RAPID DESIGN OF STEEL MONOSYMMETRIC

PLATE AND BOX GIRDERS

by

MILAD KHORASANI

B.A.Sc., UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, 2008

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE

in

THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

(Civil Engineering)

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

(Vancouver)

August 2010

© Milad Khorasani, 2010

Abstract

This thesis deals with the design process for steel plate girders and box girders. The design of
plate girders is quite prescriptive. A more fundamental approach is required for the design of box
girders. Equations explicitly for the design of plate and box girders are heavily influenced by
empirical data. This work considers pure steel box girders only, and does not include the design
of composite box girder sections.

CAN/CSA-S6-00 “Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code” provides detailed design

requirements for these composite girders. The design of plate girders follows mostly the
requirements specified in the “Handbook of Steel Construction” CAN/CSA-S16.1. However, the
S16.1 clauses relating to bending capacity are not well suited for the design of monosymmetric
plate girders. Therefore, the code recommends a rational method of analysis such as methods
explained in the Structural Stability Research Council’s Guide to Stability Design Criteria for
Metal Structures. In addition, “Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code” CAN/CSA-S6-00
provides additional design information for monosymmetric sections.

A steel box girder excluding composite design, hereon simply referred to as a box girder, is a
purely steel section that could be designed in accordance with CAN/CSA-S16 “Limit States
Design of Steel Structures”. However, this standard focuses on clauses for plate girder design,
with little specific reference to box girders. Therefore, additional reference materials such as:
1) Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal Structures, 2) Crane Manufacturer’s Association
of America (CMAA 74-2) standards, and 3) Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code are used for
the design of monosymmeteric box girders.

An integrated design and analysis environment in a form of formatted spreadsheet is

implemented to ease the design process. The spreadsheet checks for both strength and
serviceability requirements according to the applicable codes and standards. Included with this
project is a clear procedure manual in chapter 7, so that the spreadsheet can be utilized for
commercial design.

ii
Table of Contents
Abstract........................................................................................................................................... ii
Table of Contents........................................................................................................................... iii
List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. v
List of Figures................................................................................................................................ vi
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ vii
1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 Buckling of Plates..................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Buckling of Unstiffened Plates............................................................................................. 2
2.1.1 Uniaxial uniform compression ...................................................................................... 2
2.1.2 Pure bending .................................................................................................................. 5
2.1.3 Pure shear....................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.4 Combined stresses ......................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Buckling of Stiffened Plates ................................................................................................. 9
3.0 Design of Plate Girders (CAN/CSA-S16-01)......................................................................... 10
3.1 Preliminary Sizing .............................................................................................................. 13
3.2 Design of Cross Section for Flexure................................................................................... 14
3.2.1 Lateral torsional buckling ............................................................................................ 16
3.3 Design of Cross Section for Shear...................................................................................... 19
3.3.1 Unstiffened girder webs............................................................................................... 19
3.3.2 Transversely stiffened girder webs.............................................................................. 22
3.4 Design of Cross Section for Combined Flexure and Shear ................................................ 24
3.5 Transverse Stiffeners .......................................................................................................... 25
3.6 Bearing Stiffeners ............................................................................................................... 26
4.0 Design of Plate Girders (CAN/CSA-S6-06)........................................................................... 28
4.1 Moment Resistance............................................................................................................. 28
4.1.1 Class 1 and 2 sections .................................................................................................. 28
4.1.2 Class 3 and 4 sections .................................................................................................. 30
4.1.3 Stiffened plate girders.................................................................................................. 31
4.2 Shear Resistance ................................................................................................................. 31
4.3 Combined Shear and Moment Design................................................................................ 33
4.4 Intermediate Transverse Stiffeners ..................................................................................... 34
4.5 Longitudinal Web Stiffeners .............................................................................................. 35
4.6 Bearing Stiffeners ............................................................................................................... 36
5.0 Comparison of Codes for Plate Girder Design ....................................................................... 38
5.1 Design Requirement for Plate Girders................................................................................ 39
6.0 Box Girder Design.................................................................................................................. 45
6.1 Section Classification ......................................................................................................... 45
Description of Element ..................................................................................................... 46
6.2 Shear Strength.................................................................................................................. 46
6.2.1 Shear strength of box girders based on CAN/CSA-S16-01 ........................................ 46
6.2.2 Shear strength of box sections according to SSRC ..................................................... 47
6.3 Bending Strength of Box Sections...................................................................................... 49
6.4 Design Based on CMAA .................................................................................................... 50
6.4.1 Sectional properties ..................................................................................................... 50
6.4.2 Stresses ........................................................................................................................ 50
6.4.3 Yielding failure............................................................................................................ 52
6.4.4 Buckling failure ........................................................................................................... 52
6.4.5 Stiffeners...................................................................................................................... 52
iii
7.0 Introduction to Formatted Spreadsheet................................................................................... 53
8.0 Design Using Formatted Spreadsheet..................................................................................... 56
8.1 Plate Girder Spreadsheet .................................................................................................... 56
8.1.1 User input..................................................................................................................... 57
8.1.2 Preliminary girder dimension computation ................................................................. 57
8.1.3 Girder resistance calculation........................................................................................ 58
8.1.4 Transverse stiffeners.................................................................................................... 58
8.1.5 Bearing stiffeners......................................................................................................... 58
8.1.6 Weld design and girder weight computation ............................................................... 59
8.2 Box Girder Spreadsheet...................................................................................................... 60
9.0 Fabrication Considerations ..................................................................................................... 63
9.1 Materials ............................................................................................................................. 63
9.2 Proportioning of Spans ....................................................................................................... 64
9.3 Selection of a Girder Cross Section.................................................................................... 64
9.4 Webs ................................................................................................................................... 64
9.5 Stiffeners............................................................................................................................. 65
9.6 Flanges................................................................................................................................ 66
9.7 Field Splices........................................................................................................................ 67
9.8 Fatigue Details .................................................................................................................... 68
10.0 Erection Considerations........................................................................................................ 69
11.0 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 71
References..................................................................................................................................... 72
Appendices ................................................................................................................................... 74
Appendix A: Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01) ............................................................ 75
Appendix B: Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)............................................................... 96
Appendix C: Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06) ................................ 118
Appendix D: Box Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)............................................................ 140
Appendix E: Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)..................................................................... 152

iv
List of Tables
Table 1 – Section class ................................................................................................................. 14
Table 2 – Differences in the design of plate girders..................................................................... 44
Table 3 – Section classification .................................................................................................... 46

v
List of Figures
Figure 1 - Uniform compression buckling coefficients, k, for equation 1 ..................................... 3
Figure 2 - Buckling of a plate with an aspect ratio of 3:1 .............................................................. 4
Figure 3 - Definition of effective width.......................................................................................... 5
Figure 4 - Plate subject to pure bending ......................................................................................... 5
Figure 5 - Plate subject to pure shear.............................................................................................. 6
Figure 6 - Buckling coefficients for combined bending and compression ..................................... 7
Figure 7 - Stress states in a longitudinally stiffened plate .............................................................. 9
Figure 8 – Unstiffened and stiffened plate girders ....................................................................... 11
Figure 9 – Monosymmetric cross sections of plate girders .......................................................... 12
Figure 10 – Effective distribution of bending stresses ................................................................. 15
Figure 11 – Lateral-torsional buckling motion............................................................................. 16
Figure 12 – M-∆ relationships for laterally unbraced beams ....................................................... 17
Figure 13 – Beam Failure modes.................................................................................................. 17
Figure 14 – Shear strength versus web slenderness...................................................................... 20
Figure 15 – Web shear strength – unstiffened web ...................................................................... 21
Figure 16 - Tension field in stiffened girder web ......................................................................... 22
Figure 17 - Web shear strength – stiffened web ........................................................................... 24
Figure 18 - Shear-moment interaction diagram............................................................................ 25
Figure 19 - Shear strength versus web slenderness ...................................................................... 32
Figure 20 – Tension field action................................................................................................... 35
Figure 21 – Plate girders in the Oak Street Bridge, Vancouver ................................................... 38
Figure 22 – Plate girders in a building floor system..................................................................... 39
Figure 23 – Transverse and longitudinal stiffeners in plate girders ............................................. 43
Figure 24 – Plate girders with openings ....................................................................................... 43
Figure 25 – Common box sections ............................................................................................... 45
Figure 26 – Shear buckling of web............................................................................................... 48
Figure 27 - Shear flow around the section due to Vf .................................................................... 51
Figure 28 – Description section.................................................................................................... 53
Figure 29 – Input section .............................................................................................................. 54
Figure 30 – Calculation section .................................................................................................... 54
Figure 31 – Macro window........................................................................................................... 54
Figure 32 – Equations and referrences ......................................................................................... 55
Figure 33 – Side view and section of mono-symmetric plate girder............................................ 56
Figure 34 - User input................................................................................................................... 57
Figure 35 - Girder parameters....................................................................................................... 57
Figure 36 - Transverse stiffener parameters ................................................................................. 58
Figure 37 - Bearing stiffener parameters ...................................................................................... 59
Figure 38 - Input weld design....................................................................................................... 59
Figure 39 - Monosymmetric box girder designed in spreadsheet................................................. 60
Figure 40 – Input section-box girder spreadsheet......................................................................... 61

vi
Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the following who have helped and inspired me during my masters
program. I would like to gratefully thank my research supervisor, Prof. Dr.-Ing. S. F. Stiemer,
University of British Columbia (UBC), Canada, for his guidance and for the effort he has put
into making this research an interesting and enlightening experience for me. His perpetual
energy and enthusiasm in research had motivated all his students, including me. In addition, he
was always reachable and willing to help and support his students with their research. As a
result, research life became smooth and rewarding for me.
I would also like to thank the financial support by the Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the contribution of the industrial sponsor Dynamic
Structures Ltd.

My deepest gratitude goes to my family for their love and support throughout my life. I would
like to thank my mother whose love is boundless, my father who is my role model and my sister
for sharing her wit and wisdom.

vii
1.0 Introduction

Steel girders are typically rolled beams, or welded from steel rolled plates resulting in plate or
box girders. A rolled beam is a steel girder which has been formed by hot-rolling. The most
common type of rolled beams used are the W-, H-, or I-shapes. These shapes have the advantage
of quick erection, straight forward fabrication, and an overall simplicity of design.
Rolled beams are sometimes reinforced with a flat plate, or cover plate, at the flange. The
advantage or cover plate is to increase flexural resistance of the section without having to use a
large size rolled beam or plate girder.

A plate girder, like a rolled beam, has two flanges and a central web section. Rather than being
hot-rolled as a whole, the girder is welded from steel plate elements. Older designs may be
bolted or rivetted. When the designer has the ability to specify the section properties to
accommodate the local forces it usually results in greater economy of material usage. Variation
in plate sizes may represent a girder with the least weight; however, this may increase the
fabrication costs. Plate girders are generally used for larger spans than rolled beams.

Bridge superstructures and stadium roofs are common applications for steel plate and box
girders. Box girders are more expensive to fabricate than plate girders because of their
complexity, however, have a number of significant advantages, particularly for longer spans.
Firstly because of the shape of the box, the top flange itself can act as the decking without the
need for a concrete or timber decking. Box girders possess excellent torsional stiffness, thus they
do not usually require secondary members to provide bracing like plate girders. They can also be
designed with an aerodynamic shape, again making them ideal for long spans. A famous
example for aero-elastic problems with plate girders of I-shape was the Tacoma Bridge.

This report presents the design equations and their background for the design of monosymmetic
plate girders according to CAN/CSA-S16 and CSA/CAN-S6 standards. A fundamental first-
principle approach is chosen for the design of box girders along with design equations based on
CAN/CSA-S16, CMAA and SSRC.

1
2.0 Buckling of Plates

Webs and flanges of both steel plate and box girders are comprised of flat steel plates with
uniform thicknesses. The design of these girders consists of choosing appropriate cross sections
and boundary conditions to each of these plate elements, ensuring that each plate element does
not fail due to local buckling, yielding or an interaction of the two and that the girder does not
fail due to global buckling.
It is desirable for global buckling to be the first mode of failure reached as the loads on a girder
are increased past the anticipated service loading. Global buckling is associated with large
deformations which give warning of failure, while local buckling is generally brittle and sudden.

2.1 Buckling of Unstiffened Plates

The buckling stresses are obtained from the concept of bifurcation of an initially perfect
structure. In practice, the response of the structure is continuous, due to the inevitable presence
of initial imperfections.
For a plate to be considered slender, the in-plane dimensions, “a”, and, “b”, need to be
significantly greater than the plate thickness, “t”. The dimension, “b”, is usually taken as the
direction transverse to the main direction of in-plane loading named width while “a” is taken as
in line with the applied load, commonly named length

2.1.1 Uniaxial uniform compression

The elastic critical stress of a long plate segment, σc, is determined by the plate width-to-
thickness ratio, b/t, by the restraint conditions along the longitudinal boundaries, and by the
elastic material properties. It is expressed as

π2E
σc = k (1)
12(1 − ν 2 )(b/t )
2

2
 σ
Segment of long plate
having thickness t, width b,
and various edge
conditions as tabulated
below

σ
Description of
Case k b
edge support
1 Both edges simply supported 4.00

2 One edge simply supported, 5.42

the other fixed

3 Both edges fixed 6.97

4 One edge simply supported, 0.425

the other free

5 One edge fixed, the other free 1.277

Figure 1 - Uniform compression buckling coefficients, k, for equation 1

The buckling coefficient, k, is determined by a theoretical critical load analysis, and is a function
of plate geometry and boundary conditions. The values given in figure 1 are the lower bounds,
with the actual value depending on the plate aspect ratio, m (a/b). This is because a perfect plate
under in-plane compression will buckle into m square half waves if the plate aspect ratio is an
integer, as this corresponds to the lowest energy mode and for non integer ratios the plate will in
theory have a higher buckling stress.

3
 1 No. of half waves
k
2

3
4
a = 3b 4

b
1 2 2 6 3 12 4
Aspect ratio m = a/b

Figure 2 - Buckling of a plate with an aspect ratio of 3:1

When a plate is relatively short in the direction of the compressive stress (i.e. a/b << 1), the
critical stress may be conservatively estimated by assuming that a unit width of plate behaves
like a column.Local buckling causes a loss of stiffness and a redistribution of stresses.
Membrane tensions are set up, which resist the growth of deflection and give the plate
postbuckling strength. Uniform edge compression in the longitudinal direction results in a non-
uniform stress distribution after buckling, and the plate derives almost all of its stiffness from the
longitudinal edge supports.

Elastic postbuckling stiffness is measured in terms of the apparent modulus of elasticity E* (the
ratio of the average stress carried by the plate to the average strain). For simply supported edges
E* = 0.5E.
There is a decrease in stress at the center of the panel because of the reduction of in-plane
stiffness along the center line of the plate caused by the lateral deflection. This reduction of
stress due to buckling action gives rise to a semi-empirical method of estimating the maximum
strength of plates by the use of the effective width concept.

4
 Actual distribution
of stress
σe

Region assumed not

be to transmit stress be
2 because of buckling 2

be is plate
buckling
effective σe
Displacement width
controlled
loading b

Figure 3 - Definition of effective width

It assumed that the maximum edge stress acts uniformly over two ‘strips’ of plate leaving the
central region unstressed as shown in Figure 3. This width is evaluated in order that the total
force carried by the plate is equal to the actual response.

2.1.2 Pure bending

Equation 1 is used to calculate the critical buckling load, with substitution of the appropriate
buckling coefficient, k. The buckling coefficient of a plate in bending is significantly influenced
by the fact that half (in the linear response range) of the load is applied in tension.

σ σ

−σ −σ
a
Figure 4 - Plate subject to pure bending

5
Pure bending plate buckling coefficients:
k = 23.9 edges simply supported
k = 39.6 unloaded edges fixed
k = 0.85 top edge free, bottom edge simply supported
k = 2.15 top edge free, bottom edge fixed

2.1.3 Pure shear

In a plate subject to pure shear, there exists tension and compression stresses equal in magnitude
to the shear stress and inclined at 45º. The destabilizing influence of compressive stresses is
resisted by tensile stresses in the perpendicular direction. The critical stress can be obtained by
substituting τc and ks for σc and k in equation 1.
Unlike the case of edge compression, the buckling mode is composed of a combination of
several waveforms, making the buckling analysis of shear more complex.

b a
α=
b

τ
a
Figure 5 - Plate subject to pure shear

π2 E
τc = k s (2)
12 (1 − ν 2 ) ( b / t )
2

Shear buckling coefficients:

1. Plate simply supported on four edges:

5.34
α ≤ 1: k s =4.00+ 2 (3)
α
4.00
α ≥ 1: k s =5.34+ 2 (4)
α

2. Plate clamped on four edges:

8.98
α ≤ 1: k s =5.60+ 2 (5)
α
6
 5.60
α ≥ 1: k s =8.98+ (6)
α2
3. Plate clamped on two opposite edges and simply supported on the other two edges:
8.98
α ≤ 1: k s = 5.61 + 2 − 1.99α (7)
α
5.61 1.99
α ≥ 1: k s = 2 + 8.98 − 2 (8)
α α

2.1.4 Combined stresses

The Crane Code (CMAA Specifications #70 & #74, revised 2000) gives equations for the
buckling coefficient for simply supported plates subject to combined in-plane bending and
compression according to the cases shown in Figure 6.

Case Loading

σ1 σ1
1 Compressive stresses, varying as
a straight line. b
0< ψ < 1
ψσ 1 ψσ 1
a= α b

2 Compressive and tensile stresses; σ1 σ1

varying as a straight line and with
the compression predominating. b
-1< ψ <0 ψσ 1 ψσ 1
a= α b

σ1 σ1
3 Compressive and tensile stresses;
varying as a straight line, with b
equal edge values, ψ = -1 or with
−σ 1 −σ 1
predominantly tensile stresses. a= α b
ψ < -1 σ1 σ1

ψσ 1 ψσ 1
a= α b

Figure 6 - Buckling coefficients for combined bending and compression

The critical stress is then calculated using the buckling coefficient, k (obtained using equations
9 – 13), in equation 1.

7
Case 1:

8.4
α ≥1 k= (9)
Ψ + 1.1
2
 1   2.1 
α <1 k = α +   (10)
 α   ψ + 1.1 

Case 2:

k = (1 + ψ ) k ' − ( ψk '' ) + 10ψ (1 + ψ )  (11)

k’ is the buckling coefficient for ψ = 0 (case 1)

k’’ is the buckling coefficient for ψ = -1 (case 3)

Case 3:

α ≥ 2/3 k = 23.9 (12)

1.87
α < 2/3 k = 15.87 + 2
+ 8.6α 2 (13)
α

With predominant tension replace the width of the plate, b, by 2 times the width of the
compression zone for calculation of α and σc.
The crane code also gives interaction failure criteria for plates subject to in-plane bending,
compression and shear. First the comparison stress, σ1k, is calculated.

σ2 + 3τ2
σ1k = (14)
2 2
1 + ψ   σ  3− ψ σ   τ 
 4   σ  +  4 σ  +  τ 
 c  c   c

If the resulting critical stress is below the proportional limit, σp, buckling is elastic. If the
resulting value is above the proportional limit, buckling is said to be inelastic. For inelastic
buckling the compression stress is reduced to σ1kR.

2
σ y σ1k
σ1kR = (15)
0.1836σ2y + σ1k
2

σp = σy/1.32 (16)

8
The comparison stress is then used to calculate a safety factor, ϑB, which is then compared with
allowable design factor values, DFB, for each load combination.

Elastic buckling

σ1k
ϑB = ≥ DFB (17)
σ2 + 3τ2

Inelastic buckling
σ1kR
ϑB = ≥ DFB (18)
σ2 + 3τ2

Design factor DFB requirements:

Case 1 DFB = 1.7 + 0.175(Ψ - 1) (19)

Case 2 DFB = 1.5 + 0.125(Ψ - 1) (20)
Case 3 DFB = 1.35 + 0.05(Ψ - 1) (21)

2.2 Buckling of Stiffened Plates

σ4

d1 σ3

d2
σ2

d3

σ1 τ
Figure 7 - Stress states in a longitudinally stiffened plate

Figure 7 shows the stress state in each sub panel for a stiffened plate subject to bending and
shear (compressive stresses can easily included by modifying the ratio of longitudinal stresses at
the edge of each panel). Each sub panel can be checked for local buckling subject to these
stresses using the appropriate buckling coefficients given.
A second mode of failure needs to be checked, too, which is local buckling of the plate as a
whole including the stiffeners.

The third and final mode of failure involves the local buckling of elements of the stiffeners. This
is usually avoided by adhering to slenderness limits, which is a simplified buckling check.

9
3.0 Design of Plate Girders (CAN/CSA-S16-01)

Plate girders are built up flexural members with slender webs that are usually used in long spans
between 15 to 45 m, exceeding the useful range of available rolled shapes. The webs can fail due
to buckling, yielding or a combination of the two in either shear or bending. Web dimensions
and stiffener spacing are chosen in order to ensure that there is an adequate safety margin with
respect to these failure modes. Flanges are sized to prevent local buckling or yielding.

A typical plate girder consists of two flanges and a web welded together to form an I-section.
There are several types of plate girders depending on the stiffeners used. There are unstiffened
plate girders with no stiffeners, stiffened plate girders with only transverse web stiffeners, and
stiffened plate girders with transverse and longitudinal web stiffeners. Figure 8 shows these
types of plate girders and various stiffeners generally used in the plate girders. Figure 8d shows a
typical section of a plate girder. The stiffeners are used to improve the shear capacity of the webs
instead of increasing the overall web thickness. The use of stiffeners is more economical in
longer spans under greater loads. Although the plate girder sections are bisymmetric in Figure 8,
the monosymmetric plate girders are also common. Figure 9 shows various monosymmetric
cross sections of plate girders.

10
Figure 8 – Unstiffened and stiffened plate girders

11
Figure 9 – Monosymmetric cross sections of plate girders

12
3.1 Preliminary Sizing

The selection of most economical girder dimensions is dependent on a number of variables

which are primarily a function of the weight of steel used and the amount of fabrication. A good
value to start with for the good depth in regard of moment resistance according to allowable
stress design is:
1/ 3
M 
h ≈ 540  f  (22)
 F
 y 
Fy is the yield strength of steel and Mf is the maximum factored moment along the span.
An approximated flange area Af can be calculated by assuming that lateral torsional buckling
will not govern the design, and the contribution of the web to the bending resistance of the girder
is negligible. This assumption is valid as long as lateral supports are provided at intervals close
enough to prevent lateral-torsional buckling. Af which represents area of one flange only can be
obtained using:
Mf
Af ≈ (23)
Fy h

The web thickness, w, can be calculated by assuming that the entire shear is carried by the web.
Therefore,
Vf
Aw = = wh (24)
φFs
Vf is the maximum factored shear along the span and Φ is the performance factor equal to 0.9 for
structural steel and Fs is the ultimate shear stress of steel. Fs will be discussed later. This
parameter depends on the web slenderness ratio and the existence of transverse stiffeners.
However, for preliminary design Fs is given by equation 25.
Fs = 0.66Fy (25)

Furthermore, the code imposes limits on the maximum and minimum web thickness allowed.
The index min and max represents minimum and maximum values respectively.

