据上述曲线求得
的估算值应通过试拌合验证，以保证能达所要求的平均强度fcr。结果往往表明，水灰比是由
耐久性而不是强度要求所决定的。
c. Workability. The workability of RCC is that property which determines its capacity to be
placed and compacted successfully without harmful segregation. It embodies the concepts of
compactability and to some degree moldability and cohesiveness. It is affected by the same factors
that affect the workability of conventional concrete, i.e., the grading, particle shape, and proportion
of the aggregate; the cement content; the presence of chemical and mineral admixtures; and the
water content. However, the effect of each factor will not be the same for RCC as for conventional
concrete. The workability of RCC cannot be measured or judged in the same way that the
placeability of conventional concrete is indexed to the slump test. The slump test is not meaningful
for concrete intended for roller compaction since the correct mixture has no slump. Preliminary
judgment of the workability of RCC mixtures should be made during the mixture proportioning
studies by measuring the consistency with a modified Vebe apparatus. The apparatus and test
method are described in CRD-C 53. Modified Vebe times ranging from 12 to 24 seconds are
considered to be appropriate for most mass RCC applications. A walk-behind roller is useful to
evaluate mixture workability in small laboratory test sections. On larger test sections, the use of
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full-size transporting, spreading, and, particularly, compaction equipment is imperative. These test
sections must be large enough to accommodate such large equipment and also have sufficient area
for its operation to stabilize. Mixture proportions may then be further adjusted, if necessary, and
final modified Vebe times established to control RCC production.
和易性。碾压混凝土的和易性是反映碾压混凝土成功地摊铺和压实并不产生有害分
离的性能。它含有可压实性、一定程度的可成型性和粘聚性的概念。影响碾压混凝土可压实
性的因素与常规混凝土相同，如骨料级配、颗粒形状、骨料组份，水泥含量，化学和矿物掺
合料及含水量等。但每一种因素对碾压混凝土的影响程度与常规混凝土是不同的。碾压混凝
土的和易性不能用常规混凝土浇筑性引入坍落度试验的相同方式测量和判断。由于正确的拌
合没有坍落，坍落度试验对用于碾压的混凝土而言没有意义。在混凝土配合比研究中，碾压
混凝土和易性的主要判断方法是用改进的维勃仪器测量其稠度。仪器和试验方法在CRD-C
53中进行了说明。适合于大多数大体积碾压混凝土应用的新Vebe时间为12至24秒。在小型实
验室试验段，用一种手扶振动碾来评价拌合料的和易性。在较大的试验段，使用与现场施工
相同的运输、摊铺特别是压实设备是绝对必要的。试验段的尺寸要足够大，以适应大型设备
施工和使其稳定运转。进一步调整混凝土配合比，如有必要，可用最终试验确定的Vebe时间
来控制RCC生产的质量。
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Figure 3-1. Compressive strength versus w/c
图3-1 抗压强度与水灰比关系曲线
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Figure 3-2. Equivalent cement content versus compressive strength
图3-2 等量水泥含量与抗压强度关系曲线
d. Generation of heat. Low water contents associated with mass RCC make possible the use
of very low cement contents. The maximum amount of pozzolan or ground slag consistent with
strength, durability, economic and construction requirements, and other considerations should be
used to further minimize the portland-cement content. During the preconstruction engineering and
design (PED) stage of the project, the designer and laboratory personnel must work together in
close co-ordination to ensure that parameters used for mixture proportioning studies necessary at
this stage agree with the design assumptions selected. From these studies, a range should be
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selected for the desired percent, by absolute volume of total cementitious material, of pozzolan or
ground slag to use for the project. Later, the project specifications will be based on the above, and
the laboratory will make the final contract mix proportioning studies using materials supplied by the
contractor. Placement temperatures which are expected to affect the fresh and hardened properties
of the RCC should be taken into consideration as much as possible during the mixture proportioning
studies.
热量的产生。在大体积碾压混凝土中，因含水量低，水泥含量也可降低。满足强度
、耐久性、经济性和施工要求，以及其他注意事项的火山灰或磨细矿渣的最大用量可促使进
一步降低波特兰水泥含量。在施工前工程和设计（PED）项目阶段，设计者和实验室工作人
员必须紧密配合，保证在这个阶段用于混凝土配合比研究的参数与选定的设计假设值一致。
从这些研究中，应选择所希望的火山灰或磨细矿渣的（占胶凝材料的绝对体积）百分比范围
，用于该项目。然后，根据上述研究制定项目规范，并且实验室将使用由承包商提供材料进
行最终的合同混凝土配合比研究。对于影响RCC新拌和硬化性能的浇筑温度，在配合比研究
中应尽可能多的考虑这个因素。
e. Aggregate. The largest practical NMSA should be used in RCC. However, RCC containing
aggregate having an NMSA greater than 3 in. will often experience excessive segregation during the
spreading and compaction operations. The grading limits of individual coarse aggregate size
fractions should comply with those used in conventional concrete for civil works structures.
Individual size groups should be combined to produce gradings approaching the ideal gradings
shown in Table 3-1. Fine aggregate gradings should be within the limits shown in Table 3-2.
Approximate fine aggregate contents, expressed as a percentage of the total aggregate volume, are
given in Table 3-3. The addition of supplemental material finer than the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve may
also be necessary to reduce the volume of voids within the fine aggregate and to produce a more
cohesive mixture. This supplemental fine material may consist of fly ash, natural pozzolan, ground
slag, or natural fine sand. The use of fly ash, natural pozzolan, or ground slag as supplemental fine
material may provide added benefits as a result of a reduced overall water demand, lower w/c, and
higher ultimate strength. RCC containing minimally processed pit-run aggregate may require a
greater water content, be less durable, have a lower compressive strength, and experience less bond
between lifts than RCC containing properly processed aggregate. Minimally processed pit-run
aggregates may result in poor concrete performance and should not be used unless laboratory results
indicate that all project technical and economic requirements are met.
骨料。最大的实际NMSA应在碾压混凝土中使用。然而，碾压混凝土含有公称最大
粒径大于3 in.的骨料时，就很难处理摊铺和压实过程出现的分离问题。各个粗骨料粒级的级
配范围应遵守土木工程结构中常规混凝土使用的规定。为了产生接近表3-1所列的理想级配
，应将各个粒径组进行组合。细骨料级配应在表3-2所示的范围之内。细骨料的近似含量（
占骨料总体积的百分比）见表3-3。用粒径小于75-µm（通过200号筛）的细粉来减少细料内
空隙的体积和增加拌合料粘聚性是必要的。这种附加细料可以是粉煤灰、天然火山灰、磨细
矿渣或天然细砂。使用粉煤灰、天然火山灰或磨细矿渣作为附加细料，可能减少总用水量，
降低水灰比，提高极限强度。碾压混凝土中使用略作处理的未筛选骨料，会加大含水量、降
低耐久性和抗压强度，层间结合情况也不如使用经妥善加工处理骨料的碾压混凝土。略作处
理的未筛选骨料会降低混凝土的性能，除非经试验证明其满足工程所有技术和经济要求才可
使用。
f. Water content. Approximate mixing water requirements and entrapped air contents are
shown in Table 3-4 for each NMSA. The water contents shown are average from structural and
mass concrete mixtures made with both natural and manufactured aggregate. Unit water demand for
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RCC containing a specific aggregate combination will show little change over a wide range of
cementitious material contents. Also shown in Table 3-4 are approximate ranges of modified Vebe
times corresponding to ranges of water contents. Approximate mortar contents for RCC mixtures
having varying nominal maximum aggregate sizes are given in Table 3-5.
含水量。表3-4给出了各种公称最大粒径骨料对应的近似拌合用水量和残存空气含量
。表中数值是天然骨料和人工骨料配制的大体积混凝土拌合料含水量的平均值。对于含有某
一具体骨料组份的碾压混凝土用水量，当胶凝材料用量变化较大时，其变化相对很小。表3-
4还表明新Vebe时间的大致变化范围与含水量的范围相符。表3-5给出了随骨料公称最大粒径
变化的RCC拌合料中砂浆是近似含量。
3-3. Procedure for Selecting RCC Mixture Proportions
选择RCC拌合料配合比的步骤
a. General. Laboratories should proportion RCC mixtures using materials which are
representative of those to be used on the project. RCC mixture proportioning procedures and
properties are very similar to those of conventional concrete. The primary differences are due to the
relatively low water contents and no-slump consistency of RCC. However, conventional concrete
cannot generally be reproportioned to produce RCC by any single action such as reducing the water
content, altering the proportions of the mortar and coarse aggregate, reducing the w/c , or increasing
the fine aggregate content. An RCC mixture must be stable enough to support the weight of a
vibratory roller and other heavy equipment, yet workable enough to allow some aggregate
reorientation. This reorientation allows the voids between aggregate particles to become essentially
paste filled during the compaction operations. Experience indicates that a minimum paste-to-mortar
volume ratio of 0.42 is needed to fill the RCC aggregate voids.
概述。实验室应使用那些用于具体工程的代表性材料来配制RCC拌合料。RCC拌合
料配合比的方法和特性与常规混凝土非常相似。其主要差别是由碾压混凝土含水量相对低和
无坍落度造成的。但一般不能用改变某一变量而重新配制常规混凝土的方法来生产碾压混凝
土，如单独减少含水量，改变砂浆和粗骨料的比例，减少水灰比或增加细骨料含量等。RCC
拌合料必须有足够的稳定性来支撑振动碾的重量和其他重型设备，同时还应有足够的和易性
来允许骨料有某种程度的重新定位。在压实过程中，这种重新定位能使骨料颗粒间的空隙被
灰浆充填。经验表明，为充填RCC骨料空隙，最小灰浆/砂浆体积比为0.42。
b. Step 1. Determine all requirements related to the properties of the concrete including:
第1步。确定与混凝土性能相关的所有要求：
(1) Specified strength and age.
设计强度和龄期。
(2) Expected exposure conditions.
预期的暴露条件。
(3) Limitations of w/c.
水灰比的范围。
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Table 3-1 Ideal Coarse Aggregate Grading
表3-1 理想的粗骨料级配
Cumulative Percent Passing
累积过筛百分率
Sieve Size 4.75 -75 mm 4.75 -37.5 mm 4.75 -19.0 mm
筛孔尺寸 (No. 4 -3 in.) (No. 4-1-1/2 in.) (No. 4 -3/4 in.)
75 mm (3 in.) 100
63 mm (2-1/2 in.) 88
50 mm (2 in.) 76
37.5 mm (1-1/2 in.) 61 100
25.0 mm (1 in.) 44 72
19.0 mm (3/4 in.) 33 55 100
12.5 mm (1/2 in.) 21 35 63
9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 14 23 41
4.75 mm (No. 4) — — —
Note: -indicates data not available.
注：-表示数据无法提供。
Table 3-2 Fine Aggregate Grading Limits

表3-2 细骨料级配范围
Sieve Size Cumulative Percent Passing
筛孔尺寸累积过筛百分率
9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 100
4.75 mm (No. 4) 95-100
2.36 mm (No. 8) 75-95
1.18 mm (No. 16) 55-80
600 jam (No. 30) 35-60
300 jam (No. 50) 24-40
150 jam (No. 100) 12-28
75 jam (No. 200) 8-18
Fineness Modulus
2.10-2.75
细度模数
Table 3-3 Approximate Ratio of Fine to Total Aggregate Volume

表3-3 细骨料占骨料总体积的近似比率
Nominal Maximum Fine Aggregate Ratio
Size and Type of Percent of Total
Coarse Aggregate Aggregate Volume
粗骨料的公称最大粒径及类型细骨料比率（占骨料总体积的百分比）
75 mm (3 in.), crushed 29-36
75 mm（3 in.），轧碎粗骨料
75 mm (3 in.), rounded 27-34
75 mm（3 in.），磨圆粗骨料
37.5 mm (1-1/2 in.), crushed 39-47
37.5 mm（1-1/2 in.），轧碎粗骨料
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37.5 mm (1-1/2 in.), rounded 35-45
37.5 mm（1-1/2 in.），磨圆粗骨料
19.0 mm (3/4 in.), crushed 48-59
19.0 mm（3/4 in.），轧碎粗骨料
19.0 mm (3/4 in.), rounded 41-45
19.0 mm（3/4 in.），磨圆粗骨料
Table 3-4 Approximate Water and Air Contents for Various NMSA (Nonair-Entrained RCC)
表3-4 各种NMSA下水和空气的近似含量（非引气RCC）
1
Range of Modified Vebe Water Content, Ib/cu yd
Time sec 含水量，Ib/cu yd1
新Vebe时间的范围，sec 19.0 mm (3/4 in.) 37.5 mm (1-1/2 in.) 75 mm (3 in.)
10-16 252-266 190-275 155-285
17-25 225-270 157-225 143-200
Approximate air content
percent2
近似空气含量百分比2 1.5-2.7 0.2-2.23 0.5-3.1
1
These quantities are for use in estimating water and air contents for trial batches. Lower range should be used be
used for naturally rounded aggregates or mixtures having low fine aggregate content; higher range should be used
for crushed aggregate or mixtures having a high fine aggregate content.
这些数量用于估算试拌合的含水量和空气含量。较低范围应当用于天然圆形骨料或细骨料含量低的拌合
料；较高范围应当用于轧碎骨料或细骨料含量高的拌合料。
2
Air content of minus 37.5-mm (1-1/2-in.) fraction of mixture.
拌合料中粒径小于-37.5-mm（1-1/2-in.）部分的空气含量。
Table 3-5 Approximate Mortar Contents

表3-5 砂浆的近似含量
Nominal Maximum Size and Type of Coarse Aggregate Mortar Content cu ft/cu yd
粗骨料的公称最大粒径及类型砂浆含量，cu ft/cu yd
75 mm (3 in.), crushed
10.3-15.3
75 mm（3 in.），轧碎粗骨料
75 mm (3 in.), rounded
10.1-14.9
75 mm（3 in.），磨圆粗骨料
37.5 mm (1-1/2 in.), crushed
11.7-18.2
37.5 mm（1-1/2 in.），轧碎粗骨料
37.5 mm (1-1/2 in.), rounded
12.1-18.6
37.5 mm（1-1/2 in.），磨圆粗骨料
19.0 mm (3/4 in.), crushed
17.3-21.3
19.0 mm（3/4 in.），轧碎粗骨料
19.0 mm (3/4 in.), rounded
—
19.0 mm（3/4 in.），磨圆粗骨料
注：-表示数据无法提供。
(4) Admixture requirements.
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掺合料要求。
(5) Nominal maximum size of aggregate, source, and quality.
骨料公称最大粒径、骨料来源和质量
(6) Modified Vebe time.
新Vebe时间。
c. Step 2. Determine the essential properties of materials. Representative samples of all

materials should be obtained in sufficient quantities to provide verification tests by trial batching.
The quantities of materials needed usually will be greater than those required for conventional
concrete due to the typical need for additional trial batches and for a test section. Determine the
following properties of the materials submitted for the proportioning study:
第2步。确定材料的基本特性。所有材料均应有足够量的代表性试样，以供试拌合中
验证试验之用。由于额外的试拌合和试验段的独特需求，所需材料的量通常会大于常规混凝
土。为进行配合比研究，应确定所提交原材料的下列特性：
(1) Sieve analysis of all aggregates.
所有骨料的筛分分析。
(2) Bulk specific gravity (ssd) and absorption of aggregates.
骨料的堆积比重（ssd）和吸水性。
(3) Physical and chemical properties of cement and pozzolan or ground slag.
水泥和火山灰或磨细矿渣的物理、化学特性。
(4) Quality of aggregates.
骨料的质量。
d. Step 3. If the maximum allowable w/c is not given in project documents, select the
maximum permissible, using the guidance given in EM 1110-2-2000, for the anticipated exposure
conditions. Compare this w/c with that estimated in Figure 3-1 to meet the fcr , and use the lower of
the two in the proportioning calculations.
第3步。如果工程文件中没有给出最大允许水灰比，则采用EM 1110-2-2000中所给方
法选定预测暴露条件下的最大允许水灰比。将这一水灰比值与按图3-1求得的满足fcr要求的
估算值相比较，用两者中较小者进行配合比计算。
e. Step 4. Based on the modified Vebe time, estimate the water content and entrapped air
content for the NMSA being used from Table 3-4.
第4步。以新Vebe时间为基础，利用表3-4估算所用骨料公称最大粒径对应的含水量
和残存空气含量。
f. Step 5. Calculate the weight of cement by dividing the w/c selected in Step 3 by the water
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content selected in Step 4. Compare the calculated weight of cement with that determined using
Figure 3-2, and adjust the calculated value if necessary. If pozzolan or ground slag is being used,
compute the cement and pozzolan or slag weights based on the equivalent absolute volume of
cement.
第5步。用步骤3选定的水灰比值除以按步骤4选定的含水量值，计算水泥重量。把求
得的水泥重量和按图3-2确定的值相比较，必要时对计算值进行调整。若使用火山灰或磨细
矿渣，应根据水泥的当量绝对体积来计算水泥和火山灰或矿渣的重量。
g. Step 6. Determine the coarse aggregate proportions so that the combined coarse aggregate
grading best approximates the ideal coarse aggregate grading given in Table 3-1.
第6步。确定粗骨料组份比例，以便使组合成的粗骨料级配最大限度地接近表3-1中
给出的理想粗骨料级配。
h. Step 7. Compare the fine aggregate grading to the recommended limits shown in Table 3-2.
If finer aggregate sizes are not available, pozzolan, ground slag, or other nondeleterious fines
supplied by the contractor may be used to supplement the fine aggregate. Select the fine aggregate
content for the NMSA being used from Table 3-3.
第7步。将细骨料级配与表3-2中给定的推荐范围进行比较。如果不能得到细骨料粒
径，可用承包商提供的火山灰、磨细矿渣或其他不含杂质的细料补充细骨料。从表3-3中选
定骨料公称最大粒径的细骨料含量。
i. Step 8. Use the information obtained in Steps 2 through 7 to calculate the absolute volumes
and saturated surface-dry weights of all mixture components required for 1 cu yd of RCC.
第8步。根据第2-7步所得数据，计算1 cu yd碾压混凝土所需的所有拌合料成分的绝
对体积和饱和面干重量。
j. Step 9. Calculate the mortar content of the mixture by summing the absolute volumes of
the cementitious material, aggregate finer than the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, water, and entrapped air.
Compare the mortar content with the values given in Table 3-5, and adjust the fine aggregate
content as necessary to approach the average value for the respective coarse aggregate type and
nominal maximum size.
第9步。利用胶凝材料、粒径小于4.75-mm（通过4号筛）的细骨料、水和残存空气
的绝对体积之和，计算拌合料中的砂浆含量。将砂浆含量与表3-5中的数值进行比较，必要
时调整细骨料用量，直到接近相应的粗骨料种类和公称最大粒径的平均值。
k. Step 10. Calculate the absolute volume of paste and the paste-to-mortar ratio by absolute
volume, Vp/Vm. Paste includes all aggregate and mineral filler finer than the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve,
cementitious materials, water, and entrapped air. The minimum Vp/Vm should be 0.42 to ensure all
voids between aggregate particles are filled. If necessary, increase the cementitious material content
or the quantity of supplemental aggregate finer than the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve, or increase the
water content to achieve this minimum ratio.
第10步。计算灰浆的绝对体积和灰浆与砂浆的绝对体积比Vp/Vm。灰浆包括粒径小于
75-µm（通过200号筛）的骨料和矿物填料、胶凝材料、水及残存空气。Vp/Vm的最小值应为
0.42，以保证所有骨料粒径间空隙均被充填。必要时，增加胶凝材料含量、粒径小于75-µm
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（通过200号筛）的附加骨料的用量，或者增加含水量，以达到这一最小比值。
l. Step 11. Evaluate the workability and strength of the RCC mixture by producing trial
batches. Test the concrete for modified Vebe time and air content, and mold 6-by 12-in. cylinders
for compressive strength tests.
第 11 步。评价由试拌合生产出的RCC拌合料的和易性和强度。测试该混凝土的新
Vebe时间和空气含量，并进行成型6×12-in.圆柱体的抗压强度试验。
3-4. Example Problem
问题示例
Concrete is required for a large, 48-in.-thick overflow slab in a moderate climate. The design
compressive strength is 1,500 psi at 90 days. Water velocities will be less than 25 fps and the
concrete will be submerged. No reinforcement is required, and the area is accessible to large
equipment. Placement conditions allow the use of large aggregate, and a nearby quarry can produce
75-mm (3-in.) NMSA. A Class F fly ash is available. RCC will be considered during the design
study.
在温和气候条件下，一块48-in.厚的溢流板需要采用混凝土制作。其90天龄期的设计抗压强
度为1500 psi。水流速度将小于25 fps，混凝土将被淹没。无需配筋，大型设备容易进入现场
。浇筑条件允许使用大粒径骨料，附近采石场可生产公称最大粒径为75-mm（3-in.）的骨料
。可以得到F级粉煤灰。在设计研究阶段考虑使用碾压混凝土。
a. Step 1.
第1步。
(1) No field compressive strength test results are available. Therefore, fcr = f ’c + 1,000 =
1,500 + 1,000 = 2,500 psi at 90 days. (See EM 1110-2-2000.)
由于得不到现场抗压强度试验结果，因此，90天的fcr = f ’c + 1,000 = 1,500 + 1,000 =

2,500 psi。（见EM 1110-2-2000。）
(2) Maximum permissible w/c based on exposure conditions and minimum durability
requirements is 0.65. (See EM 1110-2-2000.)
根据暴露条件和最低耐久性要求，确定最大允许水灰比为0.65。（见EM 1110-2-2000。
）
(3) Project-related documents restrict the concrete placing temperature to a maximum of 85 °F.
Local meteorological data indicate an average daily high temperature of 78 °F during the period of
placement; therefore, no concrete cooling operations are anticipated.
有关工程文件规定的最高浇筑温度为85 °F。当地气象资料表明，浇筑期间的日平均
最高气温为78 °F，所以估计不必采用混凝土的冷却施工方法。
(4) Deterioration of the RCC due to freezing and thawing is not expected since the structure
will be submerged; therefore, an air-entraining admixture will not be used.
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由于结构物将被淹没，碾压混凝土不会因冻融破坏，因此，无须使用引气剂。
(5) Type II portland cement and Class F fly ash will be used in the mixture. Forty percent, by
absolute volume, of the cementitious material will consist of the fly ash to reduce the cost of the
concrete and lower the potential for temperature rise and cooling-induced cracking.
拌合料中将使用Ⅱ型波特兰水泥和F级粉煤灰。胶凝材料中含有40%的粉煤灰（占绝
对体积），这样可以降低混凝土成本，减少混凝土的温升和冷却开裂的可能性。
(6) Service records indicate good to excellent performance of concrete containing aggregate
from the quarry source. Petrographic analysis and aggregate quality tests reveal that the rock is a
hard, dense, durable basalt which is well suited for concrete aggregate. The coarse aggregate meets
aggregate grading requirements; however, the producer is unable to meet the fine aggregate grading
limits given in Table 3-2.
工作记录表明，含有采石场骨料的混凝土性能相当优良。岩相分析和骨料试验表明
，岩石是坚硬、致密和经久耐用的玄武岩，非常适合用作混凝土的骨料。粗骨料满足骨料级
配要求，但是骨料加工厂不能达到表3-2给出的细骨料级配范围要求。
(7) The fine aggregate will be supplemented with a very fine natural sand available from an
adjacent local pit. Petrographic analysis indicates the material is primarily pyroclastic debris
consisting of fly ash and pumice fragments, and results of tests conducted on the sand indicate it is
suitable for use in concrete.
用一个临近料坑中的天然细砂补充细骨料。岩相分析表明，这种材料基本上是由粉
煤灰和浮石碎片组成的火成岩屑。
(8) A CRD-C 87 (ASTM C 494) Type D admixture will be used to improve the workability
and retard the setting of the RCC mixture to facilitate placing and bonding at lift joints. A dosage of
10 fl oz per 100 lb of cementitious material is selected for the initial trial batches. Large admixture
dosages are required in RCC mixtures to achieve the desired fresh and hardened concrete
properties. After the initial trial batch is completed, the testing program should include a series of
additional mixtures using varying dosages of Type D admixture to confirm the selected dosage by
evaluating the admixture effect on Vebe time, water demand, time of setting, and compressive
strength.
CRD-C87（ASTM C 494）D型掺合料将用于改善RCC拌合料的和易性和延缓凝结时
间，以利于层间接缝的浇筑和粘结。最初的试拌合选择的掺合料掺量选定为每100 lb胶凝材
料加入10 fl oz。为了获得理想的新拌和硬化混凝土性能，需要在RCC拌合料中加入更多的掺
合料。在完成最初的试拌合后，该试验项目应包括采用不同掺量D型掺合料的一系列拌合料
进行试验，其目的是通过评价掺合料对Vebe时间、用水量、凝结时间和抗压强度的影响来确
定掺合料的掺量。
(9) A modified Vebe time of 15 to 20 seconds will provide the required workability to
effectively place and compact the RCC.
15-20秒的Vebe时间将提供有效浇筑和压实碾压混凝土所需的和易性。
b. Step 2. Samples from the quarry stockpiles and the natural sand pit were obtained for the
mixture proportioning study.
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第2步。在采石场料堆和天然砂场提取混凝土配合比研究所需的样品。
(1) Table 3-6 gives results of tests on the aggregate samples.
表3-6给出了骨料样品的试验结果。
(2) The specific gravities of the portland cement and Class F fly ash are 3.15 and 2.26,
respectively.
波特兰水泥和F级粉煤灰的比重分别为3.15和2.26。
Table 3-6 Aggregate Test Results
表3-6 骨料试验结果
Natural Fine
Sieve Size 37.5-75 mm 19.0-37.5 mm 4.75-19.0 mm Fine Aggregate Aggregate
筛孔尺寸 (1-1/2 -3 in.) (3/4 -1-1/2 in.) (No. 4 -3/4 in.) 细骨料天然细骨料
75 mm (3 in.) 100
63 mm (2-1/2 in.) 90
50 mm (2 in.) 46 100
37.5 mm (1-1/2
4 95
in.)
25.0 mm (1 in.) 0 34 100
19.0 mm (3/4 in.) 8 98
12.5 mm (1/2 in.) 1 59
9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 1 29 100
4.75 mm (No. 4) 4 98
2.30 mm (No. 8) 1 85
1.18 mm (No. 16) 67
600 urn (No. 30) 42 100
300 urn (No. 50) 22 98
150 urn (No. 100) 8 86
75 urn (No. 200) 2.6 72.1
Fineness Modulus
2.78 0.16
细度模数
Bulk Specific
Gravity, ssd
堆积比重，ssd 2.79 2.77 2.76 2.77 2.56
Absorption,
percent 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.61 1.9
吸水性，百分比
c. Step 3. The maximum permissible w/c is 0.65. For an fcr of 2,500 psi at 90 days, Figure 3-
1 indicates a w/c of approximately 0.63 is needed. The lower w/c is selected for use in
proportioning the mixture.
第3步。最大允许水灰比为0.65。90天龄期的fcr值为2500 psi，图3-1表明水灰比大约
为0.63。配制拌合料时应选较小的水灰比值。
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d. Step 4. For 3-in. NMSA, a water content of 189 lb/cu yd and an air content of 1.0 percent
are selected from Table 3-4 based upon the selected range of modified Vebe times.
第4步。对NMSA为3-in.的骨料，根据所选择的新Vebe时间范围，由表3-4可选定含水
量为189 lb/cu yd，含气量为1.0%。
e. Step 5. The weight of cementitious material to be used in the mixture may be calculated by
dividing the water content by the w/c:
第5步。拌合料中的胶凝材料重量可通过用含水量除以水灰比求得：
w/c = 0.63
水灰比 = 0.63
Wt of water = 189 lb/cu yd
水的重量 = 189 lb/cu yd
Equivalent wt of cement = 189/0.63 = 300 lb/cu yd
水泥的当量重量 = 189/0.63 = 300 lb/cu yd
From Figure 3-2, approximately 315 lb/cu yd of cementitious material is required for an RCC
mixture to achieve a compressive strength of 2,500 psi at 90 days. Since the values selected from
Figures 3-1 and 3-2 are approximate values, 300 lb/cu yd of cementitious material will be used in
the trial batch. Forty percent of the absolute volume of the cementitious material will consist of
Class F fly ash.
根据图3-2，为了使RCC拌合料达到90天龄期2500 psi的抗压强度，胶凝材料的用量大约为
315 lb/cu yd。由于从图3-1和图3-2选定的值都是近似值，所以在试拌合中使用的胶凝材料用
量为300 lb/cu yd。胶凝材料绝对体积的40%将是F级粉煤灰。
Absolute vol of cementitious material = = 1.526 cu ft
胶凝材料绝对体积 = = 1.526 cu ft
Absolute volume of portland cement = (0.60)(1.526 cu ft) = 0.916 cu ft
波特兰水泥的绝对体积 = （0.60）（1.526 cu ft） = 0.916 cu ft
Absolute volume of fly ash = (0.40)(1.526 cu ft) = 0.610 cu ft
粉煤灰的绝对体积 = （0.40）（1.526 cu ft） = 0.610 cu ft
Weight of portland cement = (0.916 cu ft)(62.4 lb/cu ft)(3.15) = 180 lb/cu yd
波特兰水泥的重量 = （0.916 cu ft）（62.4 lb/cu ft）（3.15） = 180 lb/cu yd
Weight of fly ash = (0.610 cu ft)(62.4 lb/cu ft)(2.26) = 86 lb/cu yd

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粉煤灰的重量 = （0.610 cu ft）（62.4 lb/cu ft）（2.26） = 86 lb/cu yd
f. Steps 6 and 7. The coarse aggregate proportions are determined which best approximate the
3-in. NMSA ideal coarse aggregate grading shown in Table 3-1. The fine aggregates are
proportioned so that their combined grading approaches the median of the grading limits given in
Table 3-2. A fine aggregate content of 34 percent is selected from Table 3-3. The combined gradings
for the coarse and fine aggregates and the total combined aggregate grading are shown in Table 3-7.
The proportion of each aggregate size group is as follows:
第6步和第7步。粗骨料的比例通过在表3-1中给出的最接近NMSA为3-in.的理想粗骨
料级配来确定。粗骨料的配比要使它们的组合级配接近表3-2给定的级配范围的中间值。根
据表3-3选定细骨料含量为34%。粗骨料、细骨料的组合级配和总的混合骨料级配见表3-7。
各种骨料粒径组所占比例如下：
37.5-75 mm (1-1/2 -3 in.) = (0.40)(100.0 -34.0) = 26.4%
19.0-37.5 mm (3/4 -1-1/2 in.) = (0.26)(100.0 -34.0) = 17.2%
4.75-19.0 mm (No. 4 -3/4 in.) = (0.34)(100.0 -34.0) = 22.4%
Manufactured fine aggregate = (0.88)(100.0 -66.0) = 29.9%
人造细骨料 = （0.88）（100.0 -66.0） = 29.9%
Natural fine aggregate = (0.12)(100.0 -66.0) = 4.1%
天然细骨料 = （0.12）（100.0 -66.0） = 4.1%
g. Step 8. Determine the absolute volumes and weights of each mixture ingredient:
第8步。确定拌合料中的每种组分的绝对体积和重量。
(1) From Step 5:
根据步骤5：
Water = 189 lb/cu yd = 3.029 cu ft
水 = 189 lb/cu yd = 3.029 cu ft
Cement = 180 lb/cu yd = 0.916 cu ft
水泥 = 180 lb/cu yd = 0.916 cu ft
Fly ash = 86 lb/cu yd = 0.610 cu ft
粉煤灰 = 86 lb/cu yd = 0.610 cu ft
Total = 4.555 cu ft
总计 = 4.555 cu ft
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(2) Air content is estimated to be 1.0 percent in that portion of the mixture finer than the 1-1/2-
in. sieve. The determination of the air content volume is a trial and error procedure as follows:
颗粒细于1-1/2-in.筛子的那部分拌合料的空气含量的估算值为1.0%。空气体积可按下
列试算法确定：
Estimated air content of total mixture = 0.212 cu ft
总拌合料中空气含量的估算值 = 0.212 cu ft
Volume of air, cement, fly ash, and water = 0.212 + 4.555 = 4.767 cu ft
空气、水泥、粉煤灰和水的体积 = 0.212 + 4.555 = 4.767 cu ft
Volume of aggregate = 27.000 -4.767 = 22.233 cu ft
骨料的体积 = 27.000 -4.767 = 22.233 cu ft
From Steps 6 and 7, 74 percent, by absolute volume, of the total aggregate is finer than the 1-1/2-in.
sieve, and 26 percent is coarser. Therefore, the volume of the minus 1-1/2-in. portion of the mixture
is:
根据第6和第7步，以绝对体积计，细于1-1/2-in.筛孔的细骨料占全部骨料的74%，而粗骨料
为26%。因此，拌合料中粒径小于1-1/2-in.的那部分的体积为：
27.000 -(0.26)(22.233) = 21.219 cu ft or (0.74)(22.233) + 4.767 = 21.219 cu ft
27.000 -（0.26）（22.233） = 21.219 cu ft或（0.74）（22.233） + 4.767 = 21.219 cu ft
Estimated air content = 1.0% of the minus 1-1/2-in. fraction of the mixture = (0.01)(21.219) = 0.212
cu ft
估算的空气含量 = 拌合料中粒径小于1-1/2-in.部分体积的1.0% = （0.01）（21.219） = 0.212

cu ft
(3) Total aggregate volume = 22.233 cu ft. From Steps 6 and 7, the absolute volume of each
aggregate size group is shown in Table 3-8.
骨料总体积 = 22.233 cu ft。根据第6和第7步，各种骨料料粒的绝对体积见表3-8。
(4) Absolute volumes and weights for each mixture ingredient are now determined and shown
in Table 3-9.
现在可以确定拌合料中各种成分的绝对体积和重量，见表3-9。
h. Step 9. Calculate mortar volume:
第9步。计算砂浆体积：
Mortar Volume = Vol cement + Vol fly ash + Vol water + Vol air + Vol minus 4.75-mm (No. 4)
aggregates = 0.916 + 0.610 + 3.029 + 0.212 + (0.34)(22.233) = 12.326 cu ft
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砂浆体积=水泥体积+粉煤灰体积+水体积+空气体积+小于4.75-mm（通过4号筛）骨料的体积
= 0.916 + 0.610 + 3.029 + 0.212 + （0.34）（22.233） = 12.326 cu ft
From Table 3-5, mortar volume is within acceptable limits.
根据表3-5，砂浆体积在允许范围内。
i. Step 10. Calculate paste volume:
第10步。计算灰浆体积：
Paste Volume = Vol cement + Vol fly ash + Vol water + Vol air + Vol minus 75-µm (No. 200)
aggregate. = 0.916 + 0.610 + 3.029 + 0.212 + (0.037)(22.233) = 5.590 cu ft
灰浆体积=水泥体积+粉煤灰体积+水体积+空气体积+小于75-µm（通过200号筛）骨料的体积
= 0.916 + 0.610 + 3.029 + 0.212 + （0.037）（22.233） = 5.590 cu ft
Check ratio of paste to mortar volume:
检验灰浆与砂浆体积比：
Table 3-7 Combined Aggregate Gradings
表3-7 组合骨料级配
Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate
粗骨料细骨料 Coarse and Fine
Table 3-1 Aggregate
Combined Combined
Grading1 Combined Table 3-2 Grading Grading
3
Sieve Size 表3-1 Ideal Grading Grading2 Limits 粗骨料和细骨料

筛孔尺寸组合级配1 理想级配组合级配2 表3-2 级配范围的组合级配3
75 mm (3 in.) 100 100 100
63 mm (2-1/2 in.) 96 88 97
50 mm (2 in.) 78 76 85
37.5 mm
(1-1/2 in.) 60 61 74
25.0 mm (1 in.) 43 44 62
19.0 mm (3/4 in.) 35 33 57
12.5 mm (1/2 in.) 20 21 47
9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 10 14 100 100 41
4.75 mm (No. 4) 1 0 98 95-100 34
2.36 mm (No. 8) 87 75-95 30
1.18 mm (No. 16) 71 55-80 24
600 urn (No. 30) 49 35-60 17
300 urn (No. 50) 31 24-40 11
150 urn (No. 100) 17 12-28 6
75 urn (No. 200) 10.9 8-18 3.7
Fineness Modulus 2.47 2.10-2.75
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细度模数
1
40.0% 37.5-75 mm (1-1/2 -3 in.), 26.0% 19.0-37.5 mm (3/4 -1-1/2 in.), 34.0% 4.75-19.0 mm (No. 4 -3/4 in.).
40.0%为 37.5-75 mm（1-1/2 -3 in.），26.0%为 19.0-37.5 mm（3/4 -1-1/2 in.），34.0%为 4.75-19.0 mm（No. 4
。
-3/4 in.）
2
88.0% manufactured fine aggregate, 12.0% natural fine aggregate.
88.0%为人造细骨料，12.0%为天然细骨料。
3
66.0% coarse aggregate, 34.0% fine aggregate.
66.0%为粗骨料，34.0%为细骨料。
Table 3-8 Absolute Volumes of Aggregate

表3-8 骨料的绝对体积
Size Percent by Volume Absolute Volume, cu ft
尺寸体积百分比绝对体积，cu ft
37.5-75 mm (1-1/2 -3 in.) 26.4 5.869
19.0-37.5 mm (3/4 -1-1/2 in.) 17.2 3.824
4.75-19.0 mm (No. 4 -3/4 in.) 22.4 4.980
Manufactured Fine Aggregate 29.9 6.648
人造细骨料
Natural Fine Aggregate 4.1 0.912
天然细骨料
Total 100.0 22.233
合计
Table 3-9 Example Mixture Proportions

表3-9 混凝土配合比实例
Volume Weight
Material 体积 Specific Gravity 重量
材料 cu ft 比重 Ib/cu yd
Aggregate:
骨料：
37.5-75 mm (1-1/2-3 in.) 5.869 2.79 1,022
19.0-37.5 mm (3/4 -1-1/2 in.) 3.824 2.77 661
4.75-19.0 mm (No. 4 -3/4 in.) 4.980 2.76 858
Manufactured Fine Aggregate
6.648 2.77 1,149
人造细骨料
Natural Fine Aggregate
0.912 2.56 146
天然细骨料
Cement
0.916 3.15 180
水泥
Fly Ash
0.610 2.26 86
粉煤灰
Water
3.029 1.00 189
水
Air 0.212 NA1 NA1
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空气
Type D Admixture
NA1 NA1 42 fl oz
D型掺合料
Total
27.000 4,291
合计
1
Not applicable.
不适用
Vol paste
5.590 cu ft
灰浆体积 =
Vp/Vm = =0.45
Vol mortar
12.326 cu ft
砂浆体积
The ratio is greater than the required minimum of 0.42.
该比值大于所需要的最小值0.42。
j. Step 11. Make trial batch and adjust proportions as necessary based on fresh RCC test
results. Results of tests on first trial batch are as follows:
第11步。进行试拌合，并在新RCC试验结果基础上根据需要调整配合比。第一次试
拌合结果如下：
Air content = 1.2 percent
空气含量=1.2%
Modified Vebe time = 5 seconds
新Vebe时间=5秒
Visual appearance: Mixture appears well proportioned with the exception of the low modified Vebe
time. Adjust the water content by assuming that a 3-percent change in weight of water will result in
a 10-second change in the modified Vebe time. Reproportion the mixture following Steps 2 through
11 and making the following adjustments:
视觉外观：除了新Vebe时间偏低外，拌合料配合比良好。假定按水重量将含水量调整3%，
则新Vebe时间将发生10秒的变化。按照第2-11步重新配比并做下列调整：
Water content: Decrease by 3 percent to 183 lb/cu yd.
含水量：减少3%，变成183 lb/cu yd。
w/c: Maintain equivalent cement content of 300 lb/cu yd and reduce w/c to 0.61.
水灰比：当量水泥含量300 lb/cu yd保持不变，将水灰比降到0.61。
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Aggregate: Maintain coarse and fine aggregate proportions.
骨料：保持粗骨料和细骨料比例不变。
k. Step 12. After establishing the final water content, proportion additional mixtures at higher
and lower w/c’s. Relatively small changes will be required in the aggregate proportions and fine
aggregate content, and minor adjustments to the water content will also be required. Compressive
strength versus w/c or equivalent cement content should be plotted to assist in selection of the
recommended mixture proportions.
第12步。确定最终含水量后，再按比例配置对应于较高水灰比和较低水灰比的拌合
料。骨料的组份和细骨料的含量也需要做较小的改变，同时还应对含水量作少量调整。最后
应当绘制抗压强度与水灰比或当量水泥含量之间的关系曲线，用来选择混凝土配合比。
3-5. Field Adjustment of Mixture Proportions
混凝土配合比的现场调整
The mixtures developed using the steps listed have proven to be placeable, but, as with
conventional concrete, minor field adjustments to the proportions should be expected. Advantage
should be taken of the preliminary and project test sections to make the necessary field adjustments.
They should be made on the basis of visual observation, the modified Vebe test results, and nuclear
density test results. The modified Vebe apparatus is also an effective means of controlling the
consistency of the RCC. Once a determination is made that a mixture is too dry or too wet, the
adjustment is made only by adding or deleting water in the mixture until the concrete can be
completely compacted in three or four passes of the vibratory roller with the vibrator on. No change
need be made in the cement content unless added water results in a total water content which causes
the w/c to be above the specified maximum. If adjustments need to be made to restore a specified
w/c, they should be made by trial and error based on observed workability and selected modified
Vebe time.
根据上述步骤确定的拌合料已证明是可以浇筑的，但是，和常规混凝土一样，还需对配合比
做较小的现场调整。应该发挥初步试验段和工程试验段的优势，对配合比做必要的现场调整
。在试验段试验中，应以目视观察、改进维勃试验结果和核子密度试验结果为基础。改进的
维勃仪器也是有效控制碾压混凝土稠度的有效工具。一旦确认拌合料太干或太湿，仅需在拌
合料中增加或减少用水量，直至混凝土用带有振捣器的振动碾碾压3或4遍为止。除非加水后
使总用水量增加而导致水灰比高于最大限定值，否则不必改变水泥用量。如果为了使水灰比
恢复到给定值而需要作些调整，则应在观察和易性和新Vebe时间的基础上通过试算法进行。
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Chapter 4 Design and Construction Considerations
第4章设计和施工注意事项
4-1. Test Sections
试验段
a. Preliminary test section. During the design phase of any major project, a preliminary test
section should be completed at a convenient location to confirm RCC mixture proportion design
characteristics and to allow observation of placement and compaction of RCC. This will provide a
means of evaluating mixture proportions, aggregate characteristics, time intervals between lift
placements, lift thickness, placement and compaction techniques, and RCC temperature-rise
characteristics. The test section placed during the design phase should be constructed by an
experienced contractor hired especially to construct the test section. For smaller projects, it may be
more practical to construct such a test section early in the life of the contract.
初步试验段。在任何大型工程的设计阶段，应该在一个便利的地方完成初步试验段
试验，以便确定RCC拌合料配合比的设计特性，并观察碾压混凝土的浇筑和压实情况。这将
为评价混凝土配合比、骨料特性、层间浇筑时间间隔、浇筑层厚度、浇筑和压实工艺及RCC
升温特性的手段。设计阶段试验段的浇筑应雇佣有施工经验特别是有试验段施工经验的承包
商。对较小规模的工程，初步试验段施工时间往往是在合同有效期的早期。
b. Project test section. In addition, for any major project, construction of a test section by the
project contractor is essential even if a preliminary test section was completed during the design
phase. Such a project test section will provide an opportunity for a contractor to develop and
confirm techniques and equipment for efficient placement of the required RCC. A project test
section should also be designed to demonstrate the contractor’s capability to produce the quality and
quantity of RCC required by contract specifications. A project test section should be constructed
sufficiently early in the contract period to allow the contractor time, if it is necessary, to increase the
size of his batching/mixing system to meet project requirements; or to modify placing, spreading,
and compaction techniques; or to modify any other operation that is considered essential to the
success of the RCC construction.
工程试验段。对在任何大型工程而言，即使在设计阶段完成了初步试验段，工程承
包商进行工程试验段施工，也是必不可少的。该工程试验段将为承包商提供一个机会，来研
究和确定有效浇筑碾压混凝土的工艺和设备。工程试验段设计时，应考虑验证承包商的生产
能力，是否满足合同规定的碾压混凝土质量和数量要求。在合同期内，应允许承包商提前进
行工程试验段施工。必要时，应增加配料/拌合系统的规模，改进浇筑、铺料和压实工艺；
或改进其他影响RCC施工成功至关重要的操作。
c. Coordination. Construction of every test section should be closely controlled by the

designer and by personnel of the division laboratory, and extensive testing should be performed.
Each test section should be sufficiently large to permit use of full-size production equipment and to
permit shake-down and subsequent steady operations to be attained. Funds expended on the test
sections are nearly always returned many fold in increased quality of production construction.
Construction of any test section should use batching and mixing equipment, vibratory compactors,
and dozers similar to those anticipated for use on the project.
协调。设计者和分部实验室人员应严格控制每个试验段的施工，并进行广泛的测试
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。每一个试验段都应有足够的规模，来保证允许使用全尺寸的生产设备，和允许达到试运转
及连续稳定生产的状况。试验段的花费几乎都是从生产施工中增加的质量效益中成倍地回收
。任何试验段施工中，使用的配料与拌合设备、振动压实机和推土机等均应与工程施工中将
要使用的设备相同或类似。
4-2. Facing Techniques
饰面工艺
a. General. It may be necessary to clad vertical and near-vertical exposed surfaces of RCC
with precast or cast-in-place conventional concrete to provide a more durable exposed surface and
to provide a restraint against which the outside edge of each lift of RCC is placed. This is
particularly likely to be required for the upstream face of RCC dams; it is also at times used on the
downstream face. Cast-in-place conventional concrete will also provide increased watertightness for
the upstream face as well as increased resistance to erosion and damage by freezing and thawing.
The design for any water-retaining structure constructed using RCC, however, should not put
primary reliance on an upstream facing system to protect against seepage. The design for providing
watertightness of the structure should rely primarily on the RCC itself; on proper mixture
proportions, lift surface treatments, and RCC placement, spreading, and compaction techniques.
The conventional concrete also provides a medium for installing contraction joints with waterstops
and joint drains, as well as for installation of thermal or seismic reinforcement, form-tie anchors, or
instrumentation which cannot be installed practically in RCC.
概述。必要时，可以用预制或现浇常规混凝土来覆盖碾压混凝土的垂直或接近垂直
的暴露面，用以增加暴露面的耐久性和约束碾压混凝土每一浇筑层的外边缘。碾压混凝土坝
的上游面可能特别需要这种处理，下游面往往也需要。现浇常规混凝土将会增加上游面的水
密性，同时也增加抗侵蚀和抗冻融破坏的能力。然而，任何碾压混凝土挡水结构物的设计，
不应该考虑主要依靠上游面系统来防渗。设计时，水密性应主要依靠碾压混凝土自身，依靠
恰当的混凝土配合比、浇筑仓面处理和RCC浇筑、摊铺和压实工艺。常规混凝土还能提供安
装带有止水带和接缝排水沟的收缩缝的介质，还可在其中布置温控或抗震钢筋、模板固定锚
筋或埋设无法安装在碾压混凝土中的仪器。
b. Simultaneous placement of RCC and conventional concrete facing or abutment coating.

