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Consulting
Engineers

State of the Art Technologies

Base Isolation and Energy Dissipators

Protection of Nonstructural Elements and


Contents
by

SEAONC Protective Systems Committee


Consulting
Outline Engineers

• Introduction and Overview – Ron Mayes


• Base Isolation
ƒ New Construction – Pat Ryan
ƒ Retrofit – Simin Naaseh & Mason Walters
ƒ Design & Analysis – Troy Morgan
ƒ US Code Improvements – Rene Vignos
ƒ Simplified Design Procedure – Gordon Wray
ƒ Testing – Ian Aiken
ƒ Progress in Japan – N. Kani
• Dampers
ƒ Devices – Ian Aiken
ƒ Analysis Issues – Martin Button
ƒ Design Issues – Mark Sinclair
• Comparison of Systems – Ron Mayes
Quote from the Uniform Building Consulting
Engineers

Code

“These Recommendations primarily are


intended to safeguard against major
failures and loss of life, NOT to limit
damage, maintain functions, or provide
for easy repairs.”
Consulting
Property Damage Risk Engineers

100
Architectural/MEP
80%
80
% of Total Cost

60

40
Structure
20%
20

0
1

• Repair Cost & Downtime – Nonstructural >>


Structural

Codes
C d Focus
F Primarily
Pi il on E/Q Safety
S f t off the
th
Consulting
Interstory Drift Engineers


Consulting
Earthquake Damage Engineers

Caused by High Caused by Large


Floor Accelerations Interstory Drift

• Piping & Ductwork • Structural Frame


• Ceiling & Lights • Piping & Ductwork
• Building Equipment • Facade & Windows
• Elevators • Partitions
• Contents • Elevators
Drift Related Damage from Nisqually Consulting
Engineers

WA 2001
Drift Related Damage Consulting
Engineers
Alaska 1964 & Olive View Hospital 1971
Consulting
Engineers
Drift Related Damage – Northridge 1994
Consulting
Ground and Floor Acceleration Engineers

100%
80%
60%
Floor Response

Acceleration %g
40%
20%
0%
-20% 0 5 10 15 20
-40%
-60%
-80%
-100%
Time - sec

Ground Motion is Amplified


By the Structure by a factor of 3
to 4 at the roof.
Jan 17, 1994 Northridge Earthquake
Santa Monica City Hall
CDMG Sta 24538, 360 Deg.

0.30

0.20

0.10

Ground Motion
Acceleration, g
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50
-0.10

-0.20

-0.30

-0.40

-0.50
Time - Seconds
Structural Earthquake Consulting
Engineers
Damage

Caused by High Caused by Large


Floor Accelerations Interstory Drift

• Piping & Ductwork • Piping & Ductwork


• Ceiling & Lights • Facade & Windows
• Building Equipment • Partitions
• Piping and • Elevators
Ductwork
• Elevators
• Contents
Acceleration Related Damage Consulting
Engineers
Olive Hospital 1971 (San Fernando Valley)
Acceleration Related Damage Consulting
Engineers
TV Studio
Acceleration Related Damage Consulting
Engineers
Manufacturing Plant
Consulting
In Summary... Engineers

• Earthquakes are
inevitable

• Ground Forces are


amplified by a factor
of 3 to 4 at the roof.

• Consequences can
be expensive

Conventional Structure
Design Codes Focus on Limiting Consulting
Engineers

Drifts

• Design codes limit drifts – 2 to 3 inches per


story

• Drift limits are intended to protect structural


frames and some non-structural elements

• Seismic Design Codes have never required


the SE to explicitly look at floor
accelerations.
Consulting
Engineers

The Result of the Code


Focus
on Drift
While Ignoring Acceleration
Consulting
1994 Northridge Earthquake Engineers

• 31 Hospitals - significant
damage

• 9 Hospitals partially or fully


evacuated

• USC University Hospital in


downtown LA – 1st isolated
hospital no damage at all

• Los Angeles County Hospital


less than 1 mile from the
USC isolated hospital had
$389 million in damage
Significant $$$ Damage in Recent Consulting
Engineers

Earthquakes
• Economic impact of the 1994 Northridge ($30B) and
1995 Kobe ($200B) earthquakes caused a rethinking of
the code design philosophy by SE’s.