Fy h
w min = (26)
83000
Fy ⋅ h
wmax :=
1900 (27)

13
3.2 Design of Cross Section for Flexure

A plate girder subject primarily to bending moment usually fails by lateral-torsional buckling,
local buckling of the compression flange, or yielding of one or both flanges. The code divides
the section into 4 classes according to their width to thickness ratios. These limits are
summarized in the table 1.

Table 1 – Section class

Class Plate girder Flange under compression Web under flexural compression
Class 1 b0 /t ≤ 145/√Fy h/w ≤1100/√Fy
Class 2 b0 /t ≤170/√Fy h/w ≤1700/√Fy
Class 3 b0 /t ≤200/√Fy h/w ≤1900/√Fy
Class 4 b0 /t >200/√Fy h/w >1900/√Fy

The Standard specifies for laterally supported members the moment resistance are:
Class 1, 2: Mr = φMp = φZFy (28)
Class 3: Mr = φMy = φSFy (29)
Where S denotes the section modulus (S = I/ŷ). Z represents the plastic modulus which is the
first moment of area of the tension and compression zones about the neutral axis. φ=0.9 is the
performance factor of steel and Fy is the yield stress of steel.

Class 4 sections are such that they buckle locally at a moment less than My and the moment
resistance is a function of the width-to-thickness ratios of the component elements. This class is
subdivided into three categories. The first category, (i), contains those sections having both
flange and web plates falling within Class 4. The second category, (ii), contains those sections
having flanges meeting the requirements of Class 3 but having Class 4 webs. The third category,
(iii), contains sections having web plates meeting the Class 3 requirements, but with
compression flanges exceeding Class 3 limits.

The code recommends using CSA Standard S136 for calculation of the moment resistances of
Class 4(i) and 4(iii) sections. However, it allows the use of equation 30 shown below for Class
4(iii) sections as an alternative to CSA S136.

14
Mr = φSeFy (30)

Where Se is the effective elastic section modulus determined using an effective flange width. The
effective width is 670t/√Fy for flanges supported along two edges parallel to the direction of
stress and 200t/√Fy for flanges supported along one edge parallel to the direction of stress. For
flanges supported along one edge, in no case shall b/t exceed 60.
Plate girder sections that have flanges meeting the requirements of Class 3 but having Class 4
webs (Class 4(ii)) can not attain the full moment resistance from equation 8 due to the local
buckling (softening) of the slender web. Most plate girders fall into this class of section. This
effect is accounted for in the code through the use of an effective width, by only considering 1/6
of the web area in the compression zone to be effective in resisting lateral buckling as shown in
Figure 10.
Compression
flange

1 of Web
6
Area
Theoretical

Experimental

Figure 10 – Effective distribution of bending stresses

In the code, it is assumed that the maximum moment that can be carried by the sections is that
which causes the extreme fiber in the compression zone to reach yield stress, as the thin web will
not permit attainment of the theoretical plastic moment of the section.
A linear reduction to this maximum attainable value is then applied, which is a function of web
slenderness, the relative proportions of the flange and web, and the buckling load of the web.
 A h 1900  
M r ' = M r 1.0 − 0.0005 w  −  (31)
 Af w M f / φS  

Where Aw and Af are the web and flange area respectively. Mf is the factored moment in the
girder due to factored dead and live loads.

15
3.2.1 Lateral torsional buckling

Beams subjected to flexure have much greater strength and stiffness in the plane in which the
loads are applied (major principal axis) than in the plane of the minor axis. It has been assumed
thus far that the strength of the beam is determined by the capacity of its cross-section, and this,
in turn, is dependent on the local buckling capacity of its plate elements.
However if the beam is laterally unsupported, the strength may be governed instead by lateral-
torsional buckling of the complete member, as shown in figure 11. Beams are especially prone to
this type of buckling during the construction phase, where lateral bracing are either absent or
different in type from their permanent ones.

Position
before
loading

Position Position
before after
buckling buckling
Figure 11 – Lateral-torsional buckling motion

At a given stage of loading, the cross-section may twist and bend about its weak axis, reducing
its ultimate moment capacity due to large deflections and yielding. The main parameter affecting
lateral-torsional buckling strength is the distance between lateral braces. Other influences are:
the type and position of the loads, the restraints at the ends and at intermediate locations, the type
of cross sections, continuity at supports, the presence or absence of stiffening devices that
restrain warping at critical locations, the material properties, the magnitude and distribution of
the residual stresses, prestressing forces, initial imperfections of geometry and loading,
discontinuities in the cross section, cross-sectional distortion, and interaction between local and
overall buckling.

16
 M

Mp
My
B
C
M M A

D
∆
L

∆
∆ relationships for laterally unbraced beams
Figure 12 – M-∆

Beams can also be classified in terms of the effect of lateral-torsion buckling on the ultimate
moment capacity attainable, as shown in figure 13.

Mcr
Local Inelastic
Buckling Lateral
Buckling

Elastic
Lateral
Buckling

Stocky Intermediate Slender

L
Figure 13 – Beam Failure modes

A stocky beam is defined as a beam which is able to reach its local buckling capacity before
lateral buckling occurs. The local buckling capacity of Class 1 or 2 sections is Mp and for Class
3 sections, My. A slender beam buckles laterally before the member yields, and the resistance to
lateral-torsion buckling is based on full elastic action. For the intermediate beam, the bending

17
moment at the instant before lateral buckling is sufficient to cause portions of the section to
yield, thus the resistance to both lateral and twisting motions is reduced.
The Standard provides an equation for calculating the elastic lateral buckling strength of doubly
symmetric beams.

ω2 π
EI y GJ + (πE/L ) I y C w
2
Mu = (32)
L

ω2 = 1.75 + 1.05ς + 0.3ς 2 ≤ 2.5 (33)

where ζ is the ratio of the smaller bending moment to the larger bending moment at opposite
ends of the unbraced length.
This equation provides a reasonable estimate of the moment at which lateral buckling will occur,
provided that the strains in the member are less than the yield strain at the instant before
buckling. Thus, equation 32 is accepted as the basis for the design of slender members.
Due to relatively large residual stresses in the flange tips, yielding will occur when the applied
moment reaches approximately two-thirds of the buckling capacity of the member, Mp for Class
1 or 2 sections, and My for Class 3 or 4 sections. Equation 32 is thus valid until Mu reaches two-
thirds of Mp for Class 1 or 2 sections, and My for Class 3 or 4 sections.

Mu ≤ 0.67Mp (Slender members):

Mr = φMu for Classes 1- 4 (34)

Mu ≥ 0.67Mp (Stocky members):

 0.28M p 
M r = 1.15φM p 1-  ≤ φM p Class 1 or 2 (35)
 M u 
 0.28M y 
M r = 1.15φM y 1 −  ≤ φM y Class 3 or 4 (36)
 Mu 

CAN/CSA-S16 does not give equations for the calculation of mono-symmetric sections such as
box girders or plate girders with flanges of differing width. The code recommends the use of
equations given in ‘Guide to stability Design Criteria for metal structures’; however these are in
the general form. CAN/CSA-S6-06 gives worked examples based on the same expressions listed
18
in ‘Guide to Stability Design Criteria for metal structures’ for monosymmetric plate girders and
open top box girders.

Lateral torsional buckling can be avoided by properly spaced and designed lateral bracing, or by
using cross sections which are torsionally stiff, such as box-shaped sections or open-section
beam groups connected intermittently by triangulated lacing or by diaphragms or by ensuring
that the required design moment does not exceed the lateral-torsional buckling capacity.

3.3 Design of Cross Section for Shear

CAN/CSA-S16-01 identifies 3 limiting states for determining the shear capacity of the web;
shear buckling, shear yielding or a combination of both. The first mode of failure is dependent
on the web slenderness and stiffener spacing. In the following section the shear resistance of the
plate girders with and without transverse stiffeners will be considered.

3.3.1 Unstiffened girder webs

When steel is subject to a combined stress condition, the yield stress in shear, Fy, is normally
approximated by the Von-Misses value, which is increased to allow for the strengthening effects
of strain hardening. The shear yielding strength is given by:
Fy
Fs = λ → 0.66Fy (37)
3
The general equation for buckling of a plate subject to pure shear (equation 2) is used to
calculate the resistance to shear buckling after substituting the correct notation for dimensions of
plate girder webs.

kπ 2 E
τcr = (38)
( )
12 1 − ν 2 ( h / w )
2

For a/b ≥ 1.0, for simply supported edges, it is found that:

4.0
k = 5.34 + (39)
( a/h )
2

19
The Standard assumes representative values for the terms in equation 38 (E = 200 GPa, υ = 0.3,
k = kv, τcr = Fs). With these values equation 38 reduces to:

180000k v
Fs ≈ 2
(40)
(h / w )

Figure 14 below shows equations 38 and 40 plotted on the same chart, and clearly demonstrates
that the failure mode is dependent on the slenderness, (h/w), of the web.

Fs = 180000 kv
Fs
MPa (h/w)2

Fs = 0.66Fy

Web slenderness h/w

Figure 14 – Shear strength versus web slenderness

A third mode of failure due to combined shear yielding and buckling creates a transition curve
between the curves given by equation 40 shown in Figure 14. The equation for this curve is
given in the code and was chosen mainly on the basis of experimental evidence.

1. ( h / w ) ≤ 439 k v / Fy :
Fs = 0.66Fy (41)

2. 439 k v / Fy ≤ ( h / w ) ≥ 621 k v / Fy :

20
 290 Fy k v
Fs = Fcri = (42)
( h/w )

3. ( h / w ) ≥ 621 k v / Fy :
180000k v
Fs = Fcre = (43)
( h/w )
2

The Standard also imposes a limit on slenderness:

 h  83000
 ≤ (44)
w Fy

These equations are presented graphically in figure 15.

Fs = 0.66Fy
Fs
MPa Fs = 290 Fykv
(h/w)

Fs = 180000 kv
(h/w)2

83000
kv
439 621 kv Web slenderness h/w Fy
Fy Fy

Figure 15 – Web shear strength – unstiffened web

The capacity of the section is calculated by multiplying the ultimate shear stress for the web
multiplied by a performance factor φ and the web area Aw.

Vr = φA w Fs (45)

21
3.3.2 Transversely stiffened girder webs

Stiffened webs may fail due to shear buckling before shear yielding occurs, however, subsequent
to buckling the stress distribution in the web changes and significant amount of postbuckling
strength may be developed because of the diagonal tension that develops in web panels and
compressive forces in the transverse stiffeners that border those panels. This is called tension
field action. Figure 16 shows the general distribution of the tension field that develops in the
plate girder with transverse stiffeners. This tension field is anchored by the flanges and
stiffeners.

a a

h
θ

a a
F
2 2
σtaw
N.A.
V
Tw
V 2 Tw
2
2 2
T + ∆T T
Figure 16 - Tension field in stiffened girder web

The code specifies several equations for the shear resistance of the web based on the web
slenderness and stiffener spacing.

1. ( h / w ) ≤ 439 k v / Fy :

Fs = 0.66Fy (46)

22
2. 439 k v / Fy ≤ ( h / w ) ≥ 502 k v / Fy :

290 Fy k v
Fs = Fcri = (47)
( h/w )

3. 502 k v / Fy ≤ ( h / w ) ≥ 621 k v / Fy :

Fs = Fcri + Ft (48)

0.50Fy − 0.866Fcri
Ft = (49)
1 + (a / h) 2

4. ( h / w ) ≥ 621 k v / Fy :

Fs = Fcre + Ft (50)

180000k v
Fcre = (51)
( h/w )
2

0.50Fy − 0.866Fcre
Ft = (52)
1 + (a / h)2

where
4.0
a / h > 1: k v = 5.34 + (53)
(a / h )
2

5.34
a / h < 1: k v = 4.0 + (54)
(a / h )
2

Where w, h and a are web thickness, web height and stiffeners spacing respectively. Fcre and Fcri
are critical elastic and inelastic buckling stress in shear. Ft is the contribution due to tension field
action. In the above equations, Fy is in MPa units.
The Standard also imposes the same limit on slenderness as for unstiffened webs:
 h  83000
 ≤ (55)
w Fy

These equations are shown diagrammatically in Figure 17. The dotted line shows the shear
resistance of the unstiffened web which is shifted upwards by the development of the tension

23
field Ft in the stiffened web.

Fs = 0.66Fy
Fs Fs = 290 Fykv
MPa
(h/w) Fs = 290 Fykv + Ft
(h/w)
Ft Fs = 180000 kv + Ft
(h/w)2
Ft

83000
439
kv 621 kv Web slenderness h/w
Fy Fy Fy
502 kv
Fy

Figure 17 - Web shear strength – stiffened web

The capacity of the section is calculated by multiplying the ultimate shear stress for the web by a
resistance factor φ and the web area Aw.

Vr = φA w Fs (56)

3.4 Design of Cross Section for Combined Flexure and Shear

The presence of significant shear and moment together can occur at certain locations along the
girder span such as at the interior supports of a continuous beam. In such cases, the effect of the
interaction between these two forces upon girder strength must be considered. This is shown
diagrammatically in figure 18. The diagram shows that if the factored moment is less than 75%
of the moment resistance, the full shear shear resistance may be used. Similarly, if the factored
shear is less than 60% of the shear resistance, the full moment resistance is used.

24
 Mf V
0.727 + 0.455 f = 1.0
Mr Vr
1.0

0.75

Mf
Mr

Vf 0.6 1.0
Vr
Figure 18 - Shear-moment interaction diagram

The code applies a straight line to the interaction curve in order to simplify the equations.
Mf V
0.727 + 0.455 f ≤ 1.0 (57)
Mr Vr

3.5 Transverse Stiffeners

Transverse stiffeners are used throughout the web to provide tension field action. The S16-01
Standard does place limits on maximum stiffener spacing. The limits for stiffener spacing are as
follows:

67500h
a≤ when h / w > 150 or; (58)
(h / w) 2

a ≤ 3h when h / w ≤ 150 (59)

Each stiffener should resist the summation of the vertical components of the tension field action
(F) over one panel width.

σ hw  a (a / h ) 
2

F= t  −  (60)
2  h 1 + (a / h) 2 

25
Based on the assumption that the stiffener will yield before buckling, CAN/CSA-S16-01
provides an equation for the stiffener area required.

aw  a/h  Fy
As ≥ 1 − C D (61)
2  1 + (a / h)2  Fys

 310000K v 
C = 1 − 2 
≥ 0.1 (62)
 Fy (h / w) 

The stiffener factor, D, can be found as follows

D = 1.0 stiffeners furnished in pairs
D = 1.8 stiffeners composed of angles placed on one side of web only
D = 2.4 stiffeners composed of plates placed on one side of web only
Furthermore, the code imposes a limit on the moment of inertia of the stiffener to prevent lateral
displacement of the web. This is given as follows:
4
 h 
Is ≥   (63)
 50 
To prevent local buckling of the stiffener under the compressive force, F, the slenderness ratio
(b/t) should not exceed:

b 200
≤ (64)
t Fy

3.6 Bearing Stiffeners

The application of a concentrated load to the flange of a girder can result in local failure. This
can happen either by localized buckling of the web in the region where it connects to the flange
or by overall buckling of the web. In a stockier web, the web will fail due to yielding. In a more
slender web, crippling, or localized buckling, will govern. Bearing resistance must be calculated
for both possible modes of failure, and the smaller value will govern as the bearing resistance.
The equations for bearing for an interior location of the girder are given in clause 14.3.2(a):

Br = φbi w( N + 10t ) Fy (65)

26
Br = 1.45φbi w2 Fy E (66)

Where N= length of bearing

w= web thickness
t= flange thickness
φbi = 0.8

While the equations for bearing for the end reactions are given by:

Br = φbe w( N + 4t ) Fy (67)

Br = 0.60φbe w2 Fy E (68)

Where φbe = 0.75

27
4.0 Design of Plate Girders (CAN/CSA-S6-06)

This section thoroughly covers the design of plate girders according to Canadian Highway
Bridge Design Code CAN/CSA-S6-06.

4.1 Moment Resistance

The moment resistance calculations for plate girders are divided into two categories: those for
Class 1 and 2 sections in 10.10.2 and those for Class 3 and 4 sections in 10.10.3. The
fundamental distinction is that Class 1 and 2 sections use the plastic section modulus to calculate
the moment resistance, while Class 3 and 4 sections use the elastic modulus. The reasoning for
this is described in the previous section of this report.

Both 10.10.2 and 10.10.3 include four main subsections. These describe (i) the limiting width-
to-thickness ratios for steel sections of the corresponding classes, (ii) moment resistance for
laterally supported members, (iii) moment resistance for laterally unsupported members and (iv)
moment resistance for bending about the minor axis. Each of these conditions makes use of
different geometric properties of the plate girder to calculate the moment resistance.

4.1.1 Class 1 and 2 sections

The basic equation for the moment resistance of Class 1 and 2 sections is the factored plastic
moment resistance for laterally supported members, defined in clause 10.10.2.2 as:

M r = φ s Z x Fy = φ s M px (69)

Laterally supported members are expected to attain their full plastic moment strength, and thus
the moment resistance varies only with the plastic section modulus and the yield strength of the
steel. A laterally unsupported member may fail by lateral torsional buckling or a combination of
weak axis buckling and lateral buckling. In order to account for this reduction in bending
strength due to buckling, clause 10.10.2.3 (a) introduces equations that reduce the moment
resistance of the section based on its geometric properties. These equations are as follows:
0.28M p
M r = 1.15φ s M p [1 − ] ≤ φ s M p when M u > 0.67 M p (70)
Mu

28
M r = φ s M u when M u ≤ 0.67 M p (71)

The Mu term in these equations is the critical elastic moment, which can be described as the
moment that will cause buckling in the unbraced beam. This moment is defined in clause
10.10.2.3 (b) by the equations:

ω 2π 2
Mu = [ E s I y G s J ( B1 + 1 + B2 + B1 )] (72)
L

ω 2 = 1.75 + 1.05κ + 0.3κ 2 ≤ 2.5 (73)

βx Es I y
B1 = π (74)
2L Gs J

π 2 EsCw
B2 = (75)
L2 G s J

The coefficient ω2 accounts for the for the increased moment resistance of the beam when
subjected to a moment gradient. This coefficient depends on κ, the ratio of the smaller factored
moment to the larger factored moment at opposite ends of the beam. The coefficients B1 and B2
are included to account for the monosymmetric nature of the plate girder. These coefficients
vary with βx, the coefficient of monosymmetry, as well as J, the St. Venant torsional constant
and Cw, the warping torsional constant.
These values all take into account the complex torsional buckling tendencies of the unusual box
girder cross-section. Equations for these terms are given in the S6 commentary, in section
C10.10.2.3, Laterally Unsupported Members. The coefficient of monosymmetry is defined by
the equation:

1
∫ y( x
2
βx = + y 2 )dA + 2e (76)
I xx A

The closed-form solution to the integral is also provided in the commentary, but is not shown
here. Also not shown are the equations for J and Cw. These formulas are complex, and would
be beyond the scope of this report to derive from the geometry of the cross-section.
The last clause in section 10.10.2 identifies the moment resistance for bending about the minor
axis of the box girder. This equation is:

29
M r = φs Z y Fy = φs M py (77)

4.1.2 Class 3 and 4 sections

Class 3 sections will not attain the plastic moment capacity, so the moment resistance is based on
the yield moment. The equation for laterally supported Class 3 sections in bending is defined in
clause 10.10.3.2 as:

M r = φs S x Fy = φs M y (78)

Laterally unsupported plate girder sections may be subject to lateral torsional buckling, thus
beams in these conditions have reduced moment resistance equations listed in clause 10.10.3.3:
0.28My
M r = 1.15φs M y [1 − ] ≤ φs M y when M u > 0.67 M y (79)
Mu

M r = φ s M u when M u ≤ 0.67 M y (80)

These equations are very similar to the laterally unbraced bending equations from clause
10.10.2.3, except that the plastic moment capacity has been replace with the elastic moment
capacity.
Similar to Class 1 and 2 sections, the moment resistance for Class 3 sections is based solely on
the section properties about the weak axis. The plastic section modulus has once again been
replaced with the elastic section modulus, leading to the following equation in 10.10.2.5:

M r = φs S y Fy = φs M y (81)

Section 10.10.3 also provides for the calculation of the moment resistance for certain Class 4
sections. Plate girders must meet certain additional conditions, such as that the compression
flange must have continuous lateral support, and the web must still meet Class 3 requirements.
In such cases, the moment resistance of the section can be calculated using the equations for
Class 3 sections, except that the elastic section modulus is replaced with the effective section
modulus, Se. The section modulus has been reduced by using only a portion of the actual flange
width.

30
4.1.3 Stiffened plate girders

The clauses in section 10.10.4 reduce the moment capacity of the plate girders when the webs
are slender. This is due to the susceptibility of slender webs to buckle during flexure, which
would seem to be equally applicable to single webbed plate girders or double webbed box
girders. This section provides additional limits the width-to-thickness ratios of webs that have
transverse stiffeners, which will be further discussed later in this report. For girders that have
webs without longitudinal stiffeners and that are more slender than the limit of
2d c / w > 1900 / Fy , the moment resistance will be reduce by the following factor:

1 2d 1900
[1.0 − ( c− )] (82)
1200 Acf w M f / φs S
300 +
Aw

4.2 Shear Resistance

The shear resistance of the plate girder is calculated using the area of the webs, neglecting the
contribution of the flanges. The ultimate shear stress Ft, depends on the slenderness of the web.
The ultimate shear stress includes two components, the shear buckling stress Fcr, and the tension
field component of the post-buckling stress Ft. These components are added together to provide
the ultimate shear stress.

Vr = φs Aw Fs (83)

Fs = Fcr + Ft (84)

31
 Figure 19 - Shear strength versus web slenderness

The buckling stress and post-buckling stress vary depending on the slenderness of the web. The
variation of these stresses with the web slenderness is shown in the graph above, from the S16.1
Commentary. Three sets of equations are given to represent the different modes of behavior for
the webs in shear. The first set of equations, in clause 10.10.5.1(a), describes the

h k
criteria for stockier webs, where ≤ 502 v , and the web will fail in full yielding. The
w Fy

post-buckling stress is neglected, and the buckling stress is derived from the vonMises-Hencky-
Huber yield criterion. This value is more conservative than that used in S16.1.

Fcr = 0.577 Fy (85)

Ft = 0 (86)

As the slenderness of the web increases, the failure mode shifts from full yielding to inelastic

kv h k
buckling. This occurs when 502 ≤ ≤ 621 v , corresponding to another set of equations
Fy w Fy

for the ultimate shear stress in 10.10.5.1(b). These equations now include a component for the
post-buckling strength due to tension field action. This tension field action is only relevant if the
web of the girder is stiffened.