When cast-in-place conventional concrete is placed on the upstream face of a dam constructed of
RCC, or when conventional concrete is placed against rock abutments, care must be taken that the
interface between the conventional concrete and the RCC is thoroughly consolidated and
intermixed. Consolidation should take place in a sequence so that the entire interface area is
intermixed and becomes monolithic without segregation or voids in either material or at the
interface itself. The recommended sequence is one in which conventional concrete is placed against
the rigid forms or abutment rock followed by placement of RCC in thin layers against the
conventional concrete. Each layer of RCC should be vigorously tracked into the conventional
concrete by the dozer until the full lift thickness is achieved. The two concrete types should be
extended across the dam at as close a placing time interval as can be accomplished with the
equipment available. Before initial set occurs in either type of concrete, it is essential that the
interface between the two be vibrated using heavy-duty internal concrete vibrators inserted at close
intervals along the interface. It is very desirable to require heavy-duty vibrators that are gang-
mounted on a tractor, backhoe, or similar equipment rather than expecting workmen with hand-
operated vibrators to properly accomplish the work. A retarder, used both in the RCC and the
conventional concrete, provides benefit in attaining a good joint by extending the time of initial
setting and workability of both materials at the interface. The consolidation of this interface has at
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times been a difficult quality control problem. To successfully consolidate the interface requires
intensive use of closely spaced heavy vibrators and care in removing segregated coarse aggregate
particles.
碾压混凝土和常规混凝土坝面或坝肩垫层同时浇筑。当在碾压混凝土坝上游面现浇
常规混凝土或在坝肩基岩上浇筑常规混凝土时，必须特别注意常规混凝土与碾压混凝土的结
合面，保证结合面完全被压实和混合。压实应按某一顺序进行，以便使整个结合面混合，结
合面本身和材料均无分离和空隙，而变成整体。推荐的顺序是先沿刚性模板或坝肩基岩面浇
筑常规混凝土，随后紧靠常规混凝土薄层浇筑碾压混凝土。每一层碾压混凝土都应该用推土
机强有力地压入常规混凝土中，直到达到一个完整浇筑层厚。两种类型的混凝土沿坝面的延
伸施工应控制在设备所能满足的一个浇筑时间间隔内。任何一种混凝土初凝前，在两种混凝
土结合面附近用强力内部混凝土振捣器插入混凝土中，进行振捣是必不可少的。强力振捣器
最好安装在拖拉机、反铲挖土机，或类似设备上，而不希望用人工操作的手动振捣器来正确
地完成此工作。在碾压混凝土、常规混凝土中掺入缓凝剂，可以改变结合面上两种材料的和
易性和延长初凝时间，保证良好结合。结合面压实往往是质量控制的难题。要成功的压实结
合面，需要集中使用强力振捣器并细心地剔除已产生分离的粗骨料颗粒。
c. Slip-formed curbing system. At Upper Stillwater Dam, Utah, the US Bureau of

Reclamation (USBR) used slip-formed facing conventional cast-in-place air-entrained concrete
elements to form both the upstream and downstream faces of the RCC dam. The slip forms moved
across the dam extruding curb-facing elements. Grade and alignment were maintained using laser
control. After each lift of the facing elements (curbs) on each side of the dam had achieved
sufficient strength, the RCC was placed in 1-ft lifts across the width of the dam between the facing
elements before the next lift of curbing was placed. With this procedure there is no intermixing of
the conventional concrete and the RCC; however, this system provided a straight, aesthetically
pleasing facing, both upstream and downstream. A concern related to this system is the condition of
the interface between the RCC and the extruded curbing. At the interface there may not be any
bond, thus creating a plane of weakness between the facing and the RCC. Also there may be
segregation and rock pockets in the RCC at the interface. The use of the extruded curb system may
be limited to structures where lift thicknesses do not exceed 1 ft (since 2-ft lifts would require 4-to
4-1/2-ft-high extruded curb shapes to maintain a reasonable placing rate). When 1-ft lifts were used
at Upper Stillwater, extruding of the curbing often limited the rate of RCC placement. Greater lift
depths might create an additional scheduling problem.
路缘滑模系统。在位于犹他州的上静水坝施工中，美国垦务局（USBR）使用滑模在
碾压混凝土坝上游和下游面各浇筑了常规引气混凝土构件。滑模沿大坝挤压成型多个路缘面
层构件。用激光控制装置来保证坡度和准线。大坝两边的每一层坝面构件（路缘）有强度后
，在下一层路缘浇筑以前，在上下游路缘之间沿坝面宽度方向以1-ft层厚浇筑碾压混凝土。
用这种方法施工，常规混凝土和碾压混凝土之间无混合，但这套系统可以在上、下面形成笔
直且相当美观的坝面。人们对这套系统关注的是碾压混凝土和挤压路缘的情况。这个结合面
可能无任何胶结，因此碾压混凝土和坝面间形成一个薄弱面。同时结合面的碾压混凝土也可
能存在分离和砾石穴等。当建筑物浇筑层厚不超过1 ft时，这套系统的使用会受到限制（因
为2-ft浇筑层厚要有4～4-1/2-ft高的挤压路缘，以保持适当的浇筑速度）。上静水坝采用1-ft层
厚时，路缘成型经常限制了RCC浇筑速度。加大层厚可能会产生额外工序问题。
d. Precast facing systems. Precast panels of conventional concrete have been used as a means
of forming the upstream face at several dams. Some were not intended to cut off seepage while
others were lined with a continuous PVC membrane to completely block passage of water. The
membrane-backed precast panel can be a reliable method of eliminating seepage in an RCC dam,
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provided it is properly and carefully installed. However, it should not be relied upon to provide
permanent major seepage cutoff protection since a long-term service record for this procedure is not
available. In addition, the cost of the system will be high because of the cost of the membrane and
the care required to seal all the joints and avoid damage during handling and placing. Whether
membrane lined or not, the precast panels serve as stay-in-place forms which provide a finished
appearance to the face of the dam as well as providing a durable air-entrained concrete surface.
Precast panels have been used only on vertical faces because the overhang of the panels interferes
with the RCC placement and compaction on inclined faces.
预制饰面系统。有几个大坝曾使用常规混凝土预制板成型上游面。一些大坝并不想
截断渗流，而另外一些大坝面铺有连续的PVC薄膜，用来完全堵塞渗水水流。在预制板上贴
衬薄膜是切断碾压混凝土坝渗流的可靠方法，预制板应合理和细心地安装。但长期运行记录
表明这种方法不适用，因此不能依靠这种方法提供永久的主要防渗措施。此外，因为受薄膜
成本和要细心密封所有接缝、避免搬运和铺设过程中的损伤等影响，这一套系统的成本高。
不管是否帖衬薄膜，预制板作为免拆模板可以提供与耐久的引气混凝土一样的光滑表面。预
制板倾斜时，其突出部分会妨碍RCC浇筑和压实，所以预制板仅在垂直面情况下使用。
e. Uncompacted slope. If little or no attempt is made to compact the edges of an RCC

placement, the sides will assume a natural angle of repose between 40 to 45 degrees. A dam with
slope of this steepness may use the uncompacted RCC for nonoverflow downstream face without
special equipment or forms. The uncompacted slope will have a rough natural gravel appearance
with limited strength. When uncompacted slope is used, the structural cross section should include a
slight overbuild (at least 12 in.) to account for deterioration and raveling of material loosened from
weathering over the project life (Figure 4-1). The uncompacted outer sections (i.e., sacrificial
concrete) should not be included as a portion of the dam cross section for structural purposes.
非压实坡面。若对RCC浇筑边坡不压实或少压实，则坡面将具有40~45度的天然休止
角度。大坝的坡面使用这个斜度就可以在不用特殊设备或模板条件下，用非压实RCC形成非
溢流的下游面。非压实坡面的外观呈天然粗糙砾石状，且强度有限。使用非压实坡面时，结
构的横断面应稍微加宽（至少12 in.），用来考虑风化作用超过工程耐久性时所造成的损耗与
剥落（见图4-1）。坝体外部非压实部分（即牺牲混凝土）不应作为坝体结构剖面的一部分。
4-3. Seepage Control
防渗
One of the most important design considerations for RCC dams is the control of seepage. Excessive
seepage is undesirable from the aspect of structural stability, possible long-term adverse effects on
durability, adverse appearance of water seepage on the downstream face, and the economic value
associated with lost water. Properly proportioned, mixed, placed, and compacted RCC should make
as watertight a structure as conventional concrete. The joints between RCC lifts are the major
pathways for potential seepage through an RCC dam. Seepage can be controlled by incorporating
appropriate design and construction procedures which include the use of bedding mortar over the
full area of each lift joint, contraction joints with waterstops, and draining and collecting seepage
water. Collected water can be channeled to a gallery or to the toe of the dam. Collection methods
include vertical drains with waterstops at the upstream face and vertical drain holes drilled from
within the gallery near the upstream or downstream face. It should be emphasized that any RCC
dam, regardless of its intended use or structural or environmental conditions, should be designed
and constructed to prevent seepage as a matter of good workmanship and to produce a high quality
structure at little or no extra cost.
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碾压混凝土坝最重要的设计问题之一是防渗。从结构稳定、对耐久性有长期不利影响、影响
下游面外观以及与失水相关的经济价值来看，不希望有超量渗漏。配合比适当及拌合、浇筑
和压实良好的RCC结构的水密性应与常规混凝土一样。RCC层间接缝是碾压混凝土坝主要的
潜在性渗漏通道。渗漏可以通过一些综合的有效设计或施工措施得到控制，如在每一个层间
接缝全部铺设垫层砂浆，在收缩缝设置止水带，设置排水和收集渗水的设施等。收集到的水
可以被引入廊道或坝趾。收集方法包括在上游面设置带有止水带的排水设施和钻入靠近上游
面或下游面的廊道内的垂直排水孔。应强调指出，对任何碾压混凝土坝，不管它预期的使用
情况或结构与环境条件如何，都应该采取设计和施工措施来阻止渗漏。并在少增加或不增加
成本的情况下，建设工艺良好、质量高的结构物。
Figure 4-1. Construction of uncompacted slope
图4-1 非压实坡面的施工
4-4. Bedding Mortar
垫层砂浆
a. Use. A bedding mortar over the full area of each lift joint is mandatory for providing
watertightness for any dam which will impound water for extended periods. It is also necessary for
dams where appreciable bond strength between lifts is necessary (such as those built in earthquake
zones where more tensile strength across the lift joints is required than is available without bedding
mortar). Tests show use of a bedding mortar can be expected to approximately double the tensile
strength and shear strength at the joints. It is desirable to provide bedding mortar over the full area
of each lift joint even if watertightness or tensile strength is not a concern. At Elk Creek Dam the
cost of full-area bedding mortar was found to be 27 cents per square yard of lift joint surface area
or, with the 24-in. lift depth, 41 cents (1984 cost) per cubic yard of RCC. The composition of the
bedding mortar and method of application are described in paragraph 5-8a. A bedding mortar for
other structures such as massive foundations, dam facings, sills, and cofferdams should be
considered during the design stage based on the need for bond or watertightness, or both.
使用。为使大坝有长期的水密性，在每一层间接缝全面铺设垫层砂浆是强制性的。
必要时，它能在大坝的浇筑层间提供可观的胶结强度（如大坝建造在地震区，这种层间接缝
的抗拉强度要大于无垫层砂浆的大坝）。试验表明，垫层砂浆大约可成倍提高接缝的抗拉强
度和抗剪强度。即使不考虑水密性或抗拉强度，也希望在每一层间接缝上全部铺设垫层砂浆
。在麋鹿河大坝，在层间接缝表面上全部铺设垫层砂浆的费用是27分/平方码（层厚24-in.）
或每立方码碾压混凝41分（1984年价格）。垫层砂浆的组成和应用方法参见第5-8段的内容。
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其他结构如大块式基础、大坝面层、潜坝和围堰，应在设计阶段根据其胶结和水密性的需要
来考虑是否采用垫层砂浆。
b. Exceptions. Should the designer of a dam with no reservoir, except for periods following
flooding, and where structural analysis does not require the added joint strength propose to
eliminate or reduce the extent of full-area bedding mortar on lift joints, or should he propose to use
the bedding mixture described in paragraph 5-8b, such proposals must be submitted to
Headquarters, US Army Corps of Engineers (HQUSACE) (CECW-EG) together with detailed
backup data for approval during the PED stage of the project.
例外。对无水库（洪水期除外）和结构分析中无须考虑结缝强度的大坝，设计者应
提出减少或取消在层间接缝上全部铺设垫层砂浆的建议，他也可以按第5-8b段的要求使用垫
层拌合料。这些建议必须在工程PED阶段就得到美国陆军工兵兵团司令部（HQUSACE）（
CECW-EG）的批准。
4-5. Durability
耐久性
As expected, the frost resistance of nonair-entrained RCC which is critically saturated is poor.
Because of the lack of plastic paste in lean mass RCC, production of air-entrained RCC in the field
has yet to be successful. Until such time that an adequate air-void system can be introduced into the
RCC in the field, unprotected RCC should not be used in portions of a structure subjected to cycles
of freezing and thawing in a critically saturated state. Conventional cast-in-place or precast air-
entrained concrete facing elements of adequate thickness should be used to protect the RCC from
damage due to freezing and thawing.
和预料情况一样，处于临界饱和状态的非引气碾压混凝土的抗冻性较差。由于干贫大体积碾
压混凝土中缺少塑性灰浆，也需要在现场生产出引气碾压混凝土。除非能在现场生产出适当
的空气-空隙系统，否则结构物在临界饱和状态下承受冻融循环的部分不能使用无保护的碾
压混凝土。常规现浇或有足够厚度的，预制引气混凝土面层构件都可用来保护碾压混凝土，
免遭冻融而引起损伤。
4-6. Temperature Control
温度控制
Temperature-control measures for RCC typically will be similar to those used for conventional
concrete. These measures include limiting heat evolution, limiting placing temperatures, using
insulation, requiring night-time placement, and limiting placement to cool weather. If the amount of
cement is relatively low as compared to conventional concrete or if RCC is placed only during cool
weather, then there will be lower peak concrete temperatures and, therefore, less temperature-
related shrinkage and cracking than normally encountered with conventional concrete. Higher peak
temperatures may occur in RCC placed during hot weather due to the exposure of the RCC to sun
and ambient heat resulting from spreading of the RCC in thin layers and the extensive reworking
that takes place during the spreading process. One of the most practical and cost effective methods
of reducing or limiting peak RCC temperatures (if the climate in the project area is conducive to
such a measure) is to place RCC during the winter or spring months since this aids in greatly
lowering the placing temperature. At Elk Creek Dam, peak RCC temperatures were 30 °F less for
RCC placed during cool weather as compared to RCC placed during hot weather. RCC structures
often are placed with very large surface areas (200,000-sq-ft total surface area for one lift of a
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moderate size dam). These large RCC surface areas cannot be efficiently protected from high
ambient air temperatures, drying winds, and absorption of radiant solar energy and, thus, can
experience greater early heat gain and more subsequent contraction and cracking. The postcooling
technique of using cooling fluids circulated through pipes is not suited to RCC placements because
of the thin lifts and large placement areas. Precooling techniques of replacing mixing water with ice
may not always be practical for RCC placements because of the relatively small amounts of mixing
water used. This precooling technique, however, may have merit where drier aggregates and
mixture proportions with higher water contents are used. Precooling of the RCC within the mixer
using liquid nitrogen was very effective in reducing peak RCC temperatures at Upper Stillwater
Dam. Using liquid nitrogen is expensive, and is practical only for reducing peak RCC temperatures
for short periods during extremely hot weather. Manufacturing and stockpiling of aggregate during
cold weather, combined with aggregate retrieval from the cold interior of aggregate stockpiles can
be successful in precooling RCC. Contract specifications should clearly indicate where aggregate
retrieval is to occur and during which season aggregate production and stockpiling is permitted.
RCC温控措施通常与常规混凝土类似。这些措施包括限制放热和浇筑温度，使用隔热设施，
在夜间或较冷天气情况下进行浇筑。如果与常规混凝土相比，碾压混凝土的水泥用量相对较
低，或者碾压混凝土仅在较冷天气下浇筑，将会有较低的混凝土峰值温度；因此，在碾压混
凝土中和温升有关的收缩和开裂通常也比常规混凝土少。在热天浇筑碾压混凝土时，由于太
阳和高温环境下碾压混凝土的薄层摊铺，及摊铺过程中有较大范围的翻动和调整，已浇筑的
碾压混凝土峰值温度较高。降低或限制RCC峰值温度的最现实和最经济的方法（如果项目区
的气候有利于这一措施）是在春天和冬天浇筑碾压混凝土，因为这有助于很大程度地降低浇
筑温度。在麋鹿河大坝，在冷天浇筑的RCC峰值温度比热天要低30 °F。RCC结构物浇筑时
的表面积非常大（中等规模的大坝，每一层的总表面积是200000-sq-ft）。对这样大的RCC表
面区域要加以有效保护，使其与周围的高空气温度、干燥风隔离，并阻止吸收太阳能辐射。
经验表明，碾压混凝土获得的早期热越多，随之而产生的收缩和开裂也越多。由于薄层和大
浇筑面积，使用循环液体冷却管的后冷却技术不适用于RCC浇筑。由于拌合用水量很少，用
冰替代拌合水的预冷技术对RCC浇筑也完全是不可行的。然而，这种预冷技术对比较干燥的
骨料和使用高含水量的混凝土配合比可能有价值。这种预冷技术在上静水坝施工中，曾在拌
合机内用液氨预冷RCC拌合料，非常有效的降低了RCC峰值温度。使用液氨的费用很高，仅
在为缩短工期而需要在相当炎热的天气条件下施工时，用来降低RCC峰值温度才是可行的。
在较冷天气条件下制造和堆存骨料，配料时从料堆内部温度低处取料也能有效地预冷骨料。
合同规范应明确地指出允许骨料在什么季节生产和堆存及在料堆什么部位取料。
4-7. Transverse Contraction Joints
横向收缩缝
a. As is the case with most nonreinforced concrete structures, cracks do occur in RCC
structures, and, if the structure involved is a dam or other water-retention structure, leakage will
also occur. Cracking may occur in spite of measures taken to prevent cracking. The possibility of
unplanned cracking should be anticipated in design by providing for drainage conduits and sumps
where necessary to remove water from the structure. Cracking that has occurred at various projects
has not diminished the stability of these structures, but has caused some operational problems,
although repairs were successfully undertaken.
和大多数无筋混凝土结构一样，RCC结构会产生裂缝。若这些结构是大坝或其他挡
水结构物，也会产生泄露。尽管采取了防裂措施，开裂也照样会产生。在设计中预先估计意
外裂缝产生的可能性，同时采取设置排水导管和集水坑的措施清除结构物内的渗水。在多数
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工程中，开裂不会降低结构的稳定性，虽然开裂可以修补，但也会产生一些运行问题。
b. Placing vertical transverse contraction joints in dams constructed with RCC and installing
waterstops in these joints near the upstream face should be considered for crack control. This
method was successfully used at Elk Creek Dam. The construction procedure consists of forcing
sheet metal panels into the fresh RCC lift surface, prior to compaction, to form a line of sheet metal
in the lift extending from upstream to downstream. Since the metal panels were aligned with those
in each lower lift they formed a vertical separation plane from top to bottom. The number and
placement of these formed construction joints should be determined by a thermal study,
construction considerations, and by examination of the foundation profile parallel to the dam axis.
Joints should be considered where changes occur in the foundation profile which may cause a
concentration of stresses.
在碾压混凝土坝中设置垂直横向收缩缝以及在上游面附近的这些接缝内安装止水带
可以控制裂缝。麋鹿河大坝成功地使用了这种方法。施工方法包括：在压实前，从上游至下
游的新鲜RCC浇筑仓面上压入金属薄板。由于这些金属板与低层的那些金属板对齐，它们在
顶部和底部间形成一个垂直分离面。施工接缝的数量和设置应经过热学分析、施工因素和对
平行于坝轴线的坝基断面，进行核算的情况来确定。应在可能引起应力集中的坝基断面变化
处设置接缝。
c. At Elk Creek Dam transverse contraction joints were installed with no impact to RCC
placement operations. Installation was made by inserting galvanized steel sheeting into the
uncompacted RCC for the entire thick-ness (transverse) and height of the dam. The sheets were
pushed vertically into each lift of RCC by means of a backhoe-mounted vibratory blade as shown in
Figure 4-2.
在麋鹿河大坝，横向收缩缝的安装对RCC浇筑没有影响。横向收缩缝由在未压实的
碾压混凝土中插入镀锌钢板而形成，这是在大坝的整个厚度（横向）和高度上进行的。用反
铲式振动叶片将薄片垂直推入每个RCC浇筑层，如图4-2所示。
4-8. Waterstops
止水带
If transverse contraction joints are used, standard waterstops should be installed in an internal zone
of conventional concrete at the joint near the upstream face. This zone is monolithic with the
conventional concrete facing, if such is used. Waterstops and joint drains are installed in the same
manner as for conventional concrete dams. Typical internal waterstops and joint drain construction
in RCC dams are shown in Figure 4-3.
如果使用横向收缩缝，则应在靠近上游面接缝处的常规混凝土内部区域区安装标准止水带。
如果使用的话，该区域是一个整体的常规混凝土坝面。止水带和接缝排水沟的设置方法与常
规混凝土坝相同。碾压混凝土坝典型的止水带和接缝排水沟施工见图4-3.
4-9. Gallery Construction
廊道施工
For any major high-head dam a gallery is necessary to provide a location from which to drill drain
or grout holes, to provide drainage for leakage, and to provide access for inspection. Several
different gallery designs have been tried in RCC construction. They include: (a) construction of a
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gallery with gravel or sand fill followed by excavation of the fill after the surrounding RCC has
been hardened; (b) construction using slipform curbing system for walls with precast reinforced
ceiling elements; and (c) construction using conventional forming systems for walls with precast
reinforced ceiling units. However, there have been problems associated with all of these methods.
Problems include: rough and irregular side walls and ceiling, partially compacted RCC between
gallery and upstream face, high construction costs, and a significant reduction in overall RCC
placement rates of nearly 50 percent.
对于任何高水头坝，廊道是必不可少的，它为排水孔和灌浆孔的钻探施工提供场所，还提供
渗水排放通道和大坝观测通道。在RCC施工中曾试用过几种不同的廊道设计。其包括：（a）
用砾石和砂充填廊道，使其周围碾压混凝土硬化后挖除砾石和砂而形成廊道；（b）用路缘滑
模系统进行墙体施工，加上预制钢筋混凝土顶板构件；（c）使用常规模板系统浇筑墙体，顶
面为预制钢筋混凝土板。然而，所有这些方法都有问题。问题包括：边墙和顶板粗糙、不规
则，廊道和上游面间的碾压混凝土无法完全压实，施工费用高及整个RCC浇筑速度约降低
50%等。
Figure 4-2. Contraction joint construction using vibratory blade to insert galvanized steel
sheeting
图4-2 用振动刀片将镀锌钢板插入RCC中进行收缩缝施工
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Figure 4-3. Typical interval waterstop and joint drain construction in RCC dams
图4-3 碾压混凝土坝典型的间隔止水带和接缝排水沟施工
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Chapter 5 Construction Equipment and Techniques
第5章施工设备和工艺
5-1. Plant Requirements
设备要求
The batching and mixing plant requirements for a project to be constructed of RCC are essentially
the same as for a project built with conventional concrete. The production, stockpiling, and retrieval
of aggregate from the stockpiles are done in the same way and with the same equipment as for
conventional concrete. Likewise the batching and mixing equipment used for RCC is the same as
would be used if the concrete were to be conventionally placed. RCC has been mixed both in
tilting-drum mixers and in pugmill mixers. Experience indicates that a pugmill produces faster and
more effective mixing due to its intense scrubbing action. Continuous batching and mixing plants
have also been used. RCC should not be mixed or transported in ready-mix trucks since it is too dry
to discharge from the truck.
RCC施工项目对配料和拌合设备的要求基本与常规混凝土一样。骨料的生产、堆放及从取料
堆的取料均使用与常规混凝土相同的设备。碾压混凝土使用的配料和拌合设备也与常规浇筑
混凝土相同。搅拌碾压混凝土可以使用倾筒式搅拌器和拌合机。经验表明，拌合机因其强烈
的摩擦作用，能更快更有效地拌合碾压混凝土。连续配料和拌合设备也被使用过。因太干而
无法卸料，碾压混凝土不应用预拌混凝土车来拌合和运输。
5-2. RCC Placement Rates
RCC浇筑速度
One of the cost saving features of RCC is the rapid rate at which it can be placed and consolidated
by earthmoving and embankment compaction equipment. Generally, as with most other
construction processes, the faster the placement is made the less expensive the RCC becomes. In the
case of a dam, the faster placement will mean less time between lifts and may help produce more
watertight joints. At Elk Creek Dam a maximum rate of 1,000 cu yd/hour was achieved with an
average placement rate of 600 cu yd/hour. This rate might not be needed or even obtainable on
smaller structures where working space is more limited, but the batching, mixing, and transporting
system must be sized to keep pace with the rapid placement and compaction essential for successful
RCC production. It is generally necessary to accumulate large aggregate stockpiles before starting
concreting so that adequate stockpile reserves are available at all times during concrete production.
This is especially important if aggregate needs to be washed, drained, or any additional processing.
The potential for rapid placement also provides the designer the option of limiting placement of
RCC to cool weather, or to warm weather if desirable, to help control the temperature of the RCC. It
also provides the opportunity to reduce the extent of cofferdam and diversion requirements, or even
to rapidly construct a cofferdam of RCC. Whenever possible, the contractor should be given the
flexibility to manage his own RCC production rates. This will allow him to most economically
match his material, equipment, and labor resources as long as overall schedules are met. Required
schedule dates must be clearly defined in the specifications, with workable controls to enforce them.
碾压混凝土节约成本的一个特点是速度快，它可以通过土方和筑堤压实设备进行浇筑和压实
。对大多数施工过程来讲，浇筑速度越快，碾压混凝土的费用越低。对大坝来讲，浇筑速度
越快，意味着缩短层间间隔时间，有助于提高接缝的水密性。在麋鹿河大坝，曾达到1000
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cu yd/小时的最高速度和600 cu yd/小时的平均浇筑速度。规模较小的结构物施工时，因施工
场地限制，上述浇筑速度不需要甚至不可能达到。但是配料、搅拌和运输系统的生产能力必
须有一定的富余，以保证成功RCC生产的快速摊铺和碾压要求。在开始浇筑混凝土前，通常
需要储存大量骨料，以便在混凝土生产过程中，任何时候均有充足的料源。如果骨料需要清
洗、排水和进行其他额外处理时，这一点尤为重要。快速浇筑还为设计者提供了按意愿选择
冷天或热天浇筑的可能性，有助于碾压混凝土的温度控制。也提供了减少围堰和导流要求的
可能性，甚至可用碾压混凝土快速施工围堰。只要有可能，承包商对自己的RCC生产率的控
制应有一定的灵活性。这将让他匹配最经济的材料、设备和劳动力资源，只要满足总体进度
。所需的工期必须在规范中明确规定，并有切实可行的保证措施。
5-3. Conveyor Systems
输送机系统
Conveyor systems have proven to be an efficient and safe way to transport concrete from the mixer
to the point where it is distributed for placement. This is true whether the concrete is conventional
or roller compacted. A belt-conveyor system was specified at Elk Creek Dam to transport concrete
from the mixer to the top of the dam. From the belt-discharge point, the concrete was hauled to
various parts of the dam by end-dump trucks. The conveyor system was well engineered and
performed well. The basic requirement for the belt conveyor should be that it is of ample width and
operated at speeds which meet the production requirements and does not segregate the mixture. The
concrete must be protected from excessive drying and from wetting by rain. In assessing that
adequacy of the conveyor system, the following points should be checked:
输送机系统能有效和安全地把混凝土从拌合机运至布料点，无论是常规混凝土还是碾压混凝
土，这一点均已被证明。麋鹿河大坝规定用皮带输送机系统把混凝土从拌合机运至坝面。在
皮带卸料点，用尾卸式卡车把混凝土运送到坝面各个部位。输送机系统管理和运行都良好。
带式输送机的基本要求是有足够的宽度和运行速度来满足生产要求，同时又不使拌合料产生
分离。混凝土必须有保护措施，以免过量地干燥和被雨淋湿。在评价输送机系统是否合适时
，应检查以下几点内容：
a. Motor sizes; this includes both belt-drive motors and motors used to change the position of
the belts.
电动机大小，包括驱动皮带和改变皮带位置的电动机。
b. Belt thickness and width.
皮带厚度和宽度。
c. Belt wipers; location and number required to clean belts properly.
皮带刮板，位置和需要妥善清洁皮带的数量
d. All parts of system should be accessible for machine removal of RCC, before it hardens, in
case of breakdown. At Elk Creek Dam, the first belt in the system was in a lined pit which had no
equipment access, so that when the belt broke, it was necessary to hand shovel a large amount of
RCC out of the pit before it hardened and disabled the whole system.
在系统故障时，系统的各个部分都应便于机械在碾压混凝土硬化前及时清除皮带上
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的碾压混凝土。在麋鹿河大坝，系统中带有粗糙面的第一条皮带未设置设备通道，所以，当
皮带故障时，必须由人工在碾压混凝土硬化前把粗糙面上大量的碾压混凝土铲除，并导致整
个系统中断。
e. Drop chutes (elephant trunks) should be provided at belt discharge points to prevent
segregation of material coming off the end of the belt. Also, the drop chutes must be of sufficient
length and diameter to prevent plugging but still prevent flaring of material that can result in
unacceptable segregation.
在皮带卸料点应设有跌水槽（象鼻管）来阻止材料从皮带端部卸下时产生分离。同
时跌水槽必须有足够长度和直径来防止堵塞，并应防止材料的突然下卸，否则会产生难以接
受的分离现象。
5-4. Vehicle Transportation
车辆运输
RCC, which is properly proportioned, can be hauled from the mixer or from the distribution point in
end-dump trucks. Bottom-dump trucks and scrapers normally place RCC in full-thickness lifts and
in longitudinal lanes. Unacceptable segregation may occur between lanes, and the RCC may not be
fully compacted throughout, especially for lifts greater than 12 in. The distance that RCC can be
hauled is dependent on road conditions, weather, traffic, and site topography. If vehicles are used
for transporting from the mixer or from a distribution point not in the dam itself, care must be taken
to prevent their tracking dirt and other foreign material onto the placing site.
配比适当的碾压混凝土，从拌合机到布料点，可以用尾卸式卡车运输。底卸式卡车和铲运机
通常沿全厚层和纵向条带摊铺碾压混凝土。这样施工，在条带之间可能产生严重分离现象，
且碾压混凝土难以被完全压实，特别是在层厚大于12 in.时。碾压混凝土的运输距离取决于
道路、天气、交通和坝址地形条件。若拌合机或布料点不在坝体内，则运输车辆应特别注意
，防止把污物或其他材料带进浇筑现场。
a. End-dump trucks. Hauling and dumping of RCC with end-dump trucks, combined with
remixing and spreading of RCC by dozers, has proven to be an economical and effective method of
placing RCC. If 75-mm (3-in.) NMSA is used, the dozer spreading and remixing procedures should
be closely controlled to reduce or eliminate the segregation which occurs when this type of RCC is
dumped. Even 37.5-mm (1-1/2-in.) NMSA concrete will segregate when end dumped; however, the
tendency to segregate is less apparent than with 75-mm (3-in.) NMSA. If spreading with heavy
dozers is not used, lift thicknesses should be limited to 12 in. Large front-end loaders have been
used for hauling and dumping RCC to supplement dump trucks in tightly restricted areas.
尾卸式卡车。碾压混凝土的运输和卸料使用尾卸式卡车，结合推土机再次搅拌和摊
铺，实践证明，这是一种经济和有效的RCC浇筑方法。如果使用公称最大粒径为75-mm（3-
in.）的骨料，应严格控制推土机的摊铺和再次搅拌等工序，以便减少或消除卸料过程中产生
的分离。即使是使用公称最大粒径为37.5-mm（1-1/2-in.）的骨料，使用尾卸式卡车时混凝土
也会产生分离，但其分离程度要比使用公称最大粒径为75-mm（3-in.）的骨料轻一些。若不
使用重型推土机，摊铺层厚应控制为12 in.。在一些自卸卡车受限制部位，可用大型前端式
装载机作为RCC运输和卸料的辅助设备。
b. Scrapers and bottom-dump trucks. Scrapers and bottom-dump trucks place RCC while
moving. Except at the margin of spread lanes, segregation is minimal. At the edge of spread lanes,
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RCC is susceptible to segregation, especially for large NMSA placed in thick lifts. This same area
also cannot be compacted until after placement of adjacent spread lanes. Unless carefully
controlled, the time interval between placement of adjacent spread lanes will be excessive. This will
result in RCC that is not satisfactorily compacted and which has a continuous void system subject
to seepage.
铲运机和底卸式卡车。铲运机和底卸式卡车在移动时摊铺碾压混凝土。除铺料条带
的边缘外，分离现象较少。在铺料条带的边缘，特别是在最大NMSA较大和厚层浇筑时，碾
压混凝土容易产生分离。直到相邻铺料条带被浇筑后，这些部位也难以被压实。除非细心地
控制，否则相邻铺料条带间的浇筑间隔时间会太长。这将导致无法满意地压实碾压混凝土，
将形成连续的空隙系统而引起渗漏。
5-5. Placement
浇筑
RCC has been successfully placed in lift thicknesses ranging from a minimum of 6 in. (compacted
thickness) to well over 3 ft, although no general production in the United States has exceeded 24 in.
Lift thickness can vary depending on mixture proportions, batch plant and transport capability,
placement rates, spreading and compacting procedures, whether or not a bedding layer is used, and
size of placement area. For most applications, a lift thickness of 12 in. is a good starting place.
Increases or decreases from this point can be made based on results of preconstruction
investigations. The lift thickness should be determined by the designer and specified in the project
specifications. The most important factor governing the placement and performance of RCC is the
selection of mixture proportions. Next in importance are the dumping, spreading, and compacting of
the RCC. A typical work layout for the RCC placement and spreading operations is illustrated in
Figure 5-1.
在美国，虽然所有一般生产的层厚均未超过24 in.，但从层厚为6 in.到直至超过3 ft范围内的

碾压混凝土均能成功地被浇筑。浇筑层厚在很大程度上取决于混凝土配合比、拌合生产和运
输生产的能力、浇筑速度、摊铺和压实工序、是否使用垫层及浇筑区域大小等因素。对于大
多数应用，12 in.的厚度是一个较好的初选值。在此基础上，可根据初步施工研究的结果来
增加或减少。层厚应由设计者来确定，并在项目规范中进行规定。影响RCC浇筑和性能的最
重要因素是混凝土配合比的选择，其次是碾压混凝土的卸料、摊铺和压实等因素。RCC浇筑
和摊铺施工的典型布局如图5-12所示。
a. Spreading RCC. The design of dams where lift thicknesses greater than 12 in. have been
used has been based on the realization that the constant spreading of the RCC with heavy dozers not
only remixes and redistributes the concrete in such a way as to eliminate (or overcome) segregation
but also provides most of the required compaction. This also results in the paste and mortar
becoming thoroughly distributed in the mass. These procedures have been established and proven
by large-scale, well-controlled test section construction and testing, as well as in full-scale
production of RCC for dams in Japan and at Elk Creek Dam. The dozers spread the concrete into
many thin sloping layers until six to eight layers were completed to create a 24-in. lift having a
uniform thickness. After completion of spreading, vibratory steel-wheel rollers were used to
compact and seal the top 2 to 3 in. of each 24-in. lift. (See Sample Technical Specifications in
Appendix C for spreading procedure details.) The success of this process is largely a result of the
compaction caused by the continuous tracking of the heavy dozers and their natural vibration. When
2
由于图片非常不清晰，图5-1中的数字均不确定——译者注
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lift thickness is limited to 12 in. or less and when there is a very workable mixture, acceptable
compaction may be achieved without the use of heavy dozers. Smaller dozers have been
successfully used to spread and level RCC in lifts of approximately 12 in.
RCC摊铺。大坝设计上考虑层厚大于12 in.，是基于对用重型推土机摊铺碾压混凝土
的优点来考虑的。重型推土机不仅能对碾压混凝土有重拌合和重布料作用，由此而减少（或
克服）分离，而且在很大程度上对碾压混凝土有压实作用。这样也能使灰浆和砂浆充分分散
在碾压混凝土中。这些方法不仅是在大规模的控制良好的试验段施工和试验中逐步建立并得
到证实的，而且在日本的大坝和麋鹿河大坝的RCC大规模生产中也同样得到了证实。推土机
以一定的坡度薄层摊铺混凝土，直至摊铺6～8层后，完全达到24-in.的均匀厚度为止。摊铺
完成后，用振动钢轮压路机压实，每24-in.层厚其顶面被压陷2～3 in.。（详细的摊铺工序见附
录C：技术规范样本）。上述工艺的成功之处是，重型推土机连续在其旧车辙上往复行使，
和其固有的振动等作用，在很大程度上压实了碾压混凝土。当层厚限制为12 in.或小于12 in.
时，若拌合料和易性好，不使用重型推土机也能达到要求的压实度。对大约12 in.的浇筑层
厚，曾使用过较小的推土机成功地进行了碾压混凝土的摊铺和整平施工。
b. Compaction. Each lift is compacted using a vibrating steel-wheel roller. It has been
determined from various test sections and actual construction projects that RCC can be adequately
compacted using a variety of vibratory compactors. These range from relatively small and light
asphalt rollers, used extensively for compaction of RCC in Japan, to heavy single-drum units
designed to compact rock fills. However, for most applications it is recommended that a double-
drum, self-propelled, midsize, asphalt roller be used. Rollers of this type should have a high
frequency, low amplitude, and a dynamic force of between 350 and 550 lb/lin in. of drum width.
Rollers with these characteristics have been used at numerous US RCC dams. For lift thicknesses
up to 12 in., the vibratory roller can provide most of the required RCC compaction. For all RCC,
the vibratory roller compacts the lift surface and provides a tight, smooth surface which facilitates
cleanup and prevents excess water penetration in wet weather as well as reducing drying of RCC in
hot and arid conditions.
压实。每个浇筑层的压实应选用振动钢轮压路机。各个试验段和实际施工项目已经
确定，可以使用各种振动压实机充分压实碾压混凝土。这个系列的范围从小型的和重量轻的
沥青碾（在日本广泛用于RCC压实），到为压实堆石而设计的重型单筒碾。但对于大多数应
用，均推荐使用双筒自行式中型沥青碾。这种类型的振动碾频率高、振幅小，其激振力在
350～550 lb/in.（沿筒宽线压力）。美国的大部分碾压混凝土坝均使用具有上述特性的振动碾
。层厚超过12 in.时，所要求RCC压实度主要靠振动碾碾压获得。对所有的碾压混凝土来说
，振动碾把浇筑仓面压实成致密而光滑的表面，这样有利于表面清理，在雨天有利于防止过
量的水渗透，在热天或干燥气候下减少碾压混凝土的干燥。
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The experience gained so far indicates that four roller passes (a round trip with a double-drum roller
across the same area constitutes two passes) are adequate for properly proportioned RCC mixtures.
Measurements made with nuclear density gages at the Chena Project and at Elk Creek Dam showed
no increase in density after four passes, and as the surface becomes compacted, additional roller
passes tend only to break aggregate particles on the surface and prematurely dry out the RCC
surfaces during hot weather. Excess rolling can at times even decrease density. Smaller, manually
guided compactors and pneumatic tampers are inadequate to thoroughly compact RCC in areas of
tight corners or irregular shapes where the large self-propelled compactors cannot maneuver. In
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such tight areas, RCC should be replaced with conventional concrete.
已获得的经验足以证明，对配合比适当的RCC拌合料碾压4遍就足够了（双筒振动碾在同一
部位行走一个来回为2遍）。在Chena项目和在麋鹿河大坝，核子密度仪测量结果表明，碾压4
遍后碾压混凝土密度不再增加，当表面被压实后，额外增加碾压遍数，往往仅能压碎表面骨
料颗粒，并且在热天过早地使碾压混凝土表面变得干燥。过量的碾压有时可能还会降低密度
。在一些边角部位或大型自行式碾压无法操作的不规则形状部位，小型人工控制的压实机和
风动捣固机，并不适应于用来完全压实碾压混凝土。在这些棘手部位，应使用常规混凝土代
替碾压混凝土。
5-6. Lift Surface Moisture Maintenance
浇筑仓面湿养护
At the completion of rolling, lift surfaces should be moistened and kept damp at all times until the
next lift is placed or until the required curing period has ended. This requirement has been one of
the hardest to achieve since the tendency of the contractors has been to use water trucks with coarse
sprays to wet the surface of the lift. This should not be permitted since good fog spray nozzles are
readily available which provide an extremely fine spray. If coarse sprays are used, paste and fine
aggregates sometimes erode away from the surface. The operators of the water truck, in trying to
cover all parts of the surface, often make tight turns and repeated passes over the same areas. This
should not be permitted since it mechanically damages the surface from tire action. Even though a
properly proportioned RCC mixture will not develop laitance, improper use of a water truck can
produce a surface scum much like laitance because of the overwetting, erosion, and tire action.
Consideration should be given to requiring the use of piping and hand-operated hoses with fogging
nozzles. Better yet would be to place RCC fast enough so that each lift surface would be covered
before it dries out or place RCC during cool and humid periods so that little additional wetting
would be required. However, seldom will either of these completely eliminate the need for fogging
the surface.
碾压完成后，浇筑仓面应湿润，并应一直保持到下一层碾压混凝土开始摊铺，或所要求的养
护期结束。承包商使用洒水车洒水（喷粗状水）来保持浇筑仓面潮湿时，碾压混凝土应有足
够的硬化度。若有良好的雾状喷嘴提供极细的喷雾时，是不允许洒水的，否则，表面的灰浆
和细骨料有时会被冲走。操作员试图让洒水车走遍表面所有部位、急转弯及在同一部位往复
行走。这些操作都是不允许的，因为轮胎会对表面造成机械损伤。虽然配合比适当的RCC拌
合料不会产生浮浆层，但洒水车的不适当操作，会使碾压混凝土表面过湿、冲蚀和轮胎影响
，也会在碾压混凝土表面产生非常类似于浮浆层的浮渣。应考虑要求使用管道系统和带喷雾
头的手持软管。最好还是尽快地浇筑碾压混凝土，使每一浇筑仓面干燥前及时覆盖下一层碾
压混凝土，或是在冷天和湿润期施工，这期间很少需要洒水喷湿。然而，完全取消表面喷雾
的情况是很少的。
5-7. Lift Surface Preparation
浇筑仓面准备
The required lift surface preparation prior to the placement of the overlying lift of RCC depends to
some extent on the construction procedures and sequence being used. In all cases the surface of the
underlying RCC lift surface must be constantly maintained in a moist condition commencing
immediately following compaction; and, as necessary, the lift surface should be cleaned prior to
placement of the next lift. The cleanup should include the removal of all loose material, debris,
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standing or running water, snow, ice, oil, and grease. This can be accomplished with a combination
of water hoses, brooms, shovels, buckets, and use of vacuum trucks. A vacuum truck is a necessary
piece of equipment. If a laitance-like scum exists, it may be necessary to use a high-pressure water
jet for removal. Specifications should require that the contractor have this equipment onsite. A
paragraph describing the high-pressure water jet is in the Civil Works Guide Specification for Mass
Concrete, CW-03305. A surface only a few hours old, still relatively green and damp, could be
ready for placement without any preparation except for a removal of any construction debris.
However, if the surface is several days old and has been allowed to dry, then the use of a high-
pressure water jet may be necessary to remove dried, partially bonded sand, silt, and other debris
which has been caused by construction traffic. Of course, in as much as is possible, dirt and debris,
as well as construction traffic, should be kept off the joint surface at all times.
在覆盖RCC浇筑层前，浇筑仓面所需的准备工作在某种程度上取决于施工程序和顺序。无论
什么情况下，正在铺料的浇筑仓面必须始终保持一定的湿润，并及时压实；必要时，下一层
碾压混凝土浇筑前，应清洗浇筑仓面。清理工作包括清除所有松散材料、碎渣、静水和动水
、雪、冰、油及油脂等。这个工作可以使用水软管、扫帚、铲、水桶和真空车等工具。真空
车是必要的设备。若有类似浮浆层的浮渣存在，可能需要用高压水枪清除。规范中应要求承
包商在现场配备这些设备。描述高压喷水枪的段落见“土木工程用大体积混凝土指南（CW-
03305）”。对于历时仅几个小时仍然新鲜和湿润的浇筑仓面，除清除所有碎渣外，无须进行
其他准备工作，可继续浇筑。但对历时几天和已干燥的浇筑仓面，可能需要用高压水枪清除
干燥的、局部胶结的砂和泥，以及其他因运输施工而带进碎渣等。当然，任何时候都应尽最
大可能的，不让运输施工把污物和碎渣带入接缝面。
5-8. Lift Joint Bedding
层间接缝垫层
a. Application of bedding mortar. The design of RCC structures where watertightness and
bonding are required between lifts must require the application of a bedding mortar over the entire
surface area between all lift placements. Other surface treatments need not be specified as long as
the surfaces are kept clean and moist, zones of segregation or large rock pockets are avoided, and
lift surfaces are not damaged by construction activities. Contract specifications should include
provisions for high-pressure washing if placement intervals between lifts exceed 72 hours. A
bedding mortar is a high slump, high cement content material that is used to increase bond between
RCC lifts and to improve watertightness by filling in any voids that may occur at the bottom of an
RCC lift during placement and compaction. The thickness of bedding mortar must be sufficient to
fill any voids at the bottom of the overlying lift. Retarders should always be used to extend the
setting time of the bedding mortar. Typical bedding mortar uses 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve NMSA, is
highly retarded, has a slump of 7 to 9 in., and contains a high portland-cement and fly ash content
(approximately 475 to 610 lb of portland cement and 225 to 290 lb of fly ash/cu yd). Because of the
high slump and high water content, the cementitious content must be high to provide adequate
strength. Application of this type of bedding mortar has been used for lift joint preparation for
nearly all RCC dams in Japan, for Elk Creek Dam, and for several other dams in the United States.
At Elk Creek Dam, just prior to each RCC placement, a thin 1/4-to 1/2-in.-thick layer of bedding
mortar was placed over the entire lift joint surface. Figure 5-2 shows the spreading of the bedding
mortar at Elk Creek Dam. The bedding mortar application preceded placement of the RCC
placement activities, usually by 10 to 15 minutes, and in an approximately 30-to 50-ft-wide zone in
front of where the RCC was being spread. During hot or wet conditions, the interval between
spreading of the bedding mortar and placement of RCC had to be shortened. The bedding mortar
was distributed from the chutes of ready-mix trucks and then spread with a serrated rubber squeegee
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mounted on the front of a small four-wheel farm tractor. Haul trucks and other equipment were
allowed to track through the bedding mortar. This action was not believed to be damaging in any
way and may have been beneficial since it forced the bedding mortar into depressions and voids at
the lift surface, incorporating into the bedding mortar any remaining silts, sands, and gravels not
removed during lift-joint cleanup operations. This method has been an efficient nonlabor intensive
way to spread a bedding mortar and at the same time provide the necessary bonding and
watertightness along the lift joints.
垫层砂浆的应用。设计上有水密性和胶结要求的碾压混凝土建筑物，其每一层间必
须设置垫层砂浆，垫层砂浆应铺设在整个浇筑仓面上。只要表面保持清洁和湿润，可不规定
采用其他的表面处理措施。应避免产生分离区和大面积的砾石穴，并且所有施工操作均不应
对浇筑仓面造成损伤。合同规范中应规定，浇筑仓面浇筑间隔超过72小时后，需用高压水冲
洗浇筑仓面。垫层砂浆应是高坍落度高水泥含量的材料，以便在浇筑和压实过程中，充填每
一碾压混凝土层底部可能产生的空隙增强层间的胶结能力和改善水密性。垫层砂浆的厚度必
须满足，足够充填上一浇筑层底部的所有空隙的要求。垫层砂浆中应掺入缓凝剂延长凝结时
间。典型的垫层砂浆材料的NMSA为4.75-mm（通过4号筛），高度缓凝，坍落度为7~9 in.，
波特兰水泥含量和粉煤灰含量很高（波特兰水泥含量约为475~610 lb/cu yd，粉煤灰含量约为
225~290 lb/cu yd）。由于高坍落度和高含水量，也必须采用高胶凝材料用量，以满足强度要
求。日本几乎所有碾压混凝土坝的层间接缝都使用上述类型的垫层砂浆，美国的麋鹿河大坝
和其他几个坝也是如此。在麋鹿河大坝，在RCC浇筑之前，整个层缝面均先铺设1/4-至1/2-
in.厚垫层砂浆。图5-2是麋鹿河大坝铺设垫层砂浆的情况。通常在RCC浇筑前10～15分钟铺
设垫层砂浆。铺设约30～50英尺宽度后即可开始摊铺碾压混凝土。在热天和雨天条件下，铺
设垫层砂浆和RCC浇筑之间的时间间隔应缩短。垫层砂浆从预拌混凝土车的泄槽泄出、布料
后，用前端装有锯齿状橡皮刮板的小型四轮农用拖拉机摊铺。允许运输卡车和其他设备从垫
层砂浆上通过，因为这种操作不会对表面产生任何损伤，并且可能会因这种操作，强制地把
垫层砂浆压入浇筑仓面的坑凹和空隙中而受益；这种操作还可以把层缝清理操作未清除的泥
、砂和砾石混入垫层砂浆中去。这种方法铺设垫层砂浆是有效非劳动强度的，同时还能提高
层间接缝的胶结能力和水密性。
b. Alternate bedding mixture application. Another type of bedding mixture application has
been used in some of the dams constructed by other commercial or government agencies in the
United States. It involves the spreading of concrete mixtures having up to 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) NMSA
to a thickness of 1 to 2 in. in a zone along the upstream face of the dam. The width of application
ranges from several feet to approximately one-third of the width of the dam. This type of mixture
has been used only to provide watertightness at the upstream face. Spreading of this type of bedding
mixture is usually by manual labor. The effectiveness of this treatment is not considered to be equal
to the full-area bedding mortar described in the previous subparagraph, and this treatment should
not be used except as specifically approved by HQUSACE (CECW-EG).
其他垫层拌合料的应用。美国其他商业或政府机构兴建的一些大坝，曾应用过其他
类型的垫层拌合料。包括沿大坝上游面部位铺设厚1-2 in.、骨料公称最大粒径为19.0 mm（
3/4-in.）的混凝土垫层。其铺设宽度从几英尺到约占整个坝体宽度的三分之一。这种拌合料
通常只用来提高上游面的水密性。通常人工铺设这种垫层拌合料。其处理效果与前一小段所
述的全面铺设垫层砂浆是不同的。除美国陆军工兵兵团司令部（CECW EG）特批之外，不
得使用这种措施。
5-9. Bedding at Rock Contact
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岩石接触垫层
At the contact between RCC and rock at the abutments and at the dam foundation, a conventional
concrete bedding should be used. This conventional concrete should have an NMSA of 19.0 mm
(3/4 in.), or 37.5 mm (1-1/2 in.) at most, and should have a slump between 2 and 4 in. Cementitious
material content should be between 400 and 600 lb/cu yd. At the abutments, this mixture and the
RCC mixture should be intermixed as previously described for upstream facing concrete. Thickness
of the bedding should be sufficient to allow this intermingling. The thickness of the bedding on the
foundation will be governed by the roughness of the foundation but should be no thicker than is
necessary to fill the voids at the RCC-foundation interface.
在坝肩和坝基上，碾压混凝土与岩石接触面应铺设常规混凝土垫层。这种常规混凝土的骨料
公称最大粒径应为19.0 mm（3/4 in.）或37.5 mm（1-1/2 in.），坍落度应为2～4 in.，胶凝材料
用量应为400～600 lb/cu yd。在坝肩上，与前面所述的上游面施工一样，这种拌合料与RCC
拌合料应相互混合。垫层厚度应足以允许这种混合。基础垫层厚度应根据坝基粗糙度来确定
，且应满足充填碾压混凝土与坝基接触面空隙所需的最小厚度要求。
Figure 5-2. Spreading of bedding mortar using serrated rubber squeegee
图5-2 用锯齿状橡皮刮板摊铺垫层砂浆
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Chapter 6 RCC Inspection
第6章 RCC检测
6-1. Surveillance and Inspection
监督和检测
a. General. Government surveillance and acceptance inspection and testing is necessary,

starting during aggregate production and continuing through the mixing, placing, and curing of
RCC. This requirement is consistent with ER 1180-1-6, Construction Quality Management, since
specifications for RCC, especially in dams, are typically a combination of end product and
procedural specifications. For the surveillance to be effective, surveillance and inspection personnel
must be trained prior to the initiation of construction. This can be done by seeking instruction from
other Corps personnel who have had experience with RCC and by the use of available training aids
in the form of slides and video tapes. In addition, there are periodic seminars and conferences on
RCC design and construction sponsored by the Portland Cement Association, American Society of
Civil Engineers (ASCE), and ACI.
概述。从骨料生产直到碾压混凝土的拌合、浇筑和养护，各个环节均需要主管机构
的监督及验收检测与试验。其要求与“施工质量管理”ER 1180-1-6一致，因为有关碾压混凝
土的规定（特别是在大坝中）是典型的最终产品规范与详细规范相结合的产物。为了有效地
实施监督，在开始施工前，必须培训监督和检测人员。可以选择兵团里其他有RCC经验的人
员进行培训指导，并采用幻灯片、录像带等有效训练手段进行培训。此外，美国波特兰水泥
协会、美国土木工程师学会（ASCE）和美国混凝土学会（ACI），还定期举行有关RCC设计
和施工的研讨会和会议。
b. Test section. As a further aid in training both Corps personnel and contractor personnel,
construction of a project test section by the contractor after award of the contract and prior to start
of production operations is essential in almost every case where RCC is an option or requirement.
This is discussed in paragraph 4-1. The experience gained on a test section will provide a common
basis of knowledge between government and contractor personnel and allows for the contractor to
try new and innovative construction techniques in work not affecting the safety or function of the
project. The test section provides an opportunity to adjust the RCC mixture proportions. The test
section should be designed to demonstrate the contractor’s capability to produce the quality and
quantity of RCC required by contract specifications. A project test section should be constructed
sufficiently early in the contract to allow the contractor time to increase the size of his batching,
mixing, or transporting system, if necessary, to modify placing, spreading, and compaction
techniques; or modify any other operation that is considered essential to the success of the job. The
test section should never be part of the permanent structure.
试验段。为了进一步辅助训练兵团人员和承包人员，对于几乎所有采用或者需要碾
压混凝土的工程，在承包商中标后，开始施工前都必须构造一个工程试验段。这一点已在第
4-1段中讨论过。在试验段中获得的经验将会给主管机构和承包商提供共同了解的基础，并
且允许承包商在不影响工程安全和功用的情况下，尝试采取新的改进的施工技术。所述试验
段提供了调整RCC拌合料配合比的机会。设计试验段时，应考虑能证明承包商的生产能力，
满足合同规范规定的质量和数量要求。应足够早进行合同中工程试验段的施工，以使承包商
有时间调整配料、拌合和运输系统的规模，必要时，可进一步改善浇筑、摊铺和压实技术，
或改进认为对成功施工必不可少的其他操作工艺。这个试验段绝不应是永久性建筑物的一部
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分。
c. Engineering and construction coordination. For critical projects such as water-retention

