Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
HIGH VOLTAGE
TECHNOLOGY
Dr Muhamad Safwan Abd Rahman
BN-1-051
asafwan@uniten.edu.my
1
INTRODUCTION INSULATION COORDINATION
• Insulation coordination is the correlation of electrical
equipment insulation with the characteristics of
protective devices such that the insulation is protected
from excessive overvoltages
basic
insulation
level
volt-time
characteristics
2
INTRODUCTION INSULATION COORDINATION
• Generally, transformer, switchgear, and other valuable
equipment are with non-self restoring insulation
• These equipment must be protected against failures and
internal destruction
• Other apparatus, such as string insulators, are self-restoring
insulation
• This equipment can be allowed to flashover in order to save
the non-self-restoring equipment
3
INTRODUCTION INSULATION COORDINATION
• From IEEE 1313.1-1996
– Insulation coordination is the “selection of the insulation
strength consistent with the expected over-voltages to
obtain an acceptable risk of failure”
• From IEC 71-1-1993
– Insulation coordination is the “selection of the dielectric
strength of equipment in relation to the voltages which can
appear on the system for which equipment is intended and
taking account the service environment and the
characteristics of the available protective devices
• To specify the insulation strength, the normal, usual, and
standard conditions that are used must be known
• There are several methods of describing the strength, such as
the BIL, BSL and CFO which will be defined later
• All specifications of strength are based on the following
conditions:
a) ambient temperature:20°C
b) air pressure:101.3kPa or 760 mm Hg
c) absolute humidity:11 grams of water/m3 of air
4
BASIC INSULATION LEVEL (BIL)
• BIL-Basic Lightning Impulse Insulation Level = the electrical
strength of insulation expressed in terms of the crest value of
the “standard lightning impulse”
• BIL is tied to a specific wave shape in addition being tied to
standard atmospheric conditions
• BIL may either be a statistical BIL or a conventional BIL
• Statistical BIL is applicable only to SR insulations
• Statistical BIL = the crest value of standard lightning impulse
for which the insulation exhibits a 90% probability of
withstand, a 10% probability of failure
• Conventional BIL is applicable to NSR insulations
• Conventional BIL = the crest value of a standard lightning
impulse for which the insulation does not fail when subjected
to a specific number of applications of the overvoltages
• BSL is similar to BIL, but for switching overvoltages
• However, in IEC, it is not divided into conventional and
statistical definitions
5
BASIC INSULATION LEVEL (BIL)
• Due to the statistical nature of overvoltage breakdown, its
probability of occurrence may be represented by what is
known as the S curve
• Statistical BIL (Left Figure) vs Conventional BIL (Right
Figure)
• The conventional BIL or BSL is more simple definition
but has less meaning as regards to insulation strength
probability for
breakdown, P
0.5
voltage
0 A C B magnitude 6
BASIC INSULATION LEVEL (BIL)
probability for
breakdown, P
0.5
voltage
0 A C B magnitude
time
lags
formative
time lag,
tf
8
TIME LAGS FOR BREAKDOWN
• Statistical time lag is the time taken to produce primary
electron to cause initial ionization
• The amount of such electron to be produced is statistical
in nature
• Formative time lag is the time taken for breakdown to
occur once the primary electron has been initiated
voltage
breakdown occurs
V
Vb
time
time lag
is it possible to distinguish
the two from figure above? 9
VOLT-TIME CHARACTERISTICS
• On different impulse voltages applied, breakdown will
occur and the time lag will depend on the rate of rise of
the applied voltage and the field geometry
• Thus for each gap configuration it is possible to construct
a volt-time characteristic
• A number of impulse of increasing level is applied and
time lag for breakdown is recorded using an oscilloscope
• Thus, voltage-time characteristic can be constructed
voltage voltage
volt-time
characteristic
time time
10
VOLT-TIME CHARACTERISTICS
• Typical volt-time curve for transformer & classification of
surge
1 For steep fronted lightning surge
2 Slow fronted lightning surge
3 Fast switching surge
4 Slow switching surge
5 Power frequency
11
VOLT-TIME CHARACTERISTICS
voltage
insulation to
be protected
protecting
device
safety margin
time
overvoltage
distribution
voltage 14
applied, Vi
STATISTICAL APPROACH
• However, it would be uneconomical to consider the
complete distribution functions for overvoltage and
withstand of insulation because the samples can be very
large
• A simplified procedure (given by IEC) is to be based on:
-statistical overvoltage, Vs that has a 2% probability for
overvoltage to reach Vs
-withstand voltage, Vw that has a 10% probability that
breakdown will occur in insulation
Po Pb
2%
10 %
voltage voltage
Vs applied, V Vw applied, V
15
STATISTICAL APPROACH
• Statistical safety factor, γ is given as
R1
R2
10 % R3
voltage safety
Vw1 Vw2 Vw3 applied, V γ1 γ2 γ3 factor, γ
16
STATISTICAL APPROACH
• Consider a case of an insulator string protected by a spark
gap of lower breakdown strength
• Both are subjected to the same overvoltage represented by
Po, and probability of breakdown for spark gap and
insulation string are given as Pg and Pi respectively
• Risk of failure for spark gap is much higher than that of
insulation string
• Safety margin is defined as the voltage difference
between 50% flashover values of protecting gap and
insulation
Po Pg Pi Pb
50 %
voltage
applied, V
safety
margin
17
SUMMARY
based on volt-time
characteristics
19