• Much of the downtime and damage costs was a result of


nonstructural damage

• Future Codes – Performance Based Design

• Owner chooses desired performance


The Future - Performance Based Consulting
Engineers

Design
• ATC 58 – Earthquake performance will be
expressed in Deaths, Dollars and Downtime –
language the owner understands

• PBD has two very different objectives


ƒ To minimize first costs if only life safety is desired

ƒ To minimize downtime and the cost of damage if


higher performance is desired

• Designs will focus on minimizing both inter-story


drift and floor accelerations for higher
performance
Present Generation Consulting
Engineers
Performance Objectives

• Specification of :

• Design Hazard (earthquake ground shaking)

• Acceptable Performance Level


(maximum acceptable damage, given that
shaking occurs

Performance = +
Objective
Ground
Motion
x% - 50 years Performance
Level
Present Generation Consulting
Engineers
Performance Levels

Joe’s Joe’s Joe’s


Beer! Beer! Beer!
Food! Food! Food!

Fully Immediate Life Collapse


Functional Occupancy Safety Prevention
Consulting
Perception of a Guarantee Engineers

Maybe I
should call
I followed the
It was supposed
my
guidelines???
to provide attorney!!!
Immediate Occuancy!!
Consulting
Performance Based Design – Damage and Downtime Engineers

Joe’s Joe’s Joe’s


Beer! Beer! Beer!
Food! Food! Food!

Fully Immediate Life Collapse


Functional Occupancy Safety Prevention

0% Damage or Loss 100%

none Time out of service permanent


DV
Consulting
Various Expressions of Repair Costs DM
Engineers

EDP
IM

$5.2M $8.0M

(a) Expected cost


of damage for (b) 90% confidence damage cost does not
M7 scenario exceed threshold for given hazard level

structural

$3.3M - $8.0M
nonstructural

(c) 80% probability


(d) Contributions to total
damage will be between
cost for scenario
Comparison of Response Consulting
Engineers

Isolated Structure Conventional Structure


Consulting
Base Isolation Design Engineers

•Accelerations reduced by 3 to 7
across the isolators

•Accelerations reduced by 8 to
12 at the roof

•Deformation occurs across the


isolators rather in the frame –
drifts are minimized

Isolated Structure
Consulting

Acceleration Response Spectrum Engineers

Period Shift
Acceleration

Period
Consulting

Force Displacement Trade-Off Engineers

Force to Structure
Force or Displacement

Displacement
of Structure

Period
Shift

Period of Vibration
Consulting
Simplified Design Procedure Engineers

• Current US codes provide equations for


limits on the forces and displacements.

• SEAONC’s Protective Systems Committee’s


proposal for a simplified or preliminary
design procedure will quantify the design
forces and displacements considering all of
the code requirements – property variations,
torsion etc.
Elastomeric Seismic Isolator – LRB or Consulting
Engineers

HDR

(Top Mounting Plate Not Shown)


Energy Dissipation Core

Steel Reinforcing Plates

Cover Rubber
Internal Rubber Layers

Bottom Mounting
Plate
Consulting
Idealized Hysteresis Loop Engineers

Force
Plastic Deformation

Displacement
Friction Pendulum Bearing Consulting
Engineers

CENTER POSITION

DISPLACED POSITION
Friction Based Consulting
Engineers

Bilinear Hysteretic
Consulting
Engineers

Elastomeric Backed Slider


Elastomeric Backed Slider Consulting
Engineers

Example Hysteresis Loop


Key System Design Parameters Consulting
Engineers

Gordon Wray

Force
K2

Vy

Displacement
No Replacement after an Earthquake Consulting
Engineers
Ian Aiken

• Prototype testing takes the isolators through


3 or 4 maximum credible earthquakes
6 Story Isolated Computer Center – Consulting
Engineers
Kobe Japan
Consulting
Base Isolated – Computer Center Engineers
6 Story Conventional Office Building Consulting
Engineers
Next Block
Consulting
Conventional Office Building Engineers
Consulting
Earthquake Force Reduction – 10 Engineers
Comparison of Applications in the US Consulting
Engineers

and Japan

• US – 100 building applications

• Japan - 1500 building applications

• Issues include:
ƒ societies attitude to earthquake safety,
ƒ US focus on first rather than life cycle costs,
ƒ lack of awareness of the performance of a
code designed building

• Dr. Kani will overview progress in Japan


Consulting
US Applications Engineers

• 55% Government
• 45% Private sector
• 60% New Buildings
• 40% Retrofit of Existing
Buildings
• 10 Hospitals
Consulting
Hospitals Engineers