dams, it is beneficial for an engineering division representative from the district office who is
knowledgeable of the investigations and design of the RCC to be detailed to the resident engineer.
This individual should not be assigned as part of the inspection team required to ensure that
compliance with project specifications is enforced. He should be assigned to provide guidance to
the resident engineer and his staff on items which include assessment of lift-surface cleanup
compared to that assumed in design, the reduction of segregation, assessment of mixture
proportions for adequacy, interpretation of Vebe and nuclear density test results. Generally, he is to
provide guidance as to which details of the contract specifications that come into question are the
most critical in fulfilling design requirements.
工程管理和施工协调。对于挡水坝这样的关键性工程，从分区办事处派一个有丰富
RCC调查与设计知识的工程技术代表是很有益处的，并将这些知识向驻地工程师做详细说明
。不应指派工程技术代表去参加，保证工程符合强制性规定的检查组。应指派他为驻地工程
师及其项目工作人员提供指导，包括浇筑仓面清理情况与设计的假定比较和评定、分离程度
的降低情况、混凝土配合比合适性的评价、维勃和核子密度测试结果的整理分析。一般情况
下，他将对合同规范中出现的，对满足设计要求有影响的重要问题提供详细指导。
d. Inspection.
检测。
(1) Placement inspection. The inspector on the placement operations should watch all details
that are related to the overall success of RCC placement operations. The following list indicates
some of the items to be checked:
浇筑检测。进行浇筑操作的检测人员，应注意所有与成功浇筑碾压混凝土相关的操
作的每一个细节。下面是其中的一些检查项目：
(a) Lift surfaces have been adequately cleaned prior to placement of bedding mortars or RCC.
在浇筑垫层砂浆或碾压混凝土以前，应充分清理浇筑仓面。
(b) Bedding mortar is placed at the required thickness and correct consistency and is
adequately spread.
按照要求的厚度和合适的稠度浇筑垫层砂浆，并适当铺设垫层砂浆。
(c) RCC is deposited, spread, and compacted only on fresh bedding mortar which has not
begun to dry or set.
碾压混凝土的堆放、摊铺和压实均应在新拌垫层砂浆未干燥和凝结前进行。
(d) RCC is deposited on lift surfaces in the proper location and spread in the required layer
thickness, and the action of the dozers is controlled in a manner to eliminate voids and ensure
proper compaction.
浇筑仓面上碾压混凝土的堆放位置应得当，摊铺层厚度应满足要求，并且应严格控
制推土机的操作，以便消除RCC的空隙并保证适当压实。
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(e) RCC as it is deposited and spread is of the required workability as determined by the Vebe
tests and by observing spreading and compaction operations.
通过进行维勃试验和观察摊铺压实操作，来确定碾压混凝土在堆放和摊铺时的和易
性是否满足要求。
(f) Compaction of the RCC occurs while RCC is still fresh and has not begun to lose
workability.
当碾压混凝土仍处于新拌状态且未开始损失和易性时，压实碾压混凝土。
(g) Lift surfaces are maintained in a moist state at all times.
浇筑仓面一直处于湿润状态。
(h) Internal vibration at interfaces between RCC and conventional concrete is in the right
location and done correctly with immersion vibrators in the right number and adequate size and for
sufficient duration.
在适当位置进行碾压混凝土与常规混凝土结合面的内部振捣，利用插入式振捣器正
确进行内部振捣并持续振捣足够时间，插入式振捣器的振捣次数和大小应适当。
(i) Conventional concrete is deposited and consolidated in those areas where it is required
such as around waterstops and drains, against abutments, and other locations as shown on the plans.
止水带与排水沟周围、坝肩接触部位和图纸上标示的其他部位所需常规混凝土应捣
固密实。
(j) Installation of contraction joints, if required, is completed prior to compaction by rollers

and before RCC has begun to lose workability.
收缩缝的设置，必要时，应在压实碾压混凝土和开始损失和易性前完成。
(k) The passes specified for the vibratory roller on each lift of RCC are obtained.
取得振动碾对每层碾压混凝土的准碾证。
(1) All testing, including Vebe tests, nuclear density tests, aggregate moisture, and grading
tests are taken, monitored, and evaluated.
所有试验，包括维勃试验、核子密度测试、骨料含水量和级配试验的操作、监测和
评价。
(2) Monitoring consistency and workability of RCC. To a very large extent the stability and
watertightness of an RCC structure depend on the mixture proportions used and the resulting
consistency and workability of the RCC. The inspector on an RCC placement is responsible for
ensuring that RCC consistency and workability are adequate for complete compaction. Two testing
procedures should be used at frequent intervals to determine if RCC being produced is of the correct
consistency for compaction. The modified Vebe test is used to determine consistency and the
nuclear densimeter is used to determine if compaction is adequate. The modified Vebe apparatus is
described in CRD-C 53. The modified Vebe test constitutes the best test for controlling RCC
consistency as an indicator of RCC workability and the ease with which RCC can be compacted.
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The Vebe time used during construction is determined initially during the mixture proportioning
studies done in a Corps of Engineers division laboratory. The time is then adjusted as necessary
during the preconstruction engineering and design phase of the project when a preliminary test
section is constructed. It is later further adjusted when the project test section is built after award of
contract. Still further adjustments, as necessary, may be made to the Vebe time during construction.
Once a Vebe time is established, the normal procedure is to maintain a consistent Vebe time for the
RCC being produced by making batch water adjustments as necessary to compensate for changes in
aggregate moisture and changes in humidity, wind, and temperature. The batch water adjustments
should be made if two consecutive Vebe readings vary from a target Vebe time by 5 or more
seconds. Changes to the established Vebe time should be made only to improve compatibility and
the resulting density. Changes should be made only after consultation with designated personnel in
the engineering division in a district office and the personnel in the division laboratory who
proportioned the mixtures for the project.
RCC稠度与和易性的监测。RCC结构物的稳定性和水密性，在很大程度上取决于使
用的RCC拌合料配合比及其相应的稠度与和易性。RCC浇筑的检测员，负责确保碾压混凝土
的稠度与和易性满足充分压实的要求。应经常使用上述两种测试方法，确定所生产RCC的压
实稠度是否适当。改进的维勃试验用来确定稠度，核子密度仪用确定压实度。改进的维勃仪
器详见CRD-C53。稠度作为RCC和易性和被压实的难易程度的指标，控制稠度的最好的试验
方法是改进维勃试验。在混凝土配合比研究阶段，施工所采用的Vebe时间的初步确定在陆军
工兵兵团分部实验室中完成。在进行初步试验段施工时，在工程的预施工和设计阶段，对
Vebe时间作必要调整。当签订合同后，进行工程试验段施工时，对其作进一步调整。必要时
，在施工期间也还需要对Vebe时间作进一步调整。一旦确定Vebe时间，正常程序就是必要时
调整拌合用水量，以对骨料含水量和外界湿度、风、温度等条件的变化给以补偿，从而保证
生产的RCC的Vebe时间恒定不变。当两次连续测定的维勃值与目标Vebe时间相差5秒或以上
时，应调整拌合用水量。仅当能改善可碾性并增加密实度时，才能改变已经确定的Vebe时间
。仅在分区总部所属工程技术处的指定人员与分部实验室中为工程所用拌合料提供配合比的
人员相互协商后，才能改变已经确定的Vebe时间。
(3) Monitoring density of RCC. Density measurements should be continually taken during
placing of RCC using a nuclear density gage prior to, during, and following compaction according
to CRD-C 64 (ASTM C-1040). A single-probe or double-probe nuclear gage provides reliable
information when large numbers of readings are taken. However, the two-probe gage provides the
capability of monitoring RCC densities at all depths within the limit of fresh RCC. Data from the
nuclear-gage readings can be used during the compaction process to confirm that the mixture
proportions are correct for achieving the required densities, for determining if densities are uniform
throughout the lift, and for identifying rock pockets or segregation. Field nuclear-gage readings
should be compared on a continuous basis to RCC unit weight measured in the project laboratory.
To ensure the accuracy of the nuclear gages being used, a test block should be made during the
early stages of the project and kept available. The nuclear gages must be checked daily against a
source of known density. The actual density of the test block should be determined by measuring
and weighing the block or weighing cores taken from the test block.
RCC密度监测。在RCC压实前、压实过程中和压实完成后，应根据CRD-C 64（
ASTM-1040）的要求连续不断地用核子密度仪进行密度测量。在采取大量读数的情况下，单
探针和双探针核子密度仪能提供可靠的资料。但双探针核子密度仪具有在新拌RCC范围内测
量任何深度处的密度的能力。在压实过程中，能利用来自核子仪读数的资料确认混凝土配合
比对达到规定的密度值是否恰当，以确认整个浇筑层的密度是否均匀，并识别砾石穴或分离
。在连续测量的基础上，现场核子仪读数应与工程实验室内测量的RCC单位重量相比较。为
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保证所用核子仪的精度，在工程初期应制作一个试块并保持其可用性。每天都应用一个已知
密度的试块来校验核子仪。试块的实际密度应该通过对试块称重和测量或对从试块中提取的
芯样进行称重来确定。
(4) Visual observation as an inspection tool. An inspector should be present at all times that
RCC is being placed and he should observe the details listed. To determine if RCC, as delivered,
spread, and compacted, is of the correct workability, some visual features should be observed.
Usually, if the RCC is too dry for proper compaction, obvious signs are: increased segregation of
the mixture, aggregate particles on the surface which are cracked by the roller, and little or no
reworking of the RCC adjacent to the dozer as the RCC is spread. Cracking of aggregate particles
creates a visible scattering of rock flour around the aggregate particles. In addition, concrete which
is too dry will not show the development of paste at the surface after three or four roller passes as it
should, and individual larger-sized aggregate particles will begin to dry within 10 to 15 minutes
after spreading during warm weather. If closely spaced surface cracking is observed as the roller
moves over the surface, the mixture is probably slightly dry. The RCC is likely too wet if heavy
equipment produces deep rutting. The mixture proportions, therefore, may have to be adjusted. An
increase in segregation of large aggregate particles from the mixture may be caused by too much or
too little water, and its occurrence should be reported by the inspector and conditions corrected as
soon as it is observed.
目视观察作为检测工具。浇筑碾压混凝土时，检测员应随时在现场仔细观察各个细
节。在传送、摊铺和压实碾压混凝土的过程中，确定其和易性是否适当，应该观测碾压混凝
土的某些外观特征。通常情况下，假如碾压混凝土太干难以碾压，明显的迹象是拌合料分离
增加，表面的骨料颗粒被碾压机压碎，摊铺碾压混凝土时，临近推土机的碾压混凝土的重新
流动性很小或没有。骨料颗粒开裂时，会在骨料颗粒周围产生岩石碎沫。此外，碾压3～4遍
后，因混凝土太干，其表面灰浆不会再增加，在炎热天气下，单个大颗粒骨料仅在摊铺10～
15分钟后就开始变干。碾压机通过时，若在表面观察到间隔紧密的裂缝时，拌合料可能稍偏
干。若表面留下的载重设备的车辙较深，则碾压混凝土可能太湿。因此，拌合料的配合比可
能不得不调整。拌合料中大颗粒骨料分离增加，可能是因水太少或太多而引起的，一旦发生
这些情况，检测员应报告并立即做出修正决定。
6-2. Quality Assurance and Quality Control in RCC Construction
RCC施工的质量保证和控制
a. The contractor is responsible for the management, control, and documentation of activities
that are necessary for compliance with all contract requirements. The Government Quality
Assurance (GQA) program is responsible for establishing performance periods and quality control
requirements and ensuring that the Contractor Quality Control (CQC) program is functioning as
required.
承包商对各项活动的管理、控制、档案（记录）应满足合同的所有要求。政府质量
保证（GOA）项目包括负责确定执行时间和质量控制要求，并保证承包商质量控制（GOC
）系统满足要求。
b. For RCC production there are several areas of concern dealing with the CQC program. One
area of concern is maintaining a well managed and trained CQC staff. This is in part due to the
geographical market area from which quality CQC personnel can be drawn. In many areas qualified
personnel with experience and training are not available. Training through ACI and government-
sponsored courses will help; however, this is not a substitute for training gained through on-the-job
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experiences. The GQA staff should be aware of this and provide appropriate guidance and training
to CQC personnel, especially early in construction.
用于RCC生产的处理CQC项目的若干方面。一方面是，保持一个管理良好和训练有
素的CQC队伍。这一点要部分地依靠有地区性交易市场，从这里可以招收有资格的CQC人员
。在许多地区，缺少有经验和经过训练的合格人员。经过ACI和主管机构举办培训课程，培
训是有帮助的，但这并不能替代工作岗位训练。GOA人员应认识到这一点，并为CQC人员
提供适当的指导和培训，特别是在施工初期更应如此。
c. Another concern is that CQC organizations often do not respond to or modify, in a timely
manner, operations that are shown to be out of specifications. Certain activities such as making
aggregate moisture or grading adjustments must be addressed immediately to prevent permanent
deficiencies. A project GQA program should emphasize monitoring and correcting those features
that must be responded to immediately. There are also parts of the specifications that the contractor
might not view to be as significant as does the government. As an example, a contractor may try to
make the case that an aggregate grading that is slightly out of specification will not alter the product
quality and surely does not warrant stopping RCC production. For such issues, it is best to develop
a clear understanding at a high level (government resident engineer and contractor project engineer)
of what appropriate actions should be taken to prevent problems from occurring and when they do
occur, how to prevent a similar event in the future. In the example given, it is possible that most of
the aggregate has already been produced and there is no practical way to bring the aggregate back
into grading. It may be more prudent to analyze the consequences of using the aggregate as is, or
adjusting the mixture proportions to a new grading curve. Quality control problems associated with
specific monitoring or testing can be well defined and are, therefore, usually easier to control.
另外一方面是有迹象表明一些操作不符合规定，CQC机构不能及时响应或做出修正
。某些活动，如使骨料变湿或级配变动，应及时通知以避免产生永久性缺陷。一个工程的
GOA项目应强调对那些必须及时响应的部分的监测和校验工作。同时，还包括承包商可能
不注意，但对主管机构来说是相当重要的那部分规定。例如，承包商可能试图制造这样一种
情况，骨料级配可能稍微超出规定值，但并没有改变产品质量，因此，当然就没有理由停止
RCC生产。对这类争论性问题，最好得出一个高层次的（政府驻地工程师和承包商的设计工
程师）明确决断，采取适当措施来阻止因此而产生的问题，并杜绝再次发生类似事件。在上
面这个例子中，大部分骨料生产可能已完成，并且没有可行的办法把骨料重新配制成新的级
配。这就需要更谨慎地分析采用这种骨料的后果，或根据新的骨料级配曲线调整混凝土配合
比。应明确规定与质量问题相关的具体监测和试验内容，这样往往更容易掌握和控制。
d. There are, however, many construction procedures used in RCC production that are not
defined precisely but, nevertheless, significantly impact RCC production quality. The CQC
requirements, intended to ensure that RCC production procedures are accomplished correctly, are
not well defined. The following are brief discussions with quality control concerns in these areas:
可是，RCC生产中有许多施工程序，均没有明确的规定，但这些程序显著影响RCC
生产质量。CQC要求就是为了保证正确地完成这些RCC生产过程，但并未明确定义。下面简
要讨论一下质量控制方面的几个问题：
(1) Lift surface treatment, protection, and cleanup. Contract specifications usually stipulate
when and how a lift surface is to be cleaned prior to the next placement; however, there can be
several approaches as to which type and how much treatment will be necessary. The amount of
treatment will depend on variables such as weather conditions, whether or not a bedding mortar is
used, the condition of the previous lift surface, the interval between placements, etc. Judgment is
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required both by the government inspector and the contractor in providing the appropriate lift
surface treatment for any particular placement condition. Requiring the contractor to meet "the
letter of the law" may under some circumstances result in unnecessary delays or cause more
problems than solutions.
浇筑仓面的处理、保护和清理。合同规范通常规定，在下一层碾压混凝土开始浇筑
前，什么时间和怎样清理浇筑仓面；然而，根据浇筑仓面类型和需要清理的程度，可能有几
种方法。处理工作量决定于天气条件、是否使用垫层砂浆、浇筑仓面情况和浇筑间隔时间等
因素。在特殊的浇筑情况下，需要提供怎样的浇筑仓面处理才适当，应该由主管检测员和承
包商共同来判断。在某些情况下，要求承包商把规定当“法律条文”遵守，可能会导致不必
要的工期延误并引起许多难以解决的问题。
(2) Actions necessary in preventing segregation. Actions to control or prevent segregation

within the RCC can be generally defined; however, due to changing site conditions, procedures may
have to be adjusted. An increase in segregation as the RCC comes off the conveyor or out of end-
dump trucks will require considerably more dozer action to distribute the segregated materials (rock
pockets) and rework them into the surrounding RCC. When RCC becomes dryer, more effort is
required both by the dozer and vibratory-roller operator to achieve a uniformly compacted material
that is free of voids. Segregation is also more likely to occur during RCC start-up operations at the
beginning of a shift or when placing RCC and conventional concrete against an abutment (or other
hard surface such as pipes, forms, instrumentation blockouts, etc.). The government inspector,
placement foreman, dozer operator, vibratory-roller operator, and concrete finishers all must be
aware of these and other problem areas and be ready to take necessary action to prevent permanent
voids from occurring.
防止分离的必要措施。一般情况下，可能规定控制和防止碾压混凝土产生分离的措
施。但是，由于现场条件变化，这些程序也不得不相应地进行调整。碾压混凝土从输送机或
尾卸式卡车上卸下时，若分离程度增大，则需要大量增加推土机工作量，把分离材料（砾石
穴）重新布料并混入周围的碾压混凝土中去。当碾压混凝土变干时，推土机和振动碾压机的
操作者都需要做出更多努力，来使碾压混凝土均匀致密且无空隙。在每个班次开始时，或在
靠坝肩（或其他坚硬表面，如管子、模板、仪器埋设区等）浇筑碾压混凝土和常规混凝土时
，RCC启动操作期间更容易发生分离情况。主管检测员、浇筑工领班、推土机操作员、振动
碾压机操作员和混凝土抹面工都必须了解上述情况和其他有问题的地方，并准备采取必要的
措施来防止产生永久性的空隙。
(3) Curing. As with conventional concrete, RCC must be kept continuously moist for the
prescribed curing period. However, because of large lift surface areas and the variable intervals
between lift placements, the procedures to achieve the necessary curing will vary throughout the
job. Because RCC is dryer than conventional concrete, surfaces tend to dry more rapidly during
warm weather. During such conditions considerable effort will be required to maintain a uniformly
moist surface. Contract specifications should address the significance of proper curing of RCC
along with minimum equipment and procedures that will be required for curing the RCC. During
cool weather or when the interval between lift placement is short, no overt curing action may be
called for. Judgment and cooperation between the government inspector and the contractor in
developing and agreeing on procedures to be taken ahead of time for various changing conditions
will result in the most economical and highest quality product.
养护。和常规混凝土一样，在规定的养护期内，碾压混凝土必须持续地保持湿润。
然而，由于浇筑仓面范围很大且浇筑间隔可变，为达到所需要的养护效果，整个施工过程中
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养护方法也是可变的。因碾压混凝土比常规混凝土干，在热天，其表面很快就会变干。在这
种条件下，要使表面保持一个恒定的湿度是需要付出很大努力的。合同规范应该指出，用最
少的设备和最简单的方法适当养护碾压混凝土的重要性。在冷天或当浇筑层间隔时间较短时
，可能不需要养护措施。在各种条件变化之前，主管检测员和承包商决定合作开发并同意使
用新的方法，这将产生最好的经济和质量效益。
(4) Consolidation at interface between RCC and conventional concrete. Consolidation at the
interface of RCC and conventional concrete is a critical area of concrete construction that, if not
executed properly, can and likely will result in voids. Such voids, because of their location and
distribution, may allow leakage through a structure. It is a procedure that is straightforward, easy to
execute, and will result in a high quality, void-free product if RCC and conventional concrete are
fresh, are of proper consistency, and are consolidated with immersion vibrators on a proper spacing.
On a day-in, day-out basis, however, this has been difficult to achieve. This is a construction
procedure in which attempts to compensate for a developing problem may actually compound the
problem for example: while extra efforts are being made to consolidate concrete that has begun to
set or stiffen in one area, concrete materials in another area are becoming progressively older and
thus harder to consolidate. Eventually a condition develops in which the contractor has lost control
and no amount of effort will prevent permanent voids from occurring. The contractor and GQA
personnel should be aware of the criticality of necessary rapid adjustments that may be required to
prevent this situation from occurring. Such adjustments may include immediate addition of extra
crews and termination of RCC placement until consolidation of the conventional concrete/RCC
interface is again on schedule. Again, judgment and cooperation should be used in establishing
criteria for when and under what conditions these extra procedures are to be initiated.
碾压混凝土和常规混凝土结合面的捣固。碾压混凝土和常规混凝土结合面的捣固是
混凝土施工的关键问题，若处理不当，很可能会产生空隙。由于它们的分布和位置，此类空
隙可能产生结构渗漏。假如碾压混凝土和常规混凝土都是新拌的，稠度也适当，在一定范围
内用插入式振捣器可以高质量捣固密实混凝土，这是一种简便且易操作的处理方法。然而，
在日复一日的作业条件下，这种情况是很难达到的。这种施工方法往往可能作为一种补救措
施，用来解决一些复杂变化的问题，例如，一边的混凝土已开始凝固和硬化，而另一边的混
凝土也逐渐老化至难以捣固密实，在此情况下，就需要做出额外的努力来捣固混凝土。最终
，承包商可能对这种情况失去控制，并不会做大量的努力来阻止产生永久性空隙。承包商和
GOA人员应该知道，为阻止发生这种情况必须迅速做出调整的重要性。这种调整可能包括
立即增加额外工作人员，立即停止碾压混凝土施工，直到按进度表再次开始常规混凝土与碾
压混凝土结合面的捣固施工为止，并且要再一次共同协商，确定在什么条件和什么时间开始
采取额外处理措施的判别标准。
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Appendix A References
附录A 参考文献
A-1. Required Publications
要求的出版物
1
ER 1180-1-6
Construction Quality Management
施工质量管理
1
EM 1110-2-2000
Standard Practice for Concrete
混凝土标准实施规程
1
CW-03305
Civil Works Construction Guide Specification for Mass Concrete
土木工程用大体积混凝土指南
2
US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station 1949
2
美国陆军工兵兵团水道实验站，1949年
US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. 1949. Handbook for Concrete and Cement, with
quarterly supplements (all CRD-C designations), Vicksburg, MS.
美国陆军工兵兵团水道实验站，1949年。《混凝土和水泥手册》，带季度增刊（所有CRD-C名
称），密西西比州维克斯堡。
A-2. Related Publications
相关出版物
3
American Concrete Institute 1989
1
Reference published by Department of the Army and available through USACE Command Information Management Office sources.
1
由美国陆军部出版的且通过美国陆军工兵兵团（USACE）指挥信息管理办公室来源提供的参考文献。
2
All Corps of Engineers publications are available on interlibrary loan from the Research Libary, US Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station, ATTN: CEWES-IM-MI-R, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199.
2
所有工兵兵团的出版物都可通过从科研图书馆、美国陆军工兵兵团水道实验站、ATTN馆际互借提供：CEWES-IM-MI-R，
3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg，MS 39180-6199。
2
All Corps of Engineers publications are available on interlibrary loan from the Research Libary, US Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station, ATTN: CEWES-IM-MI-R, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199.
2
所有工兵兵团的出版物都可通过从科研图书馆、美国陆军工兵兵团水道实验站、ATTN馆际互借提供：CEWES-IM-MI-R，
维克斯堡Halls Ferry路3909号，MS 39180-6199。
3
Reference available through American Concrete Institute, PO Box 19150, Detrioit, MI 48219.
3
通过美国混凝土学会（邮政信箱：19150，密歇根州底特律，邮编：48219）提供的参考文献。
A-9
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1992年2月1日
3
美国混凝土学会，1989年
American Concrete Institute. 1989. "Roller Compacted Mass Concrete," ACI Report No. 207.5R-
89, ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 1, Detroit, MI.
美国混凝土学会，1989年。“大体积碾压混凝土”，第207.5R-89号ACI报告，《ACI混凝土实
务手册》，第1部分，密歇根州底特律。
3
American Concrete Institute 1990
3
美国混凝土学会，1990年
American Concrete Institute. 1990. "Cement and Concrete Terminology," ACI Manual of Concrete
Practice, Part 1, Detroit, MI.
美国混凝土学会，1990年。“水泥和混凝土术语”，《ACI混凝土实务手册》，第1部分，密歇
根州底特律。
4
American Society of Civil Engineers 1988
4
美国土木工程师学会，1988年
American Society of Civil Engineers. 1988. Roller Compacted Concrete II. Edited by Hansen,
K.D., and Guice, L.K. Proceedings of the Conference Sponsored by the Construction, Geotechnical
Engineering, and Materials Engineering Divisions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, San
Diego, CA.
美国土木工程师学会，1988年。《碾压混凝土II》。由Hansen, K.D.和Guice, L.K.编辑。由美国

土木工程师学会的建筑、岩土工程和材料工程部门（加州圣地牙哥）主办的会议论文集。
5
Hansen and Reinhardt 1991
5
Hansen和Reinhardt，1991年
Hansen, K.D., and Reinhardt, W.G. 1991. Roller-Compacted Concrete Dams, McGraw-Hill, New
York, NY.
Hansen, K.D.和Reinhardt, W.G.，1991年。《碾压混凝土坝》，麦格劳希尔集团，纽约州纽约市

。
6
US Bureau of Reclamation 1987
3
Reference available through American Concrete Institute, PO Box 19150, Detrioit, MI 48219.
3
通过美国混凝土学会（邮政信箱：19150，密歇根州底特律，邮编：48219）提供的参考文献。
4
Reference available through American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017.
4
通过美国土木工程师学会（纽约东47街345号，邮编：10017）提供的参考文献。
4
Reference available through American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017.
4
通过美国土木工程师学会（纽约东47街345号，邮编：10017）提供的参考文献。
5
Reference available through McGraw-Hill, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.
5
通过麦格劳希尔集团（纽约美洲大道1221号，邮编：10020）提供的参考文献。
5
Reference available through McGraw-Hill, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.
5
通过麦格劳希尔集团（纽约美洲大道1221号，邮编：10020）提供的参考文献。
6
Reference available through Office of Public Affairs, The US Bureau of Reclamation, US Department of the Interior, Washington,
DC 20240-0001.
A-10
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6
美国垦务局，1987年
US Bureau of Reclamation. 1987. "Guidelines for Designing and Constructing Roller Compacted
Concrete Dams," ACER Technical Memorandum No. 8, Denver, CO.
美国垦务局，1987年。“设计和建造碾压混凝土坝的指南”，第8号ACER技术备忘录，科罗
拉多州丹佛市。
6
通过公共事务办公室、美国垦务局和美国内政部（华盛顿特区，邮编：20240-0001）提供的参考文献。
6
Reference available through Office of Public Affairs, The US Bureau of Reclamation, US Department of the Interior, Washington,
DC 20240-0001.
6
通过公共事务办公室、美国垦务局和美国内政部（华盛顿特区，邮编：20240-0001）提供的参考文献。
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Appendix B RCC Construction History
附录B RCC施工历史
B-1. Summary of Roller-Compacted Concrete Applications
碾压混凝土应用综述
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) applications in dams are listed in the following categories:
按照以下类别列出了大坝中应用的碾压混凝土（RCC）：
A -RCC Gravity Dams (Table B-1)
A-RCC重力坝（表B-1）
B -Overflow Sections and Spillways (Table B-2)
B-溢流段和溢洪道（表B-2）
C -Miscellaneous Dam Applications (Table B-3)
C-其他大坝的应用（表B-3）
D -Dam Rehabilitation and Replacement (Table B-4)
D-大坝修复和更换（表B-4）
E -Projects Less Than 10,000 Cubic Yards (Table B-5)
E-不到10,000立方码的项目（表B-5）
The applications are listed in chronological order based on the year of completion of the RCC.
Listed are projects which have been completed, are under construction contract, or are in the final
phase of design.
根据RCC的竣工年份，按年月顺序列出这些应用。列出的是已完成的项目、施工合同下的项
目或者处于设计的最后阶段的项目。
For gravity dams, the listing is limited to dams 15 m (50 ft) or higher. For other applications, only
projects requiring more than 2,000 m3 (2,620 cu yd) of RCC are considered.
对于重力坝，所列项目局限于15 m（50 ft）或更高的大坝。对于其他应用，只考虑要求RCC

超过2,000 m3（2,620 cu yd）的项目。
EM 1110-2-2006
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1992年2月1日
Table B-1 A -RCC Gravity Dams -Summary of Projects
表B-1 A-RCC重力坝-项目综述
Maximum
Height RCC Volumes Cement + Fly Ash2
最大高度 RCC体积水泥 + 粉煤灰2
No. Year1 Name of Dam Country/State Owner/Engineer Face Upstream/ Downstream
编号年份1 大坝名称国家/州业主/工兵 m ft m3 yd3 kg/m3 lb/yd3 上游面/下游面
1 1960 Shimajigawa Dam Japan Ministry of Construction 89 292 170,000 222,000 91+39 153 + 66 3.0 m conv cone 3 0.8:1 conv
岛地川坝 Yamaguchi 建设部 cone
日本山口县 3.0 m常规锥形0.8:1常规锥形
2 1982 Willow Creek Dam USA Oregon Corps of Engineers Walla Walla, 52 169 331,000 433,000 70 + 23 118 + 39 p/c conv panels 0.8:1 unformed
柳溪坝美国俄勒冈州 WA p/c常规面板0.8:1无模板
华盛顿州瓦拉瓦拉的工兵兵团
3 1964 Winchester Dam USA Kentucky Winchester Municipal Utilities 21 70 24,500 32,000 104 + 0 175 + 0 p/c conv panels w/membrane +
温彻斯特大坝美国肯塔基州温彻斯特市政公用事业 conv concrete 1.0:1 conv cone
Palmer Engineering & Parrott, p/c常规面板w/膜板 + 常规混
Ely, & Hurt 凝土1.0:1常规锥形
帕默工程公司以及Parrott、Ely
和Hurt
4 1984 Middle Fork Dam USA Colorado Exxon Company, USA 38 124 42,100 55,000 66 + 0 112 + 0 0.3 m conv cone 0.8:1 conv
中福克河大坝美国科罗拉多 Morrison-Knudsen Engr. cone stepped
州美国埃克森公司，美国 0.3 m常规锥形 0.8:1阶梯式常
Morrison-Knudsen工兵。规锥形
5 1984 Kidaton Dam Australia Kidston Gold Mine Gutteridge, 40 131 138,000 180,000 -- -- RCC-bonded layers 0.8 to 0.9:1
基兹大坝 Queensland Haskins & Davey unformed
澳大利亚昆士昆士兰基兹顿金矿， RCC-粘合层0.8到0.9:1无模板
兰州 Gutteridge、Haskins和Davey
6 1984 Verzea Grande Dam Brazil Para State of Pars Ecoplan 33 108 -- -- -- -- data not available
大瓦尔泽亚大坝巴西帕拉州帕拉Ecoplan州数据无法提供
7 1985 Cattiblanco de loa Spain Junta de Andalucia 25 82 14,000 18,000 72 + 116 (F) 121 + 196 conv cone 0.75 conv cone
Arroyos 西班牙常规锥形 0.75常规锥形
Cattiblanco de loa
Arroyos大坝
8 1985 Gaiesvilie Dam USA Oregon Douglas County Morrison- 51 167 160,800 210,300 54 + 52 91 + 87 conv cone (0.3-0.1 m)
3
原文不清楚，不确定是conventional cone还是 conventional concrete—译者注
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Gaiesvilie大坝美国俄勒冈州 Knudsen Engr. unformed 0.8:1
道格拉斯县， Morrison- 常规锥形（0.3-0.1 m）无模
Knudsen工兵板0.8:1
9 1986 Monksville Dam USA New No. Jersey Dist. Water Supply 46 150 221,000 289,000 64 + 0 108 + 0 0.6 m min. conv cone 0.78:1
Monksville大坝 Jersey and Hackensack Water Co. conv cone stepped-in spillway
美国新泽西州 O’Brien & Gere 0.6 m最小常规锥形0.78:1常规
新泽西供水局和Hackensack 水锥形台阶式溢洪道
务公司O’Brien & Gere分司4
10 1986 Grindstone Canyon USA w Mexico Village of Ruidoso Boyle 42 139 87,500 114,500 74 + 30 125 + 50 conv cone 0.75:1 conv cone
Grindstone峡谷大坝美国新墨西哥 Engineering 常规锥形0.75:1常规锥形
州 Ruidoso Boyle村工程
11 1986 Zaaihoek Dam So. Africa Dept. of Water Affairs 50 164 120,000 157,000 31.5 + 73.5 53 + 124 0.6 m conv cone 0.62:1 conv
Zaaihoek大坝 Natal 水务部 cone
南非纳塔尔 0.6 m常规锥形0.62:1常规锥形
Note: -in columns throughout table indicates data not available. (Sheet 1 of 7)
说明：表格中的-表示数据无法提供。（第1张，共7张）
4
此处不确定—译者注
B-3
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Table B-1 (Continued)
表B-1（续）
Maximum
1
Year Name of Dam Country/State Owner/Engineer 最大高度 RCC体积水泥 + 粉煤灰2 Face Upstream/ Downstream
1
No. 年份大坝名称国家/州业主/工兵 m ft m 3
yd 3
kg/m 3
lb/yd 3
上游面/下游面
12 1986 Saco Dam Brazil Para State of Para Ecoplan 57 187 - - -- -- data not available
Saco大坝巴西帕拉州帕拉Ecoplan州数据无法提供
13 1986 Kengkou China Fujian Datian County 57 187 43,000 56,000 70 + 50 (F) 118 + 84 p/c cone panels w/asphaltic
坑口坝 Prov. 大田县 mortar 0.75:1 p/c cone blocks
中国福建省 p/c锥板w/沥青砂浆0.75:1 p/c
锥块
14 1986 Creigbourne Australia Rivers and Water Supply 25 82 22,000 29,000 70 + 60 (F) 118 + 101 p/c cone panels 1:1 unformed
Creigbourne大坝 Tasmania Commission, Tasmania p/c锥板1:1无模板
澳大利亚塔斯河流和供水委员会，塔斯马尼
马尼亚岛亚岛
15 1986 Da Mist Kraal Weir S. Africa Dept, of Water Affairs 30 98 35,000 46,000 58 + 58 (F) 98 + 98 conv cone 0.6:1 conv cone
Da Mist Kraal Weir 南非水务主管部门常规锥形0.6:1常规锥形
大坝
16 1987 Tamagawa Dam Japan Akita Ministry of Construction 103 338 1,000,000 1,308,000 91+39 153+66 3.0 m conv cone 0.81:1 conv
日本多摩川大坝日本秋田建设部 cone
3.0 m常规锥形0.81:1常规锥形
17 1987 Upper Stillwater Dam USA Utah Bureau of Reclamation 87 285 1.070,000 1,400,000 77 + 171 129+289 conv cone slipform elements
上静水坝美国犹他州美国垦务局 0.6 deg conv cone slipformed
& stepped
常规锥形滑模元件
0.6度的滑模&台阶式常规锥
形
18 1987 Acaua Dam Brazil Para Sir Alexander Gibb 80 262 765,000 1,000,000 -- -- data not available
Acaua大坝巴西帕拉州 Alexander Gibb先生数据无法提供
19 1987 Lower Chase Creek USA Arizona Phelps Dodge Corp. 20 66 14,000 18,000 64 + 40 (F) 108+67 conv cone 0.7:1 conv cone
Lower Chase Creek 美国亚利桑那 Phelps Dodge公司常规锥形0.7:1常规锥形
大坝州
20 1987 Los Morales Spain Confederacion Hidrografica del 28 92 22,000 29,000 81 + 140 (F) 137 + 236 conv cone 0.75:1 against
Los Morales大坝西班牙 Tajo 73 + 127 (F) 123 + 214 formwork
69 + 153 (F) 116 + 258 常规锥形 0.75:1相对于模板
B-4
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21 1987 Las Olivettes France Department de I'Hersult 36 118 80,000 105,000 0+130 0 + 219 conv cone 0.75:1 mechanical
Las Olivettes大坝法国 compaction unformed face
常规锥形 0.75:1未机械压实无
模板面
22 1987 La Manzanilla Mexico Secretaria de Agriculture y 36 118 - - -- __ conv cone against p/c cone
La Manzanilla大坝墨西哥 Recoursos Hidraulios panels 0.75:1 unformed
针对 p/c 锥板的常规锥形
0.75:1无模板
(Sheet 2 of 7)
（第2张，共7张）
B-5
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表B-1（续）
Maximum
No. Year 1
Name of Dam Country/State Owner/Engineer 最大高度 RCC体积水泥 + 粉煤灰2 Face Upstream/ Downstream
1
编号年份大坝名称国家/州业主/工兵 m ft m3
yd 3
kg/m 3
lb/yd 3
上游面/下游面
23 1988 Elk Creek Dam USA Oregon Corps of Engineers Portland 76 249 795,800 1,040,800 70 + 33 118 + 56 conv cone 0.8:1 conv cone
麋鹿河大坝美国俄勒冈州波特兰工兵兵团常规锥形0.8:1常规锥形
24 1988 Rrika Dam Japan Hokkaido Ministry of Construction 40 131 350,000 458,000 84 + 36 142 + 61 1.5 m conv cone 0.8:1 conv
Rrika大坝日本北海道建设部 cone
25 1088 Urugua-i Argentina Electridad Misiones 75 260 610,000 798,000 60 + 0 101 + 0 conv cone 0.75:1 conv cone
Urugua-i大坝 Misiones 常规锥形0.75:1常规锥形
26 1988 Arabia Dam S. Africa Dept. of Cooperative 35 115 110,000 144,000 -- -- data not available
阿拉伯大坝 Lebowa Development Theron, Prlnsloo & 数据无法提供
南非莱博瓦 Van Ponder
合作开发部，Theron、Prlnsloo
& Van Ponder
27 1988 Mano Dam Japan Ministry of Construction 69 226 105,880 138,500 96 + 24 162+40 3.0 m conv cone 0.80:1 conv
Mano大坝 Fukushima 建设部 cone
日本福岛县 3.0 m常规锥形
0.80:1常规锥形
28 1988 Ain al Koreima Morocco Direction des Amenagements 26 85 27,000 35,000 200 + 0 (S) 337 + 0 conv cone against p/c cone
Ain al Koreima 大摩洛哥 Hydrauliques 100 + 0 (S) 169 + 0 panels 0.2/0.75:1 unformed
坝针对p/c锥板的常规锥形
0.2/0.75:1无模板
29 1988 Santa Eugenia Spain Sodedad Espanola de Carburos 83 272 225,000 294,000 72 + 143 (F) 121 + 241 0.05 against formwork 0.75:1
Santa Eugenia大坝西班牙 Metalicos 88 + 152 (F) 148 + 256 against formwork
0.05相对于模板
0.75:1相对于模板
30 1988 Tashkumir USSR Ministry of Power industry 75 246 85,000 111,000 90 + 30 (N) 152 + 51 conv cone 0.78:1 conv cone
Tashkumir大坝苏维埃社会主电力工业部常规锥形0.78:1常规锥形
义共和国联盟
（USSR）
31 1988 Nunome Japan Water Resources Development 72 236 110,000 143,000 96 + 24 (F) 162 + 40 data not available
Nunome大坝日本 Corporation 数据无法提供
B-6
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水资源开发公司
32 1988 Long men tan China Dehua County, Fujian Prov. 56 190 73,000 95,000 54 + 86 (F) 91 + 145 0.3 conv cone 0.75:1 p/c cone
龙门滩大坝中国福建省德化县 blocks
0.3常规锥形0.75:1 p/c锥块
33 1988 Rwedat Morocco Direction des Amenagements 24 79 25,000 33,000 100 + 0 169 + 0 data not available
Rwedat大坝摩洛哥 Hydrauliques 数据无法提供
(Sheet 3 of 7)
B-7
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表B-1（续）
Maximum
No. Year 1
1
yd 3
kg/m 3
lb/yd 3
上游面/下游面
34 1988 Los Canchales Spain Confederation Hidrografica del 18 59 25,000 33,000 -- -- data not available
Los Canchales大坝西班牙 Guadiana 数据无法提供
35 1988 Knellpoort S. Africa Dept. of Water Affairs 50 154 45,000 59,000 61 + 142 (F) 103+239 conv cone 0.5:1 conv cone
Knellpoort大坝南非水务主管部门常规锥形0.5:1常规锥形
36 1988 Tongjiezi China Dept. of Hydro. Power, Sichuan 88 289 446,000 583,000 90 + 70 (F) 152 + 118 conv cone 0.75:1 p/c cone
(Niurixigou saddle 中国 Province blocks
dam) 四川省水电部门常规锥形0.75:1 p/c锥块
铜街子大坝（Niuri
溪沟副坝）
1984 (main dam) 27 89 4,000 5,000 -- -- conv cone 0.75:1 p/c cone
（主坝） blocks
常规锥形0.75:1 p/c锥块
37 1989 Asahl Ogawa Dam Japan Toyama Ministry of Construction 84 276 350,000 458,000 96 + 24 162+40 data not available
Asahl Ogawa大坝日本富山县建设部数据无法提供
38 1989 Tianshenqiao No. 2 China Guizhou/Guangxi Provinces 61 200 131,000 171,000 55 + 85 (F) 93+143 conv cone
天生桥2号大坝中国贵州省/广西省常规锥形
conv cone
常规锥形
39 1989 Mahui China Department of Water Resources 23 75 150,000 196,000 --(F) conv cone
马会大坝中国 & Hydropower Sichuan Province 常规锥形
四川省水利水电部门 conv cone
常规锥形
40 1989 Stacy Spillway USA Colorado Colorado River Municipal Water 31 102 88,000 115,000 125 + 62 (C) 2 11 + 1 0 5 reinforced conv cone cast after
Stacy溢洪道美国科罗拉多 District RCC against formwork 0.831:1
科罗拉多水务管理部门 unformed
州
浇铸了针对模板的RCC之后的
加固常规锥形0.831:1无模板
41 1989 Wright's Basin Australia ACT Government 18 59 9,000 12,000 145 + 72 (F) 244 + 121 RCC against p/c cone panels
Wright's Basin大坝澳大利亚澳大利亚首都领地政府 1.0:1 unformed
相对于p/c锥板的RCC1.0:1 无
B-8
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模板
42 1989 Marmot USA Oregon Portland General Electric 15 49 6,000 11,000 71 + 107 (F) 120 + 180 conv cone 0.8:1 conv cone
Marmot大坝美国俄勒冈州波特兰通用电气公司常规锥形0.8:1常规锥形
43 1989 Wolwedans S. Africa Dept. of Water Affairs 70 230 180,000 235,000 58 + 136 (F) 98 + 229 conv cone 0.5:1 conv conc
Wolwedans大坝南非水务主管部门常规锥形0.5:1常规锥形
44 1989 Panjiakou China Bureau of Panjiakou Control 25 82 21,000 26,000 107 + 46 (F) 180 + 78 conv cone 0.6:1 conv cone
潘家口大坝中国 Works 常规锥形0.6:1常规锥形
潘家口控制工程局
(Sheet 4 of 7)
B-9
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1992年2月1日
表B-1（续）
Maximum
No. Year 1
1
yd 3
kg/m 3
lb/yd 3
上游面/下游面
45 1989 Shangban China Yongan County Fujian Province 54 177 38,000 50,000 -- -- p/c cone panels backed with
Shangban大坝中国福建省永安县 asphalt mortar 0.75:1 p/c conc
blocks
由沥青砂浆支承的 p/c 锥板
0.75:1 p/c锥块
46 1990 Dodaira Japan Gunma-ken 70 230 167,000 218,000 96 + 24 (F) 162 + 41 0.4 conv cone 0.75:1 conv cone
Dodaira大坝日本群马县 0.4常规锥形0.75:1常规锥形
47 1990 Oxhid Mine 3A USA Cyprus-Miami Mining Corp. 20 66 7,000 9,000 190 + 0 320 + 0 conv cone w/HDPE liner 0.85:1
Oxhid Mine 3A大坝美国塞浦路斯迈阿密矿业公司 unformed
常规锥形 w/HDPE 衬垫0.85:1
无模板
48 1990 Quail Creek South USA Utah Washington County Water 42 138 130,000 170,000 80 + 53 (F) 135+89 conv cone 0.85:1 unformed
南Quail Creek大坝美国犹他州 Conservancy District 常规锥形0.85:1无模板
华盛顿县水利区
49 1990 Concepion Honduras Servicio Autonomo Nacional 68 223 320,000 418,000 95 + 0 160 + 0 conv cone w/HDPE liner 0.8:1
Concepion大坝洪都拉斯 Acueductos y Acantarillados conv cone
常规锥形w/HDPE衬垫0.8:1常
规锥形
50 1990 Wriggleswade S. Africa Dept. of Water Affairs 34 112 134,000 175,000 44+66 (F) 74 + 111 conv cone 0.62:1 conv cone
Wriggleswade大坝南非水务主管部门常规锥形0.62:1常规锥形
51 1990 Marono Spam Diputacion Foral de AJava 53 174 80,000 104,000 80 + 155 (F) 135 + 261 data not available
Marono大坝西班牙 65 + 175 (F) 11 0 + 2 9 5 数据无法提供
52 1990 D'Aoulouz Morocco Direction des Amenagements 79 259 608,000 795,000 100 + 0 (M) 169 + 0 slipform elements 0.30:1 conv
D'Aoulouz大坝摩洛哥 Hydrauliques cone
滑模元件0.30:1常规锥形
53 1990 Asari Japan Hokkaido 74 243 259,000 339,000 96 + 24 (F) 162 + 41 0.30 m conv cone 0.8:1 conv
Asari大坝日本北海道 cone
54 1990 Freeman Diversion USA United Water Conservancy District 17 56 99,000 130,000 125 + 83 (F) 210 + 140 conv cone 0.8 unformed
Freeman Diversion 美国美国水利区常规锥形0.8无模板
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大坝
55 1990 Kamuro Japan Yamagata-ken 61 200 255,000 334,000 96 + 24 (F) 162+40 0.6 m conv cone 0.8:1 conv
Kamuro大坝日本山形县 cone
56 1990 Cuchillo Negro USA US Army Corps of Engineers 44 144 79,000 103,000 -- -- conv cone 0.9:1 unformed
Cuchillo Negro大坝美国美国陆军工兵兵团常规锥形0.9:1无模板
(Sheet 5 of 7)
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表B-1（续）
Maximum
No. Year 1
Name of Dam Country/Stats Owner/Engineer 最大高度 RCC体积水泥 + 粉煤灰2 Face Upstream/ Downstream
1
yd 3
kg/m 3
lb/yd 3
上游面/下游面
57 1990 Rongdi China Dept. of Water Resources & 53 174 60,000 79,000 -- -- p/c cone blocks 0.75:1 p/c cone
荣地大坝中国 Hydropower Guangxi Zhuang blocks
Region p/c锥块0.75:1 p/c锥块
广西壮族自治区水利水电部门
58 1990 Glen Melville S. Africa Dept. of Water Affairs 32 105 66,000 86,000 95 + 95 (F) 160 + 160 conv cone 0.75:1 conv cone
Glen Melville大坝南非水务主管部门 88 + 88 (F) 148 + 148 常规锥形0.75:1常规锥形
59 1990 Yantan China - 106 348 400,000 523,000 -- -- data not available
岩滩大坝中国 - 数据无法提供
60 1991 Joumous Morocco Direction des Amenagements 57 187 170,000 222,000 150 + 0 253 + 0 0.2 m conv cone against p/c
Joumous大坝摩洛哥 Hydrauliques panels 0.8:1 conv cone
针对 p/c 板的 0.2 m 常规锥形
0.8:1常规锥形
61 1991 Victoria Australia Water Authority of Western 50 164 110.000 143,000 79 + 147 (F) 133 + 248 slipform elements 0.325/0.8:1
维多利亚大坝澳大利亚 Australia slipform elements
西澳大利亚州水利局滑模元件0.325/0.8:1滑模元件
62 1991 Daguangba China Dongfan County, Hainan 55 180 518,000 678,000 80 + 60 (F) 135 + 101 conv cone
大广坝中国海南省东方市常规锥形
0.8:1 p/c cone blocks
0.8:1 p/c锥块
63 1991 Pouding China Dept. of Electricity Guizhou 75 246 107,000 140,000 -- -- conv cone 0.35:1 conv cone
普定大坝中国 Province 常规锥形0.35:1常规锥形
贵州省电力部门
64 1991 La Borie Franoe Conseil General du Gard 51 167 140,000 183,000 0+150 (R) 0 + 253 reinforced conv cone cast
La Borie大坝法国 against formwork 0.75:1 mech
compac unformed
浇铸模板的加固常规锥形
0.75:1紧凑的网格无模板5
65 1991 La Puebla da Spain Confederacion Hidrografica del 70 230 114,000 149,000 --(F) -- 0.10 m RCC against formwork
5
不确定理解是否正确-译者注
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Cazalla大坝西班牙 Guadalquivir 0.8:1 RCC against formwork
相对于模板的0.10 m RCC
0.8:1相对于模板的RCC
66 1991 Hattabara Japan Ministry of Construction 82 272 228,000 298,000 84 + 36 142 + 61 0.2 m conv cone 0.75:1 conv
Hattabara大坝日本建设部 cone
67 1992 Sakaigawa Dam Japan Toyama Ministry of Construction 115 377 626,000 819,000 84 + 36 142 + 61 3.0 m conv cone 0.78:1 conv
Sakaigawa大坝日本富山县建设部 cone
68 1992 Taung S. Africa Bophuthatswana Dept. of Water 50 164 109,000 143,000 44 + 66 (F) 74 + 111 0.75 m conv cone 0.75:1 conv
Taung大坝南非 Affairs cone
博普塔茨瓦纳水务主管部门 0.75 m常规锥形0.75:1常规锥
形
(Sheet 6 of 7)
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Table B-1 (Concluded)
表B-1（续）
Maximum
NO. Height RCC Volumes Cement + Fly Ash2
编 Year 1
1
号年份大坝名称国家/州业主/工兵 m ft m3
yd 3
kg/m 3
lb/yd 3
上游面/下游面
69 1993 Guanginge China Benxi City. Liaoning Province 82 269 1,240,000 1,622,000 84 + 36 (F) 142 + 61 0.5 m conv cone 0.77:1 conv
Guanginge大坝中国辽宁省本溪市 cone
70 1993 Platanovryssi Greece Public Power Corporation 95 312 420,000 549,000 35 + 250 (C) 59 + 421 0.1 m slipform elements 0.75:1
Platanovryssi大坝希腊希腊公共电力公司 slipform elements
0.1 m滑模元件0.75:1滑模元件
71 1993 Petit Saut French Electridte de France 36 118 230,000 301,000 0+120 (R) 0 + 202 data not available
Petit Saut大坝 Guyana 法国电力集团数据无法提供
法属盖亚那
72 UC Capanda Angola Angolan State 110 361 820,000 1,073,000 60 + 100 (M) 101 + 169 conv cone against p/c cone
Capanda大坝安哥拉安哥拉国家 panels 0.7:1 slipform elements
针对p/c锥板的常规锥形0.7:1
滑模元件
73 UD Shiromizugawa Dam Japan Ministry of Construction 54.5 179 312,000 - -- -- 3.0 m conv cone 0.80:1 conv
Shiromizugawa大坝 Yamagata 建设部 cone
日本山形县 3.0 m常规锥形0.80:1常规锥形
74 UD Pamo Dam USA San Diego Co. Water District 80 264 375,400 491,000 -- -- conv cone 0.7:1 conv cone
Pamo大坝 California Dames & Moore 常规锥形0.7:1常规锥形
美国加利福圣地亚哥水区Dames & Moore有
尼亚州限公司
75 UD Lake Robertson Dam Canada Hydro Quebec Lemieux, Roy & - - 32,000 41,500 -- -- 0.45 m conv cone
罗伯逊湖大坝 Quebec Assoc. 0.45 m常规锥形
加拿大魁北魁北克水电 Lemieux Lemieux,
克省 Roy & Assoc.
76 UD Stagecoach Dam USA Upper Yam pa Water Cons. Dist. 44 145 45,900 60,000 -- -- conv cone 0.8:1 conv cone
Stagecoach大坝 Colorado Woodward Clyde Cons. stepped
美国科罗拉扬帕河上游水源保护区常规锥形0.8:1阶梯式常规锥形
多州 Woodward Clyde保护
77 UC Ryumon Japan Ministry of Construction 100 328 740,000 968,000 91 + 39 (F) 153+66 0.3 m conv cone 0.8:1 conv
Ryumon大坝日本建设部 cone
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78 UC Miyatoko Japan Miyagl-ken 48 158 172,000 225,000 -- — data not available
Miyatoko大坝日本宫城县数据无法提供
79 UD Tsugawa Japan Okayama-ken 76 249 232,000 303,000 -- -_ data not available
Tsugawa大坝日本冈山县数据无法提供
(Sheet 7 of 7)
1
UC = Under construction; UD = Under design -not yet bid.
1
UC = 正在施工；UD = 正在设计-尚未投标。
2
Pozzolans: C = Class C fly ash. N = Class N pozzolan.
2
火山灰： C = C类粉煤灰。 N = N类火山灰。
F = Class F fly ash. R = Rolac (a mixture of C and S with limestone dust).
F = F类粉煤灰。 R = Rolac（C和S与石灰石粉尘的混合物）。
M = Milled sand. S = Ground-granulated blast furnace slag.
M = 磨砂。 S = 高炉矿渣微粉
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Table B-2 B -Overflow Sections and Spillways
表B-2 B -溢流段和溢洪道
Year RCC RCC Volume Cement + Fly Ash
Completed RCC体积水泥 + 粉煤灰
No.完成 RCC 的年 Name Country/State Owner/Engineer Application
编号份名称国家/州业主/工兵 m3 yd3 kg/m3 lb/yd3 应用
1 1978 Chena Proj. Floodway USA Alaska Corps of Engineers Anchorage, AK 12,800 16,700 178 + 0 300 + 0 1.5-m (5-ft)-high
切纳项目泄洪道美国阿拉斯加阿拉斯加安克雷奇工兵兵团 floodway sill
州 1.5-m （5-ft）-较高
泄洪道岩床
2 1980 Oconee Dam No. 2 -rehab USA Tennessee Valley Authority 3,400 4,450 -- -- Downstream slope old
奥康尼2号大坝-修复 Tennessee 田纳西河流域管理局 wood crib & rock
美国田纳西州 dam
下游坡旧木垛与石坝
3 1980 Toutle River Debris Structure USA Corps of Engineers Portland, OR 13,800 18,000 297 + 0 500 + 0 Overflow spillway on
图特尔河碎屑结构 Washington
俄勒冈州波特兰工兵兵团 embankment
美国华盛顿州堤岸上的溢洪道
4 1980 Shin-Nakano Dam Raising Japan Ministry of Construction 13,000 17,000 84 + 36 142 + 61 Stilling basin
新中野大坝加高 Hokkaido 建设部消力池
日本北海道
5 1982 Tarbela Dam Pakistan Pakistan Water & Power Dev. Auth. 2,300,000 3,000,000 148 + 0 250 + 0 Stabilization of
塔贝拉大坝巴基斯坦 Tippett-Abbett-McCarthy-Stratton service & auxiliary
巴基斯坦水力开发局Tippett-Abbett- spillway plunge pools
McCarthy-Stratton 正常溢洪道和辅助溢
洪道跌水池的稳定性
6 1984 Dolet Hills Power-plant Dam USA Southwestern Electric Power Co. 19,970 26.120 208 + 104 350 + 175 11-m (35-ft)-high
Dolet Hills电站大坝 Louisiana Freese & Nichols spillway section
美国路易斯安西南电力股份有限公司， Freese & 11-m （35-ft）-较高
那州 Nichols 泄洪坝段
7 1985 Kerrville Ponding Dam -rehab USA Texas Upper Guadalupe River Authority 16,800 22,000 119 + 0 200 + 0 6.4-m (214t)-high
克尔维尔积水坝-修复美国德克萨斯 Espey-Huston & Assoc. downstream gravity
瓜达卢佩河上游管理局， Espey- section
州
Huston & Assoc. 6.4-m（21-ft）-较高
下游重力坝段
8 1986 De Mist Kraal Weir S. Africa Cape Dept. of Water Affairs 60,000 78,500 58.5 + 58.5 99 + 99 30-m (98-ft)-high
spillway section
De Mist Kraal Weir大坝南非开普敦水务主管部门
30-m （98-ft）-较高
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泄洪坝段
说明：-表示数据无法提供。
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Table B-3 C -Miscellaneous Dam Applications
表B-3 C -其他大坝的应用
No.完成 RCC 的年 Name Country/State Owner/Engineer Application
编号份名称国家/州业主/工兵 m3 yd3 kg/m3 lb/yd3 应用
1 1960 Shihmen Dam Taiwan Tippett-Abbett-McCarthy-Stratton -- -- 158 + 79 94 + 47 Core for cofferdam
石门大坝台湾 Tippett-Abbett-McCarthy-Stratton 围堰的中心部分
2 1968 Cochiti Dam USA New Corps of Engineers Albuquerque, NM 44,700 58,460 99 + 0 167 + 0 Foundation for outet
Cochiti大坝 Mexico 新墨西哥州阿布奎基工兵兵团 works conduit
美国新墨西哥出口工程管道的基
州础
3 1975 Tarbela Dam Pakistan Pakistan Water & Power Dev. Auth 350,000 460,000 111 + 0 187 + 0 Outlet tunnel repairs
塔贝拉大坝巴基斯坦 Tippett-Abbett-McCarthy-Stratton 排水隧道维修
巴基斯坦水力开发局， Tippett-
Abbett-McCarthy-Stratton
4 1978 Bonneville Lock & Dam USA Corps of Engineers Portland, OR 13,000 17,000 166 + 0 280 + 0 Protection of rock
邦威水闸和堤坝 Washington 俄勒冈州波特兰工兵兵团 surfaces from air
美国华盛顿州 slaking
防止水闸表面潮解
5 1978 Itaipu Dam Brazil & Itaipu Binacional Promon Engenharia 26,000 34,000 -- -- Backfill for access
伊泰普大坝 Paraguay SA ramp
巴西-巴拉圭伊泰普水电站Promon Engenharia SA 回填入口坡道
公司
6 1979 Revelstoke Dam Canada British BC Hydro 7,600 9,940 169 + 0 284 + 0 3.6-m (12-ft)-thick
里维斯度克水坝 Columbia 水电公司 cap for cofferdam
加拿大不列颠 3.6-m（12-ft）-围堰
哥伦比亚省的厚帽
7 1980 Ohkawa Dam Japan Ministry of Construction 300,000 392,000 96 + 24 162 + 40 Foundation mat
大川大坝 Fukushima 建设部基础底板
日本福岛县
S 1981 Guri Dam Venezula Electrificacion del Canon! CA Harza - 15,570 20,365 100 + 0 169 + 0 7-m (23-ft)-high
古里水坝委内瑞拉 EDELCA cofferdam for second
tail race
7-m （ 23-ft ） - 第二
尾水渠的较高围堰
9 1982 Tucurui Dam Brazil Para Themag Engenharia 12,230 16,000 -- -- In navigation lock
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图库鲁伊水坝巴西帕拉州 walls
船闸墙体内
10 Unknown Holbeam Wood Dam UK Southwest Water Authority -- -- -- -- 12-m (33-ft)-high
未知 Holbeam Wood大坝英国西南水务局 core
12-m（33-ft）-较高
中心部分
11 1985 Lake Brazos Dam -rehab USA Texas City of Waco Harza Engineering 13,000 17,000 178 + 0 300 + 0 Foundation for
Lake Brazos大坝-修复美国德克萨斯韦科市Harza工程 spillway & stilling
basin
州
溢洪道与消力池的
基础
Note: --indicates data not available.
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Table B-4 D -Dam Rehabilitation and Replacement
表B-4 D -大坝修复和更换
No. Completed RCC体积水泥 + 粉煤灰
编完成 RCC 的年 Name State Owner/Engineer Application
号份名称州业主/工兵 m3 yd3 kg/m3 lb/yd3 应用
REHABILITATION OF EMBANKMENT DAMS
土石坝的修复
1 1980 Ocoee Dam No. 2 -rehab TN TN Valley Authority 3,400 4,450 -- -- Downstream slope of
奥康尼2号大坝-修复田纳西州田纳西河流域管理局 old wood crib & rock
dam
旧木垛与石坝的下游
坡
2 1980 N. Fork Toutle River Debris WA Corps of Engineers Portland, OR 13,800 18,000 297 + 0 500 + 0 Overflow spillway
Structure 华盛顿州俄勒冈州波特兰工兵兵团 replacement
北福克图特尔河碎屑结构溢洪道更换
3 1984 Brownwood CC Dam -rehab TX Brownwood Country Club Freese & 1,070 1,400 184 Type IP 300 Type IP Downstream overtop
布朗伍德乡村俱乐部大坝-修德克萨斯 Nichols 184型IP 300型IP protection
复州布朗伍德乡村俱乐部，Freese & Nichols 下游过高保护
4 1985 Lake Brazos Dam -rehab TX City of Waco Harza Engineering 13,000 17,000 178 + 0 300 + 0 Foundation for
Lake Brazos大坝-修复德克萨斯韦科市Harza工程 spillway & stilling
州 basin
溢洪道与消力池的基
础
5 1986 Spring Creek Dam -rehab CO CO Division of Wildlife Morrison- 2,720 4,860 133.5 + 0 225 + 0 Downstream overtop
Spring Creek大坝-修复科罗拉多 Knudson Engineers protection
州科罗拉多州野生动物部门， Morrison- 下游过高保护
Knudson工兵
6 1986 Harris Park Dam No. 1 -rehab CO Harris Park W&S, District 1 Edward Shaw 1,760 2,300 178 + 0 300 + 0 Downstream overtop
哈里斯公园1号大坝-修复科罗拉多哈里斯公园W&S 1区，Edward Shaw protection
州下游过高保护
7 1988 Commanche Trail Dam -rehab TX City of Big Spring Freese & Nichols 4,970 6,500 147 + 37 248 + 63 Breach repair &
Commanche Trail大坝-修复德克萨斯大斯普林市，Freese & Nichols downstream overtop
州 protection
毁坏修复与下游过高
保护
8 1988 Addicks and Barker Dam - TX Corps of Engineers Galveston, TX 43,350 56,700 173 + 145 292 + 244 Downstream overtop
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Rehab 德克萨斯得克萨斯州加尔维斯顿工兵兵团 protection
阿迪克斯和巴克水坝-修复州下游过高保护
9 1989 Goose Lake Dam -Rehab CO City of Boulder Harza Engineering 3,520 4,600 214 + 0 360 + 0 Downstream overtop
鹅湖大坝-修复科罗拉多博尔德市Harza工程 protection
州下游过高保护
10 1989 Boney Falls Dam -rehab MI Meade Paper Company Harza Engineering 3,710 4,850 129+98 217 + 165 Downstream overtop
Boney Falls大坝-修复密歇根州 Meade纸业公司Harza工程 protection
下游过高保护
11 1989 Upper Bear Creek
Dam AL TN Valley Authority ' " Surfacing of spalled
Spillway -rehab 阿拉巴马田纳西河流域管理局 rock spillway
上熊溪大坝溢洪道-修复州剥落的岩石溢洪道的
表面修整
Note: --indicates data not available. (Sheet 1 of 2)

