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Tensile properties
Tensile Properties
Tensile properties:
Tensile properties:
1. Tenacity
2. Breaking extension
3. Work of rupture
4. Yield stress
5. Yield strain
6. Work factor
7. elastic recovery
Load: The application of a load to a specimen in its axial direction causes a tension to be
developed in the specimen.
Breaking Load: The load at which material breaks is called breaking load. It is usually
expressed in gm –wt or lb-wt.
Stress: Stress is the ratio between the force applied and X-sectional area of the
specimen.
Forceapplied F
So, Stress= =
X sec tionalarea A
Mass stress: Mass stress is the ratio of the force applied to the linear density (mass per
unit length).
Forceapplied
So, Mass stress=
Lineardensity
2
Kamrunnahar, Lecturer,NUB
TTQC-II
Strain: The strain is the term used to relate the stretch or elongation with the initial
length.
BC
=
AB
A B C D
extension
Extension= 100%
initiallength
Elastic extension CD
Elastic recovery =
Total extension BD
Tenacity:
The tenacity of a material is the mass stress at break. An alternative term for tenacity is
‘Specific strength’.
Mathematically,
Tenacity
Breaking length:
The ‘breaking length’ is the length of the specimen which will just break under its own
weight when hung vertically.
3
Kamrunnahar, Lecturer,NUB
TTQC-II
Problem:
A 100 denier viscose rayon breaks at a load of 185 gm. Find out the breaking length.
Solution:
We know, Tenacity
═ 16650 m
═16.65 km
Work of rupture:
We have,
Work done
= force x displacement
= F. dl
break
So, total works to break = F dl
0
break
So, work of rupture = F dl
0
Work factor:
4
Kamrunnahar, Lecturer,NUB
TTQC-II
If the fibre obeyed Hook’s Law, the load elongation curve would be a straight line and the
work of rupture would be given by,
So work factor is defined as the ratio of work of rupture to breaking load x breaking
extension.
Work of rupture
Work factor=
Breaking load x Breaking extension
1 x Breaking load x Breaking extension
2
Breaking load x Breaking extension
1
2
5
Kamrunnahar, Lecturer,NUB
TTQC-II
The point (A) up to which material shows elastic properties (up to elastic deformation) after
which the fiber shows plastic properties is called yield point.
AA
So, tanα =
OA
OA ́́ = Yield strain.
A specimen “A” is gripped between the fixed top jaw J1&a movable jaw J2.
A force “F” is initially zero and increasing at a constant rate along the downward.
Due to the applied force, the specimen extends & it will continue the extension until it
eventually breaks.
Thus, here the load causes the elongation.
6
Kamrunnahar, Lecturer,NUB
TTQC-II
A specimen “B” is gripped between Top jaw “J3” & bottom jaw “J4”. J4 can move
downward by a screw mechanism.
Initially the tension in “B” is zero. When the bottom jaw “J4” moves downward, the
specimen is extended & increasing tension in specimen which finally causes break.
In this case extension causes elongation.
Factors affecting yarn strength:
1. Staple length:Longer staple cotton gives higher strength with synthetics where much
longer staple lengths than cotton are available, the increase levels off after the
optimum length.
2. Fiber Fineness:Finer fiber gives greater yarn strength than coarse fibers when spun
into a given size.
3. Fiber strength: Logically, a strong fiber produces a stronger yarn than a weak fiber.
4. Twist: For any single spun yarn, there is always a twist that gives maximum strength.
A twist less than or greater than this optimum amount results in a yarn of lower
strength.
5. Evenness: The greater the uniformity of a spun yarn, the higher is its strength and the
more uneven a yarn, the lower is its strength.
6. Fiber length distribution: Variations in the distribution of fiber lengths will cause a
variation in yarn strength. The greater percentage of short fibers, the lower the
strength of the yarn.
7. Fiber finish: The type and amount of chemical finish applied to fibers, particularly
the man made fibers, has a very definite effect on the strength of the yarn, as well as
on the processing characteristics of the staple.
8. Maturity: If maturity of fiber increases yarn strength also increases.
7
Kamrunnahar, Lecturer,NUB
TTQC-II
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Kamrunnahar, Lecturer,NUB