Compartmentalization

Prokaryotes
nucleoid region (not membrane enclosed)

Eukaryotic cells
True “nucleus”

A membrane enclosed region to hold genomic

material - DNA
Compartment Functions

Nucleus (nuclear envelope) Packaged chromosomes, RNA synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum Lipid synthesis, carbohydrate synthesis, chemical

(Smooth) detoxification
Endoplasmic reticulum protein synthesis, protein processing, carbohydrate synthesis
(Rough)
Endomembrane system
Golgi body Protein sorting, carbohydrate synthesis, protein processing

Lysosome Degradation/recycling

Vacuole Diverse Storage functions

Mitochondria Metabolism, ATP synthesis

Chloroplast Metabolism, photosynthesis

Cytoplasm Protein synthesis, metabolism

 Smooth ER

Rough ER
Nuclear Nucleus
envelope

outside Nucleolus

Chromatin
inside
Golgi
Nuclear envelope:
inner membrane Lysosome
outer membrane (or Vacuole)
ER
Nuclear pore

Rough ER
ER lumen
pore
RNA complex
Protein
Cisternae
Ribosome
Transitional ER
cytoplasm Ribosomes
Transport vesicle
DNA
Mitochondria
Nucleus (or Chloroplast)

Not drawn to Scale!!

endosymbiosis
Mitochondrion
Endoplasmic
Engulfed
CytoplasmReticulum
Mitochondrion
aerobic bacterium Nucleus

DNA
Plasma Plastid
membrane Nuclear
envelope

Infolding of
plasma membrane

Engulfed
Cell with nucleus photosynthetic
and bacterium
endomembrane system
Mitochondria
Chloroplast