Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Consulting
Engineers
Code
100
Architectural/MEP
80%
80
% of Total Cost
60
40
Structure
20%
20
0
1
Codes
C d Focus
F Primarily
Pi il on E/Q Safety
S f t off the
th
Consulting
Interstory Drift Engineers
∆
Consulting
Earthquake Damage Engineers
WA 2001
Drift Related Damage Consulting
Engineers
Alaska 1964 & Olive View Hospital 1971
Consulting
Engineers
Drift Related Damage – Northridge 1994
Consulting
Ground and Floor Acceleration Engineers
100%
80%
60%
Floor Response
Acceleration %g
40%
20%
0%
-20% 0 5 10 15 20
-40%
-60%
-80%
-100%
Time - sec
0.30
0.20
0.10
Ground Motion
Acceleration, g
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50
-0.10
-0.20
-0.30
-0.40
-0.50
Time - Seconds
Structural Earthquake Consulting
Engineers
Damage
• Earthquakes are
inevitable
• Consequences can
be expensive
Conventional Structure
Design Codes Focus on Limiting Consulting
Engineers
Drifts
• 31 Hospitals - significant
damage
Earthquakes
• Economic impact of the 1994 Northridge ($30B) and
1995 Kobe ($200B) earthquakes caused a rethinking of
the code design philosophy by SE’s.
Design
• ATC 58 – Earthquake performance will be
expressed in Deaths, Dollars and Downtime –
language the owner understands
• Specification of :
Performance = +
Objective
Ground
Motion
x% - 50 years Performance
Level
Present Generation Consulting
Engineers
Performance Levels
Maybe I
should call
I followed the
It was supposed
my
guidelines???
to provide attorney!!!
Immediate Occuancy!!
Consulting
Performance Based Design – Damage and Downtime Engineers
EDP
IM
$5.2M $8.0M
structural
$3.3M - $8.0M
nonstructural
•Accelerations reduced by 3 to 7
across the isolators
•Accelerations reduced by 8 to
12 at the roof
Isolated Structure
Consulting
Period Shift
Acceleration
Period
Consulting
Force to Structure
Force or Displacement
Displacement
of Structure
Period
Shift
Period of Vibration
Consulting
Simplified Design Procedure Engineers
HDR
Cover Rubber
Internal Rubber Layers
Bottom Mounting
Plate
Consulting
Idealized Hysteresis Loop Engineers
Force
Plastic Deformation
Displacement
Friction Pendulum Bearing Consulting
Engineers
CENTER POSITION
DISPLACED POSITION
Friction Based Consulting
Engineers
Bilinear Hysteretic
Consulting
Engineers
Gordon Wray
Force
K2
Vy
Displacement
No Replacement after an Earthquake Consulting
Engineers
Ian Aiken
and Japan
• Issues include:
societies attitude to earthquake safety,
US focus on first rather than life cycle costs,
lack of awareness of the performance of a
code designed building
• 55% Government
• 45% Private sector
• 60% New Buildings
• 40% Retrofit of Existing
Buildings
• 10 Hospitals
Consulting
Hospitals Engineers
Amgen
Autozone Headquarters
Computer Centers, Libraries & Corporate Consulting
Engineers
Headquarters
Hughes Aircraft
University Library
• Functionality
• Contents Protection
• Investment Protection
• Historic Preservation
• Design Economy
Retrofit Design Issues Consulting
Engineers
Simin Naaseh and Mason Walters