National

Educators
Academy of the
Philippines

National Training of Trainers

for Grade 11 Teachers
 Overview
Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 Grade 9 Grade 10 Grade 11
Earthquakes The
Earthquakes Plate
& volcanic Philippine Volcanoes
& faults tectonics Origin and Structure of the
eruptions Environment
Earth
Interactions
Weather Understandi Earth Materials and Resources
in the
patterns ng typhoons Climate
atmosphere
Earth Processes

Motions of Other History of the Earth

the Earth; Seasons & members of Constellat
The solar eclipses the Solar ions
system System

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Grade 3
Describe what makes up the
environment in the
community.
Different landforms
Bodies of water
Geology Overview
Grade 4
Focus on two components of the
environment: soil & water.
Classify soils using simple criteria.
Identify the different sources of water
in the community.
Infer importance of water in daily
activities.
Describe ways of using water wisely.
Grade 5
The environment does not stay
the same forever. The surface of
the Earth changes with the
passage of time.
Rocks undergo weathering,
forming soil.
Soil is carried away by erosion.
Grade 6
Other processes that change the
surface of the Earth:
earthquakes & volcanic
eruptions.
Note: only the effects of
earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions are taken up in this
grade level, not the causes
(which will be tackled in Grades 8
and 9).

Grade 7 Grade 8 Grade 9 Grade 10

Focus on the environment of Because it is located along the Ring of Because it is located along the Focus on plate tectonics, a
the Philippines as a whole. Fire, the Philippines is prone to Ring of Fire, the Philippines is theory that explains many
earthquakes. home to many volcanoes. geologic processes, such as
The country’s location near
volcanism, earthquakes, and
the equator and along the Using models, explain how quakes are Using models, explain what
mountain building.
Ring of Fire influences what generated by faults. happens when volcanoes erupt.
makes up the Philippine Discover that volcanoes,
Using PHIVOLCS maps, find out if there Describe the different types of
environment (e.g., climate, earthquake epicenters, and
are active faults in the community. volcanoes.
natural resources). mountain ranges are not
Differentiate active volcanoes randomly scattered in different
Locate places using a
from inactive ones. places but are located in the
coordinate system.
same areas.
Explain how energy from
volcanoes may be tapped for
human use.
 The New Solar System
(and Other Astronomy Updates)
Content: ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
A. Universe and Solar System

Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an

understanding of the formation of the
universe and the solar system

Learning Competencies: Explain the current advancements/

information on the solar system

Code: S11/12ES-Ia-e-5
The New Solar System
 The Old Solar System
• Sun
• Mercury
• Venus
Terrestrial Planets
• Earth
• Mars
• Asteroid Belt
• Jupiter
• Saturn
Jovian Planets
• Uranus
• Neptune
• Pluto Terrestrial Planet?

Pyxis Astronomy Educational Services

 The New Solar System
• Sun
• Vulcanoids
• Mercury
• Venus
Terrestrial Planets
• Earth
• Mars
• Asteroid Belt
• Jupiter
Gas Giants
• Saturn
• Uranus
Ice Giants
• Neptune
• Kuiper Belt

Pyxis Astronomy Educational Services

The Old Solar System Structure
The New Solar System Structure
Planet Definition
 A "planet" is a celestial body that:

(a) is in orbit around the Sun,

(b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to
overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes
a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape,
(c) has cleared the neighbourhood around its
orbit.

Source: International Astronomical Union

 A "dwarf planet" is a celestial body that:

(a) is in orbit around the Sun,

(b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to
overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes
a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape,
(c) has NOT cleared the neighbourhood around its
orbit,
(d) is not a satellite.

Source: International Astronomical Union

 • Pluto is a "dwarf planet" by the above definition
and is recognized as the prototype of a new
category of trans-Neptunian objects.

• Other dwarf planets are Ceres, Eris, Makemake,

and Haumea.

• Other potential dwarf planets are Sedna, Orcus,

Quaoar, and Varuna.

• Dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt are called

“plutoids”.

Source: International Astronomical Union

 • All other objects except satellites orbiting the
Sun shall be referred to collectively as "Small
Solar System Bodies".

Source: International Astronomical Union

Moons in the Solar System
 Latest Figures
• Mercury – 0 • Jupiter – 67
• Venus – 0 • Saturn – 62
• Earth – 1 • Uranus – 27
• Mars – 2 • Neptune – 14
 Latest Figures
• Ceres – 0 • Eris – 1
• Pluto - 5 • Haumea - 2
Planets Around Other Stars?
As of Dec 11, 2013:
• Current count: 1054 extrasolar planets
• 800 planetary systems
• 175 stars with multiple planets
Planets Around Other Stars?
Kepler is a space telescope launched
by NASA to discover Earth-like planets
orbiting other stars…
• 2321 planetary candidates
• 5.4% of stars have earth-like planets
• 126 with multiple planets
Planets Around Other Stars?
Latest discoveries include:

• HD 106906 b, which orbits its star farther

than any known planet.

