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Lightwave Technology
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Zerihun Gedeb TEGEGNE, Cyril DECROZE, Philippe DI BIN, Thomas FROMENTEZE and Christelle
AUPETIT-BERTHELEMOT
XLIM research institute- University of Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert THOMAS, 87060 LIMOGES, Cedex,
France
Manuscript received July 13, 2017. This work was partially supported by
LABEX SIGMA-LIM.
Zerihun Gedeb Tegegne, Cyril Decroze, Philippe Di Bin, Thomas
Fromenteze and Christelle Aupetit-Berthelemot are with XLIM research Fig. 1: Digital beamforming architecture in the receiving mode in
institute- University of Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert THOMAS, 87060 far field application set up. PAA: phase array antenna, RFR: RF
LIMOGES, Cedex, France (author contact e-mail: philippe.dibin@xlim.fr).
receiver, ADC: analog-to-digital converter.
© 2017 IEEE
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Receiver
Imaged scene antenna LNAs EOMs Optical
array fibers
Microwave Image
photonics Oscilloscope
1 L1 processing
summation LNA (acquisition)
& display
2 L2
Targets PD OSC
3 L3
. .. ..
.. . LN .
N
Emitting Legend
Antenna 1xN PM
Microwave
Coupler
CW Laser diode Photonics
15 mW λ=1540 nm
Fig. 3: Schematic diagram of the proposed microwave photonics short range radar system.
optical power is modulated by the RF signal received by the III. MICROWAVE PHOTONICS SIGNAL PROCESSING
corresponding antenna using high-speed electro-optic
modulators (EOMs). The up-converted RF signals are then A radio frequency pulse illuminates the targeted objects
transmitted by optical fibers of different lengths to the MPSD located at a distance and then reflected waves 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡) from the
to be converted into a single electrical signal. The pulse scene are collected by an array of N antennas (Fig. 5). The
repetition interval is determined by the fiber length difference signal received by the antenna array is optically modulated,
(i.e. different delays) introduced in each channel. Hence, the propagated through different length optical fiber and summed
increment in length from one fiber to another to time- into a single signal output 𝑦(𝑡).
interleave between channels has to be carefully calculated The output signal 𝑦(𝑡) is measured at the output of the
with the required pulse repetition time and the targeted MPSD (as in Fig. 5). The received signal at each antenna
unambiguous range. The captured RF signal from the 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡) is coded by the optical channel impulse response
photodiode undergoes signal acquisitions for reconstructing ℎ𝑖 (𝑡) while it is transmitted through the fiber. Therefore, the
the required information. raw RF signal measured at the output of the summation
device 𝑦(𝑡) can be expressed in frequency domain as:
The structure of the MPSD is an assembly of an optical
concentrator and a planar photodiode (PD) as depicted in Fig. N
4 and described in [20]. The bundle of uncoated input single- = Y( f )
i =1
Si ( f ) ⋅ H i ( f ) ∑ (1 )
mode fibers (SMFs) are inserted into a silica capillary. This
bundle is then drawn by means of a propane-oxygen torch-
based drawing rig. Hence the SMFs are encapsulated in a = Y ( f ) S ( f ) 1× N ⋅ H ( f ) N ×1 [ (2)] [ ]
silica tube, which is tapered to an all-silica air-free multimode
waveguide. The cleaved output face is end-butted to the active
where 𝑌(𝑓), 𝑆𝑖 (𝑓) and 𝐻𝑖 (𝑓) are the Fourier transform of the
surface of a high-speed planar InGaAs PD.
output signal 𝑦(𝑡), the received signal by the ith antenna 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡)
and the ith optical channel impulse response ℎ𝑖 (𝑡) respectively.
N is the total number of channels.
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~
S ( f ) = [Y ( f ) ][ H ( f ) ]
+
(3 )
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VI. CONCLUSION
A simple, less complex and low cost microwave photonics
radar imaging system based-on low cost microwave photonics
Fig. 11: Experimental results of the extracted microwave scene summator is proposed. We have demonstrated the feasibility
image at different locations a) an image of a 1 m long and 5 cm of introducing optical functions into a digital beamforming
diameter object located at 4 m, b) an image of a screw and 1 m radar imaging system. The introduction of optics has made it
long object located at 2 m and 4 m respectively, c) an image of
possible to obtain single-channel and single-shot operation
screw having 7 cm length and 5 mm diameter located at 2 m, d)
an image of a screw and 1 m long object located at 2 m and 2.4 m with good dynamics. This solution greatly reduces the bulk
respectively. and weight of existing all-microwave and photonics systems,
while providing much greater design flexibility. The
The experimental results from an object located at 2 m (see performances are in line with expectations. Two objects
Fig. 11 c) is compared to theoretical radar map as shown in located at different position are observed and their actual
Fig. 12 a). The theoretical radar map is computed by using locations are deduced with radiation patterns presenting side
Matlab for the same number of antennas, bandwidth and inter- lobe value less than -13 dB. To improve the resolution it
element space as for the experimental study. This simulation is requires increasing the number of antennas and the bandwidth.
performed by setting a perfect point target with 3D imaging will be possible with a 2D uniform antenna array
omnidirectional radar cross section (RCS) located 2 meters or 2D sparse MIMO array. This radar imaging system can be
away from an array of 4 isotropic ideal antennas. As depicted implemented for short-range security scanning applications.
in Fig. 12 b), the cross range resolution is the same when
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