32
 290 Fy kv
Fcr = (87)
h/w

1
Ft = (0.5 Fy − 0.866 Fcr )( ) (88)
1 + (a / h) 2
h k
The equations for the most slender category of webs, when > 621 v , are defined in clause
w Fy

10.10.5.1(c). For this case, the web will fail due to elastic buckling. The post-buckling stress,
assuming the web is stiffened, remains the same as for the inelastic buckling case. However, the
equation describing the buckling stress has been modified.

180000kv
Fcr = (89)
(h / w) 2

1
Ft = (0.5 Fy − 0.866 Fcr )( ) (90)
1 + (a / h) 2

The shear buckling stress in both elastic and inelastic buckling varies with the shear buckling
coefficient kv. This coefficient depends on the ratio of the stiffener spacing to the height of the
web, and is calculated from the following equations.
5.34
kv = 4 + when a / h < 1 (91)
( a / h) 2

4
kv = 5.34 + when a / h ≥ 1 (92)
( a / h) 2
Once all of the parameters that define the ultimate shearof the web have been evaluated, the
factored shear resistance of the plate girder can be determined. This value is compared to the
factored shear force in the girder to determine if the shear capacity is adequate.

4.3 Combined Shear and Moment Design

Clause 10.10.5.2 provides the check for sections subject to combined shear and moment.
The equation involves linear interaction with coefficients for shear and moment based on Basler
(1963). The clause only applies to webs of girders that depend on tension field action to carry

h k
shear, that is with > 502 v . The girder does not lose a significant amount of shear strength
w Fy

33
if Mf/Mr<0.75 because the moment will be carried by the flanges of the girder, and the web will
still be able to carry the shear. The combined shear and moment equation is shown below:

Mf Vf
0.727 + 0.455 < 1 .0 (93)
Mr Vr

4.4 Intermediate Transverse Stiffeners

The first portion of section 10.10.6 is related to intermediate transverse stiffeners. Web stiffeners
in a plate girder will not be required if the factored shear load is less than the unstiffened shear
resistance, and the slenderness of the web does not exceed the limit of h / w ≤ 150 . In such
instances, the web does not need tension field action to resist the shear loads on the girder. If
these restrictions are not met, then web stiffeners are required.
The following paragraph in section 10.10.6 identifies the limits for spacing between web
stiffeners. The limits for stiffener spacing are as follows:

67500h
a≤ when h / w > 150 or; (94)
(h / w) 2

a ≤ 3h when h / w ≤ 150 (95)

The limit of 3h for stockier webs is necessary to ensure that tension field action is properly
developed. Interestingly, the limit for the case of slender webs is provided only to ensure the
ease in handling and fabrication the girders. This limit is not related to the strength of the girder,
and is based practical limits and experience in the industry.
Once the maximum spacing of the stiffeners has been determined, the stiffeners must be sized.
Lower limits have been placed on the moment of inertia and the cross-sectional area of the
stiffeners. These limits are necessary to ensure that the stiffeners can withstand the compression
loads from the tension field action in the web. The limits for stiffener moment of inertia and
area are given below:

I ≥ aw3 j where j = 2.5(h / a ) 2 − 2 but not less than 0.5 (96)

aw a/h Vf
As = ( [1 − ] CD − 18w2 )Y ≥ 0 (97)
2 1 + (a / h) 2 Vr

34
 310000kv
C = 1− but not less than 0.10 (98)
Fy (h / w) 2

The tension field action in the web develops like a truss, where the segments of web between the
stiffeners will transfer the shear loads in tension to the adjacent stiffeners. These stiffeners will
then carry the shear in compression, completing the truss.

Figure 20 – Tension field action

Additionally, limits are placed on the width-to-thickness ratios of the stiffeners to prevent local
buckling

4.5 Longitudinal Web Stiffeners

The main effect of installing longitudinal web stiffeners is the change in the allowable spacing
between intermediate transverse stiffeners. These new spacing requirements are defined in
section 10.10.7. This modified spacing may provide an overall reduction in material if the
transverse stiffener spacing is increased sufficiently. The maximum transverse stiffener spacing
is modified to 1.5hp, where hp is the maximum subpanel depth. However, this spacing limit is
not necessarily an increase, since webs without longitudinal stiffeners have a maximum spacing
of 3h, if h / w ≤ 150 . The creation of subpanels due the longitudinal stiffener reduces the
slenderness of the web, and increases the web stiffness. Therefore; slender webs with
longitudinal stiffeners are not subjected to the stiffener spacing limit of:

35
 67500h
a≤ when h / w > 150 . (99)
(h / w) 2
Clause 10.10.7.2 provides limits for the size and thickness of longitudinal stiffeners. The
maximum width-to-thickness ratio is 200 / Fy , and the maximum width of the stiffener is 30t.
This clause also specifies minimum values for the moment of inertia and the radius of gyration
for the longitudinal stiffeners:

I ≥ hw3[2.4(a / h) 2 − 0.13] (100)

Fy
r≥a (101)
1900

These limits ensure that the longitudinal stiffeners will not undergo local buckling. Clause
10.10.7.3 provides a number of adjustments to the parameters used to calculate the properties of
transverse stiffeners when longitudinal stiffeners are present. The main difference is that
typically the subpanel height is used instead of the full web height when calculating slenderness
ratios. In this way, longitudinal stiffeners can significantly improve the effectiveness of
transverse stiffeners.

4.6 Bearing Stiffeners

Section 10.10.8 provides equations to determine the strength of the web in bearing. Webs can
fail in bearing either due to crippling or yielding. The failure mode depends on the slenderness
of the web. In a stockier web, the web will fail due to yielding. In a more slender web,
crippling, or localized buckling, will govern. Unlike similar clauses, a limiting width-to-
thickness ratio is not provided to determine which condition will govern. Instead, a bearing
resistance must be calculated for both possible modes of failure, and the smaller value is used as
the overall bearing resistance. Two sets of equations are given for bearing at the end of the beam
and along the span of the beam. The equations are similar in form, but have slightly different
coefficients. Notably, these clauses include a distinct resistance factor for bearing, being smaller
than the resistance factor for flexural compression. The equations for bearing within the span of
the beam are giving in clause 10.10.8.1(a):

Br = φbi w( N + 10t ) Fy (102)

Br = 1.45φbi w2 Fy E

36
While the equations for bearing at the end of the beam are given in clause 10.10.8.1(b):

Br = φbe w( N + 4t ) Fy (103)
Br = 0.60φbe w2 Fy E
These equations are not the same as those given in S16. The S6 equations do not consider the
distance from the flange to the toe of the web fillet weld, nor the depth of the web. The
equations in S6 are derived from finite element analysis, while those from S16.1 are based on
empirical analysis.
If the bearing resistance of the web is less than the factored concentrated loads at the point of
application, bearing stiffeners are required. S6 also includes equations that determine the
bearing resistance of the bearing stiffeners.

37
5.0 Comparison of Codes for Plate Girder Design

In this section the requirements for the design of plate girder design will be compared between
the “Handbook of Steel Construction CAN/CSA-S16” and the “Canadian Highway Bridge
Design Code CAN/CSA-S6-00”. Plate girders can be used in bridges, as crane girders in
industrial buildings, and for long floor spans in other buildings. As their cross sections are
chosen according to the load demand of the individual structure, they are most economical and
efficient. Figure 21 shows plate girders employed in bridge span. Figure 22 shows plate girders
as a part of building floor system.

Figure 21 – Plate girders in the Oak Street Bridge, Vancouver

38
 Figure 22 – Plate girders in a building floor system

5.1 Design Requirement for Plate Girders

The building code and bridge code are similar in the major aspects of design of the plate girders.
The proportioning of flanges, web transverse stiffeners, and bearing stiffeners, design for
resistance of combined shear and moment, and resistance to web crippling and yielding are
similar in most parts in both the codes. Minor differences exist between the codes in the
proportioning.

The bridge code limits the minimum web thickness to 10mm while the building code has no such
restriction (S6.06 Clause 10.7.2). This restriction in bridge code is to reduce the susceptibility of
web to fatigue and brittle fracture. On the other hand, the building code restricts the web
slenderness ratio, h/w, to less that 83000/Fy, (S16.01 Clause 14.3.1) where
h = height of the web and clear distance between the flanges
w = thickness of the web
Fy = yield strength of the steel in MPa.
For Fy =350 MPa, the slenderness ratio is limited to 237. This limit is waived if it is proven that
the compression flange does not buckle under factored loads. In the case of bridge code, the

39
maximum slenderness ratio is 6000/√Fy, for webs stiffened with both longitudinal and transverse
stiffeners (S6.06 Clause 10.10.4.2). This ratio is equal to 321. A comparison of the ratios at first
indicates that the bridge code is more lenient with respect to web slenderness. However, it must
be noted that the use of longitudinal web stiffener would reduce to the effective height of web
and provides increased resistance to web buckling. In the case of building code, although the use
of transverse stiffeners is implicit, the limit on slenderness ratio is for webs without longitudinal
stiffeners. Hence, the building code is more lenient in limiting the web slenderness. However,
the building code specifies that the structures subjected to fatigue must have web slenderness
ratio less than 3150/√Fy, for webs with transverse stiffeners (S16.01 Clause 26.4.2). This is
similar to the restriction in the bridge code for webs with transverse stiffeners (S6.06 Clause
10.17.2.5). Therefore, the bridge code is more conservative with proportioning of webs due to
fatigue considerations. Similarly, for flanges the building code limits the maximum width-to-
thickness ratio to 60 (S16.01 Clause 13.5), whereas the bridge code restricts it to 30 (S6.06
Clause 10.10.3.4).

Furthermore, the bridge code replaces the web height h, with 2dc where dc is the depth of
compression portion of web, for the computation of web slenderness under flexural compression
(S6.06 Clause 10.10.3.1). This implies that the depth of compression in the web must be equal to
half of web height in order to be comparable to similar restrictions in the building code.
Therefore, the bridge code considers the web as slender when (2dc/w) >1900/√Fy, whereas the
building code considers it for h/w >1900/√ Fy.
The reduction in moment resistance due to slender web, in building code is computed as, (S16.01
Clause 14.3.4),
 h 
M r ' = M r 1 − 0.0005 w
A  − 1900  (104)
 Af w M f / φS 
  
where

Mr = factored moment resistance of the plate girder

Aw = web area
Af = flange area
Mf = maximum bending moment
φ = resistance factor of steel = 0.90
S = elastic section modulus

In bridge code, it is computed as (S6.06 Clause 10.10.4.3),

40
   2d 
M r ' = M r 1 −
Aw  c − 1900  (105)
 300 A + 1200 A  w M f / φS 
 w cf
 

where
φ = resistance factor of steel = 0.95
Acf = area of the compression flange
The comparison of equations 104 and 105 yields two main differences. The web height in
building code is replaced by 2dc in the bridge code and the factor of 0.0005 applied to the ratio of
web area to flange area. The factor of 0.0005 Aw/Af is equivalent to Aw/2000Af. If compression
flange area and web area are equivalent in equation 105, ratio of areas becomes Aw/1500Acf.
This implies that the bridge code specifies a greater reduction in the moment resistance for plate
girders with slender webs compared to the building code with a similar girder design.
Moreover, for the web in flexural and axial compression, the slenderness ratio limit in building
code includes φ factor applied to Cy, axial compression load at yield stress (S16.01 Table 2,
Clause 11.2). The bridge code follows the previous edition of the building code, which does not
include the φ factor (S6.06 Table 10.3). Both codes are similar in all other aspects of width-to-
thickness ratios.

Further major differences between the codes are in two main areas: stiffeners and openings. The
building code is more lenient with respect to the stiffeners than the bridge code. In building code,
the intermediate transverse stiffeners are waived if the factored shear resistance, Vr, is greater
than the shear force under factored load, Vf. In bridge code, the intermediate transverse stiffeners
must be designed unless h/w ≤ 150, and Vr > Vf (S6.06 Clause 10.10.6.1).
Another minor difference between the codes is in the computation of factored shear resistance.
The building code specifies greater shear resistance for h/w ≤ 439√kv/Fy, where kv is the shear
buckling coefficient (S16.01 Clause 13.4.1.1(a)). In contrast, the bridge code maintains that all
webs with slenderness ratio less than 502√kv/ Fy, have same shear resistance (S6.06 Clause
10.10.5.1).

In designing the transverse stiffeners, the building codes specifies the minimum moment of
inertia of the stiffener about the web, I, as (h/50)4, whereas the bridge code specifies

41
I ≥ aw3j (106)
where,
a = spacing between the stiffeners
j = 2.5(h/a)2 – 2 ≥ 0.5
Furthermore, the area of the transverse stiffeners is specified in the building code as (S16.01
Clause 14.5.3),

 aw  a/h  
As =  1 − CYD  (107)
 2  1 + ( a / h) 2  
   

Where

310000k v
C = 1− ≥ 0.10 (108)
Fy (h / w) 2

D = stiffener factor
Y = ratio of specified minimum yield point of web steel to specified minimum yield point of the
stiffener steel

The area in Eq. (27) can be further decreased by a ratio of Vf / Vr. In the case of bridge code, the
area of transverse stiffener is proportioned as (S6.06 Clause 10.10.6.2(b)),

 aw  a/h Vf 
As =  1 −  CD − 18w 2 Y ≥ 0 (109)
 2  1 + ( a / h) 2  Vr 
   

The comparison of the proportioning of As reveals that the bridge code allows lesser area of
stiffeners than the building code. Moreover, the bridge code specifies the width of the plate used
as stiffener to be greater than a quarter of the flange width. It should also be greater than
(50+h/30) (S6.06 Clause 10.10.6.2). The building code does not have these restrictions.

42
 Figure 23 – Transverse and longitudinal stiffeners in plate girders

Figure 24 – Plate girders with openings

In addition to the above differences, the building code addresses the connections of stiffeners,
proportioning of the end panel and cover plates to the flanges. These details are not addressed in
the bridge code. Instead, the proportioning of the longitudinal stiffeners and the design of
transverse stiffeners in the presence of longitudinal stiffeners are detailed. In contrast, the

43
building code does not stipulate design procedures for longitudinal stiffeners. The plate girders
in the buildings do not usually need the longitudinal stiffeners since it is more economical in
buildings to employ other structural systems, such as trusses, if greater shear resistance is
warranted. Figure 23 shows the transverse and longitudinal stiffeners in a plate girder for bridge.
Furthermore, openings in the plate girders are explicitly addressed in the building code. For the
plate girders utilized in the buildings, the openings are essential to run the building utilities. The
openings are not a concern in case of bridges and hence, these are not addressed in the bridge
code. Figure 24 shows the plate girders with openings. Table 2 summarizes the differences
between the building and bridge codes in the design of plate girders, along with the relevant
clauses.

Table 2 – Differences in the design of plate girders

Aspect of design Building Code Clause Bridge Code Clause

Minimum web thickness Not addressed 10.7.2

Web slenderness ratio 14.3.1 10.10.4.2
Width-to-thickness ratio Table 2 Table 10.3
Class 4 sections 13.5(c) 10.10.3.4
Reduction in moment resistance 14.3.4 10.10.4.3
for slender webs
Monosymmetric sections Not Addressed 10.10.2.3
Waiver of transverse stiffeners 13.4.1.1, 14.5 10.10.6.1
Factored shear resistance 13.4.1.1(a) Not addressed
Proportioning of moment of 14.5.3 10.10.6.2(a)
inertia of transverse stiffeners
Proportioning of area of 14.5.3 10.10.6.2(b)
transverse stiffeners
Proportioning of width of Not addressed 10.10.6.2(b)
transverse stiffeners
Connections of stiffeners 14.5.4 10.10.6.4
Proportioning of end panel 14.4.1 Not addressed
Cover plates of flanges 14.2.4 Not addressed
Longitudinal stiffeners Not addressed 10.10.7
Openings 14.3.3 Not addressed

44
6.0 Box Girder Design

Steel box girders are used in bridges due to their torsional capacity and good stability during
construction. Box girders are more stable and able to span greater distances than plate girders.
However the design and construction of box girders are more difficult than plate girders. The
shapes of box girders are usually rectangular or trapezoidal in and can be either open or closed,
as shown in below.

Multi-Spine Multi-Cell

"Bathtub" Trapezoidal Rectangular

Open top Closed top

Figure 25 – Common box sections
One component of the overall design procedure is to determine the capacity of the box girder
prior to attaining composite action with the concrete deck. This situation arises during
construction, when the concrete deck has not yet been poured, and after the concrete has been
poured but has not yet hardened. In such cases, the box girder is designed as a non-composite
steel section. This report will discuss this non-composite aspect of steel box girder design.
CAN/CSA-S16-01 guides the designer to consult alternative reference material such as SSRC’s
(Structural Stability Research Council) “Guide to Stability design criteria for metal structures”
for the design of box girders.

6.1 Section Classification

The maximum width-to- thickness ratios are presented as a constant divided by the square root
of the specified yield strength of the steel. The limiting values are given in the table below:

45
Table 3 – Section classification
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Description of Element
Flanges of box girders b 525 b 525 b 670
≤ ≤ ≤
t Fy t Fy t Fy

Webs in flexural compression h 1100 h 1700 h 1900

≤ ≤ ≤
t Fy t Fy t Fy

6.2 Shear Strength

6.2.1 Shear strength of box girders based on CAN/CSA-S16-01

The shear design of box girders based on CSA-S16-01 is presented in this section. The design is
applicable to design of both symmetric and mono-symmetric sections. The factored shear
resistance, Vr, developed by the web of the flexural member shall be taken as

Vr = ΦAw Fs (110)

where

Aw = Shear Area
Fs = as follows

h k
(a) when ≤ 439 v (111)
w Fy
Fs = 0.66 Fy
Kv h k
(b) when 439 < ≤ 502 v (112)
Fy w Fy
Fs = Fcri
Kv h k
(c) when 502 < ≤ 621 v (113)
Fy w Fy
Fs = Fcri + k a (0.50 Fy − 0.866 Fcri )

kv h
(d) when 621 < (114)
Fy w
Fs = Fcre + k a (0.50 Fy − 0.866 Fcri )

46
 kv = shear buckling coefficient
(i) when a / h < 1 (115)
5.34
kv = 4 +
( a / h) 2
(ii) when a / h ≥ 1 (116)

4
kv = 5.34 +
(a / h) 2
a = distance between the stiffeners
h = web depth

Fy K v
Fcri = 290 (117)
(h / w)
K a = aspect coefficient (118)
1
=
1 + ( a / h) 2

180000kv
Fcre = (119)
(h / w) 2

6.2.2 Shear strength of box sections according to SSRC

To find the shear strength of box section, the approach defined by SSRC’s (Structural Stability
Research Council) “Guide to Stability design criteria for metal structures” is also applicable
because in such sections the shear strength is the combination of strength provided by both, the
web before buckling and the diagonal tension after the buckling of the web.
The shear strength of the box-section can thus be found by the following formula:

Vu = VB + VT
VB = Dt w Fvcr
Dt w FT
VT =
2( 1 + α 2 + α )
(120)
Where
D = depth of the web between flanges
d 0 = transverse stiffener separation
α = do / D
t w = web thickness
Fvcr = critical buckling shear stress
FT = tension-field stress

47
There are various models to calculate the post-buckling strength of the web of the box or plate
girder. Basler (1963) was first to model the tension field action for the plate girder. Woulchuk
and Mayrbourl (1980) suggest the application of the Basler’s model, which is based on the
assumption of negligible bending rigidity of the flanges, for the box girders.
According to Basler tension field model (1963) tension field stress and critical buckling shear
stress are additive, assuming that tension field stress acts at 45 degree and the model uses the
resulting combination of the principal stresses in the linear approximation of the Mises yield
condition. This results in the following:

 F 
FT = Fyw 1 − vcr  (121)
 F 
 vyw 

where

Fyw = yield stress for web in tension

Fvyw = yield stress for web in shear
Fvcr = critical buckling shear stress

Figure 26 – Shear buckling of web

48
6.3 Bending Strength of Box Sections

SSRC guidelines are followed to estimate the flexural capacity of the box-section.
According to SSRC guide lines, “The flexural strength of box sections is rarely governed by
flexural torsional buckling. Instead the governing criteria is buckling of compression flange or
yielding of the tension flange, which ever occurs first”.
The bucking of the compression flange can calculated using the basic plate buckling equation:

π 2E
σc = k (122)
12(1 −ν 2 )(b / t ) 2

where

E = modulus of elasticity
ν = Poisson ratio
k= buckling coefficient
t = thickness of the compression flange
b = width of the plate (distance between the webs for this case)

The top flange is in the state of uniform compression. It can be assumed as a plate with simply
supported edges. In other words, buckling coefficient can be assumed as k=4.0.

If buckling stress is less than the yield stress then

M r = ΦScσ c
(123)

Otherwise
M r = ΦStσ t
(124)

where

σ t = yield stress in tension

σ c = compression flange buckling stress
St = section modulus for extreme tension fiber
S c = section modulus for extreme compression fiber

49
6.4 Design Based on CMAA

The analysis uses solid mechanics principles to calculate stresses at each panel in the box girder
and then uses the equations in CMAA standard to determe the limiting stresses.

6.4.1 Sectional properties

The neutral axis height, ў, and moment of inertia of the box girder section, Ixtot, are easily
calculated using equations 121 and 122.

∑ yi A i
y= (125)
A tot

I = ∑I + ∑ A (y − y)2 (126)
xtot xi i i

For the calculation of effective thickness of flanges or webs with the longitudinal stiffeners
smeared, equations 123 and 124 are used.

I xstiffenedplate = I xplate + ∑ I xstiffeners + ∑ A(yi − ystiffenedplate ) 2 (127)

1/ 3
 12I xstiffenedplate 
t eff =  (128)
 L
 plate 

6.4.2 Stresses

The factored moment and previously calculated sectional properties allow the calculation of the
longitudinal stresses at any point in the section (assuming that plane sections remain plane).

M y
σ= f (129)
I
xtot
The factored shear (assumed to be applied along the line of symmetry) gives rise to a shear flow
around the section, q, which is calculated using equation 126. The general distribution of shear
around the section is given in Figure below:
V
q = f Dx + qo (130)
I xtot
50
 VF

N. A.

Figure 27 - Shear flow around the section due to Vf

By taking a cut along the vertical line of symmetry of the bottom flange, the constant shear flow
term, qo, is zero and the shear flow, q, can be evaluated traveling anti-clockwise around the
section by evaluating Dx.

D x = − ∫os t yds − ∑ ysi Asi (131)

q
τ xy = (132)
t

Once the longitudinal (normal) and shear stresses are known, the principal stresses, σ1 and σ2,
can be calculated (the maximum and minimum normal stresses in a plane, always perpendicular
to each other and oriented in directions for which the shear stresses are zero).

2
σx + σy  σx + σy  2
σ1 , σ 2 = ±   + τ xy (133)
2  2 

The principal stresses are calculated at several discrete points; the intersection of the flanges and
web, the web stiffener locations, and at the neutral axis.

51
6.4.3 Yielding failure

These principal stresses are used to check for local yielding failure of the cross section using the
Von Mises failure criterion for plane stress, which is given in equation 130 (this assumes that
failure occurs when the energy of distortion reaches the same energy for yield/failure in uniaxial
tension).