USC Teaching Hospital San Bernardino County

Long Beach VA Retrofit Los Angeles County


Government Buildings Consulting
Engineers

Salt Lake City and County South Carolina State Capitol

San Francisco City hall


Oakland City Hall
Hitech & Biotech Manufacturing Consulting
Engineers
Office & Residential

Channing House Evans & Sutherland

Amgen
Autozone Headquarters
Computer Centers, Libraries & Corporate Consulting
Engineers

Headquarters

Hughes Aircraft
University Library

Rockwell Computer Center Kaiser Computer Center


Consulting
Design Awareness Issues Engineers

• Building will move +/- 20 to 30 inches

• Piping - loops and flexible couplers

• Building separation from adjacent structures


– some innovative solutions have been
developed
Isolator Locations Consulting
Engineers
New Construction – Pat Ryan
Consulting
Closure Details Engineers
Consulting
San Diego County Emergency Operation Center Engineers
San Diego County Emergency Operation Consulting
Engineers
Center
Consulting
USC Hospital Engineers
Consulting
USC Hospital Engineers
San Bernardino Law & Justice Center Consulting
Engineers
Consulting
New San Francisco Library Engineers
San Francisco Airport and San Bernardino Consulting
Engineers
Hospital Complex – 5 Isolated Buildings
Consulting
Kaiser Data Center Engineers
Consulting
Evans and Sutherland Engineers
Consulting
Some Innovative Framing Schemes - Japan Engineers
Consulting
Engineers
Consulting
Engineers
Retrofit Goals Consulting
Engineers

• Functionality
• Contents Protection
• Investment Protection
• Historic Preservation
• Design Economy
Retrofit Design Issues Consulting
Engineers
Simin Naaseh and Mason Walters

• Capacity of Existing Building


• Plane of Isolation
ƒ Foundation Level
ƒ Basement Level
ƒ Top or Mid-Height at Columns
Benefits of Base Isolation Retrofit Consulting
Engineers

• Eliminates/Reduces Ductility Demand

• Work is Primarily Confined to Basement

• Building Can Continue to be Occupied

• Often the Most Economic Solution


Consulting
Engineers
Consulting
Engineers
Consulting
Engineers
Salt Lake City and County Consulting
Engineers
Consulting
Salt Lake City and County Engineers
Long Beach VA Hospital - Retrofit Consulting
Engineers
Campbell Hall - Monmouth Oregon Consulting
Engineers
Oldest Building in Oregon State University
Mackay School of Mines Library Consulting
Engineers
University of Nevada - Reno
Conexant Chip Manufacturing – Newport Consulting
Engineers
$1 Billion in Products – Full Underpinning
Consulting
Berry St – 2 Story Base Isolated Addition Engineers
Consulting
Berry St. Addition Engineers
Consulting
Elevator Details Engineers
Consulting
Piping and Electrical Details Engineers
Consulting
Large Interface Pipes Engineers
Consulting
Flexible and Looping Piping Details Engineers
Consulting
24 Inch Chiller Pipe Engineers
Consulting
Piping Details from VA Hospital Engineers
Consulting
Piping Details from VA Hospital Engineers
Consulting
Conduit Details Engineers
Consulting
Base Isolation Technology Engineers

• With 1600 isolated projects worldwide all the


interface issues have been addressed

• Base isolation is most economic method of


achieving operational performance objective

• Operational performance is difficult and more


expensive with conventional design
Consulting
Code Requirements - Rene Vignos Engineers

• More sophisticated engineering analysis

• Geotechnical – need site specific study

• Peer review is required by the code and needs to be done


concurrently with the design.
Consulting
Simplified Design Procedure – Gordon Wray Engineers

• Base isolated structure is a structural system


that is closest to SDOF

• Only structure in US codes that is required to


have non-linear time history analysis

• SEAONC PSC believes that the design and


analysis process must be simplified for more
widespread use of the technology

• Debut of an exciting development by PSC


Consulting
Design and Analysis Process – Troy Morgan Engineers

• Biggest impact is on structural engineer. They must


determine the amount of movement as quickly as
possible for the architect and MEP team.

• Architect needs to deal with the separation issues


and whether or not to feature or hide the fact the
building is isolated.

• Isolation specialist works with other disciplines on


architectural, mechanical and electrical details.

• Pre-selection of the isolation system is desirable on


both hospital and fast track projects.

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