说明：-表示数据无法提供。（第1张，共2张）
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Table B-4 (Concluded)

表B-4（续）
No. 完成 RCC 的年 Name State Owner/Engineer Application
编号份名称州业主/工兵 m 3
yd 3
kg/m3
lb/yd 3
应用
DAM REPLACEMENTS
大坝更换
1 1985 Kerrville Ponding Dam - TX Upper Guadalupe River Espey-Huston & 16,200 22,000 119 + 0 200 + 0 6.4-m (21-ft)-high
rehab 德克萨斯 Associates downstream gravity
克尔维尔积水坝-修复州瓜达卢佩河上游 Espey-Huston & section
Associates 6.4-m（21-ft）-较高
下游重力坝段
2 1986 Cedar Falls Overflow Dike WA Seattle City Light R.W. Beck & Associates 3,820 5,000 110 + 92 185 + 155 10.4-m (34-ft)-high
River 华盛顿州西雅图市，Light R.W. Beck & Associates dam -replaced timber
雪松瀑布溢流堤 crib dam
10.4-m （ 34-ft ） - 较
高大坝-取代木垛坝
3 1986 Dryden (2 dams) Weir
WA Chelan Public Utility Dist. CH2M/HIII 3,210 4,200 237 + 59 400 + 100 3.0-& 4.3-m (10-&
德莱登（2个大坝）溢流堰华盛顿州奇兰公用事业区CH2M/HIII 14-ft)-high dam -
replaced timber crib
dam
3.0-& 4.3-m （ 10-&
14-ft）-较高大坝-取
代木垛坝
4 1989 Marmot Dam OR Portland General Electric Ebasco Services 7,870 10,300 71 + 107 120 + 180 15.3-m (50-ft)-high
马莫特水坝俄勒冈州波特兰通用电气Ebasco服务 dam -replaced timber
crib dam
15.3-m （ 50-ft ） - 较
高大坝-取代木垛坝
5 1990 Quail Creek S. Dam UT WA County Water Cons. Dist. Morrison- 135,000 176,500 80 + 53 135 + 90 42-m (137-ft)-high
南Quail Creek大坝犹他州 Knudson Engineers dam -replaced failed
embankment dam
犹他州华盛顿县水源保护区
Morrison-Knudson工兵 42-m （ 137-ft ） - 较
高大坝-取代不成功
的土石坝
(Sheet 2 of 2)
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Table B-5 E -Projects Less than 10,000 Cubic Yards
表B-5 E -不到10,000立方码的项目
Cost per yd3
RCC
Construction Aggregate and
成本/yd3
Project Bid Date Date As Bid yd3 Production Cost/yd3 Cement Fly Ash Total Cost/yd3
3 3
项目投标日期 RCC施工日期投标yd 骨料和生产成本/yd 水泥粉煤灰总成本/yd3
Brownwood CC Dam -TX -rehab 1984 1984 1,500 28.50 13.50 (300 lb Type IP @ -- 42.00
布朗伍德乡村俱乐部大坝-TX-修复 $90/ton) --
13.50（300 lb类型IP @ $90/
吨）
Arroyo Simi -CA -rehab 03-10-85 lost alt. to rock 5,360 19.00 15.15 (278 lb @ $109/ton) -- 34.15
Arroyo Simi大坝-CA-修复 1985年03月10日（因岩石性质 15.15（278 lb @ $109/吨） --
6
改变）流标
Dryden Dam -WA -rehab 05-29-86 1986 4,200 bid as lump sum (4001b) (100 lb) 60.00 (approx.)
德莱登-WA-修复 1986年05月29日一次性投标（400 1b）（100 lb） 60.00（大约）
Cedar Falls Overflow Dike -WA 06-11-86 1986 5,000 40.00 5.90 (185 lb @ $63.83/ton) 4.43 (155 lb @ $57.14/ton) 50.33
雪松瀑布溢流堤-WA 1986年06月11日 5.90（185 lb @ $63.83/吨） 4.43（155 lb @ $57.14/吨）
Spring Creek Dam –CO - rehab 06-18-86 1986 4,500 25.00 11.93 (225 lb @ $106/ton) -- 36.93
Spring Creek大坝-CO-修复 1986年06月18日 11.93（225 lb @ $106/吨） --
Ahwatukee Dike -A2 1986 1986 2,068 ― (225 lb) (170 lb) 69.50* total
Ahwatukee堤坝-A2 （225 lb）（170 lb）共69.50*
b
Harris Park Dam No. 1 -CO -rehab 1986 1986 2,300 33.00 14.25 (285 lb @ $100/ton est) -- 47.25
哈里斯公园1号大坝-CO-修复 14.25（最多285 lb @ $100/ --
吨）
Commanche Trail Dam -TX -rehab 02-04-88 1988 6,500 29.00 8.82 (240 lb @ $71.25/ton) 1.09 (63 lb @ $34.62/ton) 38.91
Commanche Trail大坝-TX-修复 1988年02月04日 8.82（240 lb @ $71.25/吨） 1.09（63 lb @ $34.62/吨）
Lake Trammell Dam –TX - rehab 06-07-88 1988 3,280 - (310 lb) (100 lb) 50.00 total
Lake Trammell大坝-TX-修复 1988年06月07日（310 lb）（100 lb）共50.00
2
Goose Lake Dam * CO -rehab 05-23-89 1989 2,710 40.00 11.16 (360 lb @ $67/ton) -- 51.16
鹅湖大坝-CO-修复 1989年05月23日 11.16（360 lb @ $67/吨） --
Boney Falls Dam -Ml -rehab 1989 1989 4,850 49.50 9.20 (217 lb @ $85/ton) 3.30 (165 lb @ $40/ton) 62.00
Boney Falls大坝-MI-修复 9.20（217 lb @ $85/吨） 3.30（165 lb @ $40/吨）
6
不确定这样理解是否合适-一译者注
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Note: -indicates no data available.
a
Does not include 5,000 yd3 of compacted earthfill (est @ $4/yd3) brought up concurrently with the dike nor $42,000 mobilization and other earthwork.
a
不包括5,000 yd3的夯实填土（最多@ $4/yd3），同时还提出了不包括在人员入场上花费了$42,000的堤坝工程以及土方工程。
b
On-site pit-run aggregate, could also be called soil-cement.
b
现场天然级配骨料也可被称为水泥土。
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Appendix C Sample Technical Specifications
附录C 技术规范样本
NOTE: The following sample technical specifications were excerpted from the Elk Creek Dam
project specifications and are printed as written by the US Army Engineer District, Portland,
Portland, OR.
注：如下技术规范样本摘自麋鹿河大坝项目规范，由俄勒冈州波特兰的美国陆军工兵兵团波
特兰区打印为书面版本。
Elk Creek Dam,

PART II
SECTION 03360
ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE
PART 1 -GENERAL
麋鹿河大坝，
第二部分
第03360节
碾压混凝土
第1部分-概述
1. SCOPE OF WORK. The work covered by this section consists of the manufacturing,
transporting, placing, compacting and curing of roller compacted concrete. Roller compacted
concrete for this job is a combination of fine and coarse size aggregate, pozzolan, cement, and
admixtures that is blended with water to a damp consistency that permits hauling and spreading
with earth moving equipment and compaction with a vibratory roller. Roller compacted concrete
when produced according to these specifications will have properties typical of conventional mass
concrete. The roller compacted concrete and a conventional slump concrete using the same
aggregate will be combined to form an integral union at the upstream face. The roller compacted
concrete may include a water-reducing or water-reducing/retarding admixture. Hereinafter within
this specification section, roller compacted concrete will be referred to as RCC. That portion of the
regulating outlet (R.O.) below the 10-foot diameter diversion conduit is to be constructed of RCC,
or at the option of the Contractor, conventional concrete may be used. If RCC is used, construction
of the regulating outlet shall be in accordance with applicable portions of these specifications. The
R.O. and the foundation protection RCC will be placed prior to construction of the main concrete
gravity dam, and possibly prior to completion of the RCC mixing facilities, and development of the
RCC aggregate stockpiles. Therefore, the Contractor is allowed to use the batching and mixing and
conveying systems used in the production of conventional concrete, and the Government-provided
natural aggregate stockpiles, for the production of this RCC. The upstream RCC cofferdam shall be
constructed as specified in paragraph 10.1.2 as a testfill to prove the Contractor’s plant and
placement capabilities.
工程范围。本节讨论的工程包括碾压混凝土的生产、运输、浇筑、压实和养护。本
工程的碾压混凝土混合了粗细骨料、火山灰、水泥，它是与水混合的一定稠度的掺合料，其
能够使用推土设备摊铺并用振动压路机压实。根据这些规范生产的碾压混凝土有常规大体积
混凝土的特性。将使用相同骨料的碾压混凝土和常规坍落度混凝土混合形成上游面的整体结
构。碾压混凝土可能包括减水剂或减水/缓凝剂。在以下本节规范中，碾压混凝土简称为
RCC。直径在10英尺以下的引水渠调节出口（R.O.）部分用RCC建造，或承包人可以选择常
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规混凝土。如果使用RCC，调节出口的施工应符合这些规范的适用部分。调节出口和基础保
护RCC的浇筑优先与主混凝土重力坝，并可能优先于RCC搅拌设备的完工以及RCC骨料堆料
的进展。因此，允许承包人使用常规混凝土生产中使用的搅拌和运输系统以及政府提供的天
然骨料堆料生产该RCC。上游RCC围堰坝的施工应按第10.1.2段的规定进行碾压试验填方以
证明承包人的搅拌装置及浇筑能力。
2. APPLICABLE PUBLICATIONS. Except as otherwise allowed, specified, or supplemented

by this specification section, RCC will be subject to SECTION 03300.
适用出版物。除非本节规范另有允许、规定或补充，RCC应符合第03300节。
3. RELATED WORK SPECIFIED ELSEWHERE.
另行规定的相关著作。
3.1 Concrete Formwork, SECTION 03100.
混凝土模板，第03100节。
3.2 Concrete Reinforcement, SECTION 03200.
混凝土配筋，第03200节。
3.3 Waterstops, Expansion, Contraction and Vertical Construction Joints in Concrete,

SECTION 03250.
混凝土止水带、伸缩缝、收缩缝和纵向施工缝，第03250节。
3.4 Concrete, SECTION 03300.
混凝土，第03300节。
3.5 Shotcrete, SECTION 03361.
喷射混凝土，第03361节。
3.6 Precast and Prestressed Concrete, SECTION 03400.
预制混凝土和预应力混凝土，第03400节。
4. QUALITY ASSURANCE.
质量保证
4.1 Preconstruction Sampling and Testing.
施工前取样和检测。
4.1.1 Aggregates. Aggregates shall be produced from the sources listed in SC-18.
骨料。骨料应产自SC-18所列的来源。
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4.1.2 Sources and Evaluation Testing. Aggregates shall be produced from the sources listed
in SC-18 or fine aggregates may be produced from another source when approved in accordance
with SC-18 and the Technical Specifications herein. If the Contractor propose to furnish fine
aggregates from a source not listed, the Government will make such tests and other investigations as
are necessary to determine whether or not aggregates meeting the requirements of this project can
be produced from the proposed source. The tests to which the aggregate will be subjected may
include specific gravity, absorption, soundness in magnesium sulfate, petrographic analyses,
freezing and thawing in concrete, alkali-aggregate reaction, organic impurities, and any other tests
that are necessary to demonstrate that concrete of acceptable quality and cost can be produced from
the materials proposed. These tests will be conducted in accordance with the applicable ASTM’s
and the Corps of Engineers methods of test given in the Handbook for Concrete and Cement. When
the Contractor desires to use fine aggregates from a source not listed, suitable samples for quality
evaluation consisting of not less than 6,000 pounds of fine aggregate shall be taken under the
supervision of the Government in accordance with CRD-C 100 and shall be delivered to the
Director, NPD Materials Lab, Corps of Engineers, Troutdale, Oregon 97060, within 30 days after
date of notice to proceed. Sampling and shipping of samples shall be at the Contractor’s expense. A
maximum of 90 days will be required to complete evaluation of the aggregates.
来源以及评估检测。骨料应产自SC-18所列的来源，或当根据SC-18以及此技术
规范审批后细骨料可以产自其他来源。如果承包人提议从未列出的来源提供细骨料，政府应
进行确定满足本工程要求的骨料是否可以产自所提议的来源所需的检测以及其他调查。对骨
料进行的检测可能包括比重、吸水性、硫酸镁坚固性、岩相分析、混凝土冻融、碱集料反应
、有机杂质以及任何其他证明质量合格成本合理的混凝土可以来自所提议的材料所需的检测
。这些检测根据适用的混凝土和水泥手册中给出的美国试验材料学会以及陆军工兵兵团的检
测方法进行。当承包人想使用来自未列出的来源的细骨料时，应在政府的监督下按照CRD-C
100进行包括不少于6,000磅细骨料的合适样本的质量评估，并且该质量评估应在通知日起30
日内交给俄勒冈州Troutdale陆军工兵兵团NPD材料实验室主任，邮编97060。样本的采集和
运输费用应由承包人承担。完成骨料评估最多需要90天。
4.1.3 Sample for Mixture Design Studies. At least 60 days in advance of the time when
placing of RCC for the upstream cofferdam is expected to begin, samples of representative
materials proposed for this project shall be delivered to the Director, NPD Materials Lab, Corps of
Engineers, Troutdale, Oregon 97060 by the Contractor at his expense. Samples of approved
aggregates shall be taken under the supervision of the Contracting Officer in accordance with CRD-
C 100, accompanied by test reports indicating conformance with grading requirements hereinafter
specified. Samples of materials other than aggregates shall be representative of those proposed for
the project and when submitted shall be accompanied by manufacturer’s test reports. Test reports
shall indicate compliance with all applicable specified requirements. Quantities of materials
required shall be as follows:
用于拌合料设计研究的样本。至少在预计开始浇筑上游围堰RCC前60天将为本
工程提议的代表性材料的样本送给俄勒冈州Troutdale陆军工兵兵团NPD材料实验室主任，邮
编97060，费用由承包人承担。审批骨料的取样应在甲方工程代表监督下按照CRD-C 100进
行，附上表明其符合下文规定的级配要求的检查报告。除骨料外材料的样本应为工程所提议
材料的有代表性的样本，提交样本时应附有厂家的检测报告。检测报告应表明其符合所有适
用的规定要求。所需材料的数量应为如下：
Material Quantity
材料数量
3 inch maximum size coarse aggregate 9 tons
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最大粒径为3英寸的粗骨料 9吨
1-1/2 inch maximum size coarse aggregate 9 tons
最大粒径为1-1/2英寸的粗骨料 9吨
3/4 inch maximum size coarse aggregate 9 tons
最大粒径为3/4英寸的粗骨料 9吨
Fine aggregate 12 tons
细骨料 12吨
Cement (in barrels or sacks) 2 tons
水泥（桶装或袋装） 2吨
Pozzolan (in barrels or sacks) 1 ton
火山灰（桶装或袋装） 1吨
If the natural aggregate stockpiles listed in SC-18.1 are used for the production of RCC for the
regulating outlet, representative materials shall be delivered to the Troutdale, NPD Materials Lab at
least 60 days in advance of the start of RCC operations. Quantities of materials required shall be as
follows:
如果SC-18.1所列的天然骨料堆料用于生产调节出口的RCC，代表性物料应在RCC开始施工
前至少60天送到Troutdale NPD材料实验室。所需材料的数量应为如下：
Material Quantity
材料数量
1-1/2 inch maximum size coarse aggregate 4,000 pounds
最大粒径为1-1/2英寸的粗骨料 4,000磅
3/4 inch maximum size coarse aggregate 5,000 pounds
最大粒径为3/4英寸的粗骨料 5,000磅
Fine aggregate 7,000 pounds
细骨料 7,000磅
Portland Cement, Type II, low alkali 2,000 pounds
波特兰水泥，II类，低碱 2,000磅
Pozzolan 1,000 pounds
火山灰 1,000磅
Mixture design studies will be made by the Government and at its expense.
拌合料设计研究应由政府自担费用进行。
4.2 Construction Acceptance Sampling and Testing.
施工验收取样和检测。
4.2.1 Aggregates. The Government will sample and test aggregates and concrete to
determine compliance with the specifications. Facilities and labor shall be provided as may be
necessary for the ready procurement of representative samples. Samples as delivered to the mixer
shall be obtained when directed and under the Government Inspector’s supervision. The
Government will test such samples at its expense using appropriate Corps of Engineers and ASTM
methods. Additional tests of aggregates at various stages in the process and handling operations will
be made at the discretion of the Contracting Officer.
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骨料。政府应对骨料和混凝土进行取样和检测，以确定它们符合规范。应提供
准备采购代表性样本所需的设施和劳工。当有要求时，应在政府检查员的监督下获得运到搅
拌机的样本。政府应自付费用使用合适的陆军工兵兵团和美国试验材料学会方法检测这些样
本。施工各个阶段和装卸工作中进行骨料的其他检测应由甲方工程代表决定。
4.2.2 Cement. Cement will be sampled at the mill or shipping point and/ or at the site of the
work. If tests prove that cement which has been delivered unsatisfactory, it shall be promptly
removed from the site of the work. Cement which has not been used within six months after test
will be retested at the expense of the Contractor when directed and shall be rejected if test results
are not satisfactory. The cost of testing cement excess to the project requirements will also be at the
expense of the Contractor. The charges for testing cement at the expense of the Contractor will be
deducted from the payments due the Contractor at a rate of $1.05 per ton of cement represented by
the tests.
水泥。在制造厂或运输点和/或工程现场对水泥进行取样。如果检测证明已经运
送的水泥不符合要求，应立即将其从工程现场移除。如有要求，检测后六个月内未使用的水
泥应由承包人负担费用进行再检测，如果检测结果不符合要求应丢弃它。超过工程要求的检
测水泥的费用也由承包人承担。承包人承担的检测水泥的费用从向承包人的到期应付款中扣
除，检测的水泥的费用为$1.05每吨。
4.2.2.1 Prequalified Cement Sources. Cement shall be delivered and used directly from a mill
of a producer designated as a qualified source. Samples of cement for check testing will be taken at
the project site or concrete producing plant by the Government Inspector for testing at the expense
of the Government. A list of prequalified cement sources is available from Commander and
Director, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, P.O. Box 631, Vicksburg, Mississippi
39180.
预先通过鉴定的水泥来源。应直接从指定的合格来源的厂商的制造厂运送和使
用水泥。用于检测的水泥的样本在工程现场或混凝土生产设备中由政府检查员采集进行测试
，费用由政府承担。预先通过鉴定的水泥来源可以从密西西比州维克斯堡美国陆军工兵兵团
水道实验站司令员和主任处获得，邮编39180，邮箱631。
4.2.2.2 Other Cement Sources. Sampling, testing and the shipping inspection from the point of
the sampling when the point of sampling is other than at the site of the work, will be made by, or
under the supervision of the Government and at its expense. No cement shall be used until notice
has been given that test results are satisfactory. In the event of failure, the cement may be resampled
and tested at the request of the Contractor and at the Contractor’s expense. When the point of
sampling is other than at the site of the work, the fill gate or gates of the sampled bin will be sealed
and kept sealed until shipment from the bin has been completed. Sealing of the fill gate or gates and
of conveyances used in shipment will be done by or under the supervision of the Government.
Conveyances will not be accepted at the site of the work unless received with all seals intact. If test
cement is rehandled at transfer points, the extra cost of inspection will be at the Contractor’s
expense.
其他水泥来源。如果采样点不是工程现场，由政府或在政府的监督下进行采样
点的取样、检测和运输检查，费用由政府承担。给出检测结果符合要求的通知前不得使用水
泥。如果检测结果不符合要求，在承包人的请求下可以对水泥进行再取样和检测，费用由承
包人承担。当采样点不在工程现场时，将采样箱的一个或多个充样门密封并保持密封，直到
完成采样箱的运输。一个或多个充样门以及运输中使用的运输工具的密封由政府或在政府的
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监督下进行。工程现场不接受运输工具除非运输工具密封完好。如果检测水泥在转运点重新
处理，检测的额外费用由承包人承担。
4.2.3 Pozzolan will be sampled at the source and stored in sealed bins pending completion
of certain tests. Pozzolan will also be sampled at the site when determined necessary. All sampling
and testing will be performed by and at the expense of the Government. Release for shipment and
approval for use will be based on compliance with seven-day lime-pozzolan strength requirements
and other physical, chemical and uniformity requirements for which tests can be completed by the
time the seven-day lime-pozzolan strength test is completed. Release for shipment and approval for
use on the above basis will be contingent on continuing compliance with the other requirements of
the specifications. If a bin fails, the contents may be resampled and tested at the Contractor’s
expense. In this event, the pozzolan may be sampled as it is loaded into cars, trucks, or barges
provided they are kept at the source until released for shipment. Unsealing and resealing of bins and
sealing of shipping conveyances will be done by or under the supervision of the Government.
Shipping conveyances will not be accepted at the site of the work unless they are received with all
seals intact. If pozzolan is damaged in shipment, handling, or storage, it shall be promptly removed
from the site of the work. Pozzolan which has not been used within six months after test, will be
retested at the expense of the Contractor when directed and shall be rejected if the test results are
not satisfactory. If tested pozzolan is rehandled at transfer points, the extra cost of inspection will be
at the Contractor’s expense. The cost of testing excess pozzolan will be at the Contractor’s expense
at a rate of $1.05 per ton. The amount will be deducted from payment to the Contractor.
火山灰在来源处取样，并储存在密封的箱子中直到某些检测完成。当认为必要
时，火山灰的取样也在现场进行。所有的取样和检测由政府自担费用进行。运输许可和使用
审批应符合七天石灰-火山灰强度要求以及完成七天石灰-火山灰强度检测时进行的其他物理
、化学和均匀性检测要求。基于以上要求的运输许可和使用审批取决于继续符合规范的其他
要求。如果一箱不符合要求，可以重新采样检测成分，费用由承包人承担。在这种情况下，
如果火山灰保存在来源处直到被释放进行运输，火山灰可以在它装入车辆、卡车或驳船中时
采样。箱子的开启和密封以及运输工具的密封由政府或在政府的监督下进行。工程现场不接
受运输工具，除非它们都密封完好。如果火山灰在运输、处理或储存的过程中损坏，应立即
将其从工程现场移除。如有要求，检测后六个月内未使用的火山灰应由承包人负担费用进行
再检测，如果检测结果不符合要求应丢弃它。如果检测火山灰在转运点重新处理，检测的额
外费用由承包人承担。检测过量火山灰的费用由承包人承担，费用为$1.05每吨。该金额从
向承包人的付款中扣除。
4.2.3.1 Prequalified Pozzolan Sources. Pozzolan shall be delivered and used directly from a
mill of a producer designated as a qualified source. Samples of pozzolan for check testing will be
taken at the project site or concrete producing plant by the Government Inspector for testing at the
expense of the Government. A list of prequalified pozzolan sources is available from Commander
and Director, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, P.O. Box 631, Vicksburg,
Mississippi 39180.
预先通过鉴定的火山灰来源。应直接从指定的合格来源的厂商的制造厂运送和
使用火山灰。用于检测的火山灰的样本在工程现场或混凝土生产设备中由政府检查员采集进
行测试，费用由政府承担。预先通过鉴定的火山灰来源可以从密西西比州维克斯堡美国陆军
工兵兵团水道实验站司令员和主任处获得，邮编39180，邮箱631。
4.2.4 Admixtures. Satisfactory facilities for ready procurement of adequate test samples
shall be provided. All sampling and testing of an admixture will be by and at the expense of the
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Government. Tests will be conducted with materials proposed for the project. Acceptance of water-
reducing/ retarding admixtures will be based on compliance with ASTM C 494, type D, except that
6-month and 1-year compressive strength requirements are waived.
掺合料。应提供准备采购足够检测样本的符合要求的设备。掺合料的所有取样
和检测由政府自担费用进行。对本工程提议的材料进行检测。减水/缓凝掺合料的验收以符
合ASTM C 494 D类为基础，放弃6个月和1年抗压强度要求的除外。
4.3 Construction Testing by Government. The Government will sample and test aggregates and
concrete to determine compliance with the specifications. The Contractor shall provide facilities
and labor as may be necessary for procurement of representative test samples. Samples of
aggregates will be obtained at the point of batching. Concrete will be sampled in accordance with
ASTM C 172.
政府进行施工检测。政府应对骨料和混凝土进行取样和检测，以确定它们符合规范
。承包人应提供采购代表性检测样本所需的设施和劳工。骨料的样本在配料点获取。混凝土
根据ASTM C 172进行取样。
5. CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCES.
施工容差。
5.1 General. Except as supplemented or modified below, tolerances shall be as required in

SECTIONS 03300 and 03400:
概述。除非以下另有补充或修改，容差应符合第03300和第03400节的要求。
(1) Offsets of adjacent precast gallery segments, shall not exceed 1 inch.
相邻预制廊道段的偏差不得超过1英寸。
(2) Variation from the lines and grades of the gallery walls and ceiling from that shown on the
contract drawings shall not exceed plus-or-minus 3 inches except that tolerances at the gallery
entrances shall be kept within the limits necessary for the bulkheads and doorways to fit and
function properly.
廊道壁和天花板线条和品位的变化不得超过合同图纸所示加减3英寸，廊道入口的公
差应保持在隔板和门廊安装和适当运转所需的限制范围内。
(3) Allowable gradual variation from lines and grades of the downstream face of the dam shall
be minus 0 (no underbuild allowed) and plus 1 foot, except that the elevation and shape at the
stilling basin training walls shall be such that the training walls match with the downstream face as
shown on the drawings or otherwise provided for. See additional restrictions for the downstream
face in paragraph 5.2.
坝下游面允许的渐变应为-0（不允许建筑在下面）和+1英尺，消力池导流墙的标高
和形状应使导流墙与如图纸所示或另有规定的下游面匹配。关于下游面参见第5.2段附加限
制。
(4) Variation of the downstream face of the dam from a straight line shall not exceed 1 foot in
100 feet, and 6 inches in 30 feet.
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坝下游面的变化每100英尺偏离直线不得超过1英尺且每30英尺不得超过6英寸。
(5) The thickness of compacted layers of RCC shall be within plus 1-1/2 inch and minus 2-1/2
inches of that stipulated.
RCC碾压层的厚度应在规定尺寸+1-1/2英寸和-2-1/2英寸内。
(6) The elevation of the surfaces of RCC layers upon which subsequent concrete is placed
shall not vary by more than 0.5 feet from the design elevation, except that the elevation of the top
three lifts of the dam shall be within 0.2 foot of that shown on the drawings.
随后在其上进行混凝土浇筑的RCC层表面的标高变化不得超过设计标高0.5英尺，坝
的上三层浇筑高度应在图纸所示尺寸的0.2英尺内。
(7) The location of anchor bars and drain holes in the stilling basin shall be within 0.5 foot of
the designated location.
锚筋和排水孔在消力池的位置应在指定位置0.5英尺内。
(8) The spacing of individual reinforcing steel bars in RCC shall be within 2 inches of that
shown on the drawings.
RCC中各增强钢筋的间距应在图纸所示间距2英寸内。
(9) Tolerances for exposed surfaces of upstream face concrete, face of spillway chute, and any
other conventional concrete that interfaces with the RCC shall be in accordance with SECTION
03300.
上游面混凝土裸露面。溢洪道泄槽面及其他任何与RCC相接的常规混凝土的公差应
符合第03300节。
5.2 Finishing Downstream Face. A downstream surface shall be provided that is smooth and
uniform. Immediately following compaction of each horizontal RCC lift, excess RCC outside the
downstream face neatline shall be removed. This shall be followed immediately by compaction of
the sloping face. Removal of the excess RCC shall be by mechanical means using an edging device.
Compaction of the downstream face shall be by use of a vibrating plate or other approved device. A
plan detailing the design, type, and amount of equipment along with the number of personnel to be
used for finishing the downstream face shall be submitted for review and approval within 180 days
after notice to proceed. Also, the Contractor’s capability to provide a smooth and uniform surface
during construction of the upstream RCC cofferdam shall be demonstrated.
下游面修整。应提供光滑均匀的下游面。压实每层水平RCC浇筑层后立即清除下游
面准线外部的过量RCC。这一步应该在压实坡面后立即进行。应使用磨边装置通过机械方法
清除过量RCC。应使用振动板或其他认可器件压实下游面。在开工通知180内应提交详细说
明设计、类型、修整下游面要使用的设备数量以及人员数量的计划进行审核批准。此外，在
上游RCC围堰施工期间应证明承包人提供光滑均匀面的能力。
6. SUBMITTALS.
提交资料。
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6.1 Cement, Pozzolan and Admixtures. The Contracting Officer shall be notified of the source
or sources from which cement and pozzolan and admixtures will be obtained within 60 days after
date of notice to proceed. If cement is to be obtained from more than one mill, the notification shall
state the estimated amount of cement to be obtained from each mill and the proposed schedules of
shipments. When pozzolan other than fly ash is used, all the pozzolan shall come from one source.
If more than one source of fly ash is to be used, shipments from the various sources shall be in
accordance with a schedule approved in advance.
水泥、火山灰及掺合料。在开工通知60天内应通知甲方工程代表获取水泥、火山灰
和掺合料的一个或多个来源。如果从不止一个制造厂获取水泥，通知应写明从每个制造厂获
得水泥的预计量以及运输的拟定时间表。如果使用火山灰而不是粉煤灰，所有火山灰应来自
一个来源。如果粉煤灰从不止一个来源获取，从各个来源运输粉煤灰应符合事先审批的时间
表。
6.2 Plant and Equipment. The review made of the plant layout drawings submitted in
accordance with SC-8 will include review of conformance with the requirements of these
specifications.
搅拌厂和设备。根据SC-8提交的搅拌厂布置图的审核包括审核其是否符合这些规范
要求。
6.3 Construction Methods.
施工方法。
6.3.1 Joint Cleanup. The method and equipment proposed for joint cleanup shall be
submitted for review of conformance with paragraphs 10 and 12. The methods of waste disposal for
joint cleanup shall be approved.
接缝清理。应根据第10段和第12段提交拟用于清除接缝的方法和设备进行审核
。用于清理接缝的垃圾处理方法应进行批准。
6.3.2 Curing. To conform with paragraphs 11.2 and 18, the curing mediums and methods to
be used shall be submitted in writing for approval.
养护。应根据第11.2和第18段的要求提交书面的要使用的养护介质和方法供批准
。
PART 2 -PRODUCTS
第2部分-产品
7. MATERIAL DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING.
材料运输、储存及处理。
7.1 Cement and Pozzolan.
水泥和火山灰。
7.1.1 Transportation. When bulk cement or pozzolan is not unloaded from primary carriers
directly into weathertight hoppers at the batching plant, transportation from the railhead, mill, or
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intermediate storage to the batching plant shall be accomplished in adequately designed
weathertight trucks, conveyors, or other means which will protect the cement or pozzolan
completely from exposure to moisture.
运输。当散装水泥或火山灰不是从最初的运输工具直接卸到防风雨的配料装置
料斗中时，从转运点、制造厂或中间存储站运到拌合厂应在充分考虑防风雨的卡车、运输机
或其他保护水泥或火山灰完全不暴露于潮湿环境的工具中完成。
7.1.2 Storage. Immediately upon receipt at the site of the work, cement or pozzolan shall
each be stored in a dry, weathertight, and properly ventilated structure. All storage facilities at the
site shall be subject to approval and shall be such as to permit easy access for inspection and
identification. Sufficient cement and pozzolan shall be in storage to complete concrete requirements
for two operating days of continuous placement. In order that cement may not become unduly aged
after delivery, any cement which has been stored at the site for 60 days or more shall be used before
using cement of lesser age.
储存。工程现场一收到水泥或火山灰立即将其储存在干燥、防风雨并适当通风
的结构中。所有的现场储存设施应经过批准并允许检验和鉴定容易进行。应储存足够的水泥
和火山灰以完成混凝土两天连续浇筑施工的要求。为使水泥在运输后不过于陈旧，在使用未
陈旧的水泥前应先使用储存在现场60天或以上的水泥。
7.1.3 Separation of Materials. Separate facilities shall be provided for unloading,

transporting, storing, and handling each type of cement and pozzolan.
材料的分隔。应为卸载、运输、储存和处理每类水泥和火山灰提供分开的设施
。
7.2 Aggregates.
骨料。
7.2.1 Storage. Aggregate shall be stored in separated size groups, adjacent to the mixing plant
and in such manner as to prevent the inclusion of foreign materials in the concrete. Sufficient fine
and coarse aggregate shall be maintained at the site at all times to permit continuous placement of
RCC.
储存。骨料应以不同的粒径组储存，靠近搅拌装置并以防止异物混入混凝土的方
式储存。现场应时刻保持足够的细骨料和粗骨料以允许RCC连续浇筑。
8. MATERIALS.
材料。
8.1 Cement.
水泥。
8.1.1 General. Cement and pozzolan shall be furnished in bulk except that cement necessary
for finishing and patching may be packaged.
概述。水泥和火山灰应散装提供，用于修整和修补的水泥可以包装提供。
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8.1.2 Portland Cement. Portland cement shall conform to ASTM C 150, type II, low alkali.
Heat of hydration for Portland cement at seven (7) days shall be 75 calories per gram or less.
波特兰水泥。波特兰水泥应符合ASTM C 150 II类低碱。波特兰水泥七（7）天

的水合热应为75卡路里每克或更低。
8.1.3 Pozzolan. Pozzolan shall conform to ASTM C 618, Class F, N or C. Fly ash shall meet
the Supplemental Optional Uniformity Requirements in Table II A of ASTM C 618.
火山灰。火山灰应符合ASTM C 618 F、N或C级。粉煤灰应符合ASTM C 618表II

A的补充可选均匀性要求。
8.1.4 Portland-Pozzolan Cement. Portland-pozzolan cement shall conform to the

requirements of ASTM C 595 Type IP.
波特兰-火山灰水泥。波特兰-火山灰水泥应符合ASTM C 595 IP类的要求。
8.1.5 Temperature of Cement and Pozzolan. The temperature of the cement and pozzolan as
delivered to storage at the site, shall not exceed 150 °F.
水泥和火山灰的温度。运输水泥和火山灰进行现场储存的温度不得超过150 °F。
8.2 Water. Water for washing aggregates and for mixing and curing concrete shall be fresh and
free from injurious amounts of oil, acid, salt, alkali, organic matter, or other deleterious substances
and shall comply with CRD-C 400. Water for batching concrete may be obtained from Elk Creek.
水。洗骨料的水以及搅拌和养护混凝土的水应清澈且不含油、酸、盐、碱、有机物
或其他有害物质等有害成分并应符合CRD-C 400。拌和混凝土的水可以从麋鹿河获取。
8.3 Admixtures. A water-reducing/retarding admixture shall meet the requirements of ASTM C

494, type D, except that the 6-month and 1-year compressive strength tests are waived. The
admixture shall be added to the RCC mixture only when its use is approved or directed.
掺合料。减水/缓凝掺合料应符合ASTM C 494 D类的要求，放弃6个月和1年抗压强