σ12 − σ1σ 2 + σ22 ≤ Fy2 (134)

The von Mises yield criterion was chosen over other yield failure criteria such as the Tresca
criterion, as it is more conservative.

6.4.4 Buckling failure

Equations presented in section 2 are used to check for local buckling of the sub panels between
longitudinal stiffeners and also the wider panels with the longitudinal stiffeners smeared to
create a plate with increased thickness.
Lateral-torsional buckling is not evaluated for the closed cell box girder, as it is unlikely that this
failure mode will dominate for typical box girders. However if the height to width ratio of the
box is relatively large, lateral-torsional buckling may dominate and needs to be evaluated.

6.4.5 Stiffeners

No provision for design of stiffeners has been made in the box girder formatted spreadsheet,
buckling of the longitudinal stiffeners can be avoided through conformance with slenderness
limits given in the Standard.

52
7.0 Introduction to Formatted Spreadsheet
The formatted spreadsheet applies macros in Microsoft Excel to perform the required
calculations. Therefore, the user should have enabled macros in Excel for the spreadsheet to
perform properly. The formatted spreadsheet starts with a diagram or an image describing the
problem in the description area. This is shown in the following figure:

Figure 28 – Description section

The next section is the input section. The user is required to enter the value for the parameters in
column G. Column H is the unit of the parameter, Column B represents the full name of variable
or parameter. Column C represents the short variable name which is used in the equations. This
is shown in the figure below:

53
 Figure 29 – Input section

The last section is the calculations section. The user does not require to enter any inputs here.
Column E represents the equations used. The references for the equations or formulas can be
found in column I. This is shown in the figure below:

Figure 30 – Calculation section

To perform the calculations, the user is required to press Alt/F8 simultaneously, to bring up the
macro table FormatSheet is already selected, therefore only the Enter key needs to be pressed.

Figure 31 – Macro window

54
The macro fills in all equal signs, and then parses the equations from text to working formulae in
column G with relative referencing.

Figure 32 – Equations and referrences

If the user wants to change something in the input, as long as it is the numerical value in column

G is changed, the entire spreadsheet will immediately change the results. Therefore, it is not

required to press Alt/F8 again.

55
8.0 Design Using Formatted Spreadsheet

Formatted spreadsheets are developed for ease of design. The spreadsheets follow the same
approach given by the Standard and presented in the preceding sections.

8.1 Plate Girder Spreadsheet

The plate girder spreadsheet consists of three sub sheets. The first sheet is based on CAN/CSA-
S16 standard. The second sheet is design based on CAN/CSA-S6-00 standard. The third sheet is
design of plate girder based on the combination of both codes. The spreadsheets are applicable to
both doubly-symmetric mono-symmetric sections. The figure below illustrates the section and
side view of the mono-symmetric plate girder.

Figure 33 – Side view and section of mono-symmetric plate girder

The following sections provide complete user guide for the plate girder spreadsheet.

56
8.1.1 User input

The spreadsheet requires the user to enter the parameters such as material strength properties,
length of span, maximum factored shear and moment in the span and section geometry
(single/double symmetry). Figure below illustrates the input parameters.

INPUT LOAD PARAMETERS

span L = 32.0[m]
factored moment Mf = 6200[kNm]
factored shear Vf = 2200[kN]
max. (space for) girder depth d_max = 3200[mm]

INPUT MATERIAL PROPERTIES

specified material yield strength Fy = 300[MPa]
ultimate material yield strength Fu = 450[MPa]
weld metal strength Xu = 490[MPa]
material Shear Modulus G = 77000[MPa]
material Young's Modulus Est = 200000[MPa]
performance factor φ = 0.9
performance factor for welds φw = 0.67

Figure 34 - User input

8.1.2 Preliminary girder dimension computation

The most economical girder dimensions are computed based on the user input in the previous
section. However, the user is also given the option to enter his/her desirable dimension for
further calculation. This is shown in the following figure

INPUT GIRDER DIMENSIONS

Select Girder Parameters
web thickness w = 18[mm]
web depth h = 1600[mm]
compression flange width b_com = 500[mm]
compression flange thickness t_com = 32[mm]
tension flange width b_ten = 500[mm]
tension flange thickness t_ten = 32[mm]

Figure 35 - Girder parameters

57
8.1.3 Girder resistance calculation

The spreadsheet calculates the moment resistance of the section based on girder dimensions
given. This is dependent on the class of web and flanges. Next, the spreadsheet calculates the
shear resistance of the girder. The shear resistance depends on the thickness of the web, the
presence of transverse stiffeners and their spacing. The analysis also checks if transverse
stiffeners are required. Then the combined action of the applied shear and moment is checked to
ensure that it has sufficient capacity.

8.1.4 Transverse stiffeners

The spreadsheet allows the user to enter the required data such as number of stiffeners, shape
and dimension of the stiffeners. This is shown in the following figure:

INPUT TRANSVERSE
STIFFENERS

stiffener type stiff_type = plate angle/plate

stiffener furnishing stiff_furn = pair pair/single
stiffener yield strength Fy_stiff = 350 [MPa]

stiffener thickness primary leg ts_a = 6 [mm]

stiffener width primary leg bs_a = 200 [mm]
stiffener thickness secondary leg ts_b = 12 [mm]
stiffener width secondary leg bs_b = 100 [mm]
stiffener effective length factor K = 0.75 >=0.75
Figure 36 - Transverse stiffener parameters

Furthermore, the spreadsheet checks to see if the stiffeners have the adequate slenderness and
capacity.

8.1.5 Bearing stiffeners

The spreadsheet allows the user to enter the required data for the check of the bearing stiffeners.
The spreadsheet accounts for both interior and end bearing stiffeners. This is
shown in following figure:

58
INPUT BEARING STIFFENERS
factored load Cf = 1600 [kN]
performance factor φbi = 0.8
weld performance factor φω = 0.7
performance factor φbe = 0.75
length of the bearing plate N = 300 [mm]
flange to web weld depth d_weld = 6 [mm]
bearing stiffeners under load bea_stiff_i = exist exist/none
end bearing stiffeners bea_stiff_e = exist exist/none
end stiffener width bs_e = 125 [mm]
end stiffener thickness ts_e = 16 [mm]
intermediate stiffener width bs_i = 125
intermediate stiffener thickness ts_i = 12
stiffener contact length cpl = 100 [mm]
parameter n = 1.34
Figure 37 - Bearing stiffener parameters

Bearing resistance must be calculated for both possible modes of failure, namely localized
buckling and yielding. The smaller value is noted as the bearing resistance by the spreadsheet.

8.1.6 Weld design and girder weight computation

The spreadsheet checks the adequacy of weld between flanges and web (two fillet welds each).
The required user inputs for this check are the weld size, length and spacing. The figure below
illustrates the user input;

INPUT WELD DESIGN

Select Weld Between Flanges and Web (two fillet
welds each)
weld size w_size = 8 [mm]
intermittend weld length w_length = 200 [mm]
spacing on centre w_spacing = 400 [mm]
Figure 38 - Input weld design

The spreadsheet calculates the shear flow per length of the girder and checks to see if the weld
shear resistance is adequate. Finally, the spreadsheet computes the total weight per girder. The
spreadsheet requires the user to enter the density of steel in kg/mm3.

59
8.2 Box Girder Spreadsheet

For the design of closed box girders, a formatted spreadsheet was developed which checks for
local buckling or yielding of a monosymmetric box girder stiffened longitudinally and
transversely, with webs and flanges each stiffened longitudinally with two stiffeners. The
spreadsheet contains of two sub spreadsheets. The first spreadsheet is based on CAN/CSA-S16
standard and SSRC guidelines. The second spreadsheet is based on basic solid mechanics
principles and CMAA standard. The spreadsheets require the user to enter the complete
dimensions of the girder according to the figure provided below.

ITFS,ATFS
LTF tTF,ITF,ATF

XTFS2 hws
XTFS1

yTFS

yWS2 LW
IWS,AWS

yWS1
yBFS XBFS1
XBFS2

LBF
IBFS,ABFS
tBF,IBF,ABF
Figure 39 - Monosymmetric box girder designed in spreadsheet

60
The input section is shown in the figure below.

INPUT

Factored Loads and Moments

Factored Moment Mf = 3500.00[kNm]
Factored Shear Vf = 1750.00[kN]

Material Properties
Material Yield Strength Fy = 350.00[MPa]
Material Young's Modulus E = 200000[MPa]
Material poisson's ratio v = 0.30
Performance Factor φ = 0.90

Girder Dimensions
web thickness t_w = 20.00[mm]
web length L_w = 900.00[mm]
Top flange width L_tf = 500.00[mm]
Top flange thickness t_tf = 35.00[mm]
Bottom flange width L_bf = 300.00[mm]
Bottom flange thickness t_bf = 25.00[mm]
Web Longitudinal stiffener moment of Inertia I_ws = 131000[mm^4]
Web longitudinal stiffener area A_ws = 524.00[mm^2]
web longitudinal stiffener 1 height y_ws1 = 250.00[mm]
web longitudinal stiffener 2 height y_ws2 = 875.00[mm]
web longitudinal stiffener offset h_ws = 31.90[mm]
Top flange Longitudinal stiffener moment of Inertia I_tfs = 131000[mm^4]
Top flange Longitudinal stiffener area A_tfs = 524.00[mm^2]
Top flange longitudinal stiffener height y_tfs = 913.60[mm]
Top flange stiffener 1 offset x_tfs1 = 166.67[mm]
Top flange stiffener 2 offset x_tfs2 = 333.33[mm]
Bottom flange Longitudinal stiffener moment of I_bfs
Inertia = 131000[mm^4]
Bottom flange Longitudinal stiffener area A_bfs = 524.00[mm^2]
Bottom flange longitudinal stiffener height y_bfs = 41.90[mm]
Bottom flange stiffener 1 offset x_bfs1 = 100.00[mm]
Bottom flange stiffener 2 offset x_bfs2 = 200.00[mm]

Stiffeners
Transverse stiffener/internal diaphragm spacing a = 2000.00[mm]
Transverse Stiffeners stf = exist(exist/none)
Longitudinal Web Stiffeners stf_lw = exist (exist/none)
Longitudinal Flange Stiffeners stf_lf = exist (exist/none)
Number of Longitudinal stiffeners n = 2.00

Figure 40 – Input section-box girder spreadsheet

61
The spreadsheet is designed in a way that it calculates the flexural resistance and shear resistance
of the section with and without longitudinal stiffeners. If there are no stiffeners, the user has to
enter “none” in the input section for stiffeners
The spreadsheet checks for the web-crippling and compression flange buckling and calculates
the ultimate moment resistance of the box girder using SSRC guidelines. Furthermore, the shear
resistance of the girder is calculated using both the CSA-S16 code and SSRC guidelines as
described in sections 6.1 to 6.3. The second spreadsheet follows the exact procedure and
equations explained in section 6.4.

62
9.0 Fabrication Considerations

Evaluation of the economics of design often includes a perception that least weight and least cost
are synonymous. Although cost of a structure is related to the weight of steel material, there are
numerous other considerations in purchasing, fabricating, shipping, and erection and effective
use of material locally which may override the decision to aim for a least weight structure. Some
of these considerations require familiarity with purchasing, fabricating and erecting processes.
Various fabricators have their own processes, and it is difficult for a designer to produce a design
to satisfy everyone. Fabricators should be allowed flexibility in detailing, with designer
approval, to make adjustments to the number and location of splices.
Material content is only one element in the cost equation and will represent about 20% to 30% of
the total ‘in place’ cost in fairly standard bridges.
The total rate per tonne (metric = 1000 kg) of steel depends on several factors, including:

Complexity of details

Quality control requirements

Amount of welding, including grinding, type and amount of inspection etc…

The amount of repetition and reuse of assembly jigs

Size and number of individual pieces to be fabricated

Other demands on shop space, particularly when large box girders are involved

The access for erection

Number of girder field splices

The allowable fabrication tolerances are defined in W59, clauses 5.8 and 5.9. The tolerances in
the individual pieces that make up a continuous span will be additive.

9.1 Materials

Weathering steel is now the norm for bridges in Canada. Painted steels are used in environments
not considered acceptable for the weathering process, such as continued wetness due to climate
and precipitation, proximity to airborne chlorides e.g. near the sea coast or above a high traffic
volume expressway, and exposure to harsh industrial environments. In many cases weathering
steel is selected even when a paint system is to be applied due its lower strength to cost ratio and
its ability to form a superior base for paint systems.
A designer needs to be aware of the plate sizes available so that spices in webs and flanges are
kept to a minimum, particularly longitudinal splices which should be avoided. The maximum

63
length of plate that may be supplied is dependent on the thickness of the plate and the material
type, and will vary from mill to mill and hence local fabricators should be consulted.
The designer should also be aware of other factors which influence material cost such as:

There is a small premium on plates longer than 18 meters (about 4%)

Plates less than 9 mm thick and more than 25mm thick attract a premium of from 4% - 8%

Small orders also incur mill extras and small quantities of any one plate thickness should be
avoided.
As a general guide the maximum piece-weight for handling in the shop is of the order of 50
tonnes, and the optimum length for the shop is about 27m although these values are increasing.

9.2 Proportioning of Spans

When there is choice in the positioning of piers for a continuous bridge. The end spans should be
approximately 75% of the length of the main span, this will permit balancing of dead and live
load moments, reduce the potential for uplift at the abutments, and permit the most economical
design when proportioning the girder.

9.3 Selection of a Girder Cross Section

For compositely designed continuous spans, the designer should start with a main span to girder
depth ration of approximately 28 for box girders and 26 for I girders. On bridges where there are
no pedestrians the bridge may be made more slender due to the reduced deflection requirements,
ratios of 30 to 34 may be used successfully.

9.4 Webs

The optimum web thickness and subsequent number of transverse stiffeners depends on the
depth of the web and should be considered. For example, it is economically advantageous to
have an unstiffened web if the girder is 1200 mm deep or less. The economics of unstiffened
webs decreases as web depth increases. Sometimes the minimum web thickness is dictated by
the method of construction such as launching, in this case thicker webs will usually be the
economical solution because of local bearing, buckling, and crippling considerations, as well as
overall stability.

64
Changes in web thickness should coincide with either a field splice or a maximum length of mill
material available for the thickness and depth of web being considered. In addition, it will
usually be found satisfactory to avoid grinding or to use only nominal grinding to touch up the
profile of full penetration butt welds in the web when using the submerged arc process. In many
cases it will be found economical to maintain a constant thickness of web throughout the girder,
varying the spacing of intermediate transverse stiffeners according to the shear diagram and
possible eliminating transverse stiffeners in the areas of low shear.

The recommended minimum web thickness is ½ inch as thinner plate is subject to excessive
distortion from welding. Web thickness increments should be 1/16 inch up to a plate thickness of
¾ inch, use 1/8 increments up to 1 inch, if the web plate needs to be thicker than 1 inch, use ¼
inch increments.

For web splices use the submerged arc process and avoid grinding if possible, or use only
nominal grinding to touch up the profile of full penetration butt welds in the web. Web shop
splices should be at least 10 feet apart and at least 6 inches away from a flange splice or
transverse stiffener, in order to facilitate testing of the weld.

9.5 Stiffeners

Welding of bearing stiffeners to the bottom flange should be specified as fillet welds, use of full
penetration welds is costly and can cause distortion of the bottom flange, thus making it difficult
to achieve the desired flatness for the sole plate or bearing. For composite bridge girders,
stiffeners welded to the top flange throughout do not alter the fatigue category of the flange
(already Class ‘C’ because of the studs).

The use of both transverse and longitudinal stiffeners is difficult to avoid on deeper girders.
However every effort should be made to place longitudinal stiffeners on one side of the web,
with transverse stiffeners on the other so that interferences occur only where the longitudinal
stiffener meets the double sided web stiffeners used on I girders for connection of cross frames.
Fabricators have indicated that flat bars are typically more economical than plates for stiffeners.
The clear distance between longitudinal stiffeners should be no less than 24 inches, to
accommodate automated welding equipment.

65
It is highly preferable not to have several stiffener sizes for a girder. Bearing stiffener thickness
that matches the flange thickness is suggested. Bearing stiffeners should be thick enough to
preclude the need for multiple bearing stiffeners at any given bearing, as multiple stiffeners
present fabrication difficulties and usually are not needed.
It is very important that the width be sufficient to provide clearance for field welding of
diaphragm members to the stiffener. Four inches or more of clearance between the web face and
a vertical weld on a gusset plate/diaphragm member is required for good welding access. Three
inches or more of clearance is needed between a gusset plate/diaphragm member and a flange.
For box girders, the current trend is to longitudinally stiffen the webs and flanges and use
internal diaphragms, without the requirement for transverse stiffeners.

9.6 Flanges

When deciding how to fit the flange sizes of a girder to the moment envelope, the designer must
consider the cost implications as well as technical factors. The trade-off to be considered here is
the cost of the material saved by reducing the flange size versus the cost of the full penetration
but welded splice in the material including; material preparation, fitting up, welding, gouging,
grinding, inspection and possibly repairs and so can involve a considerable number of man-
hours.

In I girders and open top box girders, the designer may change the flange width or thickness or
both. It is usually more economical to produce several flange splices simultaneously, this process
involves butting two thicknesses of plate, wide enough to produce 2,4 or 6 flanges, producing
one butt weld across them and then flame cutting (stripping or ripping) the flanges
longitudinally. Thus by making the flanges a constant width between field splices, the costly
procedure of butt welding individual plates is avoided, although this is not always possible e.g. a
constant width may require a flange which is locally beyond a practical thickness. If flange
widths are varied, it is best to change the width at field splices only
Top and bottom flanges should be the same width. Girders in positive bending that are composite
with a slab can have a top flange narrower than the bottom flange, but the weight savings
achieved are typically not worth the reduced lateral stability prior to hardening of the deck. Also,
if continuous construction is used, the top flange width would normally have to be increased for
the negative moment sections, which creates slab-forming difficulties.

66
The desirable maximum flange thickness is 3 inches. Grade 50 and HPS70W steels are not
available in thicknesses greater than 4 inches. Weld time is disproportionately increased when
splicing plates thicker than 3 inches. A 10-foot minimum length should be used for any given
flange segment on a girder. It is only economical to introduce a flange splice if it is possible to
save about 800 – 1000 pounds, these numbers are approximate and are a function of the current
cost of steel plate. Flange thickness increments should be 1/8 inch for thicknesses from ¾ to 1
inch, ¼ inch from 1 to 3 inches, and ½ inch from 3 to 4 inches. A change in thickness should be
made at a slope of 1 in 2½.

Flange thicknesses should be sufficient to preclude the need for lateral bracing. Lateral bracing is
to be avoided because it creates fatigue-sensitive details and is costly to fabricate and install.
Flange splices should be located at least 6 inches away from a web splice or transverse stiffener,
in order to facilitate testing of the weld. Splices should be at least 10 feet apart. Field splices are
good locations to change flange sizes.

Top flanges for open box girders should follow the suggestions for plate girder flanges, except
for the stability criteria. Top and bottom flanges of closed box girders and bottom flanges of
open box girders should extend past the centerline of each web a minimum of 2 inches to allow
for automated welding equipment. Flange width is somewhat dependent on the need for enough
room inside the box girder to allow the passage of inspection personnel. Provision must be made
for entrance to the box girder by inspection personnel, typically a hatch-type, lockable door at
each end of the box is sufficient.

For wide bottom flanges of box girders, plate distortion during fabrication and erection can be a
problem. Designer should check with fabricators when using bottom tension flange plates of less
than 1” thickness in order to determine whether practical stiffness needs are met. In no case
should bottom tension flanges be less than ½” thick.

9.7 Field Splices

The gap between girder ends should be made large enough to accommodate normal shop
tolerances. A dimension of 10mm is commonly used, smaller values would be difficult to work
to, and unnecessarily expensive.
67
Designer should use one bolt diameter throughout a structure, if practical, and ensure that it is
physically possible to install bolts in their specified locations.
When welded field splices are specified, usually it is because aesthetics are paramount and a
bolted splice is deemed unattractive. They have several disadvantages compared with bolted and
are rarely seen. It can be difficult to detail an all welded splice to have acceptable fatigue and
fracture performance, not to mention the problems of welding (including possible repairs),
grinding and inspecting the welds in the field. Temporary connections are required to hold the
parts in alignment during welding, and the accuracy of fabrication and fit up is more critical than
with a bolted splice.

9.8 Fatigue Details

Flanges with welded shear studs and a web with welded transverse stiffeners both fall into
Category ‘C’. Grinding is expensive and if carried out improperly can be detrimental to the
fatigue life of the structure. Each tension flange butt weld should be radiographed, compression
flange butt splices should be radio-graphed randomly (form 10% to 25%) and only butt splices in
webs in critical tensile areas (e.g. 20% of the web adjacent to a tension flange) should be radio-
graphed. A radius should be provided at the end of the gusset to eliminate a sharp notch, reduce
the stiffness at the tip and minimize longitudinal stresses at the tip of the attachment.

68
10.0 Erection Considerations

A well conceived economical steel bridge requires consideration of its erection at two stages in
the design process. Firstly, erection must be considered at the concept stage because it typically
represents about 30% of the superstructure cost and therefore the most economical arrangement
cannot evolve without its consideration. Truss versus girder, curved versus parallel chords and
flanges, continuity, main member dimensions, drop in spans, pier arrangements, etc… all have
significance at this stage.

Secondly, erection must be considered at the detail stage. Details of splices, diaphragms, bracing
and pier members are very significant contributors to erection cost.
Those elements which are in the control of the designer should be designed to facilitate
construction wherever possible. Field labor is very expensive, therefore keep things simple.
Realistic tolerances must be built into the system wherever shop fabricated elements meet field
construction. Access to splices, anchor bolts and bearings and adequate space to install jacks is
very necessary for proper installation, inspection and future maintenance.

Constant depth or Curved chords: Strictly from an erection point of view, constant depth girders
have the advantage. Pier sections of haunched girders frequently require extraordinary effort in
shipping, handling and turning because of their increased bulk. Constant depth girders are much
easier to ship, to turn and to lift and block.

Plate girder or box girder:From an erection point of view, the box girders are usually preferable
to the plate girders because there are fewer pieces of girder and less bracing. Box girders are
reasonably stable in shipping, handling and free cantilever, whereas plate girders, particularly if
slender in flange width, can pose stability problems in shipping, and handling and frequently
require top chord stiffening trusses in cantilever erection.

Plate girders can often be nested during shipping whereas the internal diaphragms present in
common box girders prevent nesting.

The particular configuration of box selected has a very significant effect on the erection cost of
the bridge. Unless circumstances dictate boxes larger than about 3.5 m in width should be
avoided because they will cause excessive shipping and handling problems and, in the limit, will
require a longitudinal splice.

Box girders having more than two webs should be avoided except for special situations such as
an axial girder cable stayed bridge.