• Kepler-78 b, the first earth-sized rocky

exoplanet found.
Filipino Asteroids
 8 Asteroids named after 9 Filipinos
• 6282 Edwelda – Edwin Aguirre and Imelda Joson, S&T
• 13241 Biyo – Dr. Josette Biyo, PSHS Iloilo
• 11697 Estrella – Allan Estrella, MSHS
• 12088 Macalintal – Jeric Macalintal, MSHS
• 12522 Rara – Prem Villas Fortran Rara, MSU-IIT
• 4866 Badillo – Fr. Victor Badillo, SJ, Manila Observatory
• 6636 Kintanar – Dr. Roman Kintanar, PAGASA
• 14684 Reyes – Miguel Arnold Reyes, PSHS
Filipino Craters
 4 Martian craters named after
Philippine towns

• Camiling – 1976, Camiling, Tarlac

• Daet – 1976, Daet, Camarines Norte
• Naic – 1976, Naic, Cavite
• Solano – 1991, Solano, Nueva Vizcaya
 1 Venusian crater named
after a Filipino

• Escoda – 1994, Josefa Llanes Escoda,

founder of Girl Scouts of the Philippines
 1 Mercurian crater named
after a Filipino

• Balagtas – 1976, Francisco Balagtas,

writer of Florante at Laura.
How Are Exoplanets Observed?
• Radial Velocity
• Transiting
• Gravitational Microlensing
• Direct Imaging
Space Missions
Since the 1960s, the Soviet Union and the U.S.
have been sending unmanned probes to the planet
Mars with the primary purpose of testing the
planet's habitability. The early efforts in the
exploration
of Mars involved flybys through which spectacular
photographs of the Martian surface were taken.
The first successful landing and operation on the
surface of Mars occurred in 1975 under the Viking
program of NASA. Recently, NASA, using high
resolution imagery of the surface of Mars,
presented
evidence of seasonal flow liquid water (in the form
of brine - salty water) on the surface of Mars.
Cassini-Huygens Mission
Huygens
Titan
Dawn
New Horizons
 MESSENGER
MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging

• A NASA project launched in

August 3, 2004;

• Loaded with equipment

specially designed for studying
the properties and behavior of
the planet, in detail;

• Aims to take high-resolution

images of the Mercury’s surface.
MESSENGER
MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging

Images taken during the January 14, 2008 flyby

MESSENGER
MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging

Images taken during the January 14, 2008 flyby

MESSENGER
MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging

Images taken during the January 14, 2008 flyby

MESSENGER
MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging

Image of Earth-Moon system published in Aug 24, 2010

Life in Other Planets?
The SETI* Project
*Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence

Mission:

To Explore, Understand and Explain the Origin, Nature and

Prevalence of Life in the Universe.
Life on Mars
Quick Answer:

Mars has been long thought to be the most likely of the planets in
the solar system to have life.

However numerous probes sent over the years to Mars have not
found clear evidence of any life form, not even bacteria or other
simple forms.

Water have been found by some space probes, and bacteria-like

structures have been found in Martian meteorites. This is exciting,
but scientists have not found definitive proof if life exists or had
existed in the past in Mars.
The Drake Equation
N= R * x fp x ne x fℓ x fi x fc x L
Where:

N = the number of civilizations in our galaxy with which communication might

be possible

R* = the average rate of star formation per year in our galaxy

fp = the fraction of those stars that have planets
ne = the average number of planets that can potentially support life per star that
has planets
fℓ = the fraction of the above that actually go on to develop life at some point
fi = the fraction of the above that actually go on to develop intelligent life
fc = the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable
signs of their existence into space
L = the length of time such civilizations release detectable signals into space.
How many stars are there?
Number of Stars
300,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
That’s 300 sextillion or 3 followed by 23 zeros.

In comparison, there are 7,500,000,000,000,000,000

grains of sand in the entire planet. That’s 7.5 quintillion or
75 followed by 17 zeros.

This means there are more stars in the universe than

there are grains of sand in the entire world.
Number of Stars
However, only 6000 stars are visible to the naked eye.
Since we can only see half the sky at a time, this means
we can see at most 3000 stars at any given time, if the
sky is perfectly clear and dark.
Astronomy Celebrations
World Space Week

• Held from October 4-10

annually

• October 4, 1957 was the

launch of Sputnik, and
October 10, 1967 was the
signing of the Outer
Space Treaty
Global Astronomy Month

• Celebrated every month

of April

• Under the theme “One

People One Sky”
National Astronomy Week

• Celebrated every third

week of February

• Presidential Proclamation
130 by Fidel V. Ramos in
1993
Red Spot Jr.
 Red Spot Jr. (Oval BA)

Photo: NASA
Photo: Gemini Observatory
Photo: NASA
Who Discovered Red Spot Jr.?
Discovered by Christopher Go
of Cebu City in February 25,
2006 while imaging the planet
Jupiter.
Discovery Image
Photo: Keck Observatory
The 2008 Red Spot
Photo: Sky & Telescope
Photo: Hubble Space Telescope
…And Many New Red Spots!
GJ 758 b
The End
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
(NAOJ)

Frederick B. Gabriana