度要求的除外。仅当批准或要求使用掺合料时才能将掺合料加到RCC拌合料中。
8.4 Aggregates.
骨料。
8.4.1 Composition. Fine aggregate shall consist of natural sands, manufactured sand, or a
combination of crusher fines and manufactured sands. Coarse aggregate shall consist of crushed
stone. Aggregates shall be obtained from the aggregate source listed in SC-18. Specifications
relating to the operation of the quarry are given in SECTION 02200.
构成。细骨料应包括天然砂、人工砂或碎石细砂和人工砂的混合物。粗骨料应
包括碎石。骨料应从SC-18所列的骨料来源获取。第02200节介绍了采石场操作的相关规范。
8.4.2 Quality. Aggregates, as delivered to the mixer, shall consist of clean, hard, and
uncoated particles. Where required, fines shall be removed from the coarse aggregates by adequate
washing, or another suitable approved method. Crusher fines and silty material will normally be
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accepted, and clay fines will be rejected.
质量。运输到搅拌机的骨料应包括干净的硬的无涂层的颗粒。当需要时，应通
过充分清洗或其他合适的批准的方法从粗骨料中去掉细料。通常可以接受碎石细料和粉砂质
材料，不能接受粘土细料。
8.4.3 Production Schedule. Aggregate production and initial stockpiling shall begin and
shall be producing acceptable material by not later than 120 days in advance of the time when
placement of RCC for the upstream cofferdam is expected to begin. At least 50 percent of all RCC
aggregates for each size group for construction of the dam shall be manufactured and stockpiled
prior to start of placement of RCC for the main dam.
生产计划。预计要开始上游围堰RCC浇筑前不少于120天应开始骨料生产和初步
储存并生产合格材料。应在主坝RCC浇筑开始前生产和储存至少50%的用于大坝施工的每个
粒径组的所有RCC骨料。
8.4.4 Grading.
分级。
8.4.4.1 Fine Aggregate. The grading of the fine aggregate as delivered to the mixers shall be
such that the individual percent retained on any sieve shall not vary more than 3 from the percent
retained on the sieve in a fixed gradation selected by the Contractor with approval after the first 30
days of concrete placement. The fixed gradation, and the results of individual tests during the first
30 days shall fall within the following limits:
细骨料。运输到搅拌机的细骨料的分级应为：任何筛上物的各百分比的变化不
得比承包人在前30天浇筑混凝土后经批准选择的固定等级的筛上物的百分比多3。前30天的
固定分级以及单独检测结果应符合如下限制：
Sieve Designation U.S. Standard Square Mesh Permissible Limits Percent by Weight, Passing
筛名称美国标准方眼筛容许通过限值重量百分比
3/8 in. (9.5 mm)
100
3/8 in.（9.5mm）
No. 4 (4.75 mm)
95-100
4号（4.75mm）
No. 8 (2.36 mm)
70-90
8号（2.36 mm）
No. 16 (1.18 mm)
55-75
16号（1.18 mm）
No. 30 (600 um)
33-60
30号（600um）
No. 50 (300 um)
25-40
50号（300um）
No. 100 (150 um)
15-30
100号（150um）
No. 200 ( 75 um)
10-18
200号（75um）
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The minimum percent retained on the No. 8 through No. 200 sieves sizes shall be 5 percent. In
addition to the grading limits, the fine aggregate, as delivered to the mixer, shall have a fineness
modulus of not less than 2.10 or more than 2.75. The grading of the fine aggregate shall also be
controlled so that the fineness moduli of at least four of any five consecutive test samples of the fine
aggregate as delivered to the mixer shall not vary more than 0.10 from the fineness modulus of the
fixed gradation selected by the Contractor and approved. The fineness modulus shall be determined
by dividing by 100 the sum of the cumulative percentages retained on U.S. Standard Sieves Nos. 4,
8, 16, 30, 50, and 100. At the option of the Contractor, fine aggregate may be separated into two or
more sizes or classifications, but the uniformity of grading of the separate sizes shall be controlled
so that they may be combined throughout the job in fixed proportions established during the first 30
days of concrete placement.
8号到200号尺寸的筛的筛上物的最小百分比应为百分之5。除了分级限制外，运输到搅拌机
的细骨料的细度系数不低于2.10并不大于2.75。还应控制细骨料的分级，从而运输到搅拌机
的细骨料的任何五个连续测试样本中至少四个的细度系数变化不得超过承包人选择和批准的
固定分级细度系数0.10。细度系数应通过将美国标准4、8、16、30、50和100号筛的筛上物
累积百分比之和除以100确定。细骨料可由承包人选择分为两个或更多粒径或类别，但是应
控制不同粒径分级的一致性，从而在整个作业中将它们结合到前30天混凝土浇筑期间建立的
一个固定的比例中。
8.4.4.2 Coarse Aggregate. The grading of the coarse aggregate within the separate size groups
shall conform to the following requirements as delivered to the mixer.
粗骨料。运输到搅拌机的不同粒径组中粗骨料级配应符合如下要求。
Sieve Size Percent by Weight Passing Individuals Sieves
筛孔尺寸通过各筛子的重量百分比
U.S. Standard Square
No. 4 to 3/4 In. 3/4 In. to 1-1/2 In. 1-1/2 In. to 3 In.
Mesh
4号到3/4in. 3/4in.到1-1/2in. 1-1/2in.到3in.
美国标准方眼筛
3 in. 100
2 in. 100 20-55
90-100
1-1/2 in. 0-10
90-100
1 in. 100 20-45 0-5
3/4 in. 90-100 0-10
3/8 in. 20-45 0-5
No. 4
0-5
4号
8.4.5 Aggregate Production. The Government has conducted limited test quarrying and
aggregate production investigations on materials from the listed aggregate source. The contract
drawings provide general information concern-ing these investigations. This data is provided for the
Contractor’s information. Raw materials from the listed source are expected to be similar to that
shown, but exact gradations and fracture from quarrying and processing will vary based on the
particular techniques and equipment used by the Contractor for blasting, crushing, and blending
processing, etc. Bidders are encouraged to inspect the quarry area.
骨料生产。政府已经对所列骨料来源的材料进行了有限采石检测以及骨料生产
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调查。发包图样提供关于这些调查的基本信息。提供该数据供承包人参考。来自所列来源的
原材料应类似于所示的原材料，但是采石和处理的准确的分级和破碎是变化的，该变化以承
包人爆破、粉碎使用的特殊工艺及设备以及拌合加工等为基础。鼓励投标人检查采石场区域
。
8.4.6 Particle Shape. The shape of the particles in the fine aggregate and in the coarse
aggregate shall be generally spherical or cubical. The quantity of flat and elongated particles in the
separate size groups of coarse aggregates, as defined and determined by CRD-C 119, shall not
exceed 25 percent in any size group.
颗粒形状。细骨料和粗骨料中颗粒的形状应基本为球形或立方形。根据CRD-C
119的定义和规定，粗骨料不同粒径组中扁平颗粒和细长颗粒的量不得超过任何粒径组的
25%。
8.4.7 Moisture Content. The free moisture content of the fine aggregate and the smallest size
group of coarse aggregate, as delivered to the mixers, shall be controlled so as not to exceed 6 and
4, respectively, expressed as a percent by weight of the saturated surface dry aggregates. In addition
to the limits on the maximum amounts of free moisture in the fine aggregate and the smallest size of
coarse aggregate, the moisture content shall be controlled so that for each size the variation in the
percent of free moisture will not be more than 0.5 percent during any one hour of mixing plant
operation, and the variation in moisture content shall not be more than 2.0 percent during any 8-
hour period of mixing plant operation. The moisture content of the other sizes of the coarse
aggregate shall be controlled so that the aggregates are delivered to the mixers with the least amount
of free moisture and the least variation in free moisture practicable under job conditions. Under no
conditions shall the other sizes of coarse aggregate be delivered to the mixing plant bins "dripping
wet."
含水量。应控制运输到搅拌机的细骨料和粗骨料最小粒径组的自由含水量，其
分别不得超过饱和面干骨料重量百分比6和4。除了限制细骨料和粗骨料最小粒径组自由含水
量的最大量外，还应控制含水量变化，从而在任何一小时的搅拌装置运行中，对于每个粒径
，自由含水量百分比的变化不得超过百分之0.5，并且在8小时的搅拌设备运行中，含水量的
变化不得超过百分之2.0。应控制粗骨料其他粒径组的含水量，从而运输到搅拌机的骨料的
最小自由含水量以及自由含水量的最小变化在工作条件下是可行的。在任何条件下，都不得
将“湿淋淋的”其他粒径的粗骨料运输到搅拌装置料斗中。
PART 3 -EXECUTION
第3部分-执行
9. MIXTURE PROPORTIONING.
混凝土配合比。
9.1 Composition. RCC shall be composed of cementitious material, water, and fine and coarse
aggregates. The cementitious materials shall be portland-pozzolan cement or portland cement in
combination with pozzolan. An admixture when approved or directed will be a water-
reducing/retarding admixture.
构成。RCC应由胶结材料、水以及细骨料和粗骨料构成。胶结材料应为硅酸盐火山
灰水泥或波特兰水泥与火山灰的混合物。当批准或指导使用掺合料时，掺合料为减水/缓凝
剂。
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9.2 Quality. RCC mixes and all conventional concrete mixes will be designed by the
Contracting Officer. There will be one primary RCC mix used for the main mass of the dam. The
primary RCC mix will be a low cement/ pozzolan content mix containing approximately 180 to 200
pounds water, 120 pounds portland cement and 60 pounds pozzolan per cubic yard. Secondary RCC
mixes requiring higher portland cement and pozzolan contents (approximately 400 to 500 pounds
per cubic yard) will be used for foundation protection and the spillway stilling basin retaining walls
and slab. In addition, a "bedding mortar," a broomable, high portland cement/pozzolan content
(approximately 700 to 900 pounds per cubic yard), heavily sanded mortar, will be used between
foundation rock and foundation RCC, between different RCC placements where cold joints occur,
between regular RCC lifts, and between RCC and dental concrete. Bedding mixes (conventional
concrete using 3/4-inch maximum size aggregate and containing approximately 350 pounds of
portland cement and pozzolan per cubic yard) will be used at the abutment/RCC interface, between
RCC and foundation protection shotcrete, between RCC and existing conventional concrete,
between RCC and spillway blockout forms, and between RCC and stilling basin forms. Concrete
mixes used for the spillway chute and upstream face and other conventional concrete mixes not
mentioned or described herewithin shall conform to requirements in SECTION 03300. Upstream
face mixes of conventional slump concrete will be batched with RCC aggregates. Gradations for
bedding mix fine aggregate shall meet the requirements of either SECTION 03360, paragraph
8.4.4..1, or SECTION 03300, paragraph 8.5.3(1).
质量。RCC混合料及所有常规混凝土混合料由甲方工程代表设计。有一个主要RCC
混合料用于坝的主体。主要RCC混合料为低水泥/火山灰含量混合料，每立方码包含大约180
到200磅水、120磅波特兰水泥以及60磅火山灰。需要更高波特兰水泥和火山灰含量（大约
400到500磅每立方码）的次要RCC混合料用于基础保护以及溢洪道消力池挡墙以及挡板。此
外，“垫层砂浆”是可开裂的高波特兰水泥/火山灰含量（大约700到900磅每立方码）的含大
量砂的砂浆，它被用在基岩体和基础RCC之间、出现冷缝的不同的RCC浇筑之间、普通RCC
浇筑层之间以及RCC和找平混凝土之间。垫层拌合料（使用最大粒径为3/4英寸的骨料并包
含大约350磅波特兰水泥和火山灰每立方码的常规混凝土）用于坝肩/RCC界面、RCC和基础
保护喷射混凝土之间、RCC和现有常规混凝土之间、RCC和溢洪道砌块结构之间以及RCC和
消力池草图模板之间。用于溢洪道泄槽和上游面的混凝土混合料以及其他此处未提到的或未
描述的常规混凝土混合料应符合第03300节的要求。常规坍落度混凝土的上游面混合料将与
RCC骨料拌合。垫层混合细骨料的分级应符合第03360节第8.4.4.1段的标准或第03300节第
8.5.3（1）段的标准。
9.3 Control. The proportions of all materials entering the RCC will be furnished. The
proportions will be changed as necessary. The sand portion of the total aggregate volume will range
from approximately 33 to 38 percent. Adjustments will be made to the batch weights including
cement, pozzolan and water, to maintain the necessary consistency to prevent segregation within the
RCC and allow full compaction as determined. Frequent changes to the batch weights shall be
considered usual and can be expected to occur frequently during the course of each day’s placement
depending on such variables as humidity, wind velocity, temperature, cloud cover and changes in
aggregate stockpile moisture contents. Such changes will be as directed.
控制。提供所有进入RCC的材料的比例。必要时可以变化该比例。总骨料容量中砂
部分的范围是大约百分之33到百分之38。调整每批拌合重量包括水泥、火山灰和水，以保持
必要的一致性从而防止RCC离析并允许根据决定充分压实。在每天的浇筑过程中，频繁地改
变每批拌合重量是常见的，并可以频繁地出现，这取决于湿度、风速、温度、云量等变量以
及骨料堆料的含水量变化。根据指示进行这些变化。
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9.4 Aggregate Content. The amount and nominal maximum size of aggregate to be used in the
various parts of the structure will be in accordance with the following:
骨料含量。建筑各个部分所使用的骨料的含量以及公称最大粒径应符合如下规定：
NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE AGGREGATE,
FEATURES
INCHES
特点
骨料公称最大粒径，单位英寸
RCC used for the main concrete gravity dam, and
RCC used in construction of the cofferdam.
3
用于主混凝土重力坝的RCC以及用于围堰施
工的RCC。
Stilling basin slab RCC, foundation protection
RCC, fish facility RCC and regulating outlet
concrete. 1-1/2
消力池板 RCC 、基础保护 RCC 、养鱼设施
RCC以及调节出口混凝土。
Bedding mix (conventional concrete).
3/4
垫层拌合料（常规混凝土）。
Bedding Mortar No. 4
垫层砂浆 4号
Upstream face and spillway chute concrete
(conventional concrete). 3
上游面和溢洪道泄槽混凝土（常规混凝土）。
9.5. Consistency of Roller Compacted Concrete. The Government Inspector will determine
at the placement site the proper consistency necessary for adequate hauling, spreading, and
compacting; and will direct all necessary changes to achieve the proper RCC consistency. Changes
will be directed based on visual examination of the RCC during the spreading and compaction
process; on the Vebe time, when it varies outside the range considered ideal for compaction as
determined by the Government using Vebe apparatus at the batch plant (as manufactured by
Dynapac Maskin, AB, Sweden and modified by the North Pacific Division Materials Laboratory);
and when the density as determined by a nuclear density gage varies outside the range considered
ideal for compaction.
碾压混凝土黏稠度。政府检查员在浇筑现场确定充分运输、平仓和压实所需的
合适的粘稠度并指示所有必要的变化以达到合适的RCC粘稠度。在贝氏稠度试验时，当其变
化超出政府使用贝氏振动式稠度计（瑞典Dynapac Maskin, AB生产的和北太平洋区材料实验
室改进的）在拌合厂确定的认为理想的压实范围时，以及当核子密度仪确定的密度变化超出
认为理想的压实范围时根据平仓和压实过程中RCC的外观检查指示改变稠度。
10. EQUIPMENT.
设备。
10.1 General.
概述。
10.1.1 Capacity. The mixing, placing and compaction, and cleanup systems shall have a
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capacity of at least a 900 cubic yard per hour average production rate. If an accelerated schedule or
increased production rate is planned by the Contractor such that the specified concrete plant is not
capable of producing mixes of the required quality fast enough, additional equipment shall be
provided. A listing of the type and estimated quantity of equipment to be used in the feeding,
mixing, transporting, spreading, compacting, and cleanup of RCC shall be submitted for approval
within 180 days of the receipt of notice to proceed.
生产能力。搅拌、浇筑和压实以及清理系统应具有每小时至少900立方码平均生
产率的能力。如果承包人计划加快进度或增加生产率，以至于指定的混凝土搅拌设备不能足
够快地生产所需质量的混合料，应提供额外的设备。应在收到开工通知180天内提交RCC给
料、搅拌、运输、平仓、压实和清理使用的设备类型和预计数量清单供审批。
10.1.2 Upstream RCC Cofferdam. A permanent upstream RCC cofferdam shall be

constructed to crest elevation of 1,540 feet during Excavation Sequence II as shown on the drawing
ECD-1-2/15. The RCC cofferdam will serve as a testfill to prove the Contractor’s plant and
placement capabilities. The cofferdam shall be constructed using the same techniques, materials,
and attention to detail as specified for the main dam. This includes the same foundation cleanup and
protection, the same lift joint treatment and protection, the same construction of the upstream face,
the same details for installation of waterstops and contraction joints, etc. If the Contractor does not
meet quantity construction rates and quality requirements as specified in paragraph 10.2.2 of
SECTION 03360, an additional RCC testfill shall be constructed. This additional RCC testfill shall
be constructed upstream, adjacent to the upstream RCC cofferdam, and shall be of sufficient size
and quantity to demonstrate the Contractor’s capability to meet all specification requirements.
上游RCC围堰。图纸ECD-1-2/15所示的挖掘顺序II过程中的永久上游RCC围堰施
工的坝顶高程应为1,540英尺。RCC围堰将作为碾压试验填方以证明承包人的搅拌装置及浇
筑能力。围堰应使用相同的工艺、材料建设并注意对主坝规定的细节。其包括相同的基础清
理以及保护、相同的浇筑层接缝处理以及保护、相同的上游面施工、相同阻水带以及收缩接
缝的安装细节等。如果承包人不符合第03360节第10.2.2段规定的施工率以及质量要求，应建
设额外的RCC碾压试验填方。该额外的RCC碾压试验填方应建在上游，与上游RCC围堰相邻
，其尺寸应足够大质量应足够高，以证明承包人们满足所有规范要求的能力。
10.2 Plant.
搅拌装置。
10.2.1 The type of concrete plant and mixers to be used shall be selected and the plant
location and layout shall be determined. Mixer(s) may be of the continuous mix or batch mix type.
Drawings of the planned layout with narratives of the plant specifications shall be submitted
including capacities and historical type production data within 180 days of the receipt of notice to
proceed. The submittal shall also include a narrative description and layout of the methods of
handling aggregates, the feeding of aggregates to the mix plant, cement and pozzolan storage, and
deliverance of the mixed RCC to placement. A listing of the type and estimated quantity of pieces
of equipment used in the feeding mixing, transporting, placing, spreading, compacting RCC, and
equipment required for surface cleanup shall also be included in the submittal. The submittal of the
proposed layout and equipment will be commented on, however, the final approval of the plant and
equipment will occur only after an approved demonstration has occurred as detailed in these
specifica-tions and the intent of these specifications complied with. The concrete plant shall be
onsite, inplace, and in an operating condition at least 15 days prior to the start of the cofferdam
production of RCC.
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应选择要使用的混凝土搅拌装置和搅拌机的类型，应确定搅拌装置的位置和布
局。搅拌机可以是连续搅拌式或分批拌合式。在收到开工通知180内应提交描述搅拌装置规
格的规划的布局图纸，包括能力和历史生产数据。该提交还应包括处理骨料方法、将骨料添
加到搅拌设备、储存水泥和火山灰以及释放混合RCC进行浇筑的文字描述和布局。还应提交
给料、搅拌、运输、浇筑、平仓、压实RCC使用的设备以及表面清理所需的设备的类型和预
计数量清单。对拟定的布局和设备的提交进行评估，然而，只有根据这些规范中的详细描述
证明设备和搅拌装置的能力达到要求并符合这些规范的目的之后才能最终批准设备和搅拌装
置。混凝土搅拌装置在现场，准备就绪，并在生产围堰RCC开始前至少15天处于运行状态。
10.2.2 The capability to produce RCC meeting all uniformity requirements at a 900 c.y. an
hour rate for three consecutive hours shall be demonstrated during the construction of the upstream
cofferdam. If the above RCC produc-tion requirements and uniformity requirements are not
demonstrated, immediate actions shall be taken to either increase the size of the mixing operations,
make adjustments to increase production and uniformity, or replace the operation to meet job
specifications. The above required demonstration shall be repeated until the capability to meet job
specifications is established.
应在上游围堰施工过程中证明生产符合所有一致性要求的RCC的能力，该生产
能力为连续生产三小时，每小时900c.y.。如果未达到上述RCC生产要求和一致性要求，应立
即采取行动增加搅拌作业的规模，进行调节以增加产量和一致性或替换设备以满足作业规范
。应重复上述规定的证明直到达到满足作业规范的能力。
10.2.3 All necessary shakedown and trial runs shall be performed of the mixing and
proportioning equipment and of the conveyance and placing equipment so that when it is put into
production operation it consistently and accurately provides mixes of the quality required by these
specifications. Material not meeting these specifications will be rejected and not allowed. If it has
been placed, it shall be removed as directed.
应进行搅拌和配料设备以及运输工具和浇筑设备的所有必要的调整和试运行，
从而当投入生产运行时，其可以一致地充足地提供满足这些规范所要求的质量的混合料。不
符合这些规范的材料将被拒绝并禁止使用。如果已经浇筑了不符合这些规范的材料，应根据
指示将其清除。
10.2.4 Concrete Plant(s) and Aggregate Stockpile Locations. The plant(s) and aggregate
stockpiles shall be located either on "Disposal Area A" or on "Disposal Area B" as shown on the
drawings. At either location, it may be necessary to provide additional fill material (other than
material from the dam excavation) in order to provide sufficient work area for all necessary
aggregate stockpiles, concrete plant, and other equipment. In addition, if located on "Disposal Area
B" all parts of the plant (including fly ash and portland cement silos, laboratory work areas,
aggregate bins, mixers, etc.) and aggregate stockpiles shall be located on ground that is at an
adequate elevation to provide full protection from flood waters that overtop the upstream cofferdam
by 25 feet or more and could contaminate the concrete plant and stockpiles. If necessary to provide
adequate storage area for "Disposal Area B," the perimeter area may be diked adjacent to Elk Creek,
river sand and gravels may be hauled in to provide additional fill material, or surrounding side
slopes may be excavated.
混凝土搅拌装置及骨料堆放位置。搅拌装置及骨料储存位置应位于如图纸所示
的“处理区A”或“处理区B”。不论在哪个位置，可能需要提供额外的填充材料（非来自坝
挖掘的材料）从而为所有必要的骨料堆放、混凝土搅拌装置及其他设备提供足够的作业区域
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。此外，如果位于“处理区B”，搅拌装置的所有部分（包括粉煤灰及波特兰水泥筒仓、实
验室工作区、骨料斗、搅拌机等）以及骨料堆放应位于有足够高度的地面上以保护其免受高
出上游围堰25英尺及以上并污染混凝土搅拌装置和堆料的洪水。如果需要为―处理区B‖提供
足够的储存区域，可以开挖与麋鹿河相邻的周边区域，可以将河沙和碎石运进来提供额外的
填充材料，或可以挖掘周围的边坡。
10.3 Batch Type Plant.
间歇式搅拌设备。
10.3.1 Bins and Silos. Separate bins or compartments shall be provided for each size group of
aggregate. Separate silos shall be provided for bulk portland cement and for pozzolan. The silos and
compartments shall be of ample size and so constructed that the various materials will be
maintained separate under all working conditions. All compartments containing cement and
pozzolan shall be separated from each other by a free draining air space. The bins shall have steep
side slopes, large gate openings, and be capable of handling the aggregate in a damp condition
without choking.
料斗和筒仓。应为每个粒径组的骨料提供分开的料斗或隔间。应为散装波特兰
水泥和火山灰提供分开的筒仓。筒仓和隔间的尺寸应足够大，其建设应满足各种材料在所有
工作条件下分开储存。所有包含水泥和火山灰的隔间应彼此分离，相隔一个畅通的通风道空
间。料斗应具有陡边坡和大闸门开度并能够在湿度条件下处理骨料而不阻塞。
10.3.2 Weigh Batchers. Aggregates shall be weighed in separate weigh batchers with
individual scales. Bulk cement and pozzolan shall each be weighed on a separate scale in a separate
weigh batcher. Water may be measured by weight or by volume. If measured by weight, it shall not
be weighed cumulatively with another ingredient. Admixtures may be batched by weight or by
volume. The weigh batchers shall be arranged so as to permit the convenient addition or removal of
material.
称量配料器。骨料应在分离的称量配料器中以各个比例称重。散装水泥和火山
灰应分别以分开的比例在分开的称量配料器中称重。水可以通过重量或体积测量。如果通过
重量测量，其不得与其他原料积累称重。掺合料可以通过重量或体积拌合。称量配料器的设
置应允许方便地添加和移除材料。
10.3.3 Water Batcher. A suitable water measuring device shall be provided which will be
capable of measuring the mixing water within the specified requirements for each batch. The
mechanism for delivering water to the mixers shall be free from leakage when the valves are closed.
The filling and discharge valves for the water batcher shall be interlocked so that the discharge
valve cannot be opened before the filling valve is fully closed. When a water meter is used, a
suitable strainer shall be provided ahead of the metering device.
量水槽。应提供合适的测量水的设备，其能够测量为每种拌合规定的要求的拌
合水。当阀门闭合时，将水运到拌合器的机械装置不得有泄露。量水槽的填充和释放阀门应
互锁，从而在充分关闭填充阀门前释放阀门不会打开。当使用量水计时，应在计量装置前提
供合适的过滤器。
10.3.4 Moisture Control. The plant shall be capable of ready adjustment to compensate for
the varying moisture content of the aggregates and to change the weights of the materials being
batched.
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湿度控制。设备应能够迅速调节以补偿骨料变化的含水量并改变正在拌合的材
料的重量。
10.3.5 Admixture Dispensers. A separate batcher or dispenser shall be provided for each
admixture. All volumetric dispensers shall be used only for liquid admixture and each plant shall be
equipped with the necessary calibrated devices that will permit convenient checking of the accuracy
of the dispensed volume of the particular admixture. The batching or dispensing devices shall be
capable of repetitively controlling the batching of the admixtures to the accuracy specified. Piping
for liquid admixtures shall be free from leaks, and properly valved to prevent backflow or
siphoning. The dispensing system shall include a device or devices which shall either detect and
indicate the presence or absence of flow of the admixture, detect and indicate the presence or
absence of flow of the admixture, or provide a convenient means of visually observing the
admixture in process of being batched or discharged. Each system shall be capable of ready
adjustment to permit varying the quantity of admixture to be batched. Each dispenser shall be
interlocked with the batching and discharge operations so that each admixture is added separately to
the batch in solution in a separate portion of the mixing water or of the fine aggregate in a manner
to insure uniform distribution of the admixtures throughout the batch during the required mixing
period.
掺合料分配器。应为每种掺合料提供分开的配料器或分配器。所有测定体积的
分配器应仅用于液体掺合料，每种设备应配有必要的校准设备，该设备允许方便地检查特定
掺合料分配体积的精确度。配料或分配设备应能够分别将掺合料的配料控制在规定的精确度
内。液体掺合料的管路不得存在泄漏，并装有适当的阀门以阻止倒流或虹吸。分配系统应包
括配料或释放过程中检测并指示存在或不存在掺合料流动或提供方便地目视观测掺合料方法
的一个或多个设备。每个系统应能够迅速调节，以允许改变要配料的掺合料的量。每个分配
器应对拌合和卸料操作互锁，从而可以以不同的拌和水比例或细骨料比例用某种方法分开将
每种掺合料添加到溶解中的拌合料中，从而确保在所需的搅拌期间整个拌合料的掺合料均匀
分配。
10.3.6 Scales. Adequate facilities shall be provided for the accurate measurement and control
of each of the materials entering each batch of concrete. The weighing equipment shall conform to
the applicable requirements of NBS Handbook 44 except that the accuracy can vary by up to 0.2
percent of scale capacity. Standard test weights and any other auxiliary equipment required for
checking the operating performance of each scale or other measuring device must be provided.
Tests shall be made in the presence of a Government Inspector prior to the start up of RCC placing
and at least monthly thereafter. Each weighing unit shall include a visible springless dial which
shall indicate the scale load at all stages of the weighing operation or shall include a beam scale
with a beam balance indicator which will show the scale in balance at zero load and any beam
setting. The indicator shall have an over and under travel equal to at least 5 percent of the capacity
of the beam. The weighing equipment shall be arranged so that the plant operator can conve-niently
observe all dials and indicators.
秤。应提供充足的设施以准确测量和控制每种进入每批混凝土的材料。称重设
备应符合国家标准局手册44的适用要求，但是秤容量的精确度的变化可以高达百分之0.2。
必须提供检查每台秤或其他测量设备运行性能所需的标准测重及任何其他辅助设备。检测应
在开始浇筑RCC前在政府检查员在场的情况下进行，并在其后每月至少进行一次。每个称重
装置应包括可视的无弹簧刻度盘，其应在所有阶段的称重操作中指示秤的载重，或应包括一
台杆秤，其具有一个杆平衡指示器显示秤在零负载及任何秤杆设定中处于平衡状态。指示器
应具有超程和低程，其等于秤杆能力的至少百分之5。称重设备应能够使设备操作员方便地
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观察所有的刻度盘和指示器。
10.3.7 Operation and Accuracy. The measuring operation of each material shall start when
actuated by one or more starting mechanisms and stop automatically when the designated weight or
volume of each material has been reached. They shall be interlocked in such a manner that the
discharge device cannot be actuated until the indicated quantity of material is within the applicable
tolerance. These control requirements can be satisfied by a semiautomatic batching system as
defined in the CPMB Concrete Plant Standards, with interlocks as described above or by an
automatic batching system as defined in the Concrete Plant Standards. The plant shall be arranged
so as to facilitate the inspection of all operations at all times. Delivery of materials from the
batching equipment shall be within the following limits of accuracy:
操作及精确度。当被一个或多个启动机制开动时，每种材料的测量操作应开始，并当达
到每种材料的指定重量或体积时自动停止。它们应以这样的方式互锁，释放设备不能被开动
直到材料的指示量在适用的公差内。可以使用上文描述的互锁通过分子生物学实验指南混凝
土设备标准中定义的半自动配料系统或通过混凝土设备标准中定义的自动配料系统达到这些
控制要求。该设备应能够方便地时刻检测所有的操作。从拌合设备输送材料应在如下精确度
限制内：
Material Percent
材料百分比
Pozzolan ±1
火山灰
Cement ±1
水泥
Water ±1
水
Aggregate smaller than 1-1/2 in. size ±2
粒径小于1-1/2in.的骨料
Aggregate larger than 1-1/2 in. size ±3
粒径大于1-1/2in.的骨料
Admixtures ±3
掺合料
10.3.8 Recorders. An accurate recorder or recorders shall be provided for the aggregates and
cementitious materials. The weights or volumes of water and admixtures shall also be recorded. The
recorders shall conform to the following requirements:
记录器。应为骨料和胶结材料提供一个或多个准确的记录器。还应记录水和掺
合料的重量或体积。记录器应符合如下要求：
(1) The recorders shall produce a graphical or digital record on a single visible chart or tape of
the weight or volume of each material in the batchers at the conclusion of the batching cycle. The
record shall be produced prior to delivery of the materials to the mixer. After the batchers have been
discharged, the recorder shall show the return to empty condition.
记录器应在一个可视的图表或记录带上以分批为周期产生配料器中每种材料的重量
或体积的图形或数字记录。应在材料输送到搅拌机之前产生记录。在配料器释放料后，记录
器应显示回到空的状态。
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(2) Graphical recording units shall be completely housed in cabinets which shall be capable of
being locked.
图形记录设备应完全储藏在能够锁住的柜中。
(3) The charts or tapes shall be so marked that each batch may be permanently identified and
so that variation in batch weights of each type of batch can be readily observed.
应标记图表或记录带，从而能够永久的鉴别每一批并且可以容易地观察每批拌合重
量的变化。
(4) The charts or tapes shall show time of day at intervals of not more than 15 minutes.
图表或记录带应显示时间，时间间隔不超过15分钟。
(5) The recorded charts or tapes shall become the property of the Government.
记录的图表或记录带应为政府的财产。
(6) The recorders shall be placed in a position convenient for observation by the concrete plant
operator and the Government Inspector.
记录器应放在混凝土装置操作员及政府检查员容易观察的位置。
(7) The recorded weights or volumes, when compared to the weights or volumes actually
batched, shall be within the following limits of accuracy, expressed in terms of batcher capacity:
当比较记录的重量或体积与实际配料的重量或体积时，配料器能力应在如下精确度
限制内：
Material Percent
材料百分比
Cement and pozzolan ±2
水泥和火山灰
Water ±2
水
Aggregate ±2
骨料
10.3.9 Batch Counter. The plant or the mixers shall include a device for automatically
counting the total number of batches of concrete mixed.
批次记数器。搅拌装置或搅拌机应包括自动计算混凝土搅拌批次总数的设备。
10.3.10 Protection. The weighing, indicating, recording and control equipment shall be
sufficiently protected against exposure to dust, moisture and vibration so that there is no
interference with proper operation of the equipment.
保护。应对称重、指示、记录和控制装置进行充分保护，不将其暴露在灰尘、
潮湿和震动中，从而没有正确操作设备的干扰。
10.3.11 Bach Type Mixers.

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间歇式搅拌机。
10.3.11.1 Tilting, Horizontal Shaft or Vertical Shaft Type Mixers. The mixers shall not be
charged in excess of the capacity recommended by the manufacturer. Mixers shall be capable of
combining the materials into a uniform mixture and of discharging this mixture without segregation.
Mixers shall be provided with an acceptable device to lock the discharge mechanism until the
required mixing time has elapsed. The mixers shall be operated at the drum or mixing blade speed
designated by the manufacturer on the nameplate. If no uniformity test data are available, the
mixing time for each batch after all solid materials are in the mixer, provided that all of the mixing
water is introduced before one-fourth of the mixing time has elapsed, shall be 2 minutes for mixers
having a capacity of 3 cubic yards. For mixers of larger capacities, the minimum mixing time shall
be increased by 15 seconds for each additional cubic yard or fraction thereof of concrete mixed.
These mixing periods specified are predicated on proper control of the speed of rotation of the
mixer drum or blades, and on proper introduction of the materials into the mixer. The mixing time
shall be increased when such increase is necessary to secure the required uniformity and
consistency of the concrete, or when the average variability index of three series of test samples of
concrete taken from the first, middle, and last portions of the mixer discharge is less than any of the
following uniformity requirements when tested in accordance with the provisions of CRD-C 55.
When authorized, the mixing time may be reduced to the minimum time required to meet all the
following requirements:
倾斜、水平轴或垂直轴类搅拌机。搅拌机的装在不得超过厂家建议的容量。
搅拌机应能够将材料结合为一致的混合物，并能够无离析地排出该混合物。搅拌机应配有合
格的装置以锁住排放机制，直到达到所需的搅拌时间。搅拌机应以厂家在铭牌上指定的滚筒
转速或搅拌叶片速度运行。如果未获得一致性检测数据，如果在搅拌时间过去四分之一前加
入所有的拌和水，固体物料进入搅拌机后容量为3立方码的搅拌机每批的搅拌时间应为2分钟
。对于更大容量的搅拌机，搅拌的混凝土每多一立方码或不足一立方码，最低搅拌时间应增
加15秒。这些规定的搅拌时间取决于搅拌机滚筒或叶片转速的适当控制，以及搅拌机中材料
的适当添加。当需要增加搅拌时间以确保所需的一致性及混凝土的粘稠度，或当根据CRD-C
55的规定进行检测时，三个系列的搅拌机排放的前段、中段、后段混凝土的检测样本的平均
变化指数低于任何如下一致性要求时应增加搅拌时间。经授权时，搅拌时间可以降低为满足
所有如下要求所需的最短时间：
Test Variability Index, Min
检测变化指数，最小值
Water content of mortar, percent by weight 85
砂浆含水量，重量百分比
Coarse aggregate content of concrete, percent by weight 90
混凝土中粗骨料的含量，重量百分比
Unit weight of air-free mortar, lb/ft 96
无空气砂浆的容重，lb/ft
Cement content of dried mortar, percent by weight 80
干粉砂浆的水泥含量，重量百分比
When the Contractor proposes to reduce the mixing time, three uniformity tests at reduced mixing
time will be made by the Government at the Contractor’s expense to determine whether the reduced
mixing time will produce RCC which meets the requirements of these specifications. Excessive
overmixing requiring additions of water will not be permitted. The mixers shall be maintained in
satisfactory operating condition, and mixer drums shall be kept free of hardened concrete. Mixer
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blades shall be replaced when worn down more than 10 percent of their depth. Should any mixer at
any time produce unsatisfactory results, its use shall be promptly discontinued until it is repaired.
Suitable facilities shall be provided for obtaining representative samples of concrete for uniformity
tests. All necessary platforms, tools, and equipment for obtaining samples shall be furnished. It is
noted that mixers commonly used for the production of conventional slump concrete typically
produce 50 percent less than the plant’s rated capacity when producing specification RCC similar to
what is required for this job.
当承包人提出降低搅拌时间时，由政府对降低了搅拌时间的混凝土进行三次一致性检测，费
用由承包人承担，以确定是否降低的搅拌时间能够生产出符合这些规范要求的RCC。不允许
需要额外加水的过量过度搅拌。搅拌机应保持满意的工作状态，搅拌机滚筒应无凝固的混凝
土。当叶片磨损深度超过百分之10时应更换搅拌机叶片。任何搅拌机在任何时候生产出不合
格的混凝土时，应立即停止使用直到将其修好。应为获得进行一致性检测的混凝土的代表性
样本提供合适的设施。应提供所有用于获得样本所需的平台、工具和设备。注意普遍用于生
产常规坍落度混凝土的搅拌机在生产类似于用于本作业所需规格的RCC时，通常生产的混凝
土少于设备的额定容量的百分之50。
10.3.11.2 Pugmill Type Mixers. A batch twin-shaft pugmill mixer shall be capable of
producing RCC of the same quality and uniformity as would be produced in a conventional plant
that meets all requirements of these specifications.
叶片式搅拌机。间歇式双轴叶片式搅拌机应能够生产与满足这些规范的所有
要求的常规设备生产具有相同质量和一致性的RCC。
10.4 Continuous Mixing Plant(s). A continuous mix plant(s) shall be capable of producing
RCC of the same quality and uniformity as would be produced in a conventional batch type plant,
and shall be capable of producing a uniform continuous product (at both maximum and minimum
production rates) that is mixed so that complete intermingling of all the ingredients occurs without
balling, segregation and wet or dry portions.
连续搅拌装置。连续搅拌设备应能够生产与常规间歇式设备生产具有相同质量
和一致性的RCC，并应能够生产一致的连续的产品（以最大和最小生产率），从而所有配料
被完全混合而没有球团、离析和湿的或干的部分。
10.4.1 Operation and Accuracy.
操作及精确度。
10.4.1.1 The control system shall have the capability of changing mix designs
instantaneously, of producing at least 16 different mix designs, of producing any of the mix designs
at a variable production rate, and to track the mix change either to a hopper or a conveyer system.
The control panel shall display for each ingredient the designed formula values and the
instantaneous percentage values and shall record the instantaneous values at a preset time interval or
on demand with a multiple copy printer/recorder. The recorder shall note formula changes and shall
print total quantities of each ingredient and total weights produced on demand. There shall be
weighing devices (belt scale or other) for continuous weighing of individual ingredients or total
ingredients.
控制系统应具有瞬间改变混合设计的能力，能够生产至少16中不同的混合设
计，能够以变化的生产率生产任何混合设计并追踪料斗或运输系统的混合变化。控制板应为
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每种配料显示设计的公式值以及瞬时百分值，并应以预设时间间隔或根据需要用多份副本打
印机/记录器记录瞬时值。记录器应注意公式变化并应打印每种配料的总数量以及按要求生
产的总重量。应有称重设备（皮带称或其他）用于各配料或总配料的连续称重。
10.4.1.2 The plant control shall be automatic and shall not require manual devices to adjust
the material flow. The plant shall be capable of totally manual control operation for a single product
at a limited production for short time durations in the event of loss of electronic control. The
electronic control system shall incorporate modular replaceable components to reduce down time in
the event of a control system malfunction. An inventory shall be maintained of such replaceable
components.
设备控制应是自动的，并且不需要手动装置调节物料流。当失去电子控制时
，设备应能够为每种产品以限制的生产率完全手动地短时间控制操作。电子控制系统应包含
模块化可更换组件，从而当控制系统故障时可以减少故障时间。应维护这种可更换组件的库
存。
10.4.1.3 The fine aggregate shall have a device that monitors its moisture content
immediately prior to dispensing into the mix plant weigh out system.
细骨料应具有在分配到搅拌设备称重系统前立即监控其含水量的设备。
10.4.1.4 The accuracy of the plant dispensing systems shall be within the following limits:
设备分配系统的精确度应在如下限制内：
Material Percent
材料百分比
Pozzolan ±1 percent
火山灰 ±百分之1
Cement ±1 percent
水泥 ±百分之1
Water ±1 percent
水 ±百分之1
Aggregate smaller than 1-1/2 inch size ±2 percent
粒径小于1-1/2英寸的骨料 ±百分之2
Aggregate larger than 1-1/2 inch size ±3 percent
粒径大于1-1/2英寸的骨料 ±百分之3
Admixtures ±3 percent
掺合料 ±百分之3
10.4.1.5 The continuous feeders for each of the ingredients shall be calibrated as per the
plant manufacturer’s specifications. Devices and tools shall be maintained at the plant location to
check the feeders calibration at the Contracting Officer’s request. A technician shall be provided
that is skilled in calibration of the feed devices and the maintenance and repair of the plant control
system. The technician shall be available within thirty minutes notice during all scheduled plant
operations. The technician could be one or more of the Contractor’s personnel.
每种配料的连续填料器应根据设备厂商的规格标有刻度。应维护搅拌装置的
设备和工具，在甲方工程代表的要求下检查喂料器的校准。应提供一名有填料设备校准和设
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备控制系统维护和修理技能的技术员。在所有预定装置运行三十分钟通知内该技术员应到位
。该技术员可以是一名或多名承包人的人员。
10.4.2 Cement, Pozzolan and Aggregate Feed. Cement, pozzolan and aggregates shall be
uniformly, continuously, and simultaneously fed (at the proper ratios and quantity for the mix
design desired) into the mixer by belt, auger, vane feeder or other acceptable method. The feed bins
or silos for each ingredient shall be kept sufficiently full and shall be of sufficient size to insure a
uniform flow at a constant rate for a specific mix design. The feed bins shall have a low level
indicator that both warns the operator and can shut the plant down if insufficient material is
available for a uniform and continuous flow.
水泥、火山灰及骨料进给。水泥、火山灰和骨料应用带式、螺旋式、片式给料
机或其他可接受的方式一致地、连续地、同时地添加（以混合设计所需的合适的配比和量）
到搅拌机中。每种配料的进料斗或进料仓应充分充满，尺寸应足够大，以确保以恒定的速率
一致地流动从而获得特定的混合设计。进料斗应有低料位指示仪，当没有足够的物料用于一
致连续的流动时，其既能警告操作员又能停止设备。
10.4.3 Water and Admixtures Dispensers. The liquid dispensing devices shall be capable of
metering and dispensing within the specified requirements. The liquid valves shall be free from
leakage in the closed position. The dispensers shall have attachments and/or be installed in such a
manner that will permit convenient checking of their accuracy. Plumbing shall be leak-free and
properly valved to prevent backflow or siphoning. The dispenser shall be interlocked with the
electronic plant control and shall warn the operator and shut down the plant if insufficient liquid is
available. Separate nozzles for each liquid shall be properly located at the mixer to assure uniform
distribution of each liquid to the materials entering the mixer.
水和掺合料分配器。液体分配设备应能够在规定的要求内计量和分配。液体阀
门在关闭位置不得存在泄露。分配器应具有附件和/或以这样的方式安装，其允许方便地检
查它们的精确度。管路不得存在泄漏，并装有适当的阀门以阻止倒流或虹吸。分配器应用电
子设备控制互锁，如果没有足够的液体时应警告操作员并停止设备。每种液体分开的喷嘴应
适当地装在搅拌机上，以确保将每种液体一致地分配到进入搅拌机的物料中。
10.4.4 Continuous Mixer(s). The continuous mixer(s) shall have proper introduction of
ingredients as specified by the manufacturer and shall not be charged in excess of the recommended
capacity of the manufacturer. Mixer(s) shall be capable of combining the materials into a uniform
homogenous mixture and of discharging this mixture without segregation. The mixer(s) shall
operate at the blade speed designated by the manufacturer and shall be capable of changing
retention time of the ingredients in the mixer. This could be accomplished by manually resetting the
mixer(s) blade angles. Mixing time (ingredient retention time in the mixer) shall be predicted upon
the uniformity, homogeneity and consistency of the resultant mixture. When the Contractor
proposes to reduce the mixing time, three samples shall be taken at one minute intervals and tested
as per CRD-C 55 and these specifications, and three consistency tests using the modified Vebe
apparatus will be made by the Government at the Contractor’s expense to determine whether the
reduced mixing time will produce RCC which meets the requirements of these specifications. The
mixer(s) shall be maintained in satisfactory operating condition and mixer blades and cavities shall
be kept free of hardened concrete. Should mixer(s) at any time produce unsatisfactory results, its
use shall be promptly discontinued until it is repaired. Suitable facilities shall be provided for
obtaining representative samples of concrete for testing. All necessary platforms shelters, tools, and
equipment shall be provided for obtaining samples. For the initial trial runs, after the plant has been
calibrated for all the ingredients, trial runs of at least five minutes duration will be performed. The
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mixer’s blade angle and blade speed shall be at the manufacturer’s specified setting for the mixer’s
maximum production rate. Trial runs shall be at a 600 c.y./hour rate with test samples obtained
during the last fifth minute of the trial run. The initial trial run mixed materials shall be wasted or
disposed of as directed. For trial runs, the accuracy of all materials shall meet the requirements of
paragraph 10.4.1.4.
连续搅拌机。连续搅拌机应根据厂商的规定适当地引入配料，并不得超过厂商
建议的容量送料。搅拌机应能够将材料结合为一致的均匀的混合物，并能够无离析地排出该
混合物。搅拌机应以厂商指定的叶片速度运行，应能够改变配料在搅拌机中的停留时间。应
该通过手动重置搅拌叶片的角度达到这个目的。应根据产生混合料的一致性均匀性和粘稠度
预测搅拌时间（配料在搅拌机中的停留时间）。当承包人提出降低搅拌时间时，应以一分钟
的时间间隔进行三次取样，根据CRD-C 55和这些规范进行检测，由政府使用改良的贝氏振
动式稠度计做三次粘稠度检测，费用由承包人承担，以确定是否降低的搅拌时间能够生产出
符合这些规范要求的RCC。搅拌机应保持满意的工作状态，搅拌叶片和滚筒应无凝固的混凝
土。搅拌机在任何时候生产出不合格的混凝土时，应立即停止使用直到将其修好。应为获得
进行检测的混凝土的代表性样本提供合适的设施。应为获得样本提供所有必要的平台、遮蔽
、工具和设备。最初试运行时，对设备进行所有配料的校准后，进行至少五分钟的试运行。
搅拌机的叶片角度和叶片速度应为厂家的规定设置，以获得搅拌机的最大生产率。试运行的
速度应为600c.y.每小时，在试运行的后十五分钟过程中获得测试样本。应根据指示丢弃或处
理初步试运行的混合物料。试运行时，所有物料的精确度应符合第10.4.1.4段的要求。
10.5 Plant Raw Feed. Aggregates shall be fed to the mixing plant bins by an approved
method. A raw aggregate surge stockpile of at least two days of continuous plant operation shall be
maintained. Hoppers shall have indicators and a light bar visual to the operator indicating level of
aggregates. There shall be at least two feeders per tunnel conveyor. The feeders shall be capable of
adjustable feed rates controllable by the plant operator and by the plant’s electronic control system.
For cement and pozzolan storage, there shall be at least three days storage capacity at the plant site
and shall maintain a minimum at any time of two actual operating days of storage. During
operation, storage silo usage shall be rotated to provide the same degree of freshness. Also, the plant
water system shall have more than one sole source of supply. It is the intent of these requirements to
minimize exposure of the plant running out of any raw feed.
装置新进料。骨料应以批准的方法喂入搅拌设备料斗中。应有至少两天连续设
备运行的原骨料堆料。料斗应具有操作员可以看见的表明骨料位的指示器以及光条。每个地
沟皮带输送机应具有至少两个喂料器。喂料器应能够通过设备操作员的控制以及通过设备的
电子控制系统调节喂料速度。对于水泥和火山灰储存，设备现场应有至少三天的储存量，并
在任何时候都保持至少两天实际运行的存储量。在运行期间，应旋转贮料筒仓以提供相同的
新鲜度。此外，设备水系统应有超过一个水源。尽可能不使设备用完任何新进料是这些要求
的目的。
10.6 Sampling Facilities.
取样设施。
10.6.1 Within the mixing plant an enclosed room (or building) shall be provided and
maintained which is supported separately from the frame of the mixing plant to minimize
vibrations. The floor of this room shall be free of vibration that would prevent the proper
performance of tests. This room shall be equipped with an approved power-actuated mechanical
sampling device for obtaining samples of concrete (for delivery for weighing in the sampling
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container to a mechanical screening device). The mechanical sampling device shall be capable of
delivering 1000 pounds of RCC to the sampling container and shall be capable of obtaining samples
from the discharge of the mixer(s), the discharge of the wet batch hopper, or at a point where the
RCC is discharged into the transportation equipment. The sampling container shall be approved,
shall have a capacity of at least 1000 pounds, and have a gate at the bottom for discharge of the
sample from the container to the mechanical screening device or to the wet lab floor. The concrete
sample shall be mechanically transferred to a mechanical screening device having an approximate
screening area of 24 inches wide by 30 inches long with 1-1/2 inch square openings. A 1/4-inch
steel plate shall be placed on the floor underneath the screening device which shall extend a
minimum of 4 feet along the length of one side and will provide a minimum of 48 square feet of
working space. A facility shall be provided for the immediate return of surplus concrete from the
sample to the concrete discharge stream. Waste concrete from the tested samples shall be disposed
of immediately. A curing box capable of storing a minimum of 66 compressive test cylinders shall
be provided. A method for preventing the loss of moisture from fresh cylinders and for preventing
damage to them shall be provided by the curing box. Air temperature within the box shall be
thermostatically controlled within the range 73.4 ± 3°F. A curing box meeting the requirements in
SECTION 03300 and capable of storing 48 6-inch by 12-inch cylinders and 18 9-inch by 18-inch
cylinders shall be provided. The RCC and conventional cylinders shall be delivered to the specified
laboratory at times designated and in suitable containers. Within the sampling room a mechanical
hoist or lifting device shall be provided that is capable of lifting the 9-inch by 18-inch cylinders and
placing them into and removing them from the curing box or tank. The lifting device shall keep the
cylinders in a vertical and level position and will not jar or shake them while moving them. This
lifting device shall also be capable of loading the cylinders into the vehicle used to transport the
cylinders to the testing lab.
在搅拌厂中，应提供并维护一个封闭间（或建筑），其由搅拌厂的支架单独支撑
从而使振动最小化。该房间的地面不得存在振动，该振动会阻止检测的适当进行。该房间应
配有一台经批准的动力传动机械取样设备以获得混凝土的样本（用于运送到机械筛分设备在
取样容器中进行称重）。机械取样装置应能够将1000磅RCC输送到取样容器中，并应能够从
搅拌机的卸料、湿配料斗的卸料或RCC被释放到运输设备的地方获得样本。取样容器应经过
审批，应能够容纳至少1000磅样本，并在底部具有一个门用于将样本从容器中释放到机械筛
分设备或湿实验室地面。混凝土样本应机械地运到机械筛分设备中，该设备具有大约24英寸
宽30英寸长1-1/2英寸方孔的筛面。应在筛分设备下方的地面上放置1/4英寸的钢板，其一侧
的长度至少为4英尺，并提供最小48平方英尺的作业区。提供一个设施将剩余混凝土从样本
立即返回混凝土释放流中。检测样本废弃的混凝土应立即处理。应提供能够储存至少66个压
实试验筒柱的养护箱。养护箱应提供阻止新拌筒柱水分损失以及阻止它们被损害的方法。养
护箱中的空气温度应恒温控制在73.4±3°F的范围内。应提供符合第03300节要求并能够储存
48 6英寸乘以12英寸的筒柱以及18 9英寸乘以18英寸筒柱的养护箱。应将RCC和常规筒柱在
指定的时间和合适的容器中运送到规定的实验室中。在取样室中，应提供机械起重机或起重
装置，其能够起吊9英寸乘以18英寸的筒柱并将它们放到养护箱或槽中或从中取出。起重装
置应使筒柱保持在垂直和水平位置，当移动它们时不会震动或摇晃它们。该起重装置还应能
够将筒柱装载到用于将筒柱运输到检测实验室的车辆上。
10.6.2 One (1) 100 gallon hot water heater, and one (1) curing tank measuring at least 30
inches long by 30 inches wide by 24 inches deep shall be provided and installed. The curing tank
and hot water heater shall be complete with individual piping and valves. Valving shall be such that
cold and hot water can be mixed. The valving shall be controlled automatically to provide and
maintain constantly any desired water temperature between 70°F and 100°F. The tank will be
provided with an inlet at the bottom of the tank and an overflow pipe. The tank will be one foot
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above the floor, fully insulated and with a lid. A rack shall be provided for supporting concrete
cylinders 2 inches above the bottom of the tank. The curing tank shall conform to ASTM C 684,
Procedure A. A heavy-duty wooden workbench, approximately 3 feet high by 3 feet wide by 6 feet
long with a shelf about 1 foot above the floor, and a desk 30 inches high by 3 feet wide by 5 feet
long with drawers on one side shall be provided. Adequate lighting, electrical outlets, heat and
water shall be furnished. Telephone communications shall be provided between this room and the
batching floor. If the conventional concrete is to be batched at the same plant as the RCC, the same
sampling facilities may be used providing they meet the requirements for sampling RCC and
conventional concrete (see SECTION 03300, paragraph 10.6).
应提供和安装一（1）个100加仑的热水加热器以及一（1）个尺寸为至少30英寸
长30英寸宽24英寸深的养护槽。养护槽和热水加热器应具有单独的管道系统和阀门。阀门应
为冷热水可以混合的阀门。应能够自动控制阀门，从而不断地提供和维持任何想要的70°F到
100°F之间的水温。在槽的底部应配有入一个入口，该槽还配有一根溢流管。槽在地面一英
尺上方，其充分隔热并具有一个盖子。应提供一个搁物架，用于将混凝土筒柱支撑在槽底部
上方2英寸。养护槽应符合程序A ASTM C 684，应提供一张重型木工作台，大约3英尺高3英
尺宽6英尺长，具有一个地面上方大约1英尺的架子以及一个30英寸高3英尺宽5英尺长的写字
台并且一侧有抽屉。应提供充足的照明、插座、热和水。应提供该房间和配料楼之间的电话
沟通。如果常规混凝土和RCC在同一个设备中配置，可以使用相同的符合RCC和常规混凝土
取样要求（参见第03300节第10.6段）的取样设施。
10.7 Laboratory Areas. A facility to house the Government assurance control testing
equipment and to provide working space for the Government Inspector shall be provided at an
approved location within the plant, or immediately adjacent floor. The laboratory area specified in
this paragraph is in addition to and is separate from sampling facilities mentioned in paragraph 10.7.
This room shall have a floor approximately 150 square feet in area, shall be reasonably sound proof
and dustproof, shall be heated with an electric heater, and shall be ventilated and lighted. It shall be
equipped with a built-in desk 5 feet by 3 feet wide with drawers on one side and one drawer in the
center that can be locked. The control room shall be located in an area adjacent to the batch board
where the Government Inspector can readily observe the batch board and batch plant operator and
also adjacent to an exterior window of the batch plant which will allow ready observation of all
concrete transporting vehicles leaving the immediate area of the batch plant. Enclosed sanitary toilet
facilities in the immediate vicinity of the control room shall be furnished and kept clean. Drinking
water shall be provided. A floor space as approved shall be made available on the weigh batcher
floor for the installation of fine aggregate and Gilson sieving machines, and a 200-pound capacity
scale. A cabinet to enclose the Gilson shaker and a concrete pedestal for its base shall be provided.
A wall-mounted exhaust fan shall be provided to exhaust dust from the Gilson shaker cabinet. A
skin with minimum dimensions of 20 inches by 24 inches by 8 inches deep shall be provided for
washing aggregate. Four 120-volt duplex convenience receptacles and two 240-volt receptacles (60
cycle single phase) shall be provided in the control room where directed. The control room shall be
available for use at least two weeks before any concrete is mixed by the mixing plant.
实验室区域。应在经批准的位置在搅拌厂内或紧邻的楼层提供储藏政府质量控
制检测设备并为政府检查员提供作业空间的设施。本段规定的实验室区域是除第10.7段提到
的取样设施外的区域并应与其分开。该房间应有面积大约150平方英尺的地面，应适当地隔
音防尘，应用电热器加热，并且应通风有照明设备。其应配备5英尺长3英尺宽的内置办公桌
，在一侧有多个抽屉，在中间有一个可以锁住的抽屉。控制室应位于与配料板相邻的区域，
在该区域内政府检查员可以容易地观察配料板和拌合厂操作员，并与拌合厂的一个外窗相邻
，其允许随时观察所有离开紧邻拌合厂区域的混凝土运输车辆。应提供紧邻控制室的封闭式
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卫生厕所设施并保持干净。应提供饮用水。应根据审批在称重配料层提供地面空间用于安装
细骨料和吉尔森筛分机以及一台200磅容量的秤。应提供装吉尔森振动器的柜子以及混凝土
基座用作振动器基础。应提供壁挂式排气扇以将灰尘从吉尔森振动器柜中排出。应提供最小
为20英寸乘24英寸乘8英寸深的容器用于清洗骨料。应根据指示在控制室提供四个120伏特的
双工电源插座以及两个240伏特的插座（单相60圈7）。应在搅拌装置搅拌任何混凝土前至少
两周建好控制室。
10.8 Laboratory Equipment. The list of equipment in SECTION 01010, paragraph 3.13.2
shall be furnished and installed in the room provided in the batch plant.
实验室设备。应提供第01010节第3.13.2段的设备列表中的设备，并将这些设备
安装到拌合厂中提供的房间内。
10.9 Conveyance.
运输工具。
10.9.1 It is the intent of this contract to construct the mass RCC in as nearly a continuous
operation as is practical. Therefore, the concrete mixtures shall be conveyed from the plant mixer(s)
to placement as rapidly and as continuous as practical by methods which limit segregation,
contamination and surface drying. The RCC shall be conveyed from the mixing plant to the crest of
the dam by means of a main line conveyor system. On the dam crest the RCC shall be discharged
from the main line conveyor onto side discharge conveyors for final placement or into gob hoppers.
From the gob hoppers, the RCC shall be discharged into end dump trucks without endgates for the
movement of RCC to the dumping location within each lift.
本合同的目的是以尽可能持续的运行建设大体积RCC。因此，应用限制离析、
污染和表面干燥的方法尽可能快而连续地将混凝土混合物从搅拌厂的搅拌机运走进行浇筑。
RCC应通过干线输送系统从搅拌厂运到坝顶。在坝顶，RCC应从主干线运输工具释放到侧道
运输工具上，用于最终浇筑或卸载到出料斗中。RCC应从出料斗卸到没有围板的后卸式自卸
车上，从而将RCC运到每层浇筑的倾泻位置。
10.9.2 Indicating and signaling devices shall be provided for the control and identification of
types or classes of RCC as they are mixed and discharged for transfer to the placement site. Each
type or class of RCC shall be visually identified by placing a colored tag or other marker as it leaves
the mixing plant so that the RCC may be positively identified and placed in the structure in the
desired position.
应提供指示和信号装置，从而当搅拌和排出RCC运到浇筑现场时控制和确定
RCC的类型和等级。当RCC离开搅拌装置时应通过放置色标或其他标记视觉识别RCC的类别
和等级，从而可以明确地鉴定RCC并将其浇筑到所需位置的结构中。
10.9.3 Methods and equipment for handling, hauling and depositing the mixtures shall be
designed in detail by the Contractor. Plans, narratives and specifications of the system and its
components shall be submitted for approval within 180 days of the receipt of the notice to proceed.
The submittals shall include, but not be limited to, items such as haul roads, access roads, hoppers,
radio and/or telephone systems, vehicles, conveyor systems, maximum incline of conveyor belts,
personnel, shift schedule, maintenance schedules, downtime schedule, inclement weather schedule,
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etc. All conveyance equipment that leaves the surface of the dam for any reason must be cleaned of
all contaminants by an approved method before returning to the dam surface. A portable protective
device shall be provided upon which conveyance equipment (as well as all other equipment) can be
serviced on the dam surface without contamination of the underlying RCC.
承包人应详细设计处理、运输和处置混合物的方法和设备。在收到开工通知180
天内应提交系统及其组件的规划、描述和规格进行审批。该提交应包括但不限于运输道路、
进场道路、料斗、无线电和/或电话系统、车辆、运输系统、传送带的最大坡度、人员、轮
班计划、维修计划、停机计划、恶劣天气计划等项目。所有因任何原因离开大坝表面的运输
设备在回到大坝表面前必须以批准的方法清除掉所有的污染物。应提供便携式保护装置，通
过该保护装置可以在大坝表面维修运输设备（以及其他设备）而不会污染下方的RCC。
10.9.4 Conveyor Belt System. Conveyor belts shall be of ample width and operated at speeds
which meet the production requirements and do not segregate the mixture. Mixed material will not
be allowed to lie exposed for more than 5 minutes without being protected from drying by wind
and/or sun, and from overwetting by rain. The system shall be designed and manufactured by
personnel fully experienced with conveyor belt delivery of low slump or no slump mass concrete
and shall be designed specifically for continuous operation. The conveyor system shall be
maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommended practice and an adequate inventory
shall be maintained at jobsite of replacement components and parts. The conveyor system shall be
designed for continuous around-the-clock placement with all components modular for quick and
easy repair or replacement. Conveyor belts shall not be operated at steep inclines that may cause
segregation.
传送带系统。传动带应有足够的宽度，并以满足生产要求的速度运行，并且不
会使混合物离析。不允许混合材料裸露放置超过5分钟而没有保护其不被风和/或太阳干燥并
保护其不被雨淋的过湿。该系统应由具有丰富的输送低坍落度或无坍落度大体积混凝土的传
送带经验的人员设计和制造，并且应为连续运行进行特别设计。应根据厂商的建议规程维护
输送系统，并在替换组件和部件的施工现场保持足够的库存。输送系统的设计应能够满足连
续昼夜不停地浇筑，所有的组件模块能够快速简便地维修或替换。传送带不得以可能引起离
析的陡峭的坡度运行。
10.9.5 Gob Hoppers. The gob hoppers shall be constructed with adequate capacity so that the
mixing sequence is not stopped or slowed during production if the hauling vehicles are delayed. The
gob hoppers shall be constructed with side slopes and gates that allow for the free flow of RCC
without segregation or choking. Telephone or radio communication shall be provided between the
gob hoppers, the mixing plant control room, and the placement site. Gob hoppers shall be emptied
of all of one mix before being filled with a mix of a different design. At least two gob hoppers shall
be provided on the crest of the dam. Gob hoppers shall be easily moved or elevated with no system
downtime and without causing any damage to the RCC.
出料斗。出料斗应设有足够的容量，从而当运输车辆耽搁时在生产过程中搅拌
不会停止或减慢。出料斗应设有边坡和门，其允许RCC自由流动而不会出现离析或阻塞。应
在出料斗、搅拌厂控制室和浇筑现场之间提供电话或无线电通信。在填充不同设计的一种混
合物之前应将出料斗中一种混合物的所有物料清空。应在坝顶提供至少两个出料斗。出料斗
应容易移动或提升，移动或提升过程中不会停止系统也不会对RCC造成任何损害。
10.9.6 End Dump Trucks. Conveyance of RCC on the dam crest between the gob hoppers and
final placement location within each lift shall be by end dump trucks. Trucks shall remain on the
surface (crest) of the dam at all times except for refueling and maintenance. Trucks and/or other
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vehicular traffic shall not be allowed on RCC surfaces until RCC is at least three hours old, except:
1) trucks shall back up on just placed, uncompacted RCC for actual dumping of RCC, and 2) after
the completion of RCC for each lift, the end dump trucks are permitted (one time only and without
making sudden turns or stops) to drive across freshly compacted RCC to the location necessary to
the start of hauling for the next lift. The dump beds shall dump clean with no buildup or hanging of
material in corners. The beds may require coved corners and/or bed vibrators. See drawings for
placement procedures.
尾卸式卡车。在坝顶将RCC从出料斗运到每个浇筑层的最终浇筑位置的运输工
具应为尾卸式卡车。除了补给燃料和维修外，卡车应一直停在坝表面（顶部）。卡车和/或其
他运输车辆不得行驶到RCC表面，直到RCC停留了至少三小时，以下情况除外：1）卡车倒
退到刚刚浇筑的未压实的RCC上倾泻RCC，2）每层RCC完工后，允许尾卸式卡车（仅一次
，不得急转弯或急停）驶过刚刚压实的RCC行驶到开始下一层混凝土运输所需的位置。自卸
车厢应卸干净，角落不存在物料的积聚或悬挂。车厢可能需要凹圆形角和/或车厢振荡器。
关于浇筑程序，参见图纸。
10.10 Spreading and Re-Mixing Equipment. Spreading shall be accomplished by dozer,