69
Flange width has an impact on the stability of the girder during handling and erection. According
to an industry rule of thumb, I-girders will be stable if their length is less than or equal to 60
times the flange width. If this is exceeded the erector and fabricator may need to use temporary
bracing to handle and erect the girder.

The maximum economy will result if the fabricator/erector is permitted freedom to choose the
splice locations that best suit his equipment. If the strength requirements of the splices are
spelled out in general terms in the drawings and specifications, then the Contractor can detail the
bridge with his preferred splice locations for the Engineer’s approval.

It is common to have all holes drilled or punched sub-size and then reamed to full size in full
girder assembly of not fewer than three girder sections, laid on blocking corresponding to the
cambered shape. If this method is performed accurately, all components should fit precisely in
the field and the required bridge geometry will be attained. This method has the advantage of
minimum time spent on field fitting and rework, as well as optimum quality in the connection.
However it should be noted that the large assemblies tie up a lot of shop space and reaming is
very time consuming.

While angle bracing and diaphragms are very cheap to fabricate, they are generally very
expensive to erect, due to the cost of the crane and labor for erection. In order to minimize these
costs, the designer should not use bracing and diaphragms indiscriminately, but only were
strictly necessary.

70
11.0 Conclusions

This report has outlined the CAN/CSA S16.1 approach to the design of doubly symmetric plate
girders. The Standard gives a prescriptive method which was easily transferable to formatted
spreadsheets, this report expands on the clause equations to give some explanation of their
derivation and why they are applied. In order to expand on the applicability of the spreadsheet,
equations for analyzing the lateral-torsional buckling resistance of monosymmetric plate girders
was obtained from CAN/CSA-S6-06 (Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code). There is a high
level of confidence in using the plate girder spreadsheet, as it is based entirely on CSA standards
equations and clauses.

Design of steel box girders is based on a more fundamental approach was required. This
approach is influenced by equations given in the Crane Code (CMAA Specifications #70 &
#74), which allows plate elements of box girders subject to combined linearly varying normal
edge stress and shear stress to be checked for buckling. A formatted spreadsheet was created for
the design of closed cell box girders, however unlike the spreadsheets for the design of plate
girders which are based on limit states design, this spreadsheet is based on allowable or working
stress design. The second spreadsheet is also developed for the design of box girders based on
CAN/CSA S16.1 Standard and the equations provided in SSRC’s Guide to Stability Design
Criteria for Metal Structures. To ease the use of spreadsheet, a complete manual is provided in
the report.

This report also includes a discussion of economical and practical aspects associated with the
design, fabrication and erection of steel plate and box girders. The general considerations given
are true across North America, and will continue to be true for the foreseeable future. However
the reader should bear in mind that the exact values given will vary from one geographical
location to the next and also with time. In any case it is of paramount importance to collaborate
with and receive input from local fabricators when designing plate and box girders, in order to
ensure a practical and economical design.

71
References

[1] Basler, K., Thurlimann,B. Trans., “Strength of Plate Girders in Bending”, ASCE, Vol.
128, Part II, p.655, 1963

[2] Bridge Design Specifications, 2nd Edition Washington D.C, American Association of
Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 1997

[3] Bridge Design Specifications, 3rd Edition, Washington D.C, American Association of
Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 2004

[4] CAN/CSA-S6-06. Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC) A National

Standard of Canad , CSA International, Toronto, Ontario, November 2006

[5] Commentary to the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code – CAN/CSA-S6-00 CSA
International, Toronto, Ontario, 2006

[6] Concrete Design Handbook, 3rd Edition, Cement Association of Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada, January 2006

[7] Crane Code (CMAA Specifications #70 & #74, revised 2000, Material Handling
Industry)

[8] Handbook of Steel Construction, 8th Edition, third printing, Toronto, Ontario, Canadian
Institute of Steel Construction,, December 2005

[9] Kulak Grondin, “Limit States Design in Structural Steel”, 8th Edition, Willowdale,
Ontario, CISC, 2006

[10] Preferred Practices for Steel Bridge Design, Fabrication and Erection, Texas, Texas
Steel Quality Council, Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), November, 2000

[11] Steel Bridges, Design, Fabrication, Construction, ‘Notes and References’, Canadian
Institute of Steel Construction

72
[12] Taylor, “Bridge Erection – The designer’s Role”, Canadian Structural Engineering
Conference, 1982

[13] Theodore V. Galambos, “Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal Structures”, New
York, John Wiley & Sons, 1998

[14] Wolchuk, R., Mayrbourl, “Proposed Design Specification for Steel Box Girder
Bridges”, Washington, D.C, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway
Administration, 1980

73
Appendices

74
Appendix A: Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

75
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

DESIGN OF PLATE
GIRDERS REFERENCES

INPUT GENERAL
PARAMETERS
specified material yield
strength Fy = 300[MPa]
ultimate material yield
strength Fu = 450[MPa]
weld metal strength Xu = 490[MPa]
performance factor Φ = 0.90
performance factor for Φw
welds = 0.67

76
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

span L = 25.0[m]
factored moment Mf = 9000[kNm]
factored shear Vf = 3000[kN]
max. (space for) girder
depth d_max = 4000[mm]

COMPUTATIONS
GENERAL PARAMETERS
Slenderness Limits
min.web SL for red.
moment SL_wmin = 1900/SQRT(Fy) = 110 $14.3.4
max. web slenderness SL_wmax = 83000/Fy = 277 $14.3.1
max. flange slenderness SL_fmax = 200/SQRT(Fy) = 12 $11.2 Table 2

Preliminary Sizing
height for max bending
efficiency h_a = 540*(Mf/Fy)^(1/3) = 1678[mm]
maximum shear strength Fs = 0.66*Fy = 198.00[MPa] $13.4.1.1(a)
2
minimum web area Aw_min = Vf*1000/(φ*Fs) = 16835[mm ]
min web thickness w_a = Aw_min/h_rec = 10.0[mm]
recommended web
slenderness SL_recw = h_rec/ w_a = 167
ratio of web slendernesses r_SLw = SL_recw/SL_wmax = 0.60
2
minimum flange area Af_min = Mf * 1000000 / ( Fy * h_rec) = 17879[mm ]
recommended web
thickness w_rec = IF(r_SLw>1,w_a*r_SLw,w_a) = 10[mm]
recommended web depth h_rec = IF(h_a>d_max,d_max,h_a) = 1678[mm]
recommended flange
thickness t_rec = SQRT((Af_min/SL_fmax)/2) = 28[mm]
recommended flange width b_rec = Af_min/t_rec = 643[mm]
total girder depth d_rec = 2*t_rec+h_rec = 1734[mm]

77
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

INPUT GIRDER
PARAMETERS
Select Girder Parameters
web thickness W = 18[mm]
web depth H = 1600[mm]
flange thickness T = 32[mm]
flange width B = 500[mm]

CHECKS CONCEPTUAL
DESIGN
IF(h/w>SL_wmax,"reduce slenderness of
web slenderness check s_w_chec = web","web slenderness OK") = web slenderness OK
efficiency web slenderness wb_eff = (h/w)/SL_wmax = 0.32
IF(b/(2*t)>SL_fmax,"reduce flange flange slenderness
flange slenderness check sL_fsel_chec = slenderness ","flange slenderness OK") = OK
efficiency flange
slenderness fl_eff = (b/(2*t))/SL_fmax = 0.68
IF(d_sel>d_max,"reduce recommended
girder depth check d_sel_chec = girder depth","girder depth OK") = girder depth OK
efficiency flange
slenderness d_eff = d_sel/d_max = 0.42

Fs = 0.66Fy
Fs Fs = 290 Fykv
MPa
(h/w) Fs = 290 Fykv + Ft
(h/w)
Ft Fs = 180000 kv + Ft
(h/w)2
Ft

83000
439
kv 621 kv Web slenderness h/w
Fy Fy Fy
502 kv
Fy

78
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

INPUT TO CHECK SHEAR

RESISTANCE
transverse stiffeners exist? Stiffeners = exist(exist/none)
intermediate trans. stiff. A = 2000[mm]
spacing
panel location p_loc = interiorinterior/end
anchorage for end panel Anch = yesyes/no $15.7.1
factored shear in end panel Vf_e = 3000[kN]

CALCULATIONS OF
SHEAR RESISTANCE

2
web area Aw = h*w = 28800[mm ]
panel Ratio a_h = a/h = 1.25
factored shear stress Ff_i = (Vf/Aw)*1000 = 104.17[MPa]
factored shear stress at end Ff_e = (Vf_e/Aw)*1000 = 104.17[MPa]
panel
Panel Ratio Check
max panel ratio one a_hmax_a = 67500/(s_w)^2 = 8.54 $14.5.2 Table 5
max panel ratio two a_hmax_b = 3 = 3.00 $14.5.2 Table 5
panel ratio check a_hcheck = IF(stiffeners="exist",IF(s_w>150,IF(a_h<=a = OK $14.5.2 Table 5
_hmax_a,"OK","decrease stiffener
spacing"),IF(a_h<=a_hmax_b,"OK","decrea
se stiffener spacing")),"NA")

Web Slenderness Check

web maximum allowable s_wmax = 83000/Fy = 277 $14.3.1
slenderness
web slenderness s_w = h/w = 89
web slenderness check s_wcheck = IF(s_w>s_wmax,"reduce = slenderness OK $14.3.1
slenderness","slenderness OK")

79
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

Ultimate Shear Stress (Fs)

(a) yielding in shear Fs_a = 0.66 * Fy = 198.00[MPa] $13.4.1.1(a)
(b) elasto-plastic action Fs_b = F_cri = 158.83[MPa] $13.4.1.1(b)
(c) tension field action Fs_c = F_cri+ka*(0.5*Fy -0.866*F_cri) = 166.61[MPa] $13.4.1.1(c)
(d) elastic buckling Fs_d = F_cre+ka*(0.5*Fy-0.866*F_cre) = 176.31[MPa] $13.4.1.1(d)

tension field contribution Ft = ka*(0.5*Fy-0.866*F_cre) = -3.66[MPa]

coefficient for no stiffeners kv_n = 5.34 = 5.34
coefficient case a/h<1 kv_s1 = 4+5.34/(a/h)^2 = 7.42 $13.4.1.1
coefficient case a/h>=1 kv_s2 = 5.34+4/(a/h)^2 = 7.90 $13.4.1.1
kv_s = IF(a/h<1,kv_s1,kv_s2) = 7.90 $13.4.1.1
Kv = IF(stiffeners = "none",kv_n,kv_s) = 7.90 $13.4.1.1
=
critical shear stress inelastic F_cri = 290 * (((Fy * kv)^.5)/(h / w)) = 158.83[MPa]
aspect coefficient Ka = 1/SQRT(1+(a/h)^2) = 0.62
critical shear stress elastic F_cre = 180000*kv/(s_w)^2 = 179.97[MPa]
-0.5
coefficient factor cF = SQRT(kv/Fy) = 0.16[MPa ]

slenderness case h/w Case = IF(s_w<=439*cF,"c_a",IF(s_w<=502*cF,"c_ = c_c

b",IF(s_w<=621*cF,"c_c","c_d")))
Fs_stiff = IF(case="c_a",Fs_a,IF(case="c_b",Fs_b,IF( = 166.61[MPa] $13.4.1.1 (a-d)
case="c_c",Fs_c,Fs_d)))
Fs_unstiff = IF(case="c_a",Fs_a,IF(case="c_b",Fs_b,IF( = 158.83[MPa] $13.4.1.1 (a-d)
case="c_c",F_cri,F_cre)))
stiffener check st_check = IF(Vf>(Fs_unstiff*Aw/1000),"transverse = transverse stiffener
stiffener required","transverse stiffener not not required
required")
F_s = IF(p_loc="interior",IF(stiffeners="exist",Fs_ = 166.61[MPa] $13.4.1.1 (a-d)
stiff,Fs_unstiff),IF(anch="yes",Fs_stiff,Fs_u
nstiff))

80
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

End Panel Calculation

minimum shear buckling kv_min = (Ff_e*(s_w)^2)/(180000*0.9) = 5.08
coefficient
minimum end panel spacing a_e = SQRT(MAX((4*h^2)/(kv_min-5.34),0)) = 0[mm]

FINAL CHECKS SHEAR

RESISTANCE
shear resistance Vr = φ * Aw * F_s / 1000 = 4318[kN] $13.4.1.1
efficiency shear resistance Vf_r = Vf_e/Vr = 0.69
check shear resistance Vcheck = IF(Vf_r<1,"OK","increase shear = OK
resistance")

INPUT 3: GIRDER PARAMETERS -

UNEQUAL FLANGES
compression flange width b_com = 500[mm]
compression flange t_com = 32[mm]

81
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

thickness
tension flange width b_ten = 500[mm]
tension flange thickness t_ten = 32[mm]
material Shear Modulus G = 77000[MPa]
material Young's Modulus Est = 200000[MPa]
unsupported Length Lu = 5000[mm]
(load/moment
girder loading: Uniform …. Load = load
)
longitudinal stiffener at 0.2d Long = noneexist/none
2
longitudinal stiffener area A_stiff = 2100 [mm ]
4
longitudinal stiffener weak [mm ]
Ix_stiff = 1.51E+06
axis I
4
longitudinal stiffener strong [mm ]
Iy_stiff = 1.51E+06
axis I
longitudinal strong neutral
x_stiffna = 27[mm]
axis height
long. stiff. strong axis plastic
Z_stiff = 0.00E+00[mm3]
modulus
point of application of
transverse loading as a g'' = 1
fraction of girder depth d
moment distribution factor ω2 = 1 $13.6(a)

CALCULATIONS OF
MOMENT RESISTANCE
Section Element
Slenderness and Class
flange max. allowable s_fmax
= = 60.0 $13.5 (c)
slenderness
flange (in compression)
s_f = b_com/2/t_com = 7.8
slenderness
IF(s_f>s_fmax,"reduce flange
flange slenderness check f_check = = flange width OK
width","flange width OK")

82
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

IF(s_f<=145/SQRT(Fy),"1",IF(s_f<=170/SQ
flange class f_class = = 1 $11.2 Table 2
RT(Fy),"2",IF(s_f<=200/SQRT(Fy),"3","4")))
IF(s_w<=1100/SQRT(Fy),"1",IF(s_w<=170
web class w_class = 0/SQRT(Fy),"2",IF(s_w<=1900/SQRT(Fy)," = 2 $11.2 Table 2
3","4")))
class_a = IF(f_class>w_class,f_class,w_class) = 2
IF(class_a="4",IF(w_class="4",IF(f_class="
section class Class = = 2 $13.5
4","4(i)","4(ii)"),"4(iii)"),class_a)
section class check cl_check = IF(class="4(i)","consult CSA S136","OK") = OK $13.5

Sectional Properites without Longitudinal

Stiffener
2
compression flange area Af_com = b_com*t_com = 16000.00 [mm ]
2
tension flange area Af_ten = b_ten*t_ten = 16000.00 [mm ]
2
total area A_tot = Aw+Af_com+Af_ten = 60800.00 [mm ]
overall girder depth Gd = h+t_ten+t_com = 1664[mm]
(Af_com*(gd-
neutral axis height y_na = t_com/2)+Af_ten*t_ten/2+Aw*(h/2+t_ten))/ = 832[mm]
A_tot
neutral axis height x_na = b_com/2 = 250[mm]
outermost fibre distance y_max = MAX(gd-y_na,y_na) = 832[mm]
4
1/12*(b_com*t_com^3 + [mm ]
strong axis second moment w*h^3+b_ten*t_ten^3)+Af_com*(gd- 2.745.E+
Ix = =
of area t_com/2-y_na)^2+Af_ten*(y_na- 10
t_ten/2)^2+Aw*(h/2+t_ten-y_na)^2
effective elastic
compression flange half be_a = 200*t_com/SQRT(Fy) = 370[mm] $13.5(c)iii
width
compression flange half
Bo = b_com/2 = 250[mm]
width
be_com = MIN(bo,be_a) = 250[mm] $13.5(c)iii
2
effective compression [mm ]
Af_come = 2*be_com*t_com = 16000
flange area

83
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)
2
total area A_tote = Aw+Af_come+Af_ten = 60800.00 [mm ]
(Af_come*(gd-
effective neutral axis height y_nae = t_com/2)+Af_ten*t_ten/2+Aw*(h/2+t_ten))/ = 832[mm]
A_tote
effective outermost fibre
y_maxe = MAX((gd-y_nae),y_nae) = 832[mm]
distance
4
1/12*(2*be_com*t_com^3 + [mm ]
effective strong axis second w*h^3+b_ten*t_ten^3)+Af_come*(gd- 2.745.E+
Ixe = =
moment of area t_com/2-y_nae)^2+Af_ten*(y_nae- 10
t_ten/2)^2+Aw*(h/2+t_ten-y_nae)^2
3.29977E 3
elastic section modulus S = Ix/y_max = [mm ]
+07
effective elastic section 3.29977E 3
Se = Ixe/y_maxe = [mm ]
modulus +07
1/4*(b_com*t_com^2+w*h^2+b_ten*t_ten^2
)+Af_com*((gd-t_com/2-
3.78880E 3
plastic section modulus Z = y_na)^2)^0.5+Af_ten*((y_na- = [mm ]
+07
t_ten/2)^2)^0.5+Aw*((h/2+t_ten-
y_na)^2)^0.5
4
1/3*(b_com*t_com^3+b_ten*t_ten^3+h*w^3 [mm ]
st. venant torsion constant J = = 1.40E+07
)
4
weak axis second moment 1/12*(t_com*b_com^3+h*w^3+t_ten*b_ten^ 6.674E+0 [mm ]
Iy = =
of area 3) 8
4
3.333E+0 [mm ]
compression flange Iy Iyc = 1/12*(t_com*b_com^3) =
8

Modified Sectional Properites with

Longitudinal Stiffener
modified neutral axis height y_na' = (A_tot*y_na+A_stiff*0.2*gd)/(A_tot+A_stiff) = 815.3
modified strong axis second Ix + A_tot*(y_na-y_na')^2+A_stiff*(0.2*gd- 2.796E+1
Ix' = =
moment of area y_na')^2+Ix_stiff 0
modified outermost fibre
y_max' = MAX(y_na',gd-y_na' ) = 848.67
distance
modifed effective neutral (A_tote*y_nae+A_stiff*0.2*gd)/(A_tote+A_s
y_nae' = = 815.33
axis height tiff)

84
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

modified effective strong

Ixe + A_tote*(y_nae- 2.796E+1
axis second moment of Ixe' = =
y_na')^2+A_stiff*(0.2*gd-y_na')^2+Ix_stiff 0
area
modified effective neutral 8.487E+0
y_maxe' = MAX(y_nae',gd-y_nae' ) =
axis height 2
modified weak axis neutral (A_tot*x_na+A_stiff*(x_stiffna+x_na+w/2))/(
x_na' = = 251.20
axis height A_tot+A_stiff)
Iy+A_tot*(x_na-
modified weak axis second 6.701E+0
Iy' = x_na')^2+A_stiff*(x_stiffna+x_na+w/2- =
moment of area 8
x_na')^2
3
elastic section modulus S' = Ix'/y_max' = 3.29E+07[mm ]
effective elastic section 3
Se' = Ixe'/y_maxe' = 3.29E+07[mm ]
modulus
Z + Z_stiff+A_stiff*((0.2*gd- 3.991E+0 3
plastic section modulus Z' = = [mm ]
y_na')^2)^0.5+A_tot*((y_na-y_na')^2)^0.5 7

Moment Resistances:
plastic moment Mp = Z*Fy/1000000 = 11366[kNm]
class 1,2 moment
Ma_unstiff = φ*Z*Fy/1000000 = 10230[kNm] $13.5(a)
resistance
Ma_stiff = φ*Z'*Fy/1000000 = 10777[kNm] $13.5(a)
class 3 moment resistance Mb_unstiff = φ*S*Fy/1000000 = 8909[kNm] $13.5(b)
Mb_stiff = φ*S' *Fy/1000000 = 8896[kNm]
class 4 (ii) moment Mb_unstiff*(1-(0.0005*Aw/Af_com)*((s_w)- 9.07180E
Mc_unstiff = = [kNm] $14.3.4
resistance (1900/SQRT(Mf*1000000/(φ*S))))) +03
Mc_stiff = Mb_stiff = 8896[kNm]
class 4 (iii) moment
Md_unstiff = φ*Se*Fy/1000000 = 8909[kNm] $13.5(c)
resistance
Md_stiff = φ*Se'*Fy/1000000 = 8896[kNm] $13.5(c)
Ma = IF(long="none",Ma_unstiff,Ma_stiff) = 10230[kNm]
Mb = IF(long="none",Mb_unstiff,Mb_stiff) = 8909[kNm]
Mc = IF(long="none",Mc_unstiff,Mc_stiff) = 9072[kNm]
Md = IF(long="none",Md_unstiff,Md_stiff) = 8909[kNm]

85
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

Lateral Torsional
Buckling:
d' = h+(t_com+t_ten)/2 = 1632
distance from centroid to
y_2 = y_na-t_ten/2 = 816
tension flange midline
(d'*(b_com^3*t_com)/(b_com^3*t_com+b_t
E = = 0.0
en^3*t_ten))-y_2
d'^2/12*(b_com^3*t_com*b_ten^3*t_ten)/(b 4.44.E+1 6
warping constant Cw = = [mm ] $13.6
_com^3*t_com+b_ten^3*t_ten) 4
B2 = (PI()*PI()*Est*Cw)/((Lu)^2*G*J) = 32.44 $13.6
IF(Lu=0, "NA!",(
elastic lateral torsional
Mu = ω2*PI())/(Lu)*(SQRT(Est*Iy*G*J)*(SQRT(1 = 43635[kNm] $13.6
buckling resistance
+B2)))/1000000)

Actual Moment
Resistance
lateral buckling ratio Mratio = IF(Lu=0,"NA!",Mu/Mp) = 3.84 $13.6
IF(class="1",Ma,IF(class="2",Ma,IF(class="
Mr_a = 3",Mb,IF(class="4(i)","Consult CSA = 10230[kNm] $13.6
S136!",IF(class="4(ii)",Mc,Md)))))
IF(Lu=0,"NA!",1.15*Mr_a*(1-
Mr_b' = = 10906[kNm] $13.6
0.28/φ*Mr_a/Mu))
Mr_b = MIN(Mr_a,Mr_b') = 10230[kNm] $13.6
Mr_c = IF(L=0,"NA!",φ*Mu) = 39272[kNm]
FINAL CHECKS MOMENT
RESISTANCE
IF(class="4(i)","Consult CSA
moment resistance Mr = S136!",IF(L=0,Mr_a,IF(Mratio>0.67,Mr_b,M = 10230[kNm] $13.6,$13.5
r_c)))
efficiency moment
Mf_r = Mf/Mr = 0.88
resistance
IF(Mf_r<1,"OK","increase moment
check moment resistance Mcheck = = OK
resistance")

86
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

FINAL CHECKS COMBINED SHEAR AND

MOMENT RESISTANCE
check if interaction critical IF(Vf>=0.6*Vr, "interaction is = interaction is critical
critical",""interaction not critical")
interaction efficiency Inter = 0.727*Mf_r+0.455*Vf_r = 0.96 $14.6.
check resistance against C_check = IF(stiffeners="exist",IF(Inter>=1,"increase = combined shear and
shear and moment moment or shear resistance","combined moment capacity OK
shear and moment capacity OK"),"NA")

87
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TRANSVERSE

STIFFENERS
Required Stiffener
Properties
kv_a = 4+ 5.34/(a/h)^2 = 7.42 $13.4.1.1
kv_b = 5.34 + 4/(a/h)^2 = 7.90 $13.4.1.1
shear buckling coefficient Kvs = IF(a/h<1,kv_a,kv_b) = 7.90 $13.4.1.1
C_a = (1-(310000*kvs)/(Fy*(h/w)^2)) = -0.03 $13.4.1.1
C = IF(C_a<0.1,0.1,C_a) = 0.10 $13.4.1.1
Y = Fy/Fy_stiff = 0.86 $13.4.1.1

88
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

stiffener factor D = IF(stiff_furn="pair",1,IF(stiff_type="angle",1. = 1.00 $13.4.1.1

8,2.4))
total required area of Asr = a*w/2*(1-(a/h)/SQRT(1+(a/h)^2))*C*Y*D = 338[mm2] $14.5.3
stiffener(s)
required moment of inertia I_req'd = (h / 50)^4 = 1.05.E+0 [mm4] $14.5.3
6
INPUT TRANSVERSE
STIFFENERS

stiffener type stiff_type = plateangle/plate

stiffener furnishing stiff_furn = pairpair/single
stiffener yield strength Fy_stiff = 350[MPa]

stiffener thickness primary ts_a = 6[mm]

leg
stiffener width primary leg bs_a = 200[mm]
stiffener thickness ts_b = 12[mm]
secondary leg
stiffener width secondary bs_b = 100[mm]
leg
stiffener effective length K = 0.75>=0.75
factor $10.2.1
compute section properties Comp = computeinput/comput
or input? e
stiffener area As_input = 995[mm2]
stiffener moment of inertia I_input = 8.50E+05[mm4]
CALCULATIONS
TRANSVERSE
STIFFENERS

Stiffener Properties
2
area of stiffener angle As_a = ts_a*bs_a+ts_b*bs_b = 2400[mm ]
2
area of stiffener plate As_b = ts_a*bs_a = 1200[mm ]

89
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)
2
computed stiffener area As_comp = IF(stiff_furn="pair",IF(stiff_type="angle",2*A = 2400[mm ]
s_a,2*As_b),IF(stiff_type="angle",As_a,As_
b))
inertia of stiffener angle plus y_a = (ts_a*bs_a*(bs_a/2+ts_b+w)+bs_b*(ts_b+w = 48[mm]
web )^2/2)/(bs_a*ts_a+bs_b*(ts_b+w))
4
I_a = (ts_a*bs_a^3)/12+bs_a*ts_a*(bs_a/2+ts_b = 1.22E+07[mm ]
+w-
y_a)^2+(bs_b*(ts_b+w)^3)/12+bs_b*(ts_b+
w)*((ts_b+w)/2-y_a)
4
I_atwo = 1/12*(ts_a*(bs_a*2+w+2*ts_b)^3+(bs_b- = 4.38E+07[mm ]
ts_a)*(2*ts_b+w)^3)
4
inertia of stiffener plate I_b = 1/12*(ts_a*(w+bs_a)^3) = 5.18E+06[mm ]
4
I_btwo = 1/12*(ts_a*(w+2*bs_a)^3) = 3.65E+07[mm ]
4
computed stiffener Inertia I_comp = IF(stiff_furn="pair",IF(stiff_type="angle",I_at = 3.65E+07[mm ]
wo,I_btwo),IF(stiff_type="angle",I_a,I_b))
2
stiffener area A_stift = IF(comp="compute",As_comp,As_input) = 2400[mm ]
4
stiffener inertia I_stiff = IF(comp="compute",I_comp,I_input) = 3.65E+07[mm ]

CHECKS TRANSVERSE
STIFFENERS
Check Against
Requirements:
2
area ratio A_ratio = A_stift/Asr = 7.10[mm ]
inertia ratio I_ratio = I_stiff/I_req'd = 34.83
check meeting Check = IF(MIN(A_ratio,I_ratio)<=1.0,"increase size = OK
requirements of stiffener","OK")

Stiffener Slenderness
Check
stiffener readius of gyration R = SQRT(I_stiff/A_stift) = 123
stiffener slenderness ratio sr_stiff = K*h/r = 10
stiffener slenderness ratio sr_stiff_check = IF(sr_stiff>200,"stiffener to slender, = stiffener slenderness $10.4.2.1
check increase size","stiffener slenderness OK") OK

90
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

stiffener bs/ts b_t_a = bs_a/ts_a = 33

b_t_b = bs_b/ts_b = 8
b_t_max = 200/SQRT(Fy_stiff) = 11
efficiency stiffener stiff_st = MIN(b_t_a,b_t_b)/b_t_max = 0.78
slenderness
check stiffener slenderness check2 = IF(stiff_st<1,"OK","choose stockier stiff.") = OK $11.2 Table 1

INPUT BEARING
STIFFENERS
factored load Cf = 1600[kN]
performance factor φbi = 0.8
weld performance factor φω = 0.7
performance factor φbe = 0.75
length of the bearing plate N = 300[mm]
flange to web weld depth d_weld = 6[mm]
bearing stiffeners under bea_stiff_i = existexist/none
load
end bearing stiffeners bea_stiff_e = existexist/none
end stiffener width bs_e = 125[mm]
end stiffener thickness ts_e = 16[mm]
intermediate stiffener width bs_i = 125
intermediate stiffener ts_i = 12
thickness
stiffener contact length Cpl = 100[mm]
parameter N = 1.34
fillet weld size S = 6[mm]
CALCULATIONS AND CHECKS BEARING
STIFFENERS
stiffener requirement at stiff_check_en = IF(s_w>1100/SQRT(Fy),"bearing = bearing stiff.required $14.4.1
unframed ends check stiff.required at unframed ends","no bearing at unframed ends
stiff. required at unframed ends")
flange thickness plus weld K = t + d_weld = 38

91
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

stiffener area Abs_e = bs_e*ts_e = 2000

4
stiffener moment of inertia I_e = 1/12*(ts_e*bs_e^3) = 2604167[mm ]
Stiffener Slenderness
Check
stiffener readius of gyration r_e = SQRT(I_e/Abs_e) = 36
stiffener slenderness ratio sr_stiff_e = K*h/r_e = 33
stiffener slenderness ratio chksl_e = IF(bea_stiff_e="exist",IF(sr_stiff_e>200,"stif = stiffener slenderness $10.4.2.1
check fener too slender, increase size","stiffener OK
slenderness OK"),"NA")
stiffener dimension check chkdim_e = IF(bea_stiff_e="exist",IF(bs_e/ts_e<200/SQ = OK
RT(Fy),"OK","increase stiffener
thickness"),"NA")

Unstiffened End Bearing

Resistance
web crippling Bre_a = φbe*w*(N+4*t)*Fy/1000 = 1733[kN] $14.3.2b(i)
web yielding Bre_b = 0.6*φbe*w^2*SQRT(Fy/1000*Est/1000) = 1129[kN] $14.3.2b(ii)
bearing resistance Br_end = MIN( Bre_a, Bre_b) = 1129[kN]

Stiffened Exterior
Compression Resistance
2
resisting area Ae = 12*w^2+2*Abs_e = 7888[mm ] $14.4.2
4
moment of inertia 1 Ie = 1/12*(ts_e*(2*bs_e+w)^3) = 25665109[mm ]
radius of gyration Re = SQRT(Ie/Ae) = 57[mm]
lambda λe = K*h/r_e*SQRT(Fy/(PI()^2*Est)) = 0.41 $13.3.1
axial compression Cre = Ae*φ*Fy*(1+λe^(2*n))^(-1/n)/1000 = 1995[kN] $13.3.1
resistance
efficiency bearing stiffener br_sfe = Cf/Cre = 0.80

stiffener bearing resistance Bstiff_e = φ*1.5*Fy*(cpl*ts_e*2)/1000 = 1296[kN] $13.10(a)

efficiency stiffener bearing st_sfe = Cf/Bstiff_e = 1.23
min. stiffener efficiency sf_ext = MIN(br_sfe,st_sfe) = 0.80

92
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

capacity check chk_cap_ext = IF(bea_stiff_e="exist",IF(sf_ext>1,"increase = stiffener

stiffener thickness or increase bearing seat OK
length","stiffener OK"),"NA")

Stiffener Under
Concerated Loads

Unstiffened Interior
Bearing Resistance
web crippling Bri_a = φbi*w*(N+10*t)*Fy/1000 = 2678[kN] $14.3.2a(i)
web yielding Bri_b = 1.45*φbi*w^2*SQRT(Fy/1000*Est/1000) = 2911[kN] $14.3.2a(ii)
bearing resistance Br_int = MIN( Bri_a, Bri_b) = 2678[kN]
stiffener requirement under stiff_check_in = IF(Cf>Br_int,"intermediate bearing stiff. = intermediate bearing
concentrated load required","intermediate bearing stiff. not stiff. not required
required")

stiffener area Abs_i = bs_i*ts_i = 1500

stiffener moment of Inertia I_i = 1/12*(ts_e*bs_e^3) = 2604167

Stiffener Slenderness
Check
stiffener readius of gyration r_i = SQRT(I_i/Abs_i) = 42
stiffener slenderness ratio sr_stiff_i = K*h/r_i = 29
stiffener slenderness ratio chksl_i = IF(bea_stiff_i="exist",IF(sr_stiff_i>200,"stiff = stiffener slenderness
check ener too slender, increase size","stiffener OK
slenderness OK"),"NA")
stiffener dimension check chkdim_i = IF(bea_stiff_i="exist",IF(bs_i/ts_i<200/SQR = OK
T(Fy),"OK","Increase Stiffener's
thickness"),"NA")

Stiffened Interior
Compression Resistance
2
resisting area Ai = 25*w^2+2*Abs_i = 11100[mm ] $14.4.2

93
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)
4
moment of inertia 1 Ii = 1/12*(ts_i*(2*bs_i+w)^3) = 19248832[mm ]
radius of gyration Ri = SQRT(Ii/Ai) = 42[mm]
lambda λ = K*h/ri*SQRT(Fy/(PI()^2*Est)) = 0.36 $13.3.1
axial compression Cri = Ai*φ*Fy*(1+λ^(2*n))^(-1/n)/1000 = 2865[kN] $13.3.1
resistance
efficiency bearing br_sfi = Cf/Cri = 0.56

stiffener bearing resistance Bstiff_i = 1.5*φ*Fy*(cpl*ts_i*2)/1000 = 972[kN] $13.10(a)

efficiency stiffener st_sfi = Cf/Bstiff_i = 1.65
min. stiffener efficiency sf_int = MIN(br_sfi,st_sfi) = 0.56
capacity check chk_cap_int = IF(bea_stiff_i="exist",IF(sf_int>1,"increase = stiffener
stiffener thickness or increase bearing seat OK
length","stiffener OK"),"NA")
Welding of Bearing
Stiffener
strength of base metal Vr_b = (0.67∗φω*s*Fu)/1000 = 1.21[kN/mm] $13.13.2.2(a)
strength of weld Vr_w = (0.67∗φω*s*0.7071*Xu)/1000 = 0.93[kN/mm] $13.13.2.2(b)
governing strength Vr_gov = Min(Vr_b,Vr_w) = 0.93[kN/mm]
total weld length L_w = Cf/Vr_gov = 1715[mm]

INPUT WELD DESIGN

Select Weld Between Flanges and Web (two
fillet welds each)
weld size w_size = 8[mm]
intermittend weld length w_length = 200[mm]
spacing on centre w_spacing = 400[mm]
COMPUTATIONS WELD
DESIGN
girder depth d_sel = h+2*t_com = 1664[mm]
4
moment of inertia Ig = ((b*d_sel^3)-(b-w)*h^3)/12 = 2.75E+10[mm ]
3
Qs = t_com*b_com*h/2 = 1.28E+07[mm ]
shear flow per mm length Q = (Vf*Qs)/Ig*1000 = 1399[N/mm]

94
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

weld resistance (two weld 2*0.67*φw*w_size*Fu

Lines) vr_base = = 3232[N/mm]
w_throat = 2*0.707*w_size = 11[mm]
vr_throat = 2*0.67*φw*w_throat*Xu = 4976[N/mm]
vr_min = MIN(vr_base,vr_throat) = 3232[N/mm]
shear resistance per mm
length v_r = vr_min*(w_length/w_spacing) = 1616[N/mm]
IF(v_r>=q,"weld flange to web
weld check w_check = OK","increase weld amount") = weld flange to web OK
efficiency weld we_eff = q/v_r = 0.87

INPUT Weight
Computation
0.000007
Steel Density S_den = 8500[Kg/mm^3]
COMPUTATIONS OF TOTAL WEIGHT PER
GIRDER
mass of compression flange M_com_Fl = b_com*t_com*(L*1000)*S_den = 3140.00[kg]
mass of tension Flange M_ten_Fl = b_ten*t_ten*(L*1000)*S_den = 3140 [kg]
if(stiffeners="exist",(L*1000 / a - 1) * bs_a *
mass of web M_Web = ts_a * h * S_den * if(stiff_furn="pair",2,1),0) = 346.66[kg]
(if(bea_stiff_e="exist",(bs_e * ts_e * h)*2,0)
mass of transverse + if(bea_stiff_i="exist",(bs_i * ts_i *
stiffeners M_t_stiff = h)*2,0))*S_den*2 = 175.84[kg]
(if(bea_stiff_e="exist",(bs_e * ts_e * h)*2,0)
+ if(bea_stiff_i="exist",(bs_i * ts_i *
mass of bearing stiffener M_b_stiff = h)*2,0))*S_den*2 = 175.84[kg]
M_com_Fl+M_ten_Fl+M_Web+M_t_stiff+M
total mass T_Mass = _b_stiff = 6978.34[kg]
total weight per girder T_Weight = T_Mass*9.8/1000 = 68.4[kN]

Handbook of Steel Construction CAN/CSA-

S16-01 - 9th Edition

95
Appendix B: Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

96
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDERS REFERENCES

INPUT GENERAL PARAMETERS

specified material yield strength Fy = 350[MPa]
ultimate material yield strength Fu = 450[MPa]
weld metal strength Xu = 490[MPa]
performance factor φ = 0.95

97
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

performance factor for welds φw = 0.67

span L = 30.0[m]
factored moment Mf = 9500[kNm]
factored shear Vf = 4000[kN]
max. (space for) girder depth d_max = 3200[mm]
presence of stiffeners (No stiffeners = 0,
Transverse stiffeners = 1, Longitudinal
stiffeners = 2) Stiff = = 1
COMPUTATIONS GENERAL
PARAMETERS
Slenderness Limits
min.web SL for red. moment SL_wmin = 1900/SQRT(Fy) = 102 $10.10.4.3
max. web slenderness SL_wmax = IF(Stiff = 2, 6000/sqrt(Fy), 3150/sqrt(Fy)) = 168 $10.10.4.2
$10.9.2 TabLe
max. flange slenderness SL_fmax = 200/SQRT(Fy) = 11 10.3
Preliminary Sizing
height for max bending efficiency h_a = 540*(Mf/Fy)^(1/3) = 1623[mm]
maximum shear strength Fs = 0.577*Fy = 201.95[MPa] $10.10.5.1
2
minimum web area Aw_min = Vf*1000/(φ*Fs) = 20849[mm ]
min web thickness w_a = MAX(Aw_min/h_rec, 10) = 12.8[mm] $10.7.2
recommended web slenderness SL_recw = h_rec/ w_a = 126
ratio of web slendernesses r_SLw = SL_recw/SL_wmax = 0.75
2
minimum flange area Af_min = Mf * 1000000 / ( Fy * h_rec) = 16725[mm ]
recommended web thickness w_rec = IF(r_SLw>1,w_a*r_SLw,w_a) = 13[mm]
recommended web depth h_rec = IF(h_a>d_max,d_max,h_a) = 1623[mm]
recommended flange thickness t_rec = SQRT((Af_min/SL_fmax)/2) = 28[mm]
recommended flange width b_rec = Af_min/t_rec = 598[mm]
total girder depth d_rec = 2*t_rec+h_rec = 1679[mm]

INPUT GIRDER PARAMETERS

Select Girder Parameters
web thickness w = 15[mm]
web depth h = 1800[mm]

98
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

flange thickness t = 30[mm]

flange width b = 500[mm]

CHECKS CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

IF(h/w>SL_wmax,"reduce slenderness of web slenderness
web slenderness check s_w_chec = web","web slenderness OK") = OK
efficiency web slenderness wb_eff = (h/w)/SL_wmax = 0.71
IF(w<10,"Increase web thickness", "web web thickness
web thickness check w_ch = thickness OK") = OK
sL_fsel_che IF(b/(2*t)>SL_fmax,"reduce flange flange
flange slenderness check c = slenderness ","flange slenderness OK") = slenderness OK
efficiency flange slenderness fl_eff = (b/(2*t))/SL_fmax = 0.78
girder
IF(d_sel>d_max,"reduce recommended depth
girder depth check d_sel_chec = girder depth","girder depth OK") = OK
efficiency flange slenderness d_eff = d_sel/d_max = 0.58

99
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

INPUT TO CHECK SHEAR RESISTANCE

transverse stiffeners exist? stiffeners = exist(exist/non
e)
intermediate trans. stiff. spacing a = 4500[mm]
panel location p_loc = interiorinterior/en
d
anchorage for end panel anch = yesyes/no
factored shear in end panel Vf_e = 2500[kN]

CALCULATIONS OF SHEAR
RESISTANCE

2
web area Aw = h*w = 27000[mm ]
panel Ratio a_h = a/h = 2.50
factored shear stress Ff_i = (Vf/Aw)*1000 = 148.15[MPa]

100
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

factored shear stress at end panel Ff_e = (Vf_e/Aw)*1000 = 92.59[MPa]

Panel Ratio Check
max panel ratio one a_hmax_a =67500/(s_w)^2 = 4.69 $10.10.6.1
max panel ratio two a_hmax_b =3 = 3.00 $10.10.6.1
max panel ratio three a_hmax_c =1.5 = 1.50 $10.10.7.1
panel ratio check for transverse stiffeners a_hcheck =(IF(stiffeners="exist",IF(s_w>150,IF(a_h<= = OK $10.10.6.1
only a_hmax_a,"OK","decrease stiffener
spacing"),IF(a_h<=a_hmax_b,"OK","decre
ase stiffener spacing")),"NA"))
panel ratio check if longitudinal stiffeners a_hcheck_ = IF(Stiff = 2, IF(a/hp < a_hmax_c, "OK", = OK
present 2 "decrease stiffener spacing"),a_hcheck)

Web Slenderness Check

web maximum allowable slenderness s_wmax = 3150/sqrt(Fy) = 168 $10.10.4.2
web slenderness s_w = h/w = 120
web slenderness check s_wcheck = IF(s_w>s_wmax,"reduce = slenderness OK $10.10.4.2
slenderness","slenderness OK")

Ultimate Shear Stress (Fs)

(a) yielding in shear Fs_a = 0.577* Fy = 201.95[MPa] $10.10.5.1(a)
(b) tension field action Fs_b = F_cri+ka*(0.5*Fy -0.866*F_cri) = 140.00[MPa] $10.10.5.1(b)
(c) elastic buckling Fs_c = F_cre+ka*(0.5*Fy-0.866*F_cre) = 115.70[MPa] $10.10.5.1(c)

tension field contribution Ft = ka*(0.5*Fy-0.866*F_cre) = 40.95[MPa]

coefficient for no stiffeners kv_n = 5.34 = 5.34
coefficient case a/h<1 kv_s1 = 4+5.34/(a/h)^2 = 4.85 $10.10.5.1
coefficient case a/h>=1 kv_s2 = 5.34+4/(a/h)^2 = 5.98 $10.10.5.1
kv_s = IF(a/h<1,kv_s1,kv_s2) = 5.98 $10.10.5.1
kv = IF(stiffeners = "none",kv_n,kv_s) = 5.98 $10.10.5.1
=
critical shear stress inelastic F_cri = 290 * (((Fy * kv)^.5)/(h / w)) = 110.56[MPa]
aspect coefficient ka = 1/SQRT(1+(a/h)^2) = 0.37
critical shear stress elastic F_cre = 180000*kv/(s_w)^2 = 74.75[MPa]

101
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)
-0.5
coefficient factor cF = SQRT(kv/Fy) = 0.13[MPa ]

slenderness case h/w case = IF(s_w<=502*cF,"c_a",IF(s_w<=621*cF,"c = c_c

_b","c_c"))
Fs_stiff = IF(case="c_a",Fs_a,IF(case="c_b",Fs_b,Fs = 115.70[MPa] $10.10.5.1 (a-c)
_c))
Fs_unstiff = IF(case="c_a",Fs_a,IF(case="c_b",F_cri,F_ = 74.75[MPa] $10.10.5.1 (a-c)
cre)))
stiffener check st_check = IF(Vf>(Fs_unstiff*Aw/1000),"transverse = transverse
stiffener required", IF(h/w>150, "transverse stiffener required
stiffener required", "transverse stiffener not
required"))
F_s = IF(p_loc="interior",IF(stiffeners="exist",Fs_ = 115.70[MPa] $10.10.5.1 (a-c)
stiff,Fs_unstiff),IF(anch="yes",Fs_stiff,Fs_u
nstiff))

End Panel Calculation

minimum shear buckling coefficient kv_min = (Ff_e*(s_w)^2)/(180000*0.9) = 8.23
minimum end panel spacing a_e = SQRT((4*h^2)/(kv_min-5.34)) = 2117[mm]

FINAL CHECKS SHEAR RESISTANCE

shear resistance Vr = φ * Aw * F_s / 1000 = 2968[kN] $10.10.5
efficiency shear resistance Vf_r = Vf_e/Vr = 0.84
check shear resistance Vcheck = IF(Vf_r<1,"OK","increase shear = OK
resistance")

102
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

INPUT 3: GIRDER PARAMETERS - UNEQUAL

FLANGES
compression flange width b_com = 500[mm]
compression flange thickness t_com = 30[mm]
tension flange width b_ten = 500[mm]
tension flange thickness t_ten = 30[mm]
material Shear Modulus G = 77000[MPa]
material Young's Modulus Est = 200000[MPa]
unsupported Length Lu = 5000[mm]
(load/mo
girder loading: Uniform …. Load = load
ment)
exist/non
longitudinal stiffener at 0.2d long = none
e
2
longitudinal stiffener area A_stiff = 2100 [mm ]