grader or other approved equipment. Dozers shall be a minimum size and weight equivalent to a
Caterpillar D-7. There shall be a minimum of one operating dozer for each 200 cubic yards of RCC
being placed each hour. The dozers shall be equipped with well-maintained grousers and shall have
a "U" blade. A front end loader with operator shall be available to assist with deposition and
spreading of RCC as needed in confined areas, at the abutments, and at other locations as approved
or directed. The equipment shall be maintained in good operating condition. The equipment shall
not leak or drip oil, grease or other visible contaminants onto the fill. All equipment used for
spreading and remixing that leaves the surface of the dam for maintenance or repairs or for any
other reason must be cleaned of all contaminants by an approved method before returning to the
dam surface. Spreader box or other spreading and re-mixing equipment shall not be used. Under no
conditions shall a dozer or other tracked vehicle be operated on other than fresh uncompacted RCC.
When necessary to remove the tracked vehicle from the dam surface, or move the dozer from one
abutment to the other, such movements shall be made by loading the vehicle on a rubber-tired
trailer, provide protective pads between the grousers and RCC surface, or provide some other
approved protective device.
摊铺和再搅拌设备。应用推土机、平土机或其他批准的设备完成摊铺。推土机
的最小尺寸和重量应等于卡特彼勒D-7。每小时浇筑的RCC的每200立方码应有至少一台运行
的推土机。推土机应配有保养良好的履带并有“U”形推铲。根据需要，在承压区域、坝肩
和其他获批或指示的位置应有载有操作员的前悬式装载机帮助RCC沉积和摊铺。设备应保持
良好的运行状态。设备不得将油、润滑油和其他看得见的污染物泄露或滴到填充物上。所有
用于摊铺和再搅拌的因维护或维修或其他任何原因离开大坝表面的设备再回到大坝表面前必
须用批准的方法清除所有污染物。不得使用摊铺机箱或其他摊铺和再搅拌设备。在任何情况
下推土机或其他履带式车辆都不得在除新鲜的未压实的RCC外的地方运行。当需要将履带式
车辆从大坝表面移走，或将推土机从一个坝肩移到另一个坝肩时，该移动应通过将车辆装载
到橡胶轮胎拖车上进行，在履带和RCC表面之间提供护垫或提供某些其他经批准的保护装置
。
10.11 Compaction Equipment.
压实设备。
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10.11.1 Self-Propelled Vibratory Rollers shall be of the double-drum type. They shall transmit
a dynamic impact to the surface through a smooth steel drum by means of revolving weights,
eccentric shafts, or other equivalent methods. The compactor shall have a gross weight of not less
than 21,000 pounds and shall produce a dynamic force of between 350 and 450 pounds per linear
inch of drum width at an operating frequency of at least 2,200 cycles per minute. The roller drum
shall be between 4 and 5-1/2 feet in diameter and 5-1.2 to 8 feet in width. The roller shall be
operated at speeds not exceeding 1.5 miles per hour. The engine driving the eccentric mass shall
have a rating of not less than 125 horsepower. Within the range of the operational capability of the
equipment, the Contracting Officer may direct or allow variations to the frequency and speed of
operation which result in maximum density at the fastest production rate. At least two self-propelled
vibratory rollers meeting these requirements shall be maintained full time (with operators) on the
placement area at all times during production and placement. Standby replacement equipment shall
be available within 1 hour if necessary. The equipment shall be maintained in good operating
condition. The equipment shall not leak or drip oil, grease or other visible contamination onto the
fill. The roller shall be equipped with a reversible cam to allow the compaction action in both
forward and reverse directions. All compaction equipment reentering dam surfaces must be cleaned
of all contaminants by an approved method.
自推进式振动压路机应为双滚轮型。它们应经光滑的钢滚轮通过旋转重物、偏
心轴或通过其他等效的方法将动力冲击转移到表面。压实机的毛重不得小于21,000磅，每直
线英寸滚轮宽度应能够产生350到450之间的动力，运行频率为至少每分钟2,200周。压路机
的滚轮直径应为4到5-1/2英尺，宽度应为5-1.2到8英尺。压路机的运行速度不得超过每小时
1.5英里。驱动偏心质量的发动机的额定功率不得低于125马力。在设备的作业能力范围内，
甲方工程代表可以指示或允许运行频率和速度变化，从而以最快的生产率产生最大的密度。
在生产和浇筑过程中，浇筑区在任何时候应全程（有操作员）具有最少两台符合这些要求的
自推进式振动压路机。如果需要，在1小时内应能够获得备用替换设备。设备应保持良好的
运行状态。设备不得将油、润滑油和其他看得见的污染物泄露或滴到填充物上。压路机应配
有可倒转的凸轮，以允许前进或倒退着进行压实。所有再进入大坝表面的压实设备必须以批
准的方法清除所有的污染物。
10.11.2 Power Tampers and Small Vibratory Rollers. Small vibratory rollers similar to the
Case Model W100 which are capable of operating within a few inches of a vertical face shall be
used to compact the RCC at areas where the larger vibratory rollers specified above cannot
maneuver. The dynamic force produced by the small rollers shall be at least 150 pounds per linear
inch of drum width for each drum of a double drum unit and at least 300 pounds per linear inch of
drum width for a single-drum unit. Tampers shall be of a type similar to the Wacker Model GVR
200Y and shall develop a force per blow of at least 1,900 pounds. The amounts of rolling and
tamping required shall be whatever is necessary for the particular equipment to provide the same
degree of compaction as would be attained with ten passes of the large self-propelled vibratory
roller specified above. At least two small rollers and three tampers in good operating condition shall
be maintained on the placement area during all production operations. Standby replacement
equipment shall be available within 1 hour’s time if needed.
机动夯土机和小型振动压路机。应使用类似于示例型号W100的能够在几英寸的
垂直面运行的小型振动压路机压实上述大型振动压路机不能机动行驶区域的RCC。小型压路
机双滚轮单元的每个滚轮产生的动力应至少为150磅每直线英尺滚轮宽度，单滚轮单元的动
力应至少为300磅每直线英尺滚轮宽度。夯土机的类型应类似于威克GVR 200Y型，且每次击
打产生的力至少为1,900磅。所需的滚动和夯击量为具体设备提供与自推进式振动压路机驶
过十次获得的相同压实度所需的任何量。在所有生产运行中，浇筑区应至少有两台运行状态
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良好的小型压路机或三台运行状态良好的夯土机。如果需要，在1小时内应能够获得备用替
换设备。
10.11.3 Internal Vibrators. The conventional slump concrete and the RCC/ slump concrete
interface shall be consolidated by immersion "gang-mounted" vibrators. A minimum of four
vibrators shall be mounted in a line on the boom of a backhoe or similar device. The vibrators shall
be spaced at 10 inches center-to-center. The head diameter, frequency (measured immersed) and
average amplitude (measured in air) of the vibrators shall conform to the following requirements:
插入式振捣器。常规坍落度混凝土和RCC/坍落混凝土界面应用插入式―组装‖振
捣器加固。应在反铲动臂或类似装置上将最少四台振捣器安装在一条直线上。振捣器的中心
距应为10英寸。振捣器的头径、频率（浸入测量）以及平均振幅（空气中测量）应符合如下
要求：
Frequency VPM
Head Diameter (Inches) Amplitude (Inches)
频率每分钟振动次数（VPM
头径（英寸）振幅（英寸）
）
3-6 7,000 -10,500 0.03 -0.06
In no case shall vibrators be used to transport concrete within the forms. Vibration shall be
systematic, with emphasis on closely spaced insertions. The duration shall be that necessary to
produce good consolidation. There shall be adequate air pressure available for air vibrators and
adequate voltage for electric vibrators. An adequate number of vibrators shall be on hand to meet
placing requirements, and spare vibrators shall be available to maintain production in the event of
breakdown.
在任何情况下振捣器都不得用于运输带模板的混凝土。应系统地震动，重点在于小间距插入
。持续时间应为产生良好加固所需的时间。气动振捣器应有足够的气压，电动振捣器应有足
够的电压。现场应由足够数量的振捣器以满足浇筑要求，应有多余的振捣器以在故障时维持
生产。
10.12 Truck Mounted Vacuum Pick Up System. Truck mounted vacuum pick up system(s)
shall be provided for various cleanup operations from the beginning of foundation cleanup to final
placement of job RCC. Materials to be removed will include but not be limited to dust, silt, sand,
gravels, angular rocks, contaminated concrete, water, mud and vegetation. Unit(s) shall be available
for use as directed when any RCC or cleanup operation is in progress. The unit(s) shall be Model
2045 Vactor, 16 cubic yard truck mounted vacuum loader(s) as manufactured by Power Master,
Inc., 5303 N.E. 105th Street, Portland, Oregon, or approved equal. The unit(s) shall be capable of
pumping 4500 cubic feet of air per minute through an 8-inch-diameter opening and capable of
pumping at least 3,000 gallons of water in 90 seconds. The equipment shall be maintained in good
operating condition. The equipment shall not leak or drip oil, grease or other visible contamination
onto the RCC.
车载式真空捡拾系统。从开始清理基础到最终现场浇筑RCC的过程中应为各种
清理操作提供车载式真空捡拾系统。待移除的材料包括但不限于灰尘、泥沙、沙子、砾石、
棱角状岩石、被污染的混凝土、水、泥和植被。当进行RCC或清理操作时，应根据指示提供
能够使用的设备。设备应为Power Master, Inc.（俄勒冈州波特兰105号街东北5303）生产的
2045 Vactor型16立方码车载式真空装载机或其他审批的同等设备型号。设备每分钟应能够通
过直径为8英寸的孔抽4500立方英尺空气并能够在90秒内抽至少3,000加仑水。设备应保持良
好的运行状态。设备不得将油、润滑油和其他看得见的污染物泄露或滴到RCC上。
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10.13 High-Pressure Water Jet Systems.
高压喷水系统。
10.13.1 Water Truck with Specially Mounted Spray Bars. Water truck(s) with front end
mounted spray bars shall be used (and designed) for washing and cleaning large open lift surface
areas during the regular course of RCC place-ment. The units shall be for removing (without
damaging or undercutting coarse size aggregates) all laitance, surface mortar coatings, grime, dirt,
oil, or any hard-packed or loose contaminants from the RCC surface during all weather conditions
expected at the project. The wash truck(s) shall have a minimum washing path of ten feet and be
capable of cleaning and washing at a rate that does not impede or slow down the placement rate for
the RCC. Spray bars shall be capable of adjustment to permit directing the spraying action to the
side and shall be adjustable above the washing surface from between 4 and 10 inches. The units
shall be capable of developing a working pressure of 1,500 psi at each nozzle head. The units shall
be capable of uniformly washing 100 percent of the surface at the stipulated adjustment elevations
and must also have ample volume and spray velocity to readily move wash debris to approved
collecting and disposal areas. The units shall be successfully demonstrated during construction of
the RCC cofferdam prior to being approved for use on the main RCC mass. Tire size and air
pressure shall be controlled to prevent tearing and rutting actions within the RCC. The equipment
shall be maintained in good operating condition. Standby replacement equipment shall be available
within 1 hour time if needed.
带有专门安装的喷射柱的水罐车。喷射柱装在前端的水罐车应用于（并设计为
）在RCC浇筑常规过程中清洗大面积开放浇筑面区域。在所有工程所需的所有天气条件下应
使用设备清理RCC表面的所有水泥浆、表面砂浆层、污垢、泥土、油或任何坚硬的压实的或
松动的污染物（不会损坏或底切粗粒径骨料）。水罐车的最小清洗路径应为十英尺，并能够
以不妨碍或减慢RCC浇筑速度的速度进行清洗。喷射柱应能够调节，以使喷射指向清洗侧，
并应能够调节到清洗面上方4到10英寸。设备的每个喷嘴应能够产生1,500psi的工作压力。设
备应能够以规定的调节高度均匀地清洗表面的百分之100，并且还必须有足够的量和喷射速
度，从而容易地将清洗的碎屑冲到批准的收集和处理区域。在RCC围堰施工过程中在批准用
在主RCC块之前应成功地证明设备的能力。应控制轮胎尺寸和空气压力防止使RCC的分裂和
留下车辙。设备应保持良好的运行状态。如果需要，在1小时内应能够获得备用替换设备。
10.13.2 Portable High Pressure Washer. Portable high pressure washer(s) shall be used (and
designed) for washing and cleaning small or confined areas within each lift surface during the
regular course of RCC placement. The unit(s) shall be for removing (without damaging or
undercutting coarse size aggregates), all laitance, surface mortar coatings, grime, dirt, oil, or any
hard packed or loose contaminants from the RCC surface during all weather conditions expected at
the project. The portable high pressure washer(s) shall have a nozzle gun and hose capable of easily
being handled by one man. The washer shall be capable of developing a working pressure of 1,500
psi at the nozzle. The unit(s) shall be maintained in good operating condition. Standby replacement
unit(s) shall be available within 1 hour’s time if needed. A portable high pressure washer meeting
the minimum requirements of these specifications is a "Hot Blasting-Wet Sandblasting System"
Baumac 330 available at Power Rents in Tigard, Oregon.
便携式高压清洗机。便携式高压清洗机应用于（或设计为）在RCC浇筑常规过
程中清洗每个浇筑层表面的小型或有限的区域。在所有工程所需的所有天气条件下应使用设
备清理RCC表面的所有水泥浆、表面砂浆层、污垢、泥土、油或任何坚硬的压实的或松动的
污染物（不会损坏或底切粗粒径骨料）。便携式高压清洗机应具有人员容易操作的喷水枪和
软管。清洗机的每个喷嘴应能够产生1,500psi的工作压力。设备应保持良好的运行状态。如
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果需要，在1小时内应能够获得备用替换设备。满足这些规范最低要求的便携式高压清洗机
为俄勒冈州泰格德Power Rents的Baumac 330―热风湿式喷砂系统‖。
10.14 Other Equipment. All other equipment (backhoe(s) with vibratory plate, backhoe(s)
with immersion-type vibrators, wash trucks etc.) necessary for the successful completion of RCC
production but not previously discussed within these specifications (or determined to be necessary
during the course of the work) shall be approved prior to actual use. Such equipment shall not result
in any damage to the RCC, shall be maintained in good operating condition, and shall be operated
by skilled contractor-provided personnel.
其他设备。应在实际使用之前审批所有成功完成RCC生产所需要的这些规范之
前未讨论的（或在施工过程中认为必要的）其他设备（带振动板的反铲挖掘机、带插入式振
捣器的反铲挖掘机、清洗车等）。这些设备不得对RCC产生任何损害，应保持良好的运行状
态，并应由熟练的承包人提供的人员操作。
10.15 Nuclear Density Gauge. Readings to determine the density of both uncompacted and
compacted RCC shall be made using a two probe strata nuclear density gauge supplied by the
Contractor. The gauge shall be capable of taking readings along a horizontal path between the
probes at two-inch increments form two inches from the surface to 24 inches below the surface. The
nuclear density gauge shall be the Model MC-S-24 Strata Gauge manufactured by CPN Corp., 130
South Buchanan Circle, Pacheco, CA, 94553, phone (415) 687-6472, or approved equal. The gauge
shall be made available to the Government until final cleanup of this project has been completed.
核子密度计。应使用承包人提供的双探针地层核子密度计读取数值确定未压实
RCC和压实RCC密度。密度计应能够以两英寸的增量在从表面到表面下方24英寸之间取两英
寸放置的两个探针之间沿水平路径读取数值。核子密度计应为CPN公司（加利福尼亚帕切科
South Buchanan Circle 130号，94553，电话（415）687-6472）生产的MC-S-24型地层密度计
或其他审批的同等设备型号。政府应能够获得密度计，直到完成该工程的最后清理。
11. PLACING
浇筑
11.1 Placing Schedule. RCC placement for the main dam shall start no later than 88 Feb 01
with a beginning RCC placement date no sooner than 88 Jan 01. It is the intent of this contract to
construct the RCC mass in as nearly a continuous and rapid operation as possible with essentially
all mass RCC operations being completed to a minimum elevation 1,600 by 8 Apr 20 and to
elevation 1,729 by 88 Jun 30. Placements of all RCC shall be completed by 88 Jun 30. The structure
shall be completed to a minimum elevation 1,600 by 88 Apr 20 to assure that the largest mass
section areas are completed prior to the beginning of warm weather. The Contractor will be
allowed, and is encouraged, to follow an accelerated production schedule. The intent in establishing
the deadline dates is to permit the Contractor flexibility in daily production, number and size of
crews, amount and size of equipment, shift lengths, etc., and still assure overall schedules are met.
Before starting RCC production, a detailed schedule shall be submitted indicating intended daily
and weekly production rates that, when followed, will meet the 88 Apr 20 and 88 Jun 30 deadlines
dates. After initiation of RCC production, the Contractor’s schedule shall be updated and adjusted
on a weekly basis for the duration of RCC placement. If it becomes apparent for any reason that the
Contractor is not pursuing a schedule that will meet the 88 Apr 20 or 88 Jun 30 deadline dates,
actions necessary to increase the production rate shall be taken so that production is once again on
schedule within 14 calendar days. Also, if not back on schedule by the end of the 14 days calendar
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period anytime prior to 88 May 15, the Government reserves the right at this time to direct the
Contractor, at no additional cost to the Government, to increase the amount and size of crews and
equipment. If the Contractor’s RCC production rate is not to elevation 1,600 by the 88 Apr 20
deadline date, liquidated damages will be assessed until elevation 1,600 is reached. If the Contractor
has not met the minimum elevation of 1,600 by 88 May 15 all Contractor RCC placement
operations will be suspended with resumption of operations not to begin prior to the following
February. If the Contractor’s placement elevation is at 1,600 by 88 May 15 but not on a schedule
that will assure completion of RCC placement by 88 Jun 30, the Contracting Officer will determine
additional restrictions and requirements that will be enforced in order to produce the same in-place
quality for all RCC placed above elevation 1,600 as if the Contractor had been meeting the original
schedule and deadline date. The special restrictions and requirements will depend on a variety of
conditions and technical factors that exist at the time-primarily the Contractor’s production rate,
how far behind schedule the Contractor is, weather conditions, ambient and mix temperatures, and
the location within the dam that is affected. The additional restrictions and requirements may
include but are not necessarily limited to: reduced placement rates, use of surface insulation, using
chilled mix water, use of a covered canopy above all RCC placement areas to provide protection
from absorption of radiant solar energy, or placing during specified hours. Liquidated damages shall
also be assessed for each day of RCC placement past 88 Jun 30.
浇筑时间表。主坝的RCC浇筑应不晚于1988年2月01日开始，且RCC浇筑日期应
不早于1988年1月01日。本合同的意图在于尽可能以连续且快速的操作构建大体积RCC，基
本上，最低标高为1,600的所有大体积RCC的操作都应于1988年4月20日8完成，且最低标高为
1,729的所有大体积RCC的操作都应于1988年6月30日完成。所有的RCC浇筑都应于1988年6
月30日前完成。最低标高为1,600的结构应于1988年4月20日完成，以确保在天气开始变暖之
前完成需要最大体积RCC的分段区。允许并鼓励承包商遵循加速生产时间表。确定截止日期
的意图在于允许承包商在日产量、人员数量和人员规模、设备数量和设备规模、每班时间等
方面的灵活性，并且还需确保满足总体时间表。在开始RCC生产之前，应提交一份详细的时
间表，说明预期的每天和每周生产率，只要遵循了这份时间表，则将满足截止日期1988年4
月20日和1988年6月30日。在开始RCC生产之后，承包商的时间表应予以更新且应在RCC浇
筑期间以周为单位进行调整。如果承包商不遵循将满足截止日期1988年4月20日和1988年6月
30日的时间表的情况因为任何原因而变得明显，则应采取必要的措施以提高生产率，以便再
次按时间表在14个日历天内进行生产。另外，如果在1988年5月15日之前，在日历期间的任
何14天结束时未按照时间表进行生产，则此时，在不增加政府的额外费用的情况下，政府将
保留指示承包商的权利，以增加人员和设备的数量和规模。如果承包商的RCC生产率并不是
在截止日期1988年4月20日内生产标高为1,600的RCC，则应评估违约赔偿金，直到RCC的标
高达到1,600。如果承包商在1988年5月15日前没有满足最低标高1,600，则承包商的所有RCC
浇筑操作都将暂停，在第二年2月之前，不能开始恢复操作。如果在1988年5月15日时，承包
商的浇筑标高为1,600，但并未按照将确保在1988年6月30日前完成RCC浇筑的时间表进行生
产，则签订合同人员将确定额外的限制和要求，必须执行这些额外的限制和要求，以便在标
高1,600以上浇筑的所有RCC具有相同的就地质量，正如承包商已经满足了原来的时间表和
截止日期一样。这些特殊的限制和要求将取决于在那个时候存在的各种条件和技术因素，主
要是承包商的生产率、承包商落后了时间表多少、天气状况、环境温度和混合结构温度以及
受到影响的大坝内的位置。这些额外的限制和要求可能包括但不一定限于：降低浇筑速率、
采用表面保温、使用冷冻混合水、使用覆盖了上述所有RCC浇筑区的遮篷，以提供保护防止
辐射太阳能的吸收，或者在指定时间内进行浇筑。在1988年6月30日之后，还应评估进行
RCC浇筑的每一天的违约赔偿金。
8
按照“88 Apr 20”翻译。
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11.2 Weather.
天气
11.2.1 General. If unusual adverse weather such as heavy rain, severe cold, heavy snow, etc.
occurs or is forecast to occur during placement, an interruption in placing operations may be
approved or directed. A sample of available climatological data (summarized) for the Elk Creek
area based on historical information is contained in SC-10 for general information only. However, it
is the responsibility of the bidders to satisfy themselves concerning any construction schedule risk
and added expense that could occur due to adverse weather.
概述。如果异常恶劣的天气，例如，暴雨、严寒、大雪等发生或者预计将在浇
筑过程中发生，则可能批准或指示中断浇筑操作。根据历史信息，从麋鹿河区域的气候资料
（总结）中获得的一个示例包含在SC-10中，只供一般参考。然而，就由于恶劣天气可能发
生的任何施工进度的风险和增加的费用而言，投标人有责任满足自己。
11.2.2 Cold Weather. Perform cold weather protection in accordance with paragraph 18.2.
RCC shall not be placed when ambient air temperatures drop below 33°F, except that if the surface
of the compacted RCC and the mix itself stays above 33°F, placement of the RCC will be allowed
to continue. If the ambient air temperature drops to below 30°F and the surface of any RCC less
than 21 days old drops to below 33°F, the surface shall be covered with heavy tarps, blankets,
insulation, or other acceptable temporary protection to maintain concrete temperature above 32°F
until after the ambient air temperature rises to above 32°F. It is likely that the Contractor will
encounter periods each month during January, February, March and April where precautions must
be taken to protect the RCC surfaces from freezing. Nighttime temperatures routinely fall below
32°F for several hours during these months. A cold weather RCC production plan shall be submitted
for review and approval no later than 60 days before beginning RCC placement. The plan shall
indicate materials and equipment to prevent damage to RCC resulting from cold weather. The plans
shall also indicate what measures will be pursued in order to not disrupt the placement schedule
during cold periods (when temperatures drop below 32°F for several hours during the early
morning).
寒冷天气。按照第18.2段进行寒冷天气的保护。当环境空气温度下降到33°F以下
时，不应进行RCC浇筑，但如果压实的RCC表面和混合结构本身保持在33°F以上，则允许继
续进行RCC浇筑。如果环境空气温度下降到33°F以下且任何RCC的表面在不到21天之内下降
到33°F以下，则表面应覆盖重型篷布、毛毯、保温层或者其他可接受的临时保护，以使混凝
土的温度保持在32°F以上，直到环境空气温度上升到32°F以上之后。承包商可能会在一月、
二月、三月和四月期间遇到这样的时期，在此期间必须采取预防措施，以防止RCC表面冻结
。在这几个月期间，经常有几个小时，夜间温度会低于32°F。应在开始进行RCC浇筑之前不
迟于60天提交寒冷天气下的RCC生产计划，以供审查和批准。该计划应说明材料和设备，以
防止由寒冷天气对RCC造成损坏。这些计划还应当说明将要采取的措施，以便不会在寒冷时
段期间（当温度在清晨的几个小时里下降到32°F以下时）中断浇筑时间表。
11.2.3 Placing During Rain. RCC shall not be placed during rainfall of more than 0.2 inch per
hour or 0.02 inch in 6 minutes. During periods of lesser rainfall, placement of RCC shall continue
unless the Contractor can demonstrate the capability of meeting the deadline dates as stipulated in
paragraph 11.1. During periods of rain or when rail falls on the fresh RCC surface within 3 hours
after placement, no heavy equipment or workers shall be allowed on or be in direct contact with
freshly compacted RCC until the RCC has gained sufficient strength (no less than 3 hours after
RCC placement) to prevent rutting, pumping, intermixing of rainwater with the RCC, or other
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damage to the RCC. Special precautions shall be taken to prevent contamination of the bedding
mortar or RCC by ponded water. After the RCC has hardened sufficiently to allow equipment and
workers on the surface (as determined by Government Inspector but no sooner than 3 hours after
RCC placement), the RCC surface shall be washed to break up laitance and/or mud like coatings on
the surface. The washing shall not undercut any coarse size aggregate. Pickup of the wash debris
shall be accomplished with a truck mounted vacuum or other approved system. The washing action
is critical in order to remove coatings formed during light rains, that if left in place, would act as
bond breakers between each lift. Sufficient pieces of equipment of adequate size as stipulated in
paragraphs 10 shall be provided so as not to slow the regular placement and compaction of RCC.
降雨过程中进行浇筑。在降雨过程中，应不得以超过每小时0.2英寸或每6分钟
0.02英寸的速率浇筑RCC。在降雨量较少的时期，应继续进行RCC的浇筑，除非承包商能够
证明其有能力在如第11.1段所规定的截止日期内完成浇筑。在部分时间有雨期间或在浇筑后
3小时内雨水降落在新制的RCC表面上时，不得允许重型设备或人员通过或直接接触新近压
实的RCC，直到RCC具有足够的强度（不少于RCC浇筑之后3小时），以防止车辙、抽水、雨
水与RCC混杂或者对RCC造成的其他损坏。应采取特殊的预防措施，以防止垫层砂浆或RCC
受到积水的污染。在RCC充分硬化足以使设备和工人通过其表面之后（由政府检查员确定但
不早于RCC浇筑之后3小时），应冲洗RCC表面，以冲散表面上的水泥浆和/或泥浆状涂层。
冲洗时，不得削去任何粗骨料。应使用一辆安装有真空或其他经批准的系统的卡车来完成杂
物的冲洗。冲洗操作是至关重要的，以便除去在小雨降落期间形成的涂层，如果这些涂层留
在原处，则将作为各浇筑层之间的黏合分隔材料。应提供如第10段规定的足够大小的足够设
备，以免减缓RCC的常规浇筑和压实。
11.2.4 Hot Weather. The temperature of the RCC shall be controlled so that it does not exceed
70°F when placed. Measures that can be taken to prevent temperatures exceeding 70°F include, but
are not limited to, chilling mixing water, sprinkling aggregate stockpiles, using covers for conveyor
belts, placing during nighttime hours, or restricting placements to cloudy days. Use of any of these
systems shall not be reason for extension of completion dates stated elsewhere in these
specifications.
炎热天气。应控制RCC的温度，以便在浇筑时，使其不超过70°F。为防止温度
超过70°F可以采取的措施包括但不限于，冷却混合水、喷洒库存骨料、将覆盖层用于输送带
、在夜间进行浇筑或者限制在阴天进行浇筑。任何这些系统的使用都不得成为延长这些规范
中列出的完工日期的理由。
11.3 Layout of Placement Area. It is the intent of this contract to raise the dam at essentially
the same level across the entire surface area (abutment to abutment and upstream to downstream
faces). Each layer (lift) shall be complete in its entirety across the full surface of the mass, except
after all RCC has been placed to elevation 1,652, RCC may be placed either side of the spillway
independently. As placement of a lift progresses the exposed edges shall be kept "live" by
progressively placing out from them. Whenever a cold joint at any edge of any lift does occur, it
shall be located at least 10 feet from the location of other cold joints that may have previously
occurred in the same direction along previous lifts. The cold joint shall be prepared as required in
paragraph 12.3, prior to resumption of RCC placement. No cold joint shall be allowed along the
edge of a lift in the upstream-downstream direction for more than one third of the upstream-
downstream dimension of the dam at the elevation.
浇筑区域的布局。本合同的意图在于基本上在整个表面区域（坝肩到坝肩和上
游面到下游面）的同一水平上增高所述大坝。每层（浇筑层）都应在大体积RCC的整个表面
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上全部完成，所有的RCC都已浇筑到标高1,652的情况除外，可在溢洪道两侧独立地浇筑
RCC。在进行浇筑层的浇筑时，外露边缘应通过逐步浇筑保持“原状”。当在任何浇筑层的
任何边缘上确实出现了一个冷接缝时，该冷接缝应位于距离以前可能沿着先前的浇筑层出现
在同一方向上的其他冷接缝的位置至少10英尺的地方。应按照第12.3段的要求，在恢复RCC
浇筑之前制作冷接缝。大坝上下游范围超过三分之一标高的部分，沿着上下游方向上的浇筑
层的边缘，不得存在冷接缝。
11.4 Depositing, Spreading and Re-Mixing. See Contract Drawing ECD-2-2/10 showing
typical depositing, spreading, and re-mixing operations. The interval between mixing and final
compaction of RCC shall be no greater than 45 minutes. The mix shall be spread into thin layers
that will, after compaction, be 24 inches thick. Where RCC is spread onto or into a bedding mortar
or bedding mix, or conventional concrete has begun to set, or become more than 45 minutes old
starting from the time when it was batched. All RCC shall be deposited and spread in such a manner
which results in no segregation when compaction occurs. Initial deposition of RCC will be by end
dump truck, or conveyer, and the RCC shall be deposited on previously placed and spread
uncompacted RCC. The RCC shall then be worked by dozer action to knock down piles or windows
of RCC, and eliminate any segregation prior to final spreading. For final spreading, the RCC shall
be spread in thin unsegregated layers approximately six inches thick until the full depth layer of 24
inches is achieved. All surfaces of each six-inch layer shall receive at least two passes with the
grousers. The dozer shall be operating continuously during the spreading action even if this action
results in more than two passes. (See contract drawing ECD-2-2/10 for graphic illustrations of all
the expected operations necessary to complete the RCC placement.) A front end loader with
operator shall be available to assist with deposition and spreading of materials as needed in
confined areas, at the abutments, and at other locations as approved or directed. The equipment
shall be maintained in good operating condition. The equipment shall not leak or drip oil, grease, or
other visible contamination onto the fill. No RCC or other concrete shall be placed on a previous
layer which has been found to be suspect and is being prepared for testing.
沉积、摊铺和再混合。参见合约图纸ECD-2-2/10，示出了典型的沉积、摊铺和
再混合操作。RCC的混合和最终压实之间的时间间隔不得超过45分钟。应将混合料摊铺成薄
层，压实之后，该薄层厚度将为24英寸。在该情况下，应将RCC摊铺在垫层砂浆或垫层拌合
料上或者摊铺成垫层砂浆或垫层拌合料，或开始放置常规混凝土，或者从其被分批处理时开
始，时间间隔超过45分钟。应以如下方式沉积和摊铺所有的RCC，即，进行压实时，不会导
致分离。RCC的初始沉积将通过尾卸式卡车或输送机进行，并且应根据之前浇筑和摊铺的未
压实RCC沉积RCC。然后，应使用推土机处理RCC，以打掉RCC的桩或窗框，并在进行最终
摊铺之前消除任何分离。对于最终摊铺，应以大约六英寸厚的较薄未分离层摊铺RCC，直到
实现24英寸的全深度层。每一个六英寸厚的层的所有表面都应通过锚定桩进行至少两次的锚
定。在摊铺动作过程中，推土机应持续运行，即使这一动作会进行两次以上。（有关完成
RCC浇筑所必需的所有预期操作的图解说明，请参见合约图纸ECD-2-2/10。）应提供前悬式
装载机和操作员，以按照封闭区内的要求，在坝肩处和经批准或指示的其他地点协助进行材
料的沉积和摊铺。设备应保持良好的工作状态。设备不得泄漏或滴落油、润滑油或者可污染
到填充物的其他可见污染物。对于已经发现可能存在危险且正在准备进行测试的前一层，不
得浇筑RCC或其他混凝土。
11.5 Compaction. After spreading, all surfaces of each layer of RCC shall be compacted
with a minimum of ten passes of a self-propelled double drum vibratory compactor. If, however,
optimum compaction density (the density value for each RCC mix that is considered necessary to
assure adequate compaction) has not been achieved with ten passes, additional passes shall be made
until optimum compaction has been achieved, or until otherwise directed. See paragraph 11.5.1 for
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method of determining the optimum compaction density value. A round trip over the same material
shall count as two passes (i.e., from point A to point B and return to point A by same route is two
passes). In general, a large width self-propelled vibratory rollers shall be used in open areas; small
vibratory rollers shall be used adjacent to precast gallery sections, at the conduit, within 3 feet of the
downstream face, and at irregular areas at the abutments; and hand-guided power tampers shall be
used for compaction in any areas that cannot be reached with the drum of a vibratory roller. Rollers
shall not be operated in the vibratory mode until they are moving. All compacting equipment shall
be kept in good operating condition at all times and will not be allowed to drip or spill oil or other
visible contamination onto the RCC. No edge of RCC shall be compacted, except at the
downstream face, or where RCC is spread onto or into a bedding mortar, bedding mix or
conventional concrete. A ribbon of bedding mix shall be placed on the leading edge immediately
when any noncompacted RCC leading edge becomes 45 minutes old. If fresh RCC is placed against
the ribbon of bedding mix within an additional 15 minutes, the old noncompacted RCC, the ribbon
of bedding mix and the fresh RCC shall be consolidated in the regular manner by vibratory rollers.
If fresh RCC is not placed within the 15 minute time period, the old RCC, the bedding mix and
interface shall be consolidated as described in Paragraph 12.3.2.
压实。摊铺后，RCC的每一层的所有表面应使用自走式双滚筒振动压实机进行
最少十次的压实。但是，如果进行了十次压实之后，尚未实现最佳压实密度（被认为有必要
确保足够压实的每个RCC混合料的密度值），则应进行更多的压实操作，直到实现最佳压实
或者直到另有指示。有关测定最佳压实密度值的方法，请参见第11.5.1段。在相同材料上往
返一次应计为进行了两次操作（即，从A点到B点，并原路返回到A点为两次操作）。一般来
说，较大宽度的自走式振动压路机应用于开放区；较小的振动压路机应用于下游面3英尺之
内的管道处和坝肩处不规则区域的邻近预制地段；并且手导式动力打夯机应用于振动压路机
的滚筒不能到达的任何区域的压实。在压路机运动之前，不得以振动模式操作压路机。所有
的压实设备应时刻保持良好的工作状态，并且不允许滴落或洒出油或可污染到RCC的其他可
见污染物。不应压实RCC的边缘，除了在下游面，或者在该情况下，应将RCC摊铺在垫层砂
浆、垫层拌合料或常规混凝土上，或者摊铺成垫层砂浆、垫层拌合料或常规混凝土。在任何
未压实的RCC前缘满足45分钟时，应立即将垫层拌合料的色带放置在前缘上。如果在另外的
15分钟内将新制的RCC放置在垫层拌合料的色带上，则之前的未压实RCC、垫层拌合料的色
带以及新制的RCC应以常规的方式通过振动压路机进行夯实。如果未在15分钟的时间内放置
新制的RCC，则之前的RCC、垫层拌合料以及接口应按照第12.3.2段所述进行夯实。
11.5.1 Determination of Optimum Compaction Density Value (As Determined by the Nuclear
Density Gauge.) The optimum compaction density value will be determined during construction of
the upstream cofferdam. The value will be established after evaluation of density results and
compaction characteristics for each mix design. Final evaluations of density results for the
determination of the optimum compaction density value will be made only after all major field
adjustments have been made and the mix design is considered to represent RCC that has ideal
placement, spreading and compaction characteristics as well as providing the required strength and
porosity values. Small field adjustments to the optimum compaction density value will be made
throughout construction based upon the running average computed as described below. Such
changes may be made based on slight changes or long term drift of density values resulting from
field mix design adjustments. Hereinafter, the optimum compaction density value for each mix will
be considered the average density value for all valid density readings (starting after all major field
mix design adjustments have been made). Readings not considered value and that are not to be used
in determination of the optimum compaction density value include: reading values that are within
the top and bottom 10 percent of all readings taken, readings taken when the RCC has not been
placed in accordance with these specifications (see paragraph 11.5.3), readings taken prior to or
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after the specified 10 passes with the vibratory roller have been completed, and readings taken at
other depths than specified in paragraph 22.2.8.6.2. As part of the Contractor’s quality control
program all necessary data, readings, plots, graphs, etc. shall be provided for establishing and
maintaining the optimum compaction density value for each mix design during construction of the
upstream RCC cofferdam and main dam. During the course of all RCC placement, a running
cumulative average shall be maintained on a bar graph (or other acceptable form) and shall consist
of all valid readings, starting after all major mix design field adjustments have been completed for
the upstream RCC cofferdam. In addition, at 1600 hours on each day of RCC placement, a running
cumulative average shall be provided to the Government Inspector in bar graph form (or other
acceptable form) consisting of all valid readings for each mix design for: 1) density readings made
from 0001 hours to 2400 hours of the previous day, 2) density readings made during the previous
seven (7) days of RCC placement, and 3) density readings made during the previous 28 days of
RCC placement.
最佳压实密度值的测定（使用核子密度计进行测定）。最佳压实密度值将在上游
围堰施工期间进行测定。将在评估了每个混合料设计的密度结果和压实特性之后确定该值。
将仅在做出所有主要的现场调整之后，才可进行用于测定最佳压实密度值的密度结果的最终
评估，并且混合料设计被认为是代表了具有理想的浇筑、摊铺和压实特性以及提供了所需强
度和孔隙度值的RCC。将根据按如下所述计算的运行期平均值，在整个施工期间对最佳压实
密度值进行小幅的现场调整。可根据由混合料设计的现场调整引起的密度值的微小变化或长
期偏移进行这样的变更。在下文中，每种混合料的最佳压实密度值将被视为所有的有效密度
读数的平均密度值（在做出了所有主要的现场调整之后开始进行读数）。不考虑密度值且在
测定最佳压实密度值时未使用的读数包括：在所有读数的顶部和底部的10％之内所读取的读
取值、在尚未按照这些规范浇筑RCC时所读取的读数（参见第11.5.3段）、在已经使用振动压
路机完成了指定的10次操作之前或之后所读取的读数，以及以除第22.2.8.6.2段中规定的深度
之外的其他深度所读取的读数。作为承包商的质量控制程序的一部分，应提供所有必要的数
据、读数、绘图、图表等，用于确定和支持上游RCC围堰和主坝施工期间的每种混合料设计
的最佳压实密度值。在所有的RCC浇筑过程中，运行期的累计平均值应记录在条形图上（或
其他可接受的形式），并且应包括在完成了上游RCC围堰的混合料设计的所有主要的现场调
整之后开始读取的所有有效的读数。此外，在每天RCC浇筑的1600时，应将运行期的累计平
均值以条形图的形式（或其他可接受的形式）提供给政府检查员，该条形图包括每种混合料
设计的所有有效的读数：1）从前一天的0001时到2400时读取的密度读数，2）在RCC浇筑的
前七（7）天内读取的密度读数，以及3）在RCC浇筑的前28天内读取的密度读数。
11.5.2 Nuclear Density Readings. Nuclear density readings shall be made throughout the
course of the RCC placement. Readings shall be made in accordance with paragraph 22.2.8.6.
Density readings will be used in determining the optimum compaction density value for all RCC
placed, to determine whether the optimum compaction density value has been achieved, and to
provide data for the records for RCC densities prior to, during, and following compaction. The
number of passes to achieve optimum compaction density will vary depending upon a number of
factors such as moisture content of the RCC, interval between mixing and compaction, temperature
of RCC, air temperature, use of water reducer/retarder, and amount of dozer spreading action (to
eliminate segregation and achieve proper lift thickness, etc.). Locations at which density readings
shall be taken will be in accordance with paragraph 22.2.8.6.
核子密度读数。应在整个RCC浇筑过程中读取核子密度读数。应按照第22.2.8.6
段读取读数。密度读数将用于测定浇筑了的所有RCC的最佳压实密度值，以确定最佳压实密
度值是否已经实现，并且在压实之前、压实过程中以及压实之后为RCC密度的记录提供数据
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。实现最佳压实密度的操作次数将根据许多因素而发生变化，例如，RCC的含水量、混合和
压实操作之间的时间间隔、RCC的温度、空气温度、使用减水剂/缓凝剂以及推土机进行摊
铺动作的数量（以消除分离和实现正确的浇筑层厚度等）。读取密度读数的位置将依据第
22.2.8.6段。
11.5.3 Additional Passes. If optimum compaction density has not been achieved after ten
passes, additional passes shall be made until density is achieved, or until otherwise directed. Also
see paragraph 22.3.6.3. Required additional passes will normally be paid for under Bid Item L200.
However, if failure to achieve optimum compaction density is the result of the Contractor’s failure
to meet requirements of these specifications (that are necessary to assure optimum compaction
density), passes with the vibratory roller shall continue until optimum compaction has been
achieved and without in any way delaying the overall placement and compaction process. Failure to
meet time requirements for spreading and compaction, failure to meet placement temperature
requirements, failure to meet the placing schedule requirements as specified in paragraph 11.1 or
failure to provide, maintain, or operate equipment properly, etc., are examples of conditions in
which the Contractor is responsible for all additional passes. If after reasonable additional passes
the RCC still does not meet the Optimum Compaction Density Value the RCC shall be removed, or
at the discretion of the Government, the RCC may be permitted to remain but payment will not be
paid for RCC or materials therein.
额外操作。如果在经过了十次操作之后，尚未实现最佳压实密度，则应进行更
多的操作，直到实现最佳密度或者直到另有指示。另见第22.3.6.3段。通常将根据投标项目
L200支付额外操作的费用。然而，如果未能实现最佳压实密度是由于承包商未能满足这些规
范的要求（确保最佳压实密度所必需的）而造成的，则应使用振动压路机继续进行操作，直
到实现最佳压实且不得以任何方式延缓整体浇筑和压实过程。承包商将负责所有额外操作的
情况的示例包括：未能满足摊铺和压实的时间要求、未能满足浇筑温度要求、未能满足第
11.1段中规定的浇筑时间表要求，或者未能正确地提供、维护或操作设备等。如果在进行了
合理的额外操作之后，RCC仍然不能满足最佳压实密度值，则应拆除该RCC，或者听凭政府
的处理，可能会允许保留RCC，但不会支付RCC或其材料的款项。
12. JOINTS.
接缝
12.1 General. It is the intent of this contract to place the entire RCC mass with sufficient
continuity and continuance so that it hardens and acts as one monolithic block without
discontinuous joints or potential planes of separation. All joint surfaces shall be kept clean,
uncontaminated, free from ponded water, and continuously moist until placement of the succeeding
RCC or other concrete. Treatment of joints for placements during rainy periods shall be in
conformance with Paragraph 11.2.3. Treatments of cold joints shall be in conformance with
Paragraph 12.3 and with details shown on Contract Drawing ECD-2-2/9. The regular lift joint
treatment, to be performed for 100 percent of all RCC surface area for each lift, shall be in
accordance with paragraph 12.2 and paragraph 16. An adequate number of wash trucks, and truck
mounted vacuum units shall be on site for use in conformance with paragraph 10 for cleaning all
surfaces during RCC placement. These units shall be for the sole purpose of removing coatings and
debris or other contaminants that results from tracking vehicles, contamination due to heavy
rainfall, workmen activities, or for any unforeseen cause. This equipment, with operators, shall be
used as necessary and as determined. Also, an adequate number of operable water trucks with
nozzles which provides overlapping water mists shall be maintained at the placement area at all
times. They shall be used as necessary to prevent joint surfaces from drying and shall be
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supplemented as necessary by mists from hand-held hoses to reach inaccessible areas. The mist or
spray shall be as approved and shall not be applied in a channeled or pressurized manner that erodes
the fresh RCC surface. It also shall not be applied at a rate which causes ponding at the surface.
概述本合同的目的就是赋予整个RCC体以足够的连续性和持续性，因而整个
RCC体在变硬和运作时，可以保持一个整块，而没有非贯通接缝或者潜在的分离面。所有的
接缝面都应保持清洁、无污染、无积水、持续性湿润，直到浇筑后续的RCC或其他混凝土。
在雨季期间的浇筑缝处理，应当按照第11.2.3段进行。应当按照第12.3段和合约图纸ECD-2-
2/9所示细节，进行冷接缝处理。每一浇筑层的所有RCC表面都应当进行百分之百的定期的
横接缝处理，并且应当根据第12.2段和第16段进行处理。现场应当有足够数量的清洗车和车
载式真空机组以供使用，并且根据第10段，对RCC浇筑期间的所有表面进行清洗。这些机组
应当只能用于清除涂料、残骸或者其他因车辆追踪产生的污染物，以及因大雨、工作人员活
动或者任何其他不可预见原因导致的污染。操作人员应当在有必要和确定的情况下，使用该
装置。此外，浇筑区域应当一直有足够数量的带有喷嘴的可操作水车，以提供重叠的细水雾
。在必要时，应当用于防止接缝表面干裂，并且如果有必要的话，可以用手持式水管中的喷
雾对此加以补充，以便对不便访问的区域进行喷雾。薄雾或喷雾应当接受审查批准，且不能
以引导或者加压的方式加以应用，因为这样会损害新建的RCC表面。并且水车也不能以会在
表面形成水洼的速度加以应用。
12.2 Regular Lift Joint Treatment. Regular lift joint treatment and maintenance shall
include: (1) maintaining 100 percent of each lift surface continuously moist, (2) removing all loose
contaminants or deteriorated RCC by low pressure washing and vacuuming, and (3) application of a
1/4 to 1/2 inch thick bedding mortar immediately before placement of the next lift (to cover 100
percent of the lift surface from abutment to abutment from the upstream face to the downstream
face). For regular lift joint treatment, no washing or vacuuming will be necessary provided damage
or contamination of the lift surface is prevented. It is the Contractor’s responsibility to prevent
damage and contamination of each lift surface, such as caused by tracking of vehicles or by rainfall,
etc. No payment will be made for regular lift joint treatment.
层间接缝定期处理层间接缝定期处理和维护应当包括：（1）每一个浇筑仓面都
应保持百分之百地持续湿润，（2）用低压清洗和真空处理，清除所有的非紧固的污染物或者
裂化的RCC，以及（3）在浇筑下一处浇筑层之前，立即加上1/4到1/2英寸厚的砂浆层（以便
百分之百地覆盖从坝肩到坝肩，从上游面到下游面的浇筑仓面）。就定期的横向接缝处理而
言，如果需要浇筑仓面的损害或者污染都已经得到了防止，则清洗或真空处理就不是必须的
。承包商有职责防止每一处浇筑仓面遭受损害和污染。比如，因追踪车辆或者大雨造成的损
害和污染。层间接缝定期处理不能收取任何费用。
12.3 Cold Joints.
冷接缝
12.3.1 Horizontal Cold Joints. A horizontal cold joint is any surface that does not receive the
next RCC lift within 72 hours, any surface in which the RCC has been allowed to dry, and any
surface that has been contaminated to the extent that contaminants cannot be removed using low
pressure water. No payment will be made for any lift joint treatment that is required as a result of
unnecessary contamination and which is avoidable as determined by the Government. Examples of
unnecessary and avoidable contamination include, but are not limited to, tracking by vehicles and
workers, spillage of oil, gasoline, or other contaminants, freezing of surface concrete, allowing RCC
surfaces (or portions of) to dry, Contractor caused delays in RCC placement greater than 72 hours,
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etc. Treatment for horizontal cold joints that occur due to no fault of the Contractor including
cleanup of foundation protection RCC will be paid by Bid Item L210, "RCC, Additional Joint
Treatment." Horizontal cold joints shall be prepared for the next lift by removing mortar coating,
laitance, or other contaminants by high pressure washing or wet sandblasting and by high-volume
low-pressure washing followed by vacuuming and removal of all debris. The cleaning procedure
shall expose but not undercut any coarse aggregate. Any treatment for horizontal cold joints,
whether due to unnecessary and avoidable contamination or due to no fault of the Contractor, shall
be accomplished without in any way delaying the placing schedule requirements as specified in
paragraph 11.1. After this initial preparation the surface shall be left in a damp condition until
receiving the regular mortar application prior to the next RCC placement.
横向冷接缝横向冷接缝即在72小时内未采取进一步RCC浇筑的任何表面，RCC
允许进行自然晾干任何表面，以及受到污染，且其污染物不能用低压水清除掉的任何表面。
因不必要的污染而要求进行的任何横向接缝处理都不能收取任何费用，并且正如政府所确定
的，这是可以避免的。不必要且可避免的污染的示例包括但不限于，通过车辆和工作人员进
行跟踪，石油、汽油或者其他污染物的泄漏、表层混泥土冻结、让RCC表面（或者部分）晾
干、承包商延迟RCC浇筑以致超过72小时等等。对于因非承包商过失引起的横向冷接缝处理
，包括基础防护RCC的清理，将根据投标项目L210，“RCC，额外接缝处理”支付费用。应
当为下一步的浇筑，对横向冷接缝进行相应准备，比如，清除砂浆涂层、水泥浆或者由高压
清洗或者湿砂喷射以及由高容量低压清洗和后续所有碎屑的清除和真空处理产生的其他污
染物。清洗程序应当暴露而非削弱粗骨料。任何横向冷接缝的处理，无论是因为不必要的且
可避免的污染还是因承包商的过失而引起的，都应当以不延误第11.1段所规定的铺设进度要
求的任何方式完成。在完成此初步准备之后，表面应当置于湿润环境下，直至接受下一步
RCC浇筑之前的普通砂浆抹面。
12.3.2 Vertical Cold Joints. Treatment of vertical cold joints shall be in accordance with the
Contract Drawing ECD-2-2/9 and with this paragraph. When it becomes apparent that placement of
RCC will be terminated before the entire lift has been completed across the surface area, a ribbon of
bedding mix (approximately one cubic foot per lineal foot of vertical cold joint) shall be placed
along the leading edge of the last non-compacted RCC to form a tapered surface from the
uncompacted RCC to the point where the bedding mix is terminated. The tapered slope shall be not
steeper than 3 horizontal on 1 vertical. The bedding mix-RCC interface shall then be thoroughly
vibrated by immersion type vibrators to eliminate any voids or segregation within the RCC. The
RCC shall then be compacted. This operation shall be completed within 1 hour after mixing. Such
occurrences are likely when a breakdown of equipment takes place or when a shutdown is
necessary due to climatic factors. Prior to resumption of RCC placements, laitance and other
contaminants shall be removed from the cold joint surface. A bedding mix, approximately 12 inches
thick, shall be placed on or along the prepared vertical cold joint immediately prior to resumption of
RCC placements. The bedding mix shall cover the exposed vertical cold joint to assure adequate
bonding between the cold joints and new RCC. A cold joint not treated in the above described
manner shall be subject to drilling and/or jack hammering to remove any non-consolidated RCC.
No payment will be made for vertical cold joint treatment.
纵向冷接缝应当根据合约图纸ECD-2-2/9和本段，进行纵向冷接缝的处理。如果
RCC浇筑将在完成整个表面区域的完整浇筑之前结束，应当沿着最后那个还未碾压的RCC的
前缘放置一条垫层拌合料带子（纵向冷接缝的直线英尺大约为一立方英尺），以形成一个锥
形表面。该表面从还未碾压的RCC延伸至垫层拌合料终止点。锥形坡的坡度在横向上不应当
超过3，在纵向上不应当超过1。然后，应当用插入式振捣器彻底振捣垫层拌合料RCC结合
面，以消除RCC里面的所有空隙和偏析。然后压实RCC。在混合之后的一小时内，完成此项
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操作。如果设备出现故障，或者因为气候因素而必须停工，就有可能发生此类情况。在重新
开始RCC浇筑之前，应当清除冷接缝表面上的水泥浆和其他污染物。在重新开始RCC浇筑之
前，应当立即将大约有12英寸厚的垫层拌合料放在纵向冷接缝之上或沿着纵向冷接缝放置。
垫层拌合料应当覆盖所有暴露的纵向冷接缝，以确保冷接缝和新建的RCC是充分粘合的。对
于未以上述方式进行处理的冷接缝，应当用钻探和/或者凿岩锤来清除那些非紧固的RCC。
纵向冷接缝处理不能收取任何费用。
13. REINFORCING STEEL BARS INCLUDING ANCHOR BARS.
钢筋包括锚筋。
13.1 General. Reinforcing steel and anchor bars shall conform to the requirements of
SECTION 03200, except that placement shall be as modified herein.
概述除了应当在此修改浇筑之外，钢筋和锚筋都应当符合第03200节的要求。
13.2 Anchor Bars. Holes for anchors may be drilled by diamond-core or rotary-precussion
equipment. Anchors shall be grouted in place by filling the hole with grout as specified in
SECTION 03200, forcing the anchor bar into the hole, vibrating the bar by holding a concrete
vibrator against it until no further settlement of the grout occurs, and protecting the bar from further
movement or disturbance for at least the next 6 hours. The bar shall be inserted into the grout and
vibrated within 35 minutes after the initial mixing of the grout and the addition of the metallic
aggregate. Prior to grouting, each hole shall be washed until return water from a line running to the
bottom of the hole is clean, followed by blowing with air until the water is expelled from the hole.
Cleaned holes shall be plugged to prevent contami-nation before grouting.
锚筋钻孔应当用金刚石芯或者旋转冲击式设备进行钻探。依据第03200节的规定
，应当采取在钻孔中浇筑水泥浆的方法，将锚筋浇筑在适当的位置上。将锚筋插入孔中，用
混凝土振捣器振实锚筋，直到没有进一步的灌浆下沉发生。并且，在接下来的至少6个小时
内，要保护锚筋免受进一步移动或者干扰。应当将锚筋插入灌浆，并且在灌浆的初期混合和
添加金属骨料之后的35分钟内，将其振实。在灌浆之前，每一个孔都应进行清洗，直到从一
条线流至孔底部的回水是清洁的。然后，用空气将孔中的水吹出去。清洁之后的孔应当塞住
，以防灌浆前的污染。
14. GALLERY.
廊道
14.1 General. The gallery shall be constructed by using one of the following schemes, the
details of which shall be the Contractor’s responsibility and shall be submitted for approval within
120 days of receipt of notice to proceed: (1) Precast gallery segments, (2) Removable rigid forms
against which the RCC is placed, and (3) Using a noncementing fill (such as the RCC mix without
cement) as a temporary filler in the gallery area which is removed after the RCC has gained
sufficient strength to be self-supporting. Regardless of which procedure is used, the bottom of the
gallery shall be sloped to drain and shall include a one foot deep, 3 feet wide gutter along the down-
stream gallery wall. In no case will an invert surface be allowed to pond more than 3 inches of
water if flooded. The size and shape of the gallery will be as shown on the drawings.
概述应当采用下述方案之一，用以建造廊道。具体细节则由承包商负责，并
且在收到开工通知之后的120天内，将具体细节提交审批。（1）预制廊道分段衬砌，（2）放
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置RCC的可拆除的刚性结构，以及（3）采用非胶结充填（比如，RCC中不掺和水泥）作为
廊道区域的临时填充物，并且当RCC有足够的力量可以自我支撑时，将非胶结充填移除。不
管采用哪一种程序，廊道的底部都应当倾斜，以便排水。此外，廊道底部还应有一个一英尺
深，3英尺宽的排水沟，沿着下游廊道的墙壁。在任何情况下，管道内底的积水都不能超过3
英寸，如果被淹没。廊道的尺寸和形状应当遵循将在图纸上的要求。
14.2 Precast Gallery Segments. If stay-in-place precast gallery units are used to form the
gallery, they shall be constructed in accordance with SECTION 03400. The design shall be
submitted for approval. The sections shall be designed to carry the full load of a vibratory roller
over the first lift of fresh RCC above the ceiling section with a factor of safety of 4, and shall be
designed to carry the vibrating load of subsequent compaction without excessive deflection that
could damage the previously placed layers. For each lift, a ribbon of bedding mix, approximately 1
cubic foot per lineal foot of precast panel, shall be placed between the RCC and panels. The RCC
bedding mix interface shall be thoroughly vibrated with immersion-type vibrators to eliminate any
voids or segregation within the RCC.
预制廊道分段衬砌如果免拆预制廊道分段衬砌单元须用于构建廊道，则应当根
据第03400节建造免拆预制廊道分段衬砌单元。应提交设计方案以供批准。该部分的设计应
当能承受处于吊顶部分的新浇RCC第一仓面上满载的振动压路机，且安全系数为4。此外，
还应当能承受后续压实的振动载荷，而没有会损害已铺层面的过度变形。就每一个浇筑层而
言，都应当在RCC和面板之间放置一条垫层拌合料带子，预制板的直线英尺大约为1立方英
尺。然后，应当用插入式振捣器彻底振捣RCC垫层拌合料结合面，以消除RCC里面的所有
空隙或者偏析。
14.3 Removable Forms. The designs of any temporary gallery form system and its
adequacy shall be the responsibility of the Contractor. Forms shall comply with the requirements of
SECTION 03300, except that they need not be mortar tight, and they may result in substantial
offsets or irregularities as allowed in Paragraph 5 of this section. The plans for forming, including
details of how the bulkhead doors will be set, shall be submitted for review within 120 days of
receipt of notice to proceed. The design of the ceiling form shall be such that it can safely carry the
load of the vibratory roller and so that it will be stiff enough to prevent damage to the fresh RCC
from elastic deflection and rebound while compaction is being accomplished. One of the alternative
compaction methods allowing smaller vibratory rollers in congested areas may be used for
compaction of the first three RCC layers directly above the gallery ceiling. The forms shall not be
removed until the RCC has gained sufficient strength to be self supporting (estimated to be 90 days)
and not until at least 40 feet of RCC has been placed above the gallery ceiling.
可移除模板任何临时廊道模板系统的设计以及方案的适当性都应当由承包商负
责。模板应当满足第03300节的要求，除非它们不需要紧固的砂浆。并且按照本节第5段的规
定，它们可能引起实质性的断错或者不规则。应当在收到开工通知后的120天内，提交成型
方案，包括如何设置舱壁门，以供审核。天花板形式要设计成能够安全地承受振动压路机的
载荷，从而足够坚固，以防止新浇RCC在压实过程中，发生偏斜和反弹。允许小型振动压路
机在拥堵区操作的备选压实方法之一，可能被用于廊道天花板上面的头三层RCC的压实。在
RCC有足够的力量以达到自我支撑之前，该模板都不可以移除（预计为90天），并且在廊道
天花板上铺设了至少40英尺的RCC之后，才可以将其移除。
14.4 Noncementing Fill Method. The gallery section may be constructed by placing a
noncementitious fill in the area where the gallery is to be located, compacting it in 2-foot thick
layers at the same time that the adjacent RCC is compacted, and later removing the fill. Within 120
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days of receipt of notice to proceed details of how this procedure will be followed, what the
noncementitious fill will consist of, how the fill will be removed later, and how the gallery doors
will be set shall be submitted for review and approval. Braced partitions shall be provided along the
perimeter of the gallery section between the RCC and noncementitious fill. Separate partitions shall
be installed for each lift, and shall be of such size and configuration and be positioned on the
previous lift’s partitions so as to ultimately form the outline of the gallery. The braced partitions
shall be removed during the excavation process. Alignment of the partitions may result in
substantial offsets and irregularities and need not comply with paragraph 5. The intent of the
partitions is to permit the Contractor to complete each lift across the entire mass in one continuous
operation and still provide an interior gallery that is acceptably smooth. The shaping may be
accomplished by successively reducing the width of the noncementitious fill in the upper layers of
the gallery. The noncementitious material may be any one of the standard RCC mixes without
cement or pozzolan, but an acceptable system shall clearly be established to assure that no
noncementing material is placed elsewhere in the structure. In order to visually distinguish this mix
from the standard RCC mixes, and to help facilitate later excavation, either the 3/4-minus or the 3-
inch top size aggregate may be eliminated from it. Excavation of the gallery fill shall not start until
the RCC has gained sufficient strength to be self supporting (a minimum of 30 days) and until at
least 35 feet of RCC has been placed above the gallery section. As soon as the strength and cover
requirements have been met, removal of the gallery shall begin. If this method of gallery
construction is chosen, the excavated fill material shall be disposed of in an approved manner, or
when directed, shall be placed in an approved stockpile for later use as random backfill against the
downstream concrete structures as specified in SECTION 02200.
非胶结充填方法可以通过在廊道所处位置浇筑一个非胶结填充，构建廊道部分
。在压实临近的RCC的同时，将其在2英尺厚的层面压实，然后移除填充。在收到开工通知
的120天内，递交有关如何遵循该程序、非胶结填充构成物质、后续如何移除填充以及如何
设置廊道大门的细节，以供审核和批准。应当沿RCC和非胶结填充之间的廊道部分的边缘布
置支撑隔墙。每一个浇筑层都应安装独立的隔墙。分区应具有这样的尺寸和形状，并放置在
前一浇筑层的隔墙之上，从而最终形成廊道轮廓。在挖掘过程中，移除支撑隔墙。隔墙对齐
可能导致实质性的断错或者不规则，并且不需要遵循第5段。隔墙的目的就是允许承包商在
一次性的连续操作中完成整体的浇筑，此外还能提供一条勉强平顺的内部廊道。可能通过依
次减少廊道上层的非胶结填充的宽度成形。非胶结材料可能是不含水泥或者火山灰的标准
RCC拌合料中的任何一种。但是，应当明确建立可接受系统，以确保没有非胶结材料结构置
于结构的其他位置。为了在视觉上将该混合物和标准RCC拌合料区分开，并且帮助协助后续
的挖掘，将会从该混合物上移除最小3/4-或者3-英寸的最大尺寸骨料。应当在RCC获得足够
的自我支撑力量之后（至少需要30天），以及在35英尺的RCC铺设在廊道部分上面之后，开
始廊道填充的挖掘。一旦符合力量和覆盖层的要求，就可以开始进行廊道的清除工作了。如
果选择的是这种廊道建设方法，则挖掘出来的填充材料应当以经过批准的方式进行处理。或
者在指导下，将其置于经过批准的储存中，以供后期用于第02200节所规定的下游混凝土结
构的随机回填。
15. VERTICAL FACINGS FOR RCC CONSTRUCTION.
RCC施工的垂直面
15.1 General. Vertical facings shall be as shown on the drawings. The contract drawings are
based on designs whereby all vertical faces are constructed of conventional slump concrete at the
same time and rate as used in placement of each RCC lift. In construction of the upstream face and
vertical portion of the downstream face of the dam, a 3 to 5 feet wide zone of conventional concrete
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is placed against vertical cantilevered forms to form the face. For the other vertical faces, such as
for training walls and the spillway block out, approximately a one-foot-wide zone of bedding mix is
placed against the cantilevered forms. The design and engineering of the formwork, as well as its
construction, shall be the responsibility of the Contractor. The form anchor capability of the system
shall be demonstrated by approved means before commencing work on the cofferdam. The
formwork shall be designed for loads, lateral pressure and allowable stresses in accordance with
Chapter 1 of ACI Standard 347. Forms shall have sufficient strength to withstand the pressure
resulting from placement and vibration of the concrete and shall have sufficient rigidity to maintain
specified tolerances. Extreme care shall be taken to prevent the occurrence of any permanent
openwork, honeycombing or voids at the bedding mix or conventional concrete/RCC interface. All
conventional concrete and bedding mixes placed along the RCC (and the interface between the
conventional concrete and bedding mixes) shall be thoroughly consolidated by use of immersion
type vibrators. Immersion vibrators shall be inserted normal to the slope of the RCC/conventional
concrete interface to assure thorough consolidation at the interface. Shown on the drawings is one
method of constructing vertical faces that will provide the desired consolidation of the interface
with no voids. The Contractor’s construction techniques shall be satisfactorily demonstrated during
placement of the upstream cofferdam. Concrete used for the vertical faces shall conform with
applicable requirements of SECTION 03300; however, special requirements within SECTION
03360 that are necessary for the simultaneous placement of RCC and conventional concrete shall
take precedence.
概述垂直面应遵循图纸上的要求。合约图纸基于设计，而所有的垂直面是由
常规坍落度混凝土，以和每一个RCC浇筑层的浇筑所采用的相同时间和速度制成。在上游面
以及大坝下游面的垂直隔墙的施工中，靠垂直悬臂模板浇筑一个3到5英尺宽的常规的混凝土
区，以形成上下游面。对于其他垂直面，比如，导流墙和泄洪坝段，需靠悬臂模板浇筑一个
大约一英尺宽的垫层拌合料区。模板的设计与工程，以及施工，都应当由承包商负责。系统
锚定板的性能应当在开始围堰工作之前，以经批准的方式加以验证。应当按照可以承受ACI
标准347第1章所规定的载荷、侧向压力以及容许应力，对模板进行设计。模板应当有足够的
力量，以承受由混泥土浇筑和振捣所产生的压力，并且还应当有足够的硬度，以保持规定的
公差。在防止垫层拌合料或者常规混凝土/RCC界面发生任何永久性镂空、蜂窝裂或者空隙
时，应当格外小心。应当采用插入式振捣器，对所有沿RCC浇筑的常规混凝土和垫层拌合料
（以及常规混凝土与垫层拌合料之间的界面）进行彻底加固。应当将插入式振捣器正常插入
RCC/常态混凝土界面的斜坡，以确保对该界面进行彻底的加固。图纸上显示了一种建设垂
直面的方法，使用该方法，可以对界面进行期望之中的固结且不留有空隙。在上游围堰的浇
筑过程中，应当以令人相当满意的方式，对承包商的施工技术加以展示。用于垂直面的混凝
土应当符合第03300节中的适用要求；但是，当RCC和常规混凝土的浇筑需要考虑第03360节
中所规定的特殊要求时，则应当以特殊要求为准。
15.2 Construction and Erection. At foundation level, an unreinforced conventional concrete

leveling pad or wall shall be provided as shown on Contract Drawing ECD-2-2/9. The mix for the
leveling pad shall conform to the requirements given for dental concrete. The pad shall be at least 6
hours old prior to placing forms on it. Forms shall be placed in successive horizontal lifts as the
RCC placement proceeds. As the conventional slump concrete and RCC is placed behind a form,
the form shall be maintained in vertical position. At each steel tie back level, the RCC shall be
roughly leveled before placing and bolting the steel tie backs. Steel tie backs shall be placed normal
to the face of the wall.
施工与安装根据合约图纸ECD-2-2/9的规定，应当在基础水平面上设置一个无钢
筋常规混凝土水准平台或者墙体。水准平台的配料应当满足针对找平混凝土的要求。在该平
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台建成至少6小时之后，再在其上面铺设模板。随着RCC浇筑工作的进行，应在连续水平浇
筑层上放置模板。当在模板后面浇筑常规坍落度混凝土和RCC时，应当将模板保持在一个垂
直方位。在安置和用螺栓固定钢锚杆之前，应当将RCC推平，与钢锚杆大致在同一水平面上
。钢锚杆应当正常安装在墙面上。
15.3 Safety Barrier. Effective and approved temporary guardrails shall be provided at the
top of the forms and on the crest at the downstream edge of each lift to protect workers from falling,
and prevent loss of tools or debris over the edge. It shall comply with the requirements of the Corps
of Engineers Safety and Health Requirements Manual EM 385-1-1, dated Oct 1984.
安全栅应当在模板顶端和每一浇筑层下游边缘的顶部放置有效的且经过批准的
临时栏杆，以防止工人坠落，防止工具或杂物掉在边缘上。应当符合于1984年10月通过的美
国陆军工兵兵团《安全和健康要求手册》（EM385-1-1）。
16. BEDDING MIXES, BEDDING MORTAR, AND SURFACE PREPARATION.
垫层拌合料、垫层砂层以及表面处理。
16.1 General. A "bedding mortar," a broomable, high portland cement/ pozzolan content
(approximately 475 to 610 pounds portland cement and 225 to 290 pounds of pozzolan per cubic
yard), heavily sanded mortar, shall be used between foundation rock and foundation RCC, between
different RCC placements where cold joints occur, between regular RCC lifts, and between RCC
and dental concrete. Bedding mixes (conventional concrete using 3/4-inch maximum size
aggregate, 3 to 5 inches slump, and containing approximately 350 pounds of portland cement and
pozzolan per cubic yard) shall be used at the abutment/RCC interface, between RCC and foundation
protection shotcrete, between RCC and existing conventional concrete, between RCC and spillway
blockout forms, and between RCC and stilling basin forms. The bedding mixes and bedding mortar
are to be used specifically for achieving bond between different types of concrete and/or
foundation, and eliminating and preventing segregation or voids along margins or RCC placements.
Adjustments to the described mix designs may be directed. Surfaces to receive bedding mixes and
bedding mortar shall be prepared as specified in Contract Drawing ECD-2-2/9 as in paragraph 16.2
and as specified in other paragraphs in this section. No surfaces to receive a bedding mix or bedding
mortar shall be covered with RCC until the prepared surfaces have been accepted in writing and that
acceptance has been recorded on an approved checkout form. All surfaces upon which RCC or any
bedding mix or bedding mortar is placed shall be damp and at a surface temperature in excess of
32°F. In no case will the mixes be allowed to dry from the sun or wind.
概述“垫层砂浆”，是可开裂的高波特兰水泥/火山灰含量（大约475到610磅高
波特兰水泥和225到290磅火山灰每立方码）含大量砂的砂浆。它应当被用在基岩体和基础
RCC之间、出现冷接缝的不同的RCC浇筑之间、普通RCC浇筑层之间以及RCC和找平混凝土
之间。垫层拌合料（常规混凝土采用最大粒径为3/4-英寸，坍落度为3到5英寸，以及每立方
码含大约350磅高波特兰水泥和火山灰的骨料）应当被用在坝肩/RCC界面，RCC和基础防护
喷射混凝土之间，RCC和现有常规混凝土之间，RC和泄洪坝段模板之间以及RCC和消力池
模板之间。垫层拌合料和垫层砂层将专门用于实现不同类型混凝土和/或者基础之间的联结
，消除和防止沿边缘或者RCC浇筑的分离或者空隙。可对所述配合比设计做出的调整，加以
指导。应当按照合约图纸ECD-2-2/9第16.2段以及本节中的其他段落，对接收垫层拌合料和
垫层砂层的表面进行处理。直到处理过的表面已经获得书面形式的接受，并且该接受已记录
在批准的结帐表单，才可以在接收垫层拌合料或者垫层砂层的表面上覆盖上RCC。浇筑RCC
或者任何垫层拌合料或者垫层砂层的表面，都应当保持湿润，并且地表温度不可超过32°F。
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在任何情况下，都不允许混合料在阳光下或者风力作用下变干。
16.2 Cleanup For Foundation Protection RCC, Dental Concrete, Shotcrete, or Hardened
Conventional Concrete.
基础防护RCC、找平混凝土、喷射混凝土或者硬化常规混凝土的清理
16.2.1 General. Prior to placing any concrete, (including any RCC, dental concrete, bedding
mix, bedding mortar, or other conventional concrete placed adjacent to and at the same time as the
RCC) all surfaces shall be cleaned and free of loose, unkeyed, and deteriorated rock as specified in
SECTION 02200; all mud and silt accumulations; vegetation, loose fragmented rock pieces;
laitance; puddles or ponds of free surface water; mortar coatings; and other detrimental materials.
High pressure water jetting, and/or wet sandblasting, followed by mild high-volume, low-pressure
washing shall be used on all concrete surfaces for the removal of laitance, mortar coatings, stains, or
other difficult to remove surface contaminants. See paragraph 12.2 for Regular Lift Joint Treatment
and paragraph 12.3 for Horizontal Cold Joints Treatment. High-volume low-pressure water washing
and/or water jetting may be used for removal of loose material, but shall not replace cleaning
actions by high-pressure washing or wet sandblasting. Adequate equipment with operators shall be
on hand at the site to clean all surfaces (including the entire RCC surface for when a horizontal cold
joint occurs) in conformance with these specifications without disrupting in any way the RCC
production as scheduled. Within 120 days of notice to proceed, a plan shall be submitted for
cleaning all surfaces, including types and amount of equipment to be used and methods of waste
disposal.
概述在浇筑混凝土之前，（包括任何与该混凝土临近且同时浇筑的RCC、找平
混凝土、垫层拌合料、垫层砂层或者其他常规混凝土），所有表面都应当经过清理并且没有
第02200节中的规定的松散、未用拱顶石加固的和风化的岩石；所有的淤泥和泥沙堆积物；
植被、松散的碎裂岩石块；水泥浆；表面游离水的水洼或者水池；砂浆涂料；以及其他有害
物质。高压喷水和/或者湿砂喷射，应当被用于清除所有混凝土表面上的水泥浆、砂浆涂料
、污渍或者其他难以清除的表面污染物。随后再用轻度高容量低压冲洗。有关常规浇筑层接
缝的处理，请参见第12.2段，横向冷接缝的处理参见第12.3段。高容量低压水洗和/或者水冲
法可被用于松散材料的清除，但却不能代替高压冲洗或者湿砂喷射的清洗操作。在现场，操
作人员应当配有足够数量的设备，用以清理所有的表面（包括出现横向冷接缝的整个RCC表
面），根据这些规定而不以任何方式扰乱RCC的如期生产。在收到开工通知的120天内，递交
所有表面的清洗计划，包括需要使用的设备的类型和数量以及废物处理方法。
16.2.2 High-Volume Low Pressure Washing. It is expected that washing of loose materials
can be accomplished with high-volume low-pressure water washing and/or air water jetting using
equipment of similar design to that used in large scale foundation cleanups. The air/water jets shall
have 1-1/2 inch nozzles available, a water supply of at least 30 gpm, and compressed air at the jet of
80 to 120 psi. The low-pressure water jets shall have 1-inch nozzles available and a capacity of at
least 200 gpm for truck mounted devices such as required in paragraph 10.14.
高容量低压冲洗据估计，可以使用与用于大型基础清理的设备具有相似设计的
设备，通过高容量低压水洗和/或者空气水冲法，对松散材料进行清洗。空气喷射器/喷水器
应当应当配有1-1/2英寸的喷嘴、至少30gpm的给水以及80到120psi喷射的压缩气体。低压喷
水器应当配有1-英寸的喷嘴、容量至少200gpm的车载式设备，如第10.14段的要求。
16.2.3 High-Pressure Water Jet. A stream of water under a pressure of not less than 1,500 psi
shall be used for cleaning all horizontal cold joints surfaces, or surfaces with laitance, mortar
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coatings, stains, or other difficult to remove contaminants. Its use shall be delayed until the concrete
is sufficiently hard so that only the surface mortar coating is removed and there is no undercutting
of coarse aggregate particles. If the water jet is incapable of satisfactory cleaning, the surface shall
be cleaned by wet sandblasting. For cleaning of large open areas, the high pressure water jet system
shall be truck mounted and be in accordance with paragraph 10.13. For cleaning small or confined
areas, the high pressure water jet system shall be portable and be in accordance with paragraph
10.13.2.
高压喷水器压力不低于1500psi的水流应当用于清洗所有的冷接缝表面，或者附
有水泥浆、砂浆涂料、污渍或者其他难以清除的污染物的表面。在混凝土变得足够坚硬之后
，才可以使用该水流。以确保只是清除了表面上的水泥浆，而没有削弱粗骨料颗粒。如果喷
水器不能清洗效果不是很令人满意，则用液体喷砂机对表面进行清洗。对于大型开阔区域的
清洗，高压水射流系统应当用卡车装载，并且遵照第10.13段的规定。对于小型或者狭窄区
域的清洗，高压水射流系统应当为便携式，并且遵照第10.13.2段的规定。
16.2.4 Wet Sandblasting. Wet sandblasting shall be continued until all accumulated laitance,
coatings, stain or other foreign materials are removed. The surface shall again be washed just prior
to placing concrete. Wet sandblasting may be used in lieu of or in combination with the high
pressure water jet.
湿砂喷射应当一直进行湿砂喷射，直到完成对所有堆积的水泥浆、涂料、污渍
或者其他异物的清除。在浇筑混凝土之前，应当对表面进行再次清洗。湿砂喷射可代替高压
水射流或者与湿砂喷射结合使用。
16.2.5 Waste Disposal. The method used in disposing of waste water employed in cutting,
washing and rinsing of concrete surfaces and rain water that falls on the RCC surfaces during
placement shall be such that the waste-water and contaminated rain water does not stain, discolor,
or affect exposed surfaces of the structure or damage the environment of the project area. The
Contractor shall have a truck mounted vacuum system and other equipment as necessary available
at all times to assist in waste removal. Disposal shall comply with the provisions of SECTION
01060.
废物处理用于处理由混凝土表面的切削、清洗和冲洗而产生的废水和浇筑期间
落至RCC表面上的雨水，所采用的方法，应当具有确保废水和被污染的雨水不会使结构的暴
露表面染色，褪色或者受到影响，以及不会破坏项目区域的环境，的处理效果。承包商应当
一直配有车载式真空系统以及其他可利用的必要设备，以协助废物清除。处理应符合第
01060节的相关规定。
17. SPILLWAY CONSTRUCTION.
溢洪道施工
17.1 Spillway Chute. The spillway chute shall be constructed as shown on the drawings.
The contract drawings are based on a design whereby the spillway chute is constructed at the same
time and rate as used in placement of each RCC lift. The same technology as used in the
construction of the vertical upstream facing will be taken advantage of. The major difference being,
instead of placing conventional concrete against vertical cantilevered forms, conventional concrete
will be placed against sloping cantilevered forms to form the spillway chute. The design and
engineering of the formwork, as well as its construction and methods of maintaining tolerances,
etc., shall be the responsibility of the Contractor. The formwork shall be designed for loads, lateral
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pressures and allowable stresses in accordance with Chapter 1 of ACI Standard 347. Forms shall
have sufficient strength to withstand the pressure resulting from placement and vibration of the
concrete and shall have sufficient rigidity to maintain specified tolerances. Extreme care shall be
taken to prevent the occurrence of any permanent openwork, honeycombing or voids at the spillway
chute conventional concrete/RCC interface. Shown on the drawings is one method of construction
that will provide the desired consolidation interface with no voids. The Contractor’s construction
techniques shall be satisfactorily demonstrated during the placement of the upstream cofferdam or
by constructing a test fill specifically for this purpose. Concrete used for the spillway chute shall
conform with applicable requirements of SECTION 03300; however, special requirements within
SECTION 03360 that are necessary for the simultaneous placement of RCC and conventional
concrete shall take precedence.
溢洪道泄槽溢洪道泄槽的施工应遵循图纸上的要求。合约图纸基于设计，而溢
洪道泄槽是以和每一个RCC浇筑层的浇筑所采用的相同时间和速度建造而成的。利用垂直上
游面的施工所采用的技术。主要的区别在于，不是靠垂直悬臂模板浇筑常规混凝土，而是靠
倾斜悬臂模板浇筑常规混凝土，以形成溢洪道泄槽。模板的设计与工程以及模板的施工和公
差维护方法等等，都应当由承包商负责。应当按照可以承受ACI标准347第1章所规定的载荷
、侧向压力以及容许应力，对模板进行设计。模板应当有足够的力量，以承受由混泥土浇筑
和振捣所产生的压力，并且还应当有足够的硬度，以保持规定的公差。在防止溢洪道泄槽的
常规混凝土/RCC界面发生任何永久性镂空、蜂窝裂或者空隙时，应当格外小心。图纸上显
示了一种施工方法，使用该方法，可以对界面进行期望之中的固结且不留有空隙。在上游围
堰的浇筑过程中，应当以令人相当满意的方式，对承包商的施工技术加以证明，或者专门为
此目构建一个试验填方。用于溢洪道泄槽的混凝土应当符合第03300节中的适用要求；但是
，当RCC和常规混凝土的浇筑需要考虑第03360节中所规定的特殊要求时，则应当以特殊要
求为准。
17.2 Training Walls. Training walls for the spillway stilling basin shall be constructed as
specified in paragraph 15 and as shown on the drawings.
导流墙溢洪道消力池的导流墙应当按照第15段以及图纸中的要求施工。
17.3 Spillway Blockout. The vertical faces for the spillway blockout shall be constructed as
specified in paragraph 15 and as shown on the drawings.
溢洪道砌块溢洪道砌块的垂直面应当按照第15段以及图纸中的要求施工。
18. CURING AND PROTECTION.
养护和防护。
18.1 General. The surface of any RCC layer upon which subsequent concrete will be placed
shall be kept continuously damp and at a temperature above 32°F. for 21 days, or until it is covered
with the next layer. Except as specified in paragraphs 11.2 and 18.3, sloping RCC surfaces not to
receive subsequent concrete will not require cure or protection. Curing and protection for all
conventional concrete used in construction of the vertical faces and spillway chute and any
horizontal RCC surface that will not receive a sub-sequent concrete covering shall be as specified in
SECTION 03300.
概述将浇筑后续混凝土的任何RCC层的表面，都应当保持持续湿润，并且温
度需高于32°F，需保持21天，或者直到浇筑下一层RCC。除了第11.2和18.3段中的要求，对
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于那些不会再浇筑后续混凝土的倾斜RCC表面，不需要做养护和防护。对于用于垂直面和溢
洪道泄槽施工的所有常规混凝土以及用于将不再继续浇筑混凝土层的任何横向RCC表面的混
凝土，应当按照第03300节中的规定，对它们进行养护和防护。
18.2 Cold Weather Protection. The air and forms in contact with roller compacted concrete
and any conventional concrete placed at the same time and in direct contact with the RCC shall be
maintained at a temperature above 32°F for 21 days. In addition, for 120 days after placing, the air
temperature adjacent to the concrete surfaces shall be controlled so that concrete near the surface
will not be subjected to a temperature differential of more than 25°F (as determined by observation
of ambient and concrete temperatures indicated by suitable thermometers furnished by the
Government as required and installed adjacent to the concrete surface and 2 inches inside the
surface of the concrete). The installation of the thermometers shall be made at such locations as
may be directed.
严寒天气防护对于那些与碾压混凝土以及与RCC同时浇筑且直接接触的常规混
凝土的空气和模板，它们的温度需保持在32°F以上，且需保持21天。此外，在浇筑之后的
120天内，应当对混凝土表面附进的空气温度加以控制，以确保表面附进的混凝土的温度差
控制在25°F以内（由政府安装的适当温度计所显示的环境和混凝土温度决定。按要求，靠近
混凝土表面安装温度计，并在混凝土内部表面2英尺处安装）。在将温度计安装在此类位置的
时候，应当加以指导。
18.3 Special Insulation Protection.
特殊隔热保护
18.3.1 In addition to the requirements specified in paragraph 18.2, all RCC and any
conventional concrete placed at the same time and in direct contact with the RCC shall receive
special insulation protection as described for the following time periods:
除了第18.2段规定的要求以外，所有的RCC以及同RCC同时浇筑且直接接触的常
规混凝土，在下述时段期限内，都应当接受特殊隔热保护：
(1) Time Period I (Insulation) -Beginning of Placement through 30 March: Cover all exposed
surfaces (both vertical and horizontal) with a single layer of insulation immediately after each
placement when surface temperature of the concrete falls below 33°F. Where successive lifts cover
insulated surfaces during this time period, remove the insulation as the new concrete is placed. Even
when there is not a threat of freezing or near freezing temperatures, lift surfaces not to receive
subsequent lift placements within 5 days shall receive insulation.
时段一（保温）-从浇筑开始至3月30日：在浇筑完成后，当表面温度降低至33°F以
下时，在所有的暴露表面上（横向纵向）盖上一层隔热层。在此期间，对于需要继续浇筑混
凝土的隔热表面，在浇筑新的混凝土的时候，我们需将保温材料清除。即使没有冰冻或者接
近冰冻天气的威胁，不再需要继续浇筑的浇筑层表面也应当在5天内加以保温。
(2) Time Period II -After 1 April: No insulation required during Time Period II except during
periods of actual freezing temperatures.
时段二（保温）-4月1日以后：在时段二期间，不需要任何保温措施，除非在此期间
，真的遭遇冰冻温度。
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18.3.2 Use of insulation for protection of concrete during cold weather has been specified to
prevent wide temperature variations, rapid temperature drops near the surface, and possible freezing
of the surface. Surfaces to receive special protection shall be insulated so that conductance does not
exceed 0.50 BTU per hour per square foot per degree F(R2). Insulative materials shall be
maintained in such a condition that the specified conductivity is maintained during the period of
protection. There shall be no holes or openings in the insulation or between the insulation and
concrete which permit outside air to penetrate the insulation. All steel protruding from insulated
concrete shall be insulated.
已经明确规定，在严寒天气期间，需要对混凝土保温。用以防止该表面附进发
生大幅度的气温变化和温度急剧下降，以及可能的表面冻结。接受特殊保护的表面，应当被
保温。以确保传热性不超过0.50BTU每小时每平方英尺每度F（R2）。应当将保温材料保持在
一个这样的状态下，以确保热导率在保护期间保持在规定额度下。保温料上，或者在保温材
料和混凝土之间不能留有孔洞或开口，因为这些空洞和开口会让外面的空气穿透保温材料。
所有从隔热混凝土伸出的钢筋都应当被保温。
18.3.3 When necessary, such as during prolonged periods of cold weather or shorter periods
of severe cold, the mats or blankets shall be tightly laced together at the seams or shall be
overlapped by at least 2-1/2 feet at the seams and weighted or pinned to the RCC so that no RCC
surface becomes exposed regardless of wind, rain and other conditions. Steel or other acceptable
straps or anchors to hold the mats in place may be embedded between RCC layers during
construction and later cut off flush with the downstream face.
在必要时候，比如长时间的寒冷天气或者短时间的严寒期间，在接缝处，应当
将垫子或毯子紧密地系在一起，或者在接缝处至少重叠至2-1/2英尺，并且盖在或者支撑在
RCC上，以确保无论刮风下雨以及其他情况下，RCC表面都没有暴露在外面。用以支撑垫子
的钢筋或者其他可接受的带子或者锚，应当在施工期间嵌入RCC层之间，然后削减，以和下
游面保持齐平。
18.4 Hot Weather Protection. When necessary or as directed, provisions for windbreaks,
shading, fog spraying, ponding or wet covering with a light colored material shall be made in
advance of placement, and such protective measures shall be taken as quickly as concrete hardening
and finishing operations will allow.
炎热天气防护必要时或者按指示，在浇筑前，应做好防风、遮蔽、喷雾以及在
水洼或者雨水上盖上一层浅色材料等准备。并且在混凝土硬化和加工作业允许后应当尽快采
取此类防护措施。
19. CONTRACTION JOINTS. Contraction joints shall be formed by inserting stainless steel
or galvanized plates into non-compacted full thickness RCC at locations as shown on the drawings.
The steel plates, when installed adjacent to each other (at the same dam stationing within each lift
from upstream to downstream face), form a bond breaker that serves as a contraction joint. The steel
plates (approximately 36 inches wide, 24 inches high and 1/8 to 1/4 inch thick) shall be installed
vertically into the RCC by means of a vibrating plate mounted on a backhoe. The Contraction joint
steel plates shall be notched or installed in parts to insure that any instrumentation in the vicinity of
the joints shall remain undamaged after installation of these plates. The exact details for the design
of the contraction joints, as well as installation and methods of maintaining tolerances, alignment,
etc., shall be subject to approval. Details of design shall be submitted for approval within 120 days
after receipt of notice to proceed. Alignment of steel plates shall be maintained by means of laser.
Waterstops, drains and contraction joints within any conventional concrete or bedding mix shall be
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in accordance with SECTION 03250 and as shown on the drawings.
收缩缝按照图纸所示地点，将不锈钢或者镀锌板插入非紧压全厚RCC中，以形成收
缩缝。当彼此相邻安装钢板时（在上游面与下游面之间的浇筑层里面的相同大坝布点处），
就形成了防粘接材料，用以充当收缩缝。通过安装在反铲挖土机上振动板，将钢板（大约36
英寸宽、24英寸高、1/8到1/4英寸厚）垂直安装于RCC。收缩缝钢板应当被刻下切口或者分
开安装，以确保在安装这些钢板之后，接缝周围地区的仪表不会被损坏。有关收缩缝设计的
具体细节，安装和公差维护方法以及对齐等等都需要经过批准。应当在收到开工通知的120
天内递交设计细则，以供审准。应当通过激光器，保持钢板对齐。任何常规混凝土中的止水
带、排水沟以及收缩缝或者垫层拌合料都应当遵循第03250节和图纸中的规定。
20. DOWNSTREAM CLEANUP OF "RAVEL." During construction, spillage over the

downstream face edge is expected to occur which will result in an accumulation of loose
uncompacted RCC material at the face and along the toe. This material has no cemented value.
Overbuild and spillage within the limits specified in paragraph 5 is acceptable. Tolerances will be
measured between the design lines and the angle of repose of the downstream face. Excess spillage
shall be removed and used in haul roads or elsewhere for the Contractor’s convenience, but shall
not be recycled back into the RCC mix. All loose ravel material shall be removed before completion
of the contract and disposed of in an approved manner. No payment will be made for overbuild.
“散落物”的下游清理施工过程中，下游面边缘可能会有溢出物，这是由表面和坡脚的
松散非紧固RCC累积而成。这种材料没有任何粘合效用。在第5段规定限度范围内的过度建
设和溢出量都是可以接受的。将测量设计线和下游面的静止角的公差。过度溢出物将会被清
除，并用于工地运料路或者对承包商而言的任何便利地方。但是不能循环运用于RCC配料中
。所有松散的剥落物都应当在合同完成前，加以清除并以经过批准的方式加以处理。不会为
过度建设付款。
21. INSTRUMENTATION. Instrumentation consisting of resistance thermometers, Carlson