103
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

longitudinal stiffener width d_stiff = 150[mm]

longitudinal stiffener thickness t_stiff = 10[mm]
2.80E+0 [mm4]
longitudinal stiffener weak axis I Ix_stiff =
6
2.80E+0 [mm4]
longitudinal stiffener strong axis I Iy_stiff =
6
longitudinal strong neutral axis height x_stiffna = 27[mm]
0.00E+0 3
long. stiff. strong axis plastic modulus Z_stiff = [mm ]
0
longitudinal stiffener section modulus about 1.00E+0 3
Sh = [mm ]
base 2
longitudinal stiffener subpanel length hp = 10.00[mm]
point of application of transverse loading as
g'' = 1
a fraction of girder depth d
moment distribution factor ω2 = 1 $10.10.2.3

CHECKS FOR LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER SECTION

IF((d_stiff/t_stiff)<(200/sqrt(Fy)),
longitudinal stiffener effective width de_Stiff = IF((d_stiff/t_stiff)<30, d_stiff, "reduce width- = 107[mm] $10.10.7.2(a-b)
to-thickness ratio"), 200/sqrt(Fy)*t_stiff)
use
IF(de_Stiff < d_stiff, "use effective width",
check for stiffener width d_stiff_ch = = effectiv
"OK")
e width
4
9033525 [mm ]
minimum stiffener moment of inertia I_limit = h*w^3*(2.4*(a/h)^2-0.13) = $10.10.7.2 (c )
0
4
Ix_stiff+(w*(2*10*w)^3/12)+(2*10*w^2*x_sti 3980624 [mm ]
moment of interia of stiffener section I_sw = =
ffna^2) 5
increas
IF(I_sw>=I_limit, "OK", "increase stiffener e
check for moment of interia I_ch = = $10.10.7.2 (c )
section") stiffener
section
minimum radius of gyration r_limit = a*sqrt(Fy)/1900 = 44 [mm]
IF(sqrt(I_sw/(A_stiff+20*w^2))>=r_limit,
check for radius of gyration r_ch = "OK", "increase longitudinal stiffener = OK $10.10.7.2(d)
section")

104
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

CALCULATIONS OF MOMENT
RESISTANCE
Section Element Slenderness and Class
flange max. allowable slenderness s_fmax = = 30.0 $10.10.3.4(b)
flange (in compression) slenderness s_f = b_com/2/t_com = 8.3
flange
IF(s_f>s_fmax,"reduce flange
flange slenderness check f_check = = width
width","flange width OK")
OK
IF(s_f<=145/SQRT(Fy),"1",IF(s_f<=170/SQ
$10.9.2, Table
flange class f_class = RT(Fy),"2",IF(s_f<=200/SQRT(Fy),"3","4")) = 2
10.3
)
120.000
web slenderness for monosymmetric section s_wm = IF(B1 = 0, s_w, 2*dc/w) =
000
IF(s_wm<=1100/SQRT(Fy),"1",IF(s_wm<=
$10.9.2, Table
web class w_class = 1700/SQRT(Fy),"2",IF(s_wm<=1900/SQRT = 4
10.3
(Fy),"3","4")))
class_a = IF(f_class>w_class,f_class,w_class) = 4
IF(class_a="4",IF(w_class="4",IF(f_class="
section class class = = 4(ii) $10.10.3.4
4","4(i)","4(ii)"),"4(iii)"),class_a)
IF(class="4(i)","change girder
section class check cl_check = = OK $10.10.3.4
dimensions","OK")

Sectional Properites without Longitudinal Stiffener

2
15000.0 [mm ]
compression flange area Af_com = b_com*t_com =
0
2
15000.0 [mm ]
tension flange area Af_ten = b_ten*t_ten =
0
2
57000.0 [mm ]
total area A_tot = Aw+Af_com+Af_ten =
0
overall girder depth gd = h+t_ten+t_com = 1860[mm]
(Af_com*(gd-
neutral axis height y_na = t_com/2)+Af_ten*t_ten/2+Aw*(h/2+t_ten))/ = 930[mm]
A_tot
neutral axis height x_na = b_com/2 = 250[mm]
outermost fibre distance y_max = MAX(gd-y_na,y_na) = 930[mm]

105
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)
4
1/12*(b_com*t_com^3 + [mm ]
w*h^3+b_ten*t_ten^3)+Af_com*(gd- 3.241.E
strong axis second moment of area Ix = =
t_com/2-y_na)^2+Af_ten*(y_na- +10
t_ten/2)^2+Aw*(h/2+t_ten-y_na)^2
effective elastic compression flange half
be_a = 200*t_com/SQRT(Fy) = 321[mm] $10.10.3.4(b)
width
compression flange half width bo = b_com/2 = 250[mm]
be_com = MIN(bo,be_a) = 250[mm] $10.10.3.4(b)
2
effective compression flange area Af_come = 2*be_com*t_com = 15000 [mm ]
2
57000.0 [mm ]
total area A_tote = Aw+Af_come+Af_ten =
0
(Af_come*(gd-
effective neutral axis height y_nae = t_com/2)+Af_ten*t_ten/2+Aw*(h/2+t_ten))/ = 930[mm]
A_tote
effective outermost fibre distance y_maxe = MAX((gd-y_nae),y_nae) = 930[mm]
4
1/12*(2*be_com*t_com^3 + [mm ]
w*h^3+b_ten*t_ten^3)+Af_come*(gd- 3.241.E
effective strong axis second moment of area Ixe = =
t_com/2-y_nae)^2+Af_ten*(y_nae- +10
t_ten/2)^2+Aw*(h/2+t_ten-y_nae)^2
3.48484 3
elastic section modulus S = Ix/y_max = [mm ]
E+07
3.48484 3
effective elastic section modulus Se = Ixe/y_maxe = [mm ]
E+07
1/4*(b_com*t_com^2+w*h^2+b_ten*t_ten^
2)+Af_com*((gd-t_com/2-
3.98250 3
plastic section modulus Z = y_na)^2)^0.5+Af_ten*((y_na- = [mm ]
E+07
t_ten/2)^2)^0.5+Aw*((h/2+t_ten-
y_na)^2)^0.5
4
1/3*(b_com*t_com^3+b_ten*t_ten^3+h*w^ 1.10E+0 [mm ]
st. venant torsion constant J = =
3) 7
4
1/12*(t_com*b_com^3+h*w^3+t_ten*b_ten 6.255E+ [mm ]
weak axis second moment of area Iy = =
^3) 08
4
3.125E+ [mm ]
compression flange Iy Iyc = 1/12*(t_com*b_com^3) =
08

106
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

Modified Sectional Properites with Longitudinal

Stiffener
modified neutral axis height y_na' = (A_tot*y_na+A_stiff*0.2*gd)/(A_tot+A_stiff) = 910.2
Ix + A_tot*(y_na-y_na')^2+A_stiff*(0.2*gd- 3.304E+
modified strong axis second moment of area Ix' = =
y_na')^2+Ix_stiff 10
modified outermost fibre distance y_max' = MAX(y_na',gd-y_na' ) = 949.83
(A_tote*y_nae+A_stiff*0.2*gd)/(A_tote+A_s
modifed effective neutral axis height y_nae' = = 910.17
tiff)
modified effective strong axis second Ixe + A_tote*(y_nae- 3.304E+
Ixe' = =
moment of area y_na')^2+A_stiff*(0.2*gd-y_na')^2+Ix_stiff 10
9.498E+
modified effective neutral axis height y_maxe' = MAX(y_nae',gd-y_nae' ) =
02
(A_tot*x_na+A_stiff*(x_stiffna+x_na+w/2))/(
modified weak axis neutral axis height x_na' = = 251.22
A_tot+A_stiff)
Iy+A_tot*(x_na-
6.279E+
modified weak axis second moment of area Iy' = x_na')^2+A_stiff*(x_stiffna+x_na+w/2- =
08
x_na')^2
3.48E+0 3
elastic section modulus S' = Ix'/y_max' = [mm ]
7
3.48E+0 3
effective elastic section modulus Se' = Ixe'/y_maxe' = [mm ]
7
Z + Z_stiff+A_stiff*((0.2*gd- 4.209E+ 3
plastic section modulus Z' = = [mm ]
y_na')^2)^0.5+A_tot*((y_na-y_na')^2)^0.5 07
IF(Stiff = 2,gd- y_na'-t_com, gd-y_na-
depth of compression portion of web dc = = 900.00[mm]
t_com)

Moment Resistances:
plastic moment Mp =
Z*Fy/1000000 = 13939[kNm]
class 1,2 moment resistance Ma_unstiff =
φ*Z*Fy/1000000 = 13242[kNm] $10.10.2.2
Ma_stiff =
φ*Z'*Fy/1000000 = 13993[kNm] $10.10.2.2
class 3 moment resistance Mb_unstiff =
φ*S*Fy/1000000 = 11587[kNm] $10.10.3.2
Mb_stiff =
φ*S' *Fy/1000000 = 11567[kNm] $10.10.3.2
Mb_unstiff*(1-
class 4 (ii) moment resistance Mc_unstiff = (Aw/(300*Aw+1200*Af_com))*((2*dc/w)- = 11493[kNm] $10.10.3.4
(1900/SQRT(Mf*1000000/(φ*S)))))

107
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

Mc_stiff = Mb_stiff = 11567[kNm]

class 4 (iii) moment resistance Md_unstiff = φ*Se*Fy/1000000 = 11587[kNm] $10.10.3.4
Md_stiff = φ*Se'*Fy/1000000 = 11567[kNm] $10.10.3.4
1-(Aw/(300*Aw+1200*Af_com))*((2*dc/w)-
Moment reduction factor M_red = = 1.35342 $10.10.4.3
1900/sqrt(SQRT(Mf*1000000/(φ*S))))
Ma = IF(long="none", Ma_unstiff,Ma_stiff) = 13242[kNm]
IF(long="none",IF((2*dc/w)>1900/sqrt(Fy),
Mb = = 11493[kNm]
Mc_unstiff,Mb_unstiff),Mb_stiff)
IF(long="none",IF(stiffeners = "none",
Mc = IF(s_w<=150, Mc_unstiff, "stiffeners = 11493[kNm]
required"), Mb),Mc_stiff)
IF(long="none",IF((2*dc/w)>1900/sqrt(Fy),
Md = = 15682[kNm]
Md_unstiff*M_red, Md_unstiff),Md_stiff)

Lateral Torsional Buckling: $10.10.2.3

d' = h+(t_com+t_ten)/2 = 1830 $10.10.2.3
distance from centroid to tension flange
y_2 = y_na-t_ten/2 = 915 $10.10.2.3
midline
(d'*(b_com^3*t_com)/(b_com^3*t_com+b_t
e = = 0.0 $10.10.2.3
en^3*t_ten))-y_2
coefficient of monosymmetry bx = 0.9*d'*(2*Iyc/Iy-1)*(1-(Iy/Ix)^2) = -1.3325 $10.10.2.3
d'^2/12*(b_com^3*t_com*b_ten^3*t_ten)/(b 5.23.E+ 6
warping constant Cw = = [mm ] $10.10.2.3
_com^3*t_com+b_ten^3*t_ten) 14
B1 = ((PI()*bx)/(2*Lu))*SQRT((Est*Iy)/(G*J)) = -0.01 $10.10.2.3
B2 = (PI()*PI()*Est*Cw)/((Lu)^2*G*J) = 48.67 $10.10.2.3
IF(Lu=0, "NA!",(
elastic lateral torsional buckling resistance Mu = ω2*PI())/(Lu)*(SQRT(Est*Iy*G*J)*(B1+SQR = 45601[kNm] $10.10.2.3
T(1+B2+B1^2)))/1000000)

Actual Moment Resistance

lateral buckling ratio Mratio = IF(Lu=0,"NA!",Mu/Mp) = 3.27 $10.10.2.3
IF(class="1",Ma,IF(class="2",Ma,IF(class="
Mr_a = 3",Mb,IF(class="4(i)","change girder = 11493[kNm] $10.10.2.3
dimensions",IF(class="4(ii)",Mc,Md)))))

108
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

IF(Lu=0,"NA!",1.15*Mr_a*(1-
Mr_b' = = 12235[kNm] $10.10.3.3
0.28/φ*Mr_a/Mu))
Mr_b = MIN(Mr_a,Mr_b') = 11493[kNm] $10.10.3.3
Mr_c = IF(L=0,"NA!",φ*Mu) = 43321[kNm]

FINAL CHECKS MOMENT RESISTANCE

IF(class="4(i)","change girder
$10.10.2.3,
moment resistance Mr = dimensions",IF(L=0,Mr_a,IF(Mratio>0.67,M = 11493[kNm]
$10.10.3.3
r_b,Mr_c)))
efficiency moment resistance Mf_r = Mf/Mr = 0.83
IF(Mf_r<1,"OK","increase moment
check moment resistance Mcheck = = OK
resistance")

FINAL CHECKS COMBINED SHEAR AND MOMENT

RESISTANCE
check if interaction critical IF(Vf>=0.6*Vr, "interaction is = shear and
critical",""interaction not critical") moment is
critical
interaction efficiency Inter = 0.727*Mf_r+0.455*Vf_r = 0.98 $10.10.5.2
check resistance against shear and moment C_check = IF(stiffeners="exist",IF(Inter>=1,"increase = combined shear
moment or shear resistance","combined and moment
shear and moment capacity OK"),"NA") capacity OK

109
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TRANSVERSE

STIFFENERS
Required Stiffener Properties
kv_a = 4+ 5.34/(a/h)^2 = 4.85 $10.10.5.1
kv_b = 5.34 + 4/(a/h)^2 = 5.98 $10.10.5.1
shear buckling coefficient kvs = IF(a/h<1,kv_a,kv_b) = 5.98 $10.10.5.1
C_a = (1-(310000*kvs)/(Fy*(h/w)^2)) = 0.63 $10.10.6.2(b)
C = IF(C_a<0.1,0.1,C_a) = 0.63 $10.10.6.2(b)
Y = Fy/Fy_stiff = 1.00 $10.10.6.2(b)
stiffener factor D = IF(stiff_furn="pair",1,IF(stiff_type="angle",1. = 1.00 $10.10.6.2(b)
8,2.4))
minimum stiffener width b_tsl = Max(50+h/30,Min(b_com,b_ten)/4) = 125.00[mm] $10.10.6.2(b)

110
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)
2
If longitudinal stiffener present, required Asr_l = (a*w/2*(1- = -4049.96[mm ] $10.10.7.3
area (a/hp)/SQRT(1+(a/hp)^2))*Vf_r*C*D-
18*w^2)*Y
4
If longitudinal stiffener present, moment of I_lreq = a*w^3*MAX(2.5*(hp/a)^2-2,0.5) = 7.59E+0 [mm ] $10.10.7.3
inertia 6
3
If longitudinal stiffener present, section S_t = h*Sh/(3*a) = 13.33[mm ] $10.10.7.3
modulus required
total required area of stiffener(s) Asr = MAX(IF(long = "none",(a*w/2*(1- = 0[mm2] $10.10.6.2(b)
(a/h)/SQRT(1+(a/h)^2))*Vf_r*C*D-
18*w^2)*Y, Asr_l),0.01)
required moment of inertia I_req'd = IF(long = "none",a*w^3*MAX(2.5*(h/a)^2- = 7.59.E+ [mm4] $10.10.6.2(b)
2,0.5), I_lreq) 06

INPUT TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS

stiffener type stiff_type = plateangle/plat

e
stiffener furnishing stiff_furn = pairpair/singl
e
stiffener yield strength Fy_stiff = 350[MPa]

stiffener thickness primary leg ts_a = 6[mm]

stiffener width primary leg bs_a = 200[mm]
stiffener thickness secondary leg ts_b = 12[mm]
stiffener width secondary leg bs_b = 126[mm]
stiffener effective length factor K = 0.75>=0.75 $10.5.9.2.1
stiffener section modulus with I at base Sbase = 100.00[mm3]

compute section properties or input? comp = comput input/com

e pute
stiffener area As_input = 995[mm2]
stiffener moment of inertia I_input = 8.50E+0 [mm4]
5

111
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

CALCULATIONS TRANSVERSE
STIFFENERS
Stiffener Properties
2
area of stiffener angle As_a = ts_a*bs_a+ts_b*bs_b = 2712[mm ]
2
area of stiffener plate As_b = ts_a*bs_a = 1200[mm ]
2
computed stiffener area As_comp = IF(stiff_furn="pair",IF(stiff_type="angle",2*A = 2400[mm ]
s_a,2*As_b),IF(stiff_type="angle",As_a,As
_b))
inertia of stiffener angle plus web y_a = (ts_a*bs_a*(bs_a/2+ts_b+w)+bs_b*(ts_b+ = 43[mm]
w)^2/2)/(bs_a*ts_a+bs_b*(ts_b+w))
4
I_a = (ts_a*bs_a^3)/12+bs_a*ts_a*(bs_a/2+ts_b = 1.26E+0 [mm ]
+w- 7
y_a)^2+(bs_b*(ts_b+w)^3)/12+bs_b*(ts_b+
w)*((ts_b+w)/2-y_a)
4
I_atwo = 1/12*(ts_a*(bs_a*2+w+2*ts_b)^3+(bs_b- = 4.29E+0 [mm ]
ts_a)*(2*ts_b+w)^3) 7
4
inertia of stiffener plate I_b = 1/12*(ts_a*(w+bs_a)^3) = 4.97E+0 [mm ]
6
4
I_btwo = 1/12*(ts_a*(w+2*bs_a)^3) = 3.57E+0 [mm ]
7
4
computed stiffener Inertia I_comp = IF(stiff_furn="pair",IF(stiff_type="angle",I_at = 3.57E+0 [mm ]
wo,I_btwo),IF(stiff_type="angle",I_a,I_b)) 7
2
stiffener area A_stift = IF(comp="compute",As_comp,As_input) = 2400[mm ]
4
stiffener inertia I_stiff = IF(comp="compute",I_comp,I_input) = 3.57E+0 [mm ]
7

CHECKS TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS

Check Against Requirements:
2
area ratio A_ratio = A_stift/Asr = 240000[mm ]
inertia ratio I_ratio = I_stiff/I_req'd = 4.71
section modulus ratio S_ratio = IF(long = "none",1.1, Sbase/S_t) = 1.10
width ratio b_ratio = MIN(bs_a,bs_b)/b_tsl = 1.01
check meeting requirements check = IF(MIN(A_ratio,I_ratio,b_ratio,S_ratio)<=1. = OK

112
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

0,"increase size of stiffener","OK")

Stiffener Slenderness Check

stiffener readius of gyration r = SQRT(I_stiff/A_stift) = 122
stiffener slenderness ratio sr_stiff = K*h/r = 11
stiffener slenderness ratio check sr_stiff_che = IF(sr_stiff>200,"stiffener to slender, = stiffener
ck increase size","stiffener slenderness OK") slenderness OK
stiffener bs/ts b_t_a = bs_a/ts_a = 33
b_t_b = bs_b/ts_b = 11
b_t_max = MIN(200/SQRT(Fy_stiff),30) = 11 $10.10.6.2 (b)
efficiency stiffener slenderness stiff_st = MIN(b_t_a,b_t_b)/b_t_max = 0.98
check stiffener slenderness check2 = IF(stiff_st<1,"OK","choose stockier stiff.") = OK

INPUT BEARING STIFFENERS

factored load Cf = 2000[kN]
performance factor φbi = 0.80
weld performance factor φω = 0.67
performance factor φbe = 0.75
length of the bearing plate N = 300[mm]
flange to web weld depth d_weld = 6[mm]
bearing stiffeners under load bea_stiff_i = existexist/non
e
end bearing stiffeners bea_stiff_e = existexist/non
e
end stiffener width bs_e = 125[mm]
end stiffener thickness ts_e = 16[mm]
intermediate stiffener width bs_i = 125
intermediate stiffener thickness ts_i = 12
stiffener contact length cpl = 100[mm]
parameter n = 1.34
fillet weld size s = 6[mm]

113
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

CALCULATIONS AND CHECKS BEARING

STIFFENERS
stiffener requirement at unframed ends stiff_check_ = IF(s_w>1100/SQRT(Fy),"bearing = bearing $10.10.8
check en stiff.required at unframed ends","no stiff.required at
bearing stiff. required at unframed ends") unframed ends
flange thickness plus weld k = t + d_weld = 36
stiffener area Abs_e = bs_e*ts_e = 2000
4
stiffener moment of inertia I_e = 1/12*(ts_e*bs_e^3) = 2604167[mm ]
Stiffener Slenderness Check
stiffener readius of gyration r_e = SQRT(I_e/Abs_e) = 36
stiffener slenderness ratio sr_stiff_e = K*h/r_e = 37
stiffener slenderness ratio check chksl_e = IF(bea_stiff_e="exist",IF(sr_stiff_e>200,"stif = stiffener $10.10.8.2
fener too slender, increase size","stiffener slenderness OK
slenderness OK"),"NA")
stiffener dimension check chkdim_e = IF(bea_stiff_e="exist",IF(bs_e/ts_e<200/S = OK
QRT(Fy),"OK","increase stiffener
thickness"),"NA")

Unstiffened End Bearing Resistance

web crippling Bre_a = φbe*w*(N+4*t)*Fy/1000 = 1654[kN] $10.10.8.1(b)(i)
web yielding Bre_b = 0.6*φbe*w^2*SQRT(Fy/1000*Est/1000) = 847[kN] $10.10.8.1(b)(ii)
bearing resistance Br_end = MIN( Bre_a, Bre_b) = 847[kN]

Stiffened Exterior Compression

Resistance
2
resisting area Ae = 12*w^2+2*Abs_e = 6700[mm ] $10.10.8.3
4
moment of inertia 1 Ie = 1/12*(ts_e*(2*bs_e+w)^3) = 2481283 [mm ]
3
radius of gyration re = SQRT(Ie/Ae) = 61[mm]
lambda λe = K*h/r_e*SQRT(Fy/(PI()^2*Est)) = 0.50 $10.9.3.1
axial compression resistance Cre = Ae*φ*Fy*(1+λe^(2*n))^(-1/n)/1000 = 2001[kN] $10.9.3.1
efficiency bearing stiffener br_sfe = Cf/Cre = 1.00

114
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

stiffener bearing resistance Bstiff_e = φ*1.5*Fy*(cpl*ts_e*2)/1000 = 1596[kN] $10.10.8.2

efficiency stiffener bearing st_sfe = Cf/Bstiff_e = 1.25
min. stiffener efficiency sf_ext = MIN(br_sfe,st_sfe) = 1.00
capacity check chk_cap_ex = IF(bea_stiff_e="exist",IF(sf_ext>1,"increase = stiffener
t stiffener thickness or increase bearing seat OK
length","stiffener OK"),"NA")

Stiffener Under Concerated Loads

Unstiffened Interior Bearing Resistance

web crippling Bri_a = φbi*w*(N+10*t)*Fy/1000 = 2520[kN] $10.10.8.1(a)(i)
web yielding Bri_b = 1.45*φbi*w^2*SQRT(Fy/1000*Est/1000) = 2184[kN] $10.10.8.1(a)(i)
bearing resistance Br_int = MIN( Bri_a, Bri_b) = 2184[kN]
stiffener requirement under concentrated stiff_check_ = IF(Cf>Br_int,"intermediate bearing stiff. = intermediate
load in required","intermediate bearing stiff. not bearing stiff. not
required") required

stiffener area Abs_i = bs_i*ts_i = 1500

stiffener moment of Inertia I_i = 1/12*(ts_e*bs_e^3) = 2604167

Stiffener Slenderness Check

stiffener readius of gyration r_i = SQRT(I_i/Abs_i) = 42
stiffener slenderness ratio sr_stiff_i = K*h/r_i = 32
stiffener slenderness ratio check chksl_i = IF(bea_stiff_i="exist",IF(sr_stiff_i>200,"stiff = stiffener
ener too slender, increase size","stiffener slenderness OK
slenderness OK"),"NA")
stiffener dimension check chkdim_i = IF(bea_stiff_i="exist",IF(bs_i/ts_i<200/SQR = OK
T(Fy),"OK","Increase Stiffener's
thickness"),"NA")

Stiffened Interior Compression

Resistance
2
resisting area Ai = 24*w^2+2*Abs_i = 8400[mm ] $10.10.8.3

115
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)
4
moment of inertia 1 Ii = 1/12*(ts_i*(2*bs_i+w)^3) = 1860962 [mm ]
5
radius of gyration ri = SQRT(Ii/Ai) = 47[mm]
lambda λ = K*h/ri*SQRT(Fy/(PI()^2*Est)) = 0.38 $10.9.3.1
axial compression resistance Cri = Ai*φ*Fy*(1+λ^(2*n))^(-1/n)/1000 = 2645[kN] $10.9.3.1
efficiency bearing br_sfi = Cf/Cri = 0.76

stiffener bearing resistance Bstiff_i = 1.5*φ*Fy*(cpl*ts_i*2)/1000 = 1197[kN] $10.10.8.2

efficiency stiffener st_sfi = Cf/Bstiff_i = 1.67
min. stiffener efficiency sf_int = MIN(br_sfi,st_sfi) = 0.76
capacity check chk_cap_int = IF(bea_stiff_i="exist",IF(sf_int>1,"increase = stiffener
stiffener thickness or increase bearing seat OK
length","stiffener OK"),"NA")

Welding of Bearing Stiffener

strength of base metal Vr_b = (0.67∗φω*s*Fu)/1000 = 1.21[kN/mm] $10.18.3.2.2(a)
strength of weld Vr_w = (0.67∗φω*s*0.7071*Xu)/1000 = 0.93[kN/mm] $10.18.3.2.2(b)
governing strength Vr_gov = Min(Vr_b,Vr_w) = 0.93[kN/mm]
total weld length L_w = Cf/Vr_gov = 2143[mm]

INPUT WELD DESIGN

Select Weld Between Flanges and Web (two fillet
welds each)
weld size w_size = 8[mm]
intermittend weld length w_length = 300[mm]
spacing on centre w_spacing = 400[mm]

COMPUTATIONS WELD DESIGN

girder depth d_sel = h+2*t_com = 1860[mm]
3.24E+1
4
moment of inertia Ig = ((b*d_sel^3)-(b-w)*h^3)/12 = 0[mm ]
1.35E+0
3
Qs = t_com*b_com*h/2 = 7[mm ]

116
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S6-06)

shear flow per mm length q = (Vf*Qs)/Ig*1000 = 1666[N/mm]

weld resistance (two weld Lines) vr_base = 2*0.67*φw*w_size*Fu = 3232[N/mm]
w_throat = 2*0.707*w_size = 11[mm]
vr_throat = 2*0.67*φw*w_throat*Xu = 4976[N/mm]
vr_min = MIN(vr_base,vr_throat) = 3232[N/mm]
shear resistance per mm length v_r = vr_min*(w_length/w_spacing) = 2424[N/mm]
IF(v_r>=q,"weld flange to web weld flange to
weld check w_check = OK","increase weld amount") = web OK
efficiency weld we_eff = q/v_r = 0.69

INPUT Weight Computation

0.00000 [Kg/mm^
Steel Density S_den = 78500 3]
COMPUTATIONS OF TOTAL WEIGHT PER GIRDER
mass of compression flange M_com_Fl = b_com*t_com*(L*1000)*S_den = 3532.50[kg]
mass of tension Flange M_ten_Fl = b_ten*t_ten*(L*1000)*S_den = 3533 [kg]
if(stiffeners="exist",(L*1000 / a - 1) * bs_a *
mass of web M_Web = ts_a * h * S_den * if(stiff_furn="pair",2,1),0) = 192.17[kg]
(if(bea_stiff_e="exist",(bs_e * ts_e * h)*2,0)
+ if(bea_stiff_i="exist",(bs_i * ts_i *
mass of transverse stiffeners M_t_stiff = h)*2,0))*S_den*2 = 197.82[kg]
(if(bea_stiff_e="exist",(bs_e * ts_e * h)*2,0)
+ if(bea_stiff_i="exist",(bs_i * ts_i *
mass of bearing stiffener M_b_stiff = h)*2,0))*S_den*2 = 197.82[kg]
M_com_Fl+M_ten_Fl+M_Web+M_t_stiff+
total mass T_Mass = M_b_stiff = 7652.81[kg]
total weight per girder T_Weight = T_Mass*9.8/1000 = 75.0[kN]

Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code CAN/CSA-S6-

06

117
Appendix C: Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

118
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDERS REFERENCES

119
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

INPUT GENERAL PARAMETERS

specified material yield strength Fy = 300 [MPa]
ultimate material yield strength Fu = 450 [MPa]
weld metal strength Xu = 490 [MPa]
performance factor φ = 0.9
performance factor for welds φw = 0.67
span L = 32.0 [m]
factored moment Mf = 6200 [kNm]
factored shear Vf = 2200 [kN]
max. (space for) girder depth d_max = 3200 [mm]
(Single/Dou
design for single/double symmetry symmetry = Single ble)

COMPUTATIONS GENERAL
PARAMETERS
Slenderness Limits
min.web SL for red. moment SL_wmin = 1900/SQRT(Fy) = 110 $14.3.4
max. web slenderness SL_wmax = 83000/Fy = 277 $14.3.1
max. flange slenderness SL_fmax = 200/SQRT(Fy) = 12 $11.2 TabLe 2

Preliminary Sizing for Equal Flange

Sizes
height for max bending efficiency h_a = 540*(Mf/Fy)^(1/3) = 1482 [mm]
maximum shear strength Fs = 0.66*Fy = 198.00 [MPa] $13.4.1.1(a)
2
minimum web area Aw_min = Vf*1000/(φ*Fs) = 12346 [mm ]
min web thickness w_a = Aw_min/h_rec = 8.3 [mm]

120
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

recommended web slenderness SL_recw = h_rec/ w_a = 178

ratio of web slendernesses
minimum flange area
recommended web thickness
recommended web depth
recommended flange thickness
recommended flange width
total girder depth
r_SLw = SL_recw/SL_wmax = 0.64
2
Af_min = Mf * 1000000 / ( Fy * h_rec) = 13946 [mm ]
w_rec = IF(r_SLw>1,w_a*r_SLw,w_a) = 8 [mm]
h_rec = IF(h_a>0.9*d_max,d_max,h_a) = 1482 [mm]
t_rec = SQRT(Af_min/(2*SL_fmax)) = 25 [mm]
b_rec = Af_min/t_rec = 568 [mm]
d_rec = 2*t_rec+h_rec = 1531 [mm]

INPUT GIRDER PARAMETERS

Select Girder Parameters
web thickness w = 12 [mm]
web depth h = 1600 [mm]
flange thickness t = 24 [mm]
flange width b = 490 [mm]

CHECKS CONCEPTUAL DESIGN FOR EQUAL

FLANGE SIZES
IF(h/w>SL_wmax,"reduce slenderness
web slenderness check s_w_chec = of web","web slenderness OK") = web slenderness OK
efficiency web slenderness wb_eff = (h/w)/SL_wmax = 0.48
IF(b/(2*t)>SL_fmax,"reduce flange
sL_fsel_che slenderness ","flange slenderness
flange slenderness check c = OK") = flange slenderness OK
efficiency flange slenderness fl_eff = (b/(2*t))/SL_fmax = 0.88
IF(d_sel>d_max,"reduce
recommended girder depth","girder
girder depth check d_sel_chec = depth OK") = girder depth OK
efficiency flange slenderness d_eff = d_sel/d_max = 0.52

121
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

Fs = 0.66Fy
Fs Fs = 290 Fykv
MPa
(h/w) Fs = 290 Fykv + Ft
(h/w)
Ft Fs = 180000 kv + Ft
(h/w)2
Ft

83000
439
kv 621 kv Web slenderness h/w
Fy Fy Fy
502 kv
Fy

INPUT TO CHECK SHEAR

RESISTANCE
transverse stiffeners exist? stiffeners = exist (exist/none)
intermediate trans. stiff. spacing a = 3000 [mm]
panel location p_loc = interior interior/end
anchorage for end panel anch = yes yes/no $15.7.1
factored shear in end panel Vf_e = 2500 [kN]

122
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

CALCULATIONS OF SHEAR
RESISTANCE
2
web area Aw = h*w = 19200 [mm ]
panel Ratio a_h = a/h = 1.88
factored shear stress Ff_i = (Vf/Aw)*1000 = 114.58 [MPa]
factored shear stress at end panel Ff_e = (Vf_e/Aw)*1000 = 130.21 [MPa]
Panel Ratio Check
max panel spacing a_hmax_a = 67500/(s_w)^2 = 4 $14.5.2 Table 5
max panel spacing a_hmax_b = 3 = 3 $14.5.2 Table 5
panel ratio check a_hcheck = IF(stiffeners="exist",IF(s_w>150,IF(a_ = OK $14.5.2 Table 5
h<=a_hmax_a,"OK","decrease
stiffener
spacing"),IF(a_h<=a_hmax_b,"OK","d
ecrease stiffener spacing")),"NA")
Web Slenderness Check
web maximum allowable slenderness s_wmax = 83000/Fy = 277 $14.3.1
web slenderness s_w = h/w = 133
web slenderness check s_wcheck = IF(s_w>s_wmax,"reduce = slenderness OK $14.3.1
slenderness","slenderness OK")

Ultimate Shear Stress (Fs)

(a) yielding in shear Fs_a = 0.66 * Fy = 198.00 [MPa] $13.4.1.1(a)
(b) elasto-plastic action Fs_b = F_cri = 95.88 [MPa] $13.4.1.1(b)
(c) tension field action Fs_c = F_cri+ka*(0.5*Fy -0.866*F_cri) = 127.39 [MPa] $13.4.1.1(c)
(d) elastic buckling Fs_d = F_cre+ka*(0.5*Fy-0.866*F_cre) = 109.45 [MPa] $13.4.1.1(d)
tension field contribution Ft = ka*(0.5*Fy-0.866*F_cre) = 43.86 [MPa]
coefficient for no stiffeners kv_n = 5.34 = 5.34
coefficient case a/h<1 kv_s1 = 4+5.34/(a/h)^2 = 5.52 $13.4.1.1
coefficient case a/h>=1 kv_s2 = 5.34+4/(a/h)^2 = 6.48 $13.4.1.1
kv_s = IF(a/h<1,kv_s1,kv_s2) = 6.48 $13.4.1.1

123
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

kv = IF(stiffeners = "none",kv_n,kv_s) = 6.48 $13.4.1.1

critical shear stress inelastic F_cri = 290 * (((Fy * kv)^.5)/(h / w)) = 95.88 [MPa]
aspect coefficient ka = 1/SQRT(1+(a/h)^2) = 0.47
critical shear stress elastic F_cre = 180000*kv/(s_w)^2 = 65.59 [MPa]
-0.5
coefficient factor cF = SQRT(kv/Fy) = 0.15 [MPa ]

slenderness case h/w case = IF(s_w<=439*cF,"c_a",IF(s_w<=502*c = c_d

F,"c_b",IF(s_w<=621*cF,"c_c","c_d")))
Fs_stiff = IF(case="c_a",Fs_a,IF(case="c_b",Fs = 109.45 [MPa] $13.4.1.1 (a-d)
_b,IF(case="c_c",Fs_c,Fs_d)))
Fs_unstiff = IF(case="c_a",Fs_a,IF(case="c_b",Fs = 65.59 [MPa] $13.4.1.1 (a-d)
_b,IF(case="c_c",F_cri,F_cre)))
stiffener check st_check = IF(Vf>(Fs_unstiff*Aw/1000),"transvers = transverse stiffener
e stiffener required","transverse required
stiffener not required")
F_s = IF(p_loc="interior",IF(stiffeners="exist", = 109.45 [MPa] $13.4.1.1 (a-d)
Fs_stiff,Fs_unstiff),IF(anch="yes",Fs_s
tiff,Fs_unstiff))

End Panel Calculation

minimum shear buckling coefficient kv_min = (Ff_e*(s_w)^2)/(180000*0.9) = 14.29
minimum end panel spacing a_e = SQRT((4*h^2)/(kv_min-5.34)) = 1070 [mm]

FINAL CHECKS SHEAR

RESISTANCE
shear resistance Vr = φ * Aw * F_s / 1000 = 1891 [kN] $13.4.1.1
efficiency shear resistance Vf_r = Vf_e/Vr = 1.32

124
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

check shear resistance Vcheck = IF(Vf_r<1,"OK","increase shear increase

resistance") = shear
resistance

INPUT 3: GIRDER PARAMETERS - UNEQUAL

FLANGE SIZES
compression flange width
compression flange thickness
tension flange width
tension flange thickness
b_com = 500 [mm]
t_com = 32 [mm]
b_ten = 500 [mm]
t_ten = 32 [mm]

125
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

material Shear Modulus G = 77000 [MPa]

material Young's Modulus Est = 200000 [MPa]
unsupported Length Lu = 5000 [mm]
(load/mome
girder loading: Uniform …. Load = load
nt)
longitudinal stiffener at 0.2d long = none exist/none
2
longitudinal stiffener area A_stiff = 2100 [mm ]
4
longitudinal stiffener weak axis I Ix_stiff = 1.51E+06 [mm ]
4
longitudinal stiffener strong axis I Iy_stiff = 1.51E+06 [mm ]
longitudinal strong neutral axis height x_stiffna = 27 [mm]
long. stiff. strong axis plastic modulus Z_stiff = 0.00E+00 [mm3]
point of application of transverse
g'' = 1
loading as a fraction of girder depth d
moment distribution factor ω2 = 1 $13.6(a)
CALCULATIONS OF MOMENT
RESISTANCE
Section Element Slenderness and
Class
flange max. allowable slenderness s_fmax = = 60.0 $13.5 (c)
flange (in compression) slenderness s_f = b_com/2/t_com = 7.8
IF(s_f>s_fmax,"reduce flange
flange slenderness check f_check = = flange width OK
width","flange width OK")
IF(s_f<=145/SQRT(Fy),"1",IF(s_f<=17
flange class f_class = 0/SQRT(Fy),"2",IF(s_f<=200/SQRT(Fy = 1 $11.2 Table 2
),"3","4")))
IF(s_w<=1100/SQRT(Fy),"1",IF(s_w<
web class w_class = =1700/SQRT(Fy),"2",IF(s_w<=1900/S = 4 $11.2 Table 2
QRT(Fy),"3","4")))
class_a = IF(f_class>w_class,f_class,w_class) = 4
IF(class_a="4",IF(w_class="4",IF(f_cla
section class class = = 4(ii) $13.5
ss="4","4(i)","4(ii)"),"4(iii)"),class_a)

126
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

IF(class="4(i)","consult CSA
section class check cl_check = = OK $13.5
S136","OK")

Sectional Properites without Longitudinal

Stiffener
2
compression flange area Af_com = b_com*t_com = 16000.00 [mm ]
2
tension flange area Af_ten = b_ten*t_ten = 16000.00 [mm ]
2
total area A_tot = Aw+Af_com+Af_ten = 51200.00 [mm ]
overall girder depth gd = h+t_ten+t_com = 1664 [mm]
(Af_com*(gd-
neutral axis height y_na = t_com/2)+Af_ten*t_ten/2+Aw*(h/2+t_te = 832 [mm]
n))/A_tot
neutral axis height x_na = b_com/2 = 250 [mm]
outermost fibre distance y_max = MAX(gd-y_na,y_na) = 832 [mm]
4
1/12*(b_com*t_com^3 + [mm ]
w*h^3+b_ten*t_ten^3)+Af_com*(gd-
strong axis second moment of area Ix = = 2.541.E+10
t_com/2-y_na)^2+Af_ten*(y_na-
t_ten/2)^2+Aw*(h/2+t_ten-y_na)^2
effective elastic compression flange
be_a = 200*t_com/SQRT(Fy) = 370 [mm] $13.5(c)iii
half width
compression flange half width bo = b_com/2 = 250 [mm]
be_com = MIN(bo,be_a) = 250 [mm] $13.5(c)iii
2
effective compression flange area Af_come = 2*be_com*t_com = 16000 [mm ]
2
total area A_tote = Aw+Af_come+Af_ten = 51200.00 [mm ]
(Af_come*(gd-
effective neutral axis height y_nae = t_com/2)+Af_ten*t_ten/2+Aw*(h/2+t_te = 832 [mm]
n))/A_tote
effective outermost fibre distance y_maxe = MAX((gd-y_nae),y_nae) = 832 [mm]
4
1/12*(2*be_com*t_com^3 + [mm ]
effective strong axis second moment w*h^3+b_ten*t_ten^3)+Af_come*(gd-
Ixe = = 2.541.E+10
of area t_com/2-y_nae)^2+Af_ten*(y_nae-
t_ten/2)^2+Aw*(h/2+t_ten-y_nae)^2

127
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

3.05362E+0 3
elastic section modulus S = Ix/y_max = [mm ]
7
3.05362E+0 3
effective elastic section modulus Se = Ixe/y_maxe = [mm ]
7
1/4*(b_com*t_com^2+w*h^2+b_ten*t_t
en^2)+Af_com*((gd-t_com/2-
3.40480E+0 3
plastic section modulus Z = y_na)^2)^0.5+Af_ten*((y_na- = [mm ]
7
t_ten/2)^2)^0.5+Aw*((h/2+t_ten-
y_na)^2)^0.5
4
1/3*(b_com*t_com^3+b_ten*t_ten^3+h [mm ]
st. venant torsion constant J = = 1.18E+07
*w^3)
4
1/12*(t_com*b_com^3+h*w^3+t_ten*b [mm ]
weak axis second moment of area Iy = = 6.669E+08
_ten^3)
4
compression flange Iy Iyc = 1/12*(t_com*b_com^3) = 3.333E+08 [mm ]
Modified Sectional Properites with
Longitudinal Stiffener
(A_tot*y_na+A_stiff*0.2*gd)/(A_tot+A_
modified neutral axis height y_na' = = 812.3
stiff)
Ix + A_tot*(y_na-
modified strong axis second moment
Ix' = y_na')^2+A_stiff*(0.2*gd- = 2.591E+10
of area
y_na')^2+Ix_stiff
modified outermost fibre distance y_max' = MAX(y_na',gd-y_na' ) = 851.67
(A_tote*y_nae+A_stiff*0.2*gd)/(A_tote
modifed effective neutral axis height y_nae' = = 812.33
+A_stiff)
Ixe + A_tote*(y_nae-
modified effective strong axis second
Ixe' = y_na')^2+A_stiff*(0.2*gd- = 2.591E+10
moment of area
y_na')^2+Ix_stiff
modified effective neutral axis height y_maxe' = MAX(y_nae',gd-y_nae' ) = 8.517E+02
(A_tot*x_na+A_stiff*(x_stiffna+x_na+w
modified weak axis neutral axis height x_na' = = 251.30
/2))/(A_tot+A_stiff)
Iy+A_tot*(x_na-
modified weak axis second moment of
Iy' = x_na')^2+A_stiff*(x_stiffna+x_na+w/2- = 6.691E+08
area
x_na')^2
3
elastic section modulus S' = Ix'/y_max' = 3.04E+07 [mm ]

128
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)
3
effective elastic section modulus Se' = Ixe'/y_maxe' = 3.04E+07 [mm ]
Z + Z_stiff+A_stiff*((0.2*gd-
3
plastic section modulus Z' = y_na')^2)^0.5+A_tot*((y_na- = 3.606E+07 [mm ]
y_na')^2)^0.5

Moment Resistances:
plastic moment Mp = Z*Fy/1000000 = 10214 [kNm]
class 1,2 moment resistance Ma_unstiff = φ*Z*Fy/1000000 = 9193 [kNm] $13.5(a)
Ma_stiff = φ*Z'*Fy/1000000 = 9737 [kNm] $13.5(a)
class 3 moment resistance Mb_unstiff = φ*S*Fy/1000000 = 8245 [kNm] $13.5(b)
Mb_stiff = φ*S' *Fy/1000000 = 8214 [kNm]
Mb_unstiff*(1-
8.21097E+0
class 4 (ii) moment resistance Mc_unstiff = (0.0005*Aw/Af_com)*((s_w)- = [kNm] $14.3.4
3
(1900/SQRT(Mf*1000000/(φ*S)))))
Mc_stiff = Mb_stiff = 8214 [kNm]
class 4 (iii) moment resistance Md_unstiff = φ*Se*Fy/1000000 = 8245 [kNm] $13.5(c)
Md_stiff = φ*Se'*Fy/1000000 = 8214 [kNm] $13.5(c)
Ma = IF(long="none",Ma_unstiff,Ma_stiff) = 9193 [kNm]
Mb = IF(long="none",Mb_unstiff,Mb_stiff) = 8245 [kNm]
Mc = IF(long="none",Mc_unstiff,Mc_stiff) = 8211 [kNm]
Md = IF(long="none",Md_unstiff,Md_stiff) = 8245 [kNm]
Lateral Torsional Buckling: %10.10.2.3
d' = h+(t_com+t_ten)/2 = 1632 %10.10.2.3
distance from centroid to tension
y_2 = y_na-t_ten/2 = 816 %10.10.2.3
flange midline
(d'*(b_com^3*t_com)/(b_com^3*t_com
e = = 0.0 %10.10.2.3
+b_ten^3*t_ten))-y_2
IF(symmetry="Single",0.9*d'*(2*Iyc/Iy-
coefficient of monosymmetry bx = = -0.5071 %10.10.2.3
1)*(1-(Iy/Ix)^2),"0")
d'^2/12*(b_com^3*t_com*b_ten^3*t_te 6
warping constant Cw = = 4.44.E+14 [mm ] %10.10.2.3
n)/(b_com^3*t_com+b_ten^3*t_ten)

129
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

B1 = ((PI()*bx)/(2*Lu))*SQRT((Est*Iy)/(G*J)) = 0.00 %10.10.2.3

B2 = (PI()*PI()*Est*Cw)/((Lu)^2*G*J) = 38.43 %10.10.2.3
IF(Lu=0, "NA!",(
elastic lateral torsional buckling
Mu = ω2*PI())/(Lu)*(SQRT(Est*Iy*G*J)*(B1+ = 43502 [kNm] %10.10.2.3
resistance
SQRT(1+B2+B1^2)))/1000000)

Actual Moment Resistance

lateral buckling ratio Mratio = IF