type pore pressure meters, and Carlson Strain Gages (crack meters) shall be incorporated into the
dam during construction. The instrumentation equipment shall be installed according to
manufacturer’s recommendations and as directed. Most of the instrumentation will be placed
between or in the middle of layers of RCC at the time it is spread. A small amount of wet lean mix
or bedding mix will be used around some of the instruments as necessary to properly embed them
without damage. Instrumentation meters will be located in the general areas as shown on the
contract drawings or will be located as directed during RCC placement.
仪器仪器包括电阻式温度计、卡尔森型孔隙压力计以及卡尔森应变计（裂缝探测仪）。
这些仪器应当在施工期间，装入大坝。应当按照制造商的建议，在指导下安装仪器设备。大
部分仪器都是在摊铺RCC层时，安装在RCC层之间或者中间的。有必要在一些仪器四周使用
少量的湿贫混合料或者垫层拌合料，以完好无损地将它们嵌入。在RCC浇筑期间，将仪器计
量表安装在合约图纸所规定的大体为区域内，或者按照指示安装。
22. QUALITY CONTROL.
质量控制
22.1 General. An effective quality control program shall be established and maintained for
roller-compacted concrete which will be the means of ensuring compliance with contract
requirements and of maintaining records of control. The program shall include but not be limited to
the following: aggregate manufacture and gradations, moisture, batching requirements and mix
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proportions at the batch plant, insuring adequate materials are on hand, embedded items are
properly installed, insulation is installed, joint treatment, and all other tests and inspections required
by these specifications are carried out. All quality control tests shall be performed in strict
accordance with the applicable publication(s) identified in the referenced paragraphs, listed below,
and identified in SECTION 01070. A plan for the Contractor’s quality control program shall be
submitted for review and approval within 120 days after notice to proceed. All qualified personnel
as well as all equipment and supplies shall be furnished that are necessary for testing and fulfillment
of the quality control program. No concrete placement or aggregate production will be allowed until
approval has been received of an acceptable quality control program. The tests described in
paragraph 22.2 shall be performed, and based upon the results of these inspections and tests the
action required in paragraph 22.3 shall be taken. Reports shall be submitted as required in paragraph
22.4. Six quality control personnel shall be provided to assist Government personnel in their quality
assurance testing. They shall perform labor and quality assurance work under the supervision of
Government personnel. They shall be available continuously beginning 15 days prior to start of
placement of the upstream RCC cofferdam until 15 days after completion of all RCC and concrete
placement for the main dam.
概述应当为碾压混凝土建立和维护一套有效的质量控制方案，作为确保遵守
合同的要求以及保持控制记录的方式。本方案应当包括但不局限于：骨料生产和等级、水分
、配料场的配料要求和混合比、确保库存有足够的材料、恰当安装内嵌项目、安装保温材料
、接缝处理以及按规定要求进行的其他测试与检验得到了执行。所有的质量控制测试都应当
严格按照下述参考段落中规定的适用发布，以及第01070节中的规定执行。应当在收到开工
通知的120天内递交承包商的质量控制方案的计划，以供审核和批准。质量控制方案的测试
和执行所需的所有合格工作人员以及所有的设备和用品都应当加以配备。在得到可接受的质
量控制方案的批准之前，不得进行任何混凝土浇筑和骨料生产。应当执行第22.2段中所表述
的测试，并根据这些检验和测试的结果，采取第22.3段中所要求的行动。按照第22.4段的要
求，递交报告。在质量保证测试中，应当配备六名质量控制人员，以便协助政府工作人员。
他们应当在政府工作人员的监督下，进行劳动和质量保证工作。从开始浇筑上游RCC围堰之
前15天开始到完成主坝的所有RCC和混凝土浇筑之后的15天，这些质量控制人员应当一直都
在。
22.2 Inspection Details and Frequency of Testing.
检验详情和测试频率
22.2.1 Aggregate Gradations. At least once during each shift that concrete is placed, or that
aggregates are produced, gradations shall be checked for each aggregate size used. A recheck
sample is required for any gradation test out of specifications. The locations from which samples
are taken may be selected by the Contractor providing that they give an accurate indication of
gradations of materials as they enter the mixer. However, provisions must be made for accurate
sampling of aggregates on the feed belts.
骨料等级在浇筑混凝土或者生产骨料的每一班次期间，对所用每一粒径的骨料
，至少核对一次等级。按照规定，任何粒度分级试验都需要复检验样品。提取样品的位置应
当由承包商选定。但前提是在材料进入混合器时，他们需要提供一份精确的材料等级说明。
但是，对于供料带上的骨料的精确取样，须预先做好准备。
22.2.2 Aggregate Moisture Determination. At least once during each day of placement for
each aggregate size used, moisture content determinations shall be made in accordance with ASTM
C 566 (ASTM C 70 where appropriate for fine aggregate if it is stockpiled separately). The location
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from which the sample is selected may be determined by the Contractor providing that it is typical
of materials entering the mixer.
骨料含水量测量在对所用每一粒径的骨料进行浇筑的每一天期间，应当按照
ASTMC566（如果是分开堆放的，则ASTMC70适用于细骨料）对含水量进行一次测量。选
择样品的位置可以由承包商决定，前提是这个位置是材料进入混合器的典型位置。
22.2.3 Particle Shape. When, in the opinion of the Government Inspector, a problem exists in
connection with aggregate particle shape, tests shall be made in accordance with CRD-C 119.
Testing frequency shall be not less than one per day.
颗粒形状如果在联结骨料颗粒形状的过程中出现了问题，则在政府检查员的
建议下，按照CRD-C119进行测试。测试频率每天不得低于每日一次。
22.2.4 Material Finer Than No. 200 Sieve. When, in the opinion of the Government Inspector,
a problem exists in connection with the cleanliness of aggregate, tests shall be made in accordance
with ASTM C 117. Testing frequency shall be not less than one per day.
比200号筛更细的材料如果在联结骨料清洁度的过程中出现了问题，则在政府检
查员的建议下，按照ASTMC117进行测试。测试频率每天不得低于每日一次。
22.2.5 Concrete Plant Control. When the concrete plant is operating, the measurement of all
constituent materials including cement, pozzolan, each size of aggregate, admixtures and water
shall be continuously controlled. The aggregate weights and amount of added water to compensate
for free moisture in the aggregates shall be adjusted as necessary or as directed. A daily report shall
be prepared indicating the type and source of cement and pozzolan used during the day, aggregate
size groups used, required mix proportions per cubic yard for each mix design used, the amount of
water as free moisture in each size of aggregate, and the aggregate and water weights per cubic yard
for each mix design of concrete made during plant operation.
混凝土装置控制在混凝土装置运作时，应当对各组成材料，包括水泥、火山灰
、每一粒径的骨料、掺合料以及水的测量进行持续控制。按照需要或者按照指示，应当对骨
料重量和用以补偿骨料的游离水分的水的添加量加以调整。应当制作一份每日报告，用于表
明该天，所使用水泥和火山灰类型和来源、骨料粒径组、每配合比设计所要求的每立方码混
合比、用于每一粒径骨料的游离水分的水量以及在装置运作期间制作的混凝土配合比设计中
每立方码骨料和水的重量。
22.2.6 Scales for Weigh Batching. The accuracy of scales shall be checked by test weights
prior to the start-up of concreting operations. Such tests shall also be made whenever there are
variations in properties of the RCC that could result from batching errors. The accuracy of each
batching device when weigh batching procedures are used shall be routinely checked during a
weighing operation by noting and recording the required weight and the weight actually batched.
Rechecks shall be made at least every 40 shifts of operation thereafter and whenever there are
variations in the properties of control of RCC that could result from batching errors.
按重量配料的秤在开始混凝土浇注之前，应当用测试砝码对秤的精确度进行核
对。如果由称重失误，造成RCC的性能变化时，就应当进行此类测试。当在使用按重量配料
程序时，每个配料装置的精度，在称重操作过程中，都应当进行定期检查。通过注意并记录
下要求的重量和实际秤得重量。以后，应当每隔40次操作倒班，至少进行一次复查。并且每
当称重失误造成了RCC的性能变化时，也应当进行复查。
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22.2.7 Volumetric Calibration of Continuous Mixing. Accuracy of volumetric to weight
conversion factors and the volumetric accuracy of the dispensing equipment shall be performed
daily at the start of operations and shall be checked at the discretion of the Contracting Officer if
there are any variations in the properties of the RCC that could result from dispensing errors or
discrepancies.
连续混合的容积标定体积重量转换因素的精确度以及配料设备的测定容积精确度，
应当在操作开始的时候进行操作，并且当配料失误或者差异引起任何的RCC性能变化时，在
签订合同人员的意见下，应当进行核对。
22.2.8 Testing Concrete Mixes.
检测混凝土拌合料
22.2.8.1 General. Fresh concrete shall be sampled and tested for compliance with the
specifications and for additional information as required or requested. Samples and tests shall be
made at the batch plant but may also be made at the placing location at the time of placement.
Provide method of readily obtaining representative RCC samples from the plant as specified in
paragraph 10.6 and at any gob hopper locations.
概述对新拌混凝土进行取样和测试，用以检测它们是否符合规定以及获取按要求规
定的额外信息。原则上应当在混凝土配料厂对混凝土进行取样和测试，但也可以在浇筑时，
在浇筑地点进行取样和测试。提供从第10.6段所规定的装置，以及在任何混凝土出料斗处，
轻易获得代表性RCC样品的方法。
22.2.8.2 Mixer Performance. A complete mixer performance test of three different batches
of concrete shall be made on each mixer in accordance with CRD-C 55 as modified in paragraph
10.4.4 prior to the start of concrete placing. Additional tests may be made at any time to support a
Contractor’s request for reduction of mixing time. Whenever mixer adjustments are necessary
because of failure of a mixer to comply, the mixer shall be retested after adjustment. The
abbreviated test may be used for this purpose. Abbreviated tests shall be run routinely on each
mixer at least once every month.
搅拌机性能在开始浇筑混凝土之前，应当按第10.4.4段所示修改按照CRD-
C55，对三个不同批次的混凝土的搅拌机进行一个完整的性能测试。在任何时候都有可能进
行额外测试，以响应承包商缩短搅拌时间的要求。由于搅拌机未能遵循要求引起故障，而需
要对搅拌机进行相应调整时，在调整之后，应当对搅拌机进行再次测试。简化测试适用于此
目的。应当对每一台搅拌机，每月至少进行一次简化测试。
22.2.8.3 Temperature. At least one test of temperature shall be made at the batch plant and
at the placement on a randomly selected batch of each mix design of concrete used per shift of
placement. Additional tests shall be made when rapid set time or workability loss is reported by the
placing foreman or Government Inspector, or when cold weather problems occur. The temperature
of air and concrete shall be recorded during the period of cure and cold weather protection when
those restrictions are applicable.
温度每一次浇筑轮班时，都应当在混泥土配料厂和所使用混凝土配合比设计
的随机选取的配合料的浇筑上，进行温度测试。当浇筑工头或者政府检验员报告有凝固时间
过快或者工作性损失时，或者当有寒冷天气问题出现时，则进行额外测试。在防治和寒冷天
气保护期间，应当记录下空气和混凝土的温度，当这些限制条件适用时。
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22.2.8.4 Moisture Content. At least once during each 4 hours of production placement at
the batch plant, an RCC sample shall be micro-dried for moisture content. At least once every 2
hours at the placement site (immediately after compaction) the moisture content shall be determined
on the RCC mix using a nuclear gage in the direct transmission mode. The probe shall be driven to
a depth of at least 20 inches for each reading. The gage shall be calibrated against oven-dry samples
of each mix design used. After consistent moisture control is achieved, the rate of testing may be
decreased to one test per 8 hours at the plant and one test per 4 hours at the placement. In any case,
at least three tests shall be made in different areas of each layer of RCC placed. The Government
Inspector will continuously monitor the apparent effectiveness of compaction equipment from a
visual standpoint, and shall notify the batch plant whenever the mix becomes too dry or too wet.
Whenever moisture content tests indicate a change from what has been established as the optimum
batching and placing moisture for maximum density and efficiency of compaction equipment, the
Government Inspector may direct a corresponding adjustment be made in the mix water added at
the concrete plant. Whenever the Government Inspector observes a condition of moisture which
begins to consistently allow the vibratory rollers to sink excessively in the mix, cause excessive
paste to develop at the surface, or leave an open appearing unconsolidated surface, an adjustment
shall be made in the mix water added at the plant when directed. Any adjustment shall be noted.
含水量在每4小时混凝土配料厂的生产浇筑期间，应当将一份RCC取样微干
以测含水量，至少一次。在浇筑地点每两小时至少一次（紧接压实之后），通过直接传动模
式下的核子测定仪，测量RCC混合料的含水量。每次读取数据时，都应当将探针深入至少20
英寸。测定仪应当在所使用的配合比设计的烘干样品下，加以校正。在实现水分控制一致之
后，测试速度可能会减少至厂区每8小时一次测试，浇筑地点每4小时一次测试。在任何情况
下，都应当对每层的浇筑RCC的不同区域进行至少三次测试。政府检验员应当从一个从视觉
的角度，持续监测碾压设备的表观效力，并且当混合料变得太干或者太湿时，应当通知混凝
土配料厂。每当湿度测试检测到在碾压设备达到最大密度和效率下的最佳配料浇筑水分发生
了变化，政府检验员可指导，对在混凝土装置加入的混合水作出相应的调整。每当政府检验
员观察到含水状态引起了，振动压路机在混合料中持续过度下沉，表面上有过多的净浆，或
者非紧固表面上出现开口时，就应当在指导下，对在厂区加入的混合水做出调整。应当注明
所采取的任何调整。
22.2.8.5 Concrete Specimens for Compressive Strength Tests. Clean molds shall be
furnished for 6-inch by 12-inch and 9-inch by 18-inch RCC test cylinders for testing by the
Government. Forms for 6-inch by 12-inch cylinders shall be reusable, split-steel type with plastic
liners, conforming to ASTM C 470. The cylinders may be stored for a week in the plastic liners
after the steel molds are removed and reused. Quantities of mold to be furnished are 36 split-steel
forms with a supply of plastic liners for the 6-inch by 12-inch cylinders, and 24 split-steel forms for
the 9-inch by 18-inch cylinders. One thousand plastic liners shall be initially supplied for the 6-inch
by 12-inch cylinders, and thereafter a continuous supply of at least 500 liners shall be maintained
throughout the course of the work. The Government will perform initial cure and strip the molds.
Within two work shifts after the Contractor has been notified that stripped molds are available, the
Contractor shall pick up and return the molds, repaired and in good condition as needed to the
designated sampling area. It is expected that during the first several days of RCC production at least
one set (12 cylinders) of 6-inch by 12-inch cylinders will be made for each 3,000 cubic yards of
RCC placed. After several 7-day test results have been analyzed, the frequency of testing may be
reduced to one set of 6-inch by 12-inch cylinders each shift or for each 9,000 cubic yards of RCC
placed. In both testing schedules, a set of 9-inch by 18-inch cylinders will be made for every tenth
set of 6-inch by 12-inch cylinders. The Government will make all test samples, transport them, cure
them, test them, and extract them from the molds. However, at least one of the Contractor’s quality
control persons shall be available to assist with the physical work required for making and
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transporting the specimens, and shall be responsible for cleaning molds. An acceptable area shall be
provided at the plant in accordance with paragraphs 10.6 and 10.7 that can be used for adequate
concrete sampling and for initial cure and protection of prepared test specimens. Compressed air
shall also be made available to run a pneumatic tamper used by the Government to compact
compressive test cylinders.
用于抗压强度试验的混凝土试件应当给6英寸乘以12英寸和9英寸乘以18英寸
的RCC圆柱状试块配备清洁的模具，以供政府测验。6英寸乘以12英寸的圆柱体的模板应当
可重复使用，为分体钢筋式，附有塑料衬管，并符合ASTMC470。在钢模具被移除并重复使
用后，后可将圆柱存于塑料衬管内一周时间。6英寸乘以12英寸的圆柱体需要配备的模具数
量为36个配有塑料衬管的分体钢筋模板，而9英寸乘以18英寸的RCC圆柱体需要24个分体钢
筋模板。首先需要给6英寸乘以12英寸的圆柱体配备一千个塑料衬管，然后整个工作进程需
要再配备至少500个塑料衬管。政府应当负责初期养护并剥离模具。在承包商被告知已有剥
离后的模具的两周之内，承包商应当收取并将修好了的并按需要需保持良好状态的模具退还
给制定的取样区。预计在RCC生产的前几天，需要为每3000立方码浇筑RCC制作至少一套（
12个圆柱体）6英寸乘以12英寸的圆柱体。在分析了几份7天的测试结果之后，测试频率可能
需要降低至每轮或者每9000立方码浇筑RCC，才制作一套6英寸乘以12英寸的圆柱体。在这
两类测试计划中，每十套6英寸乘以12英寸的圆柱体需要制作一套9英寸乘以18英寸的RCC圆
柱体。政府将制作、运输、养护、测试所有的测试样品，并从模具中提取。但是，至少需要
一名承包商的质量控制人员，以协助样品制作和运输过程中的体力作业，并负责模具的清洗
。应当按照第10.6和10.7段，在厂区提供一个可接受区域，用以足够的混凝土取样以及为备
好的测试样品提供初期养护和保护。还应当配有压缩气体，用以运作风动捣固机。政府使用
该风动捣固机来压实受压圆柱试体。
22.2.8.6 Density.
密度
22.2.8.6.1 General. The density of RCC before, during and after compaction shall be
determined with a nuclear density gage previously calibrated against each mix design used. Density
readings shall be made in accordance with paragraph 11.5 and in accordance with this paragraph. At
least three nuclear gages shall be maintained in good working condition on the placement area at all
times. The Government shall have access to the gages at all times and shall be allowed to use them
for quality assurance check tests. A listing (on the Contractor’s license for operation of the nuclear
gauges) of all certified Government personnel who are to use the nuclear gauges shall also be
provided. On-site nuclear density gauge training shall be provided for both Contractor quality
control and Government quality assurance personnel. Training classes shall be conducted at the
beginning or just prior to construction of the upstream RCC cofferdam. Classes shall be by factory
representatives specially trained in use of the nuclear density gauge.
概述压实前，压实期间以及压实后的RCC的密度，应当用核子密度计测定，
并且核子密度计需事先用所使用的配合比设计校准。应当按照第11.5段和本段操作，得出密
度读数。在浇筑区域，至少需要将三个核子测定仪保持在良好工作状态。政府应当一直有权
使用测定仪，并且可以用它们来进行质量保证检查测试。应当提供一张清单（在承包商的核
子测定仪的营业执照上），用以列出所有经过认证的可以使用核子测定仪的政府工作人员。
应当为承包商质量控制人员和政府质量保证人员，提供现场的用核子密度计培训。应当在下
游RCC围堰的施工开始时，或者即将开始之前，开办培训课程。课程应当由在核子密度计的
使用上接受过特殊培训的工厂代表进行。
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22.2.8.6.2 Density Tests Following Compaction.. The following quality control density tests
are to be used to determine the optimum compaction density value, and to determine when
additional RCC compaction or other actions are necessary to achieve the optimum compaction
density value. As an absolute minimum, nuclear density value readings shall be taken at two
locations for every 10,000 square feet of RCC placed. Readings shall be taken after 10 passes with
the vibratory roller. A pattern of grid sections shall be established delineating each 10,000 square
feet of surface area from which tests are made. At each location within each grid section nuclear
density determinations shall be made at four depths: one at either 4 or 6 inches, one at either 10 or
12 inches, one at either 16 or 18 inches and one at either 22 or 24 inches. As an example, for a lift
with 180,000 square feet surface area, four readings shall be taken at each of 36 different locations
for a minimum total of 144 separate nuclear density readings for that lift.
压实后的密度测试下述质量控制密度测试是用于测定最佳压实密度值，以
及测定在什么时候需要采取额外的RCC压实或者其他行动，以达到最佳压实密度值。需要在
每10000平方英尺的浇筑RCC的两个位置上，获取作为绝对极小值的核密度值读数。在振动
压路机完成10次操作之后，再获取读数。应当建立一个网格区域的模型，用以描绘每10000
平方英尺的进行测试的表面区域。在每一网格区域的每一个位置，应当在四个深度进行核子
密度的测定：一个在4或6英寸，一个在10或12英寸，一个在16或18英寸，一个在22或24英寸
。例如，对于一个180000平方英尺的表面区域的浇筑层，需要在36个不同的位置获取分别四
个读数，以得到那个浇筑层的144个独立核子密度读数，且144个为最小总额。
22.2.8.6.3 Density Tests Prior to Compaction. Six density readings at each of four different
locations shall be made within each lift. Readings shall be taken at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 inch
depths. Locations shall be determined and subject to approval. Readings shall be scheduled so as
not to disrupt or delay any of the other ongoing RCC operations.
压实前的密度测试需要在每一个浇筑层的四个不同位置，分获取六个密度读
数。应当在4、8、12、16、20、24英寸深度处，获取读数。位置应当被确定下来，以供批准
。应当安排好数据读取，以保证不中断或者耽误任何其他的正在进行的RCC操作。
22.2.8.6.4 Density Tests During Compaction. Density readings shall be made at four
different locations within each lift. At each of the four different locations, density readings shall be
made after four passes and again after 8 passes with the vibratory roller at depths of 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,
and 24 inches. Locations shall be determined by the Contractor, subject to approval. Readings shall
be scheduled so as not to disrupt or delay any of the other ongoing RCC operations.
压实期间的密度测试需要在每一个浇筑层的四个不同位置，获取密度读数。
在这四个不同位置中的每一个位置，都应当在振动压路机完成4次操作之后，在4、8、12、
16、20、24英寸深度处获取密度读数。并在振动压路机完成8次操作之后，在次获取读数。
承包商应当将位置确定下来，以供批准。应当安排好数据读取，以保证不中断或者耽误任何
其他的正在进行的RCC操作。
22.2.9 Compaction Equipment. Before any compactor is used in RCC construction, it shall be
checked for correct dimensions, weight, and vibratory capacity. At least once per 12 shifts of use, a
spot recheck of frequency shall be made. At least once per each shift of placement for the first 5
days of operation by any new operator, their performance shall be spot checked for the correct
number of passes, correct spread, coverage of the area being rolled, and good rolling practice.
Thereafter spot checks shall be made on each operator at least weekly.
碾压设备在将任何压实机投入RCC施工之前，都需要对压实机进行核查，以确
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保它们的尺寸、重量和振动能力都是正确的。每12次使用轮班之后，都需要对频率，至少进
行一次抽样复查。在新操作员执行操作的前5天中，每次浇筑轮班之后，都需要对性能进行
抽查，以确保他们的操作次数和铺设是正确的，以及覆盖区域已碾压并保持良好的碾压操作
。因此，每周都至少需要对操作员进行一次抽查。
22.2.10 Dumping and Spreading. The placing-foreman or other designated representative shall
continually observe and monitor dumping and spreading operations to insure that they are done in a
manner that minimizes segregation and spreading after dumping. Each layer of RCC shall be
routinely checked in its spread uncompacted condition for evenness and correct thickness that will
result in a smooth, even, compacted layer within the thickness tolerances specified and having an
average thickness as required. A laser shall be used in conjunction with hand-carried vertical rods to
determine the elevation (and subsequently the thickness) of each layer. It shall be of the type that
emits a rotating or constant light beam in a fixed plane.
倾倒和摊铺浇筑工头或者其他指定代表应当持续观察和监测倾倒和摊铺操作，
以确保工人们是以最小化离析方式进行操作，并且是在倾倒之后再进行摊铺。应当对每一层
RCC的摊铺未压实状态进行定期检查，以确保它们是均匀的并且厚度是正确的。这样一来，
就能形成一个光滑、均匀的压实层。该压实层处于规定的厚度公差范围内，并且有按要求规
定的平均厚度。应当将激光器和手提标志杆结合使用，以测定每一层的高度（然后再测定厚
度）。该激光器应当能够在一个固定的平面上，发出旋转或者持续光束。
22.2.11 Preparation for Concrete Placement. Foundations, lift surfaces, construction joints,
forms, and embedded items shall be inspected in sufficient time prior to each concrete placement in
order to certify that the area is ready to receive concrete. Forms shall be checked closely for
condition, support, alignment, and dimensions. The results of inspections shall be reported in
writing as a part of the quality control reports. The placing-foreman shall supervise all placing
operations, shall determine that the correct mix design of concrete is placed in each location as
directed by the Government Inspector, and shall be responsible for measuring and recording
concrete temperatures, ambient air temperature, weather conditions, time of placement, yardage
placed, and method of placement. The placing foreman shall not permit placing to begin until he has
verified that an adequate number of vibratory rollers and spreading equipment of the right size, in
working order, and with competent operators are available, and that all required joint treat-ments
have been accomplished.
混凝土浇注的准备在每一混凝土浇筑开始前的足够时间内，对基础、浇筑面、
施工接缝、模板和内嵌项目进行检查，以确定这个区域已经做好了浇筑混凝土的准备。应当
对模板的状态、支持、对齐和尺寸进行仔细检查。检查的结果应当以书写的形式进行报告，
作为质量控制报告的一部分。浇筑工头应当监督所有的浇筑操作，还应当保证将正确混合比
设计的混凝土浇筑在政府检验员指示的每一处位置，并且应当负责测量和记录混凝土温度、
环境空气温度、天气状况、浇筑时间、已浇筑的土方数以及浇筑方法。浇筑工头不能允许开
始浇筑工作，直到他已经验证这里有足够数量的振动压路机和合适尺寸的摊铺设备并处于正
常运转状态。此外还有足够的有能力的操作员，并且已经完成了所有要求的接缝处理。
22.2.12 Curing Protection, and Joint Surfaces.
养护保护和接缝表面
22.2.12.1 Moist Curing. At least once every 2 hours around the clock, 7 days per week, an
inspection shall be made of all areas subject to moist curing and joint protection. However, the
surface moisture condition shall be inspected as often as necessary to assure that 100 percent of
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each lift surface is kept moist at all times. The surface moisture condition shall be noted and
recorded. If an isolated area has been allowed to dry, that area shall be considered as improperly
cured and shall be treated as a cold joint as discussed in paragraph 12.3. Immediately wet the slab
and take positive steps to insure that the problem does not reoccur.
湿养护一周七天，全天每隔两小时，就需要对接受湿养护和接缝保护的所有区
域至少进行一次检查。但是，如果有必要就得对表面的含水状态进行检查，以保证所有的浇
筑面一直都是保持湿润状态。应当注意表面的含水状态，并记录下来。如果有一个独立区域
变干了，则该区域应当被视为未得到恰当养护，并被视为第12.3段中所提到的冷接缝。立即
对这个板坯进行湿润，并采取有效措施，以确保不会再发生此类问题。
22.2.12.2 Protection. At least once each shift, around the clock, 7 days per week, an
inspection shall be made of all areas subject to cold-weather protection or protection against
damage. Deficiencies shall be noted. During removal of cold-weather protection, measurement of
concrete and ambient air temperature shall be made at least every 3 hours.
防护一周七天，全天每轮一次班，就需要对接受寒冷天气保护或者防损
伤保护的所有区域至少进行一次检查。应当注明不足之处。在移除寒冷天气保护期间，应当
对混凝土和环境空气温度进行测量，至少每3小时进行一次。
22.3 Action Required.
待办事项
22.3.1 Aggregate Gradations. Whenever a test result is outside of the specification limits, the
Contracting Officer shall be immediately notified and a recheck sample taken. If the recheck sample
is outside of the specification limits, the Contracting Officer shall be immediately notified again, the
process shall be considered out of control, and positive steps shall be taken to rectify the situation.
The Contracting Officer will advise the Contractor if production and placement of concrete shall be
stopped at that time. The Contractor will be responsible for all costs incurred as a result of stopping
any concreting operations due to out of specification materials.
骨料等级每当测试结果超出了规定范围，都应当立即告知签订合同人员，并提
取一份复查样品。如果复查结果还是超出了规定范围，应当再次立即告知签订合同人员。然
后该过程应当被视为无法操纵并采取有效措施来修复这个情形。签订合同人员将建议承包商
，此时需要停止混凝土的生产和浇筑工作。对因超出规格材料引起的混凝土操作停止而产生
的所有费用，承包商将负责承担。
22.3.2 Aggregate Moisture Determination. The Contracting Officer may test for verification
any field determinations of moisture contents made by the Contractor. This verification will use the
oven-drying procedure. If there is a discrepancy between the Contractor’s test results and the
verification tests, immediate steps shall be taken to identify the source of the problem and correct it,
so that accurate field determinations are obtained. When moisture content determinations indicate a
change in water entering the mix with the aggregates, the placement foreman and Government
Inspector shall be contacted to see if a corresponding adjustment in water added at the mixer is
necessary to obtain maximum compaction at the placement site.
骨料含水量测量签订合同人员可以对承包商的含水量的现场测定结果，进行验
证。验证将采用烘干工序。如果在承包商的测试结果和验证测试之间存有差异，则应当立即
采取措施，以确定问题的根源并加以改正。这样，得到的就是精确的现场测定。如果含水量
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测定表明用以骨料混合的水发生了变化，则应当联系与浇筑工头和政府检验员，看是否需要
对加入混合料的水作相应调整，以在浇筑地点取得最佳压实效果。
22.3.3 Particle Shape. When testing for particle shape is required, two consecutive failures in
the same sieve size shall be immediately reported, and immediate action shall be taken to correct
the deficiency.
颗粒形状在需要对颗粒形状进行测试的时候，如果相同筛孔尺寸连续出现了两
次错误，则应当立即报告这个情况。并立即采取行动，以纠正缺陷。
22.3.4 Material Finer Than No. 200 Sieve. When testing for material finer than the No. 200
sieve indicates excessive quantity, the Contracting Officer shall be notified and corrective action
shall be initiated immediately.
比200号筛更细的材料如果对比200号筛更细的材料所采取的测试，表明数量过
度，则应当告知签订合同人员，并立即采取正确行动。
22.3.5 Scales for Weigh Batching. Whenever either the weighing accuracy or batching
accuracy is found not to comply with specification requirements, the plant shall not be operated
until necessary adjustments or repairs have been made.
按重量配料的秤每当发现称量准确度或者配料精度不符合规格要求时，则该装
置应当停止运行，直到已经采取了必要的调整或进行了修理。
22.3.6 Testing Concrete Mixes.
检测混凝土混合料
22.3.6.1 Mixer Performance. When a mixer fails to meet mixer performance requirements,
either the mixing time shall be increased or adjustments shall be made to the mixer until compliance
is achieved.
搅拌机性能如果搅拌机未能达到搅拌机的性能要求，则要么增加搅拌时间，
要么对搅拌机加以调整，直到其符合要求。
22.3.6.2 Temperature. Whenever the mix temperature falls below 35°F. or is above 70°F,
the Contracting Officer shall be notified immediately. All other temperatures shall be included as
standard data in the quality control reports.
温度每当搅拌温度低于35°F或者高于70°F的时候，都应当立即告知签订合同
人员。质量控制报告也应当包含作为标准数据的其他温度。
22.3.6.3 Optimum Compaction Density Values (OCDV). Whenever the average of all
density readings from within a grid section (as described in paragraph 22.2.8.6.2) falls below the
optimum compaction density value, the entire lift surface shall be immediately compacted within
the grid section by making at least four additional roller passes. A determination shall also be made
as to why the optimum compaction density value has not been achieved, and immediate steps taken
to increase density to the required value in the future. The process of taking density readings (as
described in paragraph 11.5.2) followed by additional roller passes shall be repeated until optimum
compaction density value has been achieved. However, if after reasonable additional passes the
RCC still does not meet the optimum compaction density value, the RCC for that lift within the grid
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section shall be removed, or at the discretion of the Government the RCC may be permitted to
remain but payment will not be paid for RCC or materials therein. Actions to be taken to increase
density values for future placements include but are not limited to making mix property
adjustments, decreasing interval between mixing and compaction, or temporarily stopping all
operations until placement can be achieved during cool or cloudy days or at night time.
最佳压实密度值（OCDV）每当从网格区域提取的所有密度读数的平均值，
低于最佳压实密度值的时候，需要通过至少四次额外碾压操作，立即对网格区域（如第
22.2.8.6.2段所述）的整个浇筑表面进行压实。同时，还需要测定为什么没有达到最佳压实密
度值，并立即采取措施，以在将来把密度增加至所需值。应当重复获取密度读数的过程（如
第11.5.2段所述），之后再进行额外的碾压操作，直到达到最佳压实密度值。但是，如果在进
行了合理的额外操作之后，RCC仍然没能达到最佳压实密度值，则应拆除网各区域内的浇筑
面的RCC，或者听凭政府的处理，可能会允许保留RCC，但不会支付RCC或其材料的款项。
为了继续进行浇筑而增加密度值所需采取的行动，包括但不限于，调整混合特性，缩短搅拌
和压实之间的时间间隔，或者临时停止所有操作直到可以在凉爽或者多云的白天或者夜间进
行浇筑工作。
22.3.7 Compaction Equipment. Compaction equipment not meeting the physical dimensions
and weights required shall be removed from the project. Any roller having improper frequency shall
be corrected before being used for RCC compaction. Roller operators running at speeds in excess of
specification requirements shall be immediately notified and shall correct any noted improper
practices or be replaced by another operator.
碾压设备不符合要求的物理尺寸和重量的碾压设备，应当从项目中撤出。频率
不适合的任何碾轧机都应当在用于RCC碾压之前，加以纠正。如果碾轧机操作员运行碾轧机
的速度超过了规格要求，则应当立即告知该操作员，并对注意到的任何不恰当操作进行纠正
，或者更换操作员。
22.3.8 Dumping and Spreading. Whenever thickness checks on uncompacted RCC indicate
an excess or shortage of material, the layer shall be immediately bladed off or supplemented to
establish the correct thickness before compaction. The Contracting Officer shall be immediately
notified to determine whatever corrective action is necessary.
倾倒和摊铺每当未压实RCC的厚度检查表明材料过多或者不足时，都应当立即
将该层铲除或者进行补充，以在压实之前，达到正确的厚度。应当立即告知签订合同人员，
以决定需要采取哪些必要的行动。
22.4 Reports. Concrete plant control reports and all results (both passing and failing) of
tests conducted at the project site shall be reported daily and summary reports shall be delivered to a
Government Inspector within two days after the end of each reporting period. These requirements
do not relieve the Contractor of the obligation to report certain failures immediately as required in
preceding paragraphs. Such reports of failures and the action taken shall be confirmed in writing in
the routine reports. The Contracting Officer has the right to examine all Contractor quality control
records at any time.
报告混凝土装置的控制报告以及在项目场地上进行的测试的所有结果（不管通
过或者未通过），都应当每天报告，并且应当在每一报告期结束后的两天内，将报告递交给
政府检验员。这些要求并不会减轻承包商，对前项所述的某些故障立即进行报告的职责。此
类故障报告以及所采取的行动，应当在例行报告中加以确认。签订合同人员有权在任何时间
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，检查承包商的所有质量控制报告。
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UNIT PRICE SCHEDULE NO. DACW-57-86-B-0023
单价表，编号：DACW-57-86-B-0023
Estimated Unit Estimated
Item No. Description Quantities Unit Price Amount
项目编号说明预计数量单位单价预计金额
A. CONTRACTOR’S OPERATIONS
承包商的工作
A010 Mobilization and Preparatory Work 1 Job xxxx $4,088,000
进场和准备工作项
A020 Buildings and Trailers 1 Job xxxx 270,000
建筑物和拖车项
A030 Test Laboratory and Equipment 1 Job xxxx 284,000
测试实验室和设备项
A040 Contractor-Furnished Vehicles 450 Veh.-Mo. $ 510 229,500
承包商提供的车辆
B. CARE AND DIVERSION OF WATER
管理和引水
B010 Care and Diversion of Water 1 Job xxxx 503,000
管理和引水项
C. CLEARING AND GRUBBING
清理和除根
C010 Clearing and Grubbing 1 Job xxxx 1,000,000
清理和除根项
D. EXCAVATION AND EMBANKMENT
开挖和填筑
D010 Excavation, Unclassified 966,000 CY $ 6. 5,796,000
挖掘，未分类
D020 Backfilling Prior to First Reservoir Filling 34,000 CY $ 10. 340,000
第一水库蓄水前的回填
D030 Stockpile Quarry-Run Rock 97,000 CY $ 9. 873,000
贮存混合石料
D040 Stockpile Processed Rock 13,200 CY $ 11. 145,200
贮存加工石料
D050 Backfilling After First Reservoir Filling 112,000 CY $ 4. 448,000
第一水库蓄水后的回填
D060 Reserved
保留
D070 Grouted Class III Riprap 4,400 CY $ 29. 127,600
灌浆级III抛石
D080 Gravel Bedding for Riprap 2,200 CY $ 14. 30,800
抛石砂砾基床
E. FOUNDATION PREPARATION AND TREATMENT
地基准备和处理
E010 Foundation Cleanup 44,000 SY $ 40 1,760,000
地基清理
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E020 Excavation, Small Dental xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxxx
开挖和小型找平
E02A First 200 CY 200 CY $200. 40,000
第一200CY
E02B Over 200 CY 100 CY $200. 20,000
200CY以上
E030 Excavation, Large Dental xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxxx
挖掘和大型找平
E03A First 2,500 CY 2,500 CY $ 60. 150,000
第一2500CY
E03B Over 2,500 CY 1,000 CY $ 60. 60,000
2500CY以上
E040 Rock Barrier Fence xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxxx
岩石围栏
E04A First 6,800 LF 6,800 LF $ 25. 170,000
第一6800LF
E04B Over 6,800 LF 2,400 LF $ 25. 60,000
6800LF以上
E050 Chain Link Fabric xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxxx
链节纤维网
E05A First 50,000 SF 50,000 SF $ 3. 150,000
第一50000SF
E05B Over 50,00 SF 25,000 SF $ 3. 75,000
5000SF以上
Bid Form No. 1
1号投标书
6-69
EM 1110-2-2006
1 Feb 92
1992年2月1日
UNIT PRICE SCHEDULE NO. DACW-57-
单价表，编号DACW-57-
E060 Chain Link Fabric, Removed xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxxx
拆除的链节纤维网
E06A First 50,000 SF 50,000 S.F. $ .20 $ 10,000
第一50000SF
E06B Over 50,000 SF 25,000 S.F. $ .20 5,000
50000SF以上
E070E Rock Anchor Bolts xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxxx
岩石地脚螺栓
9
E07A First 21,000 LF 21,000 L.F. $ 13. 273,000
第一21000LF .
E07B Over 21,000 LF 10,000 L.F. $ 13. 130,000
21000LF以上 .
E080 Horizontal Drains xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxxx
水平式排水渠
E08A Mobilization and Demobilization 1 Job xxxx 20,000
进场和退场项
E08B Horizontal Drain Hole Drilling 2,000 L.F. $ 32. 64,000
钻水平排水孔
E08C Slotted Drain Pipe 2,000 L.F. $ 9. 18,000
割缝排水管
E090 Shotcrete xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxxx
喷射混凝土
E09A First 500 CY 500 C.Y. $280. 140,000
第一500CY
E09B Over 500 CY 500 C.Y. $280. 140,000
500CY以上
E100 Dental Concrete xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxxx
找平混凝土
E10A First 2,700 CY 2,700 C.Y. $ 66. 178,000
第一2700CY
E10B Over 2,700 CY 1,100 C.Y. $ 66. 72,600
2700CY以上
E110 Foundation Protection RCC, Main Dam 16,000 C.Y. $ 48. 768,000
主坝基础防护RCC
F. GROUTING, DRAINAGE AND EXPLORATION
浇筑、排水和开采
F010 Grouting, Drainage and Exploration xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxxx
浇筑、排水和开采
9
此处应为E07A，原文似乎错误--译者注
6-70
EM 1110-2-2006
1 Feb 92
1992年2月1日
F01A Mobilization and Demobilization 1 Job xxxx 100,000
进场和退场项目
F01B Drilling Grout Holes 52,400 L.F. $ 15. 786,000
钻灌浆孔
F01C Drilling Drain Holes 33,800 L.F. $ 25. 845,000
钻排水孔
F01D Drilling Exploratory Holes, 2,000 L.F. $ 34. 68,000
钻勘探孔
NW or HQ-3
NW或者HQ-3
F01E Drilling Exploratory Holes, 6-Inch 1,000 L.F. $ 60. 60,000
6-英寸钻勘探孔
F01F Steel Pipe and Fittings 14,400 Lb. $ 1.5 21,600
钢制管道和配件
F01G Slotted Plastic Pipe and Fitting 10,800 L.F. $ 4.5 48,600
割缝塑料管道和配件 .
F01H Placing Grout 26,200 C.F. $ 14. 366,800
浇筑砂浆
F01I Portland Cement in Grout 26,200 C.F. $ 6.5 170,000
砂浆中的波特兰水泥
F01J Sand in Grout 4 C.F. $ 25. 100
砂浆中的沙子
F01K Connections to Grout Holes 1,900 EA. $ 40. 76,000
灌浆孔的连接
F01L Pressure Testing Exploratory Holes 75 Hr. $100. 7,500
压力测试勘探孔 .
F01M Standby Explorations 10 Hr. $ 90. 900
备用勘探
F01N Core Boxes, HQ 120 EA. $ 20. 2,400
HQ储芯盒
F01P Core Boxes, 6-Inch 250 EA. $ 25. 6,250
6-英寸储芯盒
G. INSTRUMENTATION
仪器
G010 Mobilization and Demobilization 1 Job xxxx 30,000
进场和退场项
G02A Temporary Slope Monitoring Point 100 EA. $ 20. 2,000
临时边坡监测点
G030 Borehole Extensometers xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxxx
钻孔引伸计
G03A Drilling Extensometer Holes 730 L.F. $ 35. 25,550
钻引伸计孔
G03B Single Position Extensometers 20 EA. $800. 16,000
单点引伸计 .
G03C Temporary Multiple position Extensometer 4 EA. $2,900 11,600
临时多点引伸计
6-71
EM 1110-2-2006
1 Feb 92
1992年2月1日
Bid Form No. 1a
1a号投标书
6-72
EM 1110-2-2006
1 Feb 92
1992年2月1日
UNIT PRICE SCHEDULE NO. DACW-57-
单价表，编号DACW-57-
G03D Permanent Multiple position Extensometers 4 EA. $3,200 $ 12,800
固定式多点引伸计
G040 Drilling Deformation Meter Holes 400 L.F. $ 45. 18,000
钻变形测定计孔
G050 Deformation Meters 8 EA. $2,100 16,800
变形测定计
G060 Uplift Cells 76 EA. $1,000 76,000
浮托力计
G070 Resistance Thermometers 60 EA. $ 400 24,000
电阻式温度计
G080 Crack Meters 20 EA. $1,100 22,000
裂缝探测仪
G090 Piezometers 3,970 L.F. $ 60 238,200
压强计
G100 Tiltmeters 1 Job xxxx 3,000
倾角量测仪项
G110 Survey Control Monuments 6 EA. $1,000 6,000
测量控制地物
G120 Survey Instrument Targets 12 EA. $ 300 3,600
测量仪目标
G130 Precise Level Permanent Bench Marks 2 EA. $ 300 600
精密水准永久固定水准点
G140 Precise Level Survey Marks 54 EA. $ 50 2,700
精密水准测量标志
G150 Strong Motion Accelerographs 2 EA. $5,000 10,000
强震加速度仪
H. ROADWORK
道路工程
H010 Lower Dam Access and Parking 1 Job xxxx 37,500
下游坝通行及停车项
H020 Restoration of Existing County Road 1 Job xxxx 33,400
修复现有县道项
H030 Viewpoint and Dam Access Road 1 Job xxxx 81,300
视点和大坝通道项
J. PROJECT MISCELLANEOUS
工程杂项
J010 Seeding 60 Acre $ 600. 36,000
播种英亩
J020 Reserved
保留
6-73
EM 1110-2-2006
1 Feb 92
1992年2月1日
J030 Concrete Parapet Main Dam 5,235 L.F. $ 4. 20,940
主坝混凝土护栏
J040 Downstream Gallery and Toe xxxx
下游廊道和坡脚
Drainage System 1 Job xxxx 215,000
排水系统项
J050 Galleries 1 Job 360,000
廊道项
Bid Form No. 1b
1b号投标书
6-74
EM 1110-2-2006
1 Feb 92
1992年2月1日
UNIT PRICE SCHEDULE NO. DACW-57-86-B-0023
单价表，编号DACW-57-86-B-0023
K. CEMENTING MATERIALS
胶凝材料
K010 Portland Cement, RCC 69,500 Ton $ 70.00 $4,865,000
波特兰水泥、RCC 吨
K020 Pozzolan, RCC 414,000 C.F. $ 2.90 1,200,600
火山灰、RCC
K030 Water Reducing/Retarding 1,204,800
减水/缓水
Admixture (Opt.) Lb. $ .25 301,200
掺合料（可选）
(Alternate No. 1) 26,100
（1号替换物）
K040 Portland Cement, Other Concrete 0 Ton $n/b no bid
波特兰水泥和其他的混凝土吨没有出价
K050 Pozzolan, Other Concrete C.F. $n/b no bid
火山灰和其他的混凝土没有出价
(Alternate No. 2) 21,100
（2号替换物）
K040 Portland Cement, Other Concrete 51,370 Ton $ 70. 1,477,000
波特兰水泥和其他的混凝土吨
K050 Pozzolan, Other Concrete C.F. $ 2.9 148,973
火山灰和其他的混凝土
Alternates: Submit bid for one alternate only. If bid is submitted for both alternates, the alternate having the lowest
total will be considered the bid.
备用：只能提交一种替换物的投标。如果是两种替换物的投标，则总价最低的那个替换物中标。
L. CONCRETE AND GENERAL ITEMS
混凝土和一般项目
L010 Concrete, Intake Structure 7,240 C.Y. $ 260. 1,882,400
进水结构混凝土
L020 Concrete, Regulating Outlet/ W.Q.C. Conduit 13,930 C.Y. $ 60. 835,800
调节出口/ W.Q.C导线管混凝土
L030 Concrete, Valve Structure 890 C.Y. $ 270. 240,300
阀结构混凝土
L040 Concrete, Gate Structure and Flip Bucket 6,770 C.Y. $ 110. 744,700
栅极结构和挑流鼻坎混凝土
L050 Concrete, Spillway Bridges 1 Job xxxx 74,000
溢洪道桥混凝土项
L060 Concrete, Structural (5000 psi) 1,120 C.Y. $ 40. 44,800
结构混凝土（5000psi）
L070 Concrete, Roller Compacted （RCC），Main 999,000 C.Y. $ 14. 13,986
6-75
EM 1110-2-2006
1 Feb 92
1992年2月1日
Dam
主坝RCC
L080 RCC, Spillway Stilling Basin, Walls and Slab 13,260 C.Y. $ 28. 371,280
溢洪道消力池、墙体和板坯RCC
L090 RCC, Outlet Works 12,600 C.Y. $ 20. 252,000
出口工程RCC
L100 Drilling Drain Holes 1,780 L.F. $ 10. 17,800
钻排水孔
L110 Drill, Grout and Stress Anchors
在溢洪道消力池板坯中的
in Spillway Stilling Basin Slab 4,290 L.F. $ 15. 93,093
钻孔、灌浆和预应力锚具
L120 Drill and Grout Anchor Bars
在溢洪道反弧段、
In Spillway Ogee, Stilling
消力池墙
Basin Wall, and Stilling basin
和消力池反弧段曲线
Bucket Curve 3,580 L.F. $ 15. 53,700
中的钻孔和浇筑锚筋
L130 Concrete, Spillway and Chute Slab 19,720 C.Y. $ 45. 887,400
混凝土、溢洪道和泄槽板
L140 Steel Reinforcement 2,114,700 Lb. $ .45 951,615
钢筋
L150 Welded Wire Fabric 20,030 Lb. $ 1. 20,030
焊接钢丝网
L160 Waterstops, PVC 5,100 L.F. $ 11. 56,100
PVC止水带
L170 Waterstops, Copper 425 L.F. $ 42. 17,850
铜止水带
Bid Form No. 1c
1c号投标书
6-76

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Department of the Army

CECW-EG U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

US Army Corps of Engineers

ENGINEERING AND DESIGN

2. Applicability. This manual applies to all HQUSACE/OCE elements, major subordinate

FOR THE COMMANDER:

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1

第2章 材料的勘查和选择 ..................................................................................................................................... 1

2-3. AGGREGATES .......................................................................................................................................................... 1

第3章 混凝土配合比 ............................................................................................................................................ 1

第4章 设计和施工注意事项 ................................................................................................................................. 1

第6章 RCC检测 ..................................................................................................................................................... 1

附录A 参考文献 .................................................................................................................................................... 9

APPENDIX B RCC CONSTRUCTION HISTORY ............................................................................................................. 1

附录B RCC施工历史 .............................................................................................................................................. 1

APPENDIX C SAMPLE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS .................................................................................................. 1

附录C 技术规范样本 ............................................................................................................................................ 1

Applicable references are listed in Appendix A.

1-6. Objective of RCC Operations

b. Rapid Construction. Rapid construction techniques (compared to both concrete and

Figure 1-1. Comparison of RCC and mass concrete costs (1990)

Chapter 2 Investigation and Selection of Materials

2-2. Cementitious Materials

2-5. Chemical Admixtures

减水缓凝剂。根据CRD-C 871（ASTM C494），任何RCC浇筑都应当考虑使用B型或

b. Air-entraining admixtures. Air-entraining admixtures have been added to RCC mixtures in

Chapter 3 Mixture Proportioning

3-2. Basic Considerations

Figure 3-1. Compressive strength versus w/c

Figure 3-2. Equivalent cement content versus compressive strength

3-3. Procedure for Selecting RCC Mixture Proportions

(1) Specified strength and age.

(2) Expected exposure conditions.

(3) Limitations of w/c.

Table 3-2 Fine Aggregate Grading Limits

Table 3-3 Approximate Ratio of Fine to Total Aggregate Volume

Table 3-5 Approximate Mortar Contents

(4) Admixture requirements.

(5) Nominal maximum size of aggregate, source, and quality.

(6) Modified Vebe time.

c. Step 2. Determine the essential properties of materials. Representative samples of all

(1) Sieve analysis of all aggregates.

(2) Bulk specific gravity (ssd) and absorption of aggregates.

(4) Quality of aggregates.

3-4. Example Problem

由于得不到现场抗压强度试验结果，因此，90天的fcr = f ’c + 1,000 = 1,500 + 1,000 =

(1) Table 3-6 gives results of tests on the aggregate samples.

Wt of water = 189 lb/cu yd

水的重量 = 189 lb/cu yd

Equivalent wt of cement = 189/0.63 = 300 lb/cu yd

水泥的当量重量 = 189/0.63 = 300 lb/cu yd

Absolute vol of cementitious material = = 1.526 cu ft

Absolute volume of portland cement = (0.60)(1.526 cu ft) = 0.916 cu ft

波特兰水泥的绝对体积 = （0.60）（1.526 cu ft） = 0.916 cu ft

Absolute volume of fly ash = (0.40)(1.526 cu ft) = 0.610 cu ft

粉煤灰的绝对体积 = （0.40）（1.526 cu ft） = 0.610 cu ft

Weight of portland cement = (0.916 cu ft)(62.4 lb/cu ft)(3.15) = 180 lb/cu yd

波特兰水泥的重量 = （0.916 cu ft）（62.4 lb/cu ft）（3.15） = 180 lb/cu yd

Weight of fly ash = (0.610 cu ft)(62.4 lb/cu ft)(2.26) = 86 lb/cu yd

37.5-75 mm (1-1/2 -3 in.) = (0.40)(100.0 -34.0) = 26.4%

19.0-37.5 mm (3/4 -1-1/2 in.) = (0.26)(100.0 -34.0) = 17.2%

4.75-19.0 mm (No. 4 -3/4 in.) = (0.34)(100.0 -34.0) = 22.4%

Manufactured fine aggregate = (0.88)(100.0 -66.0) = 29.9%

第2章材料的勘查和选择 ..................................................................................................................................... 1

第3章混凝土配合比 ............................................................................................................................................ 1

第4章设计和施工注意事项 ................................................................................................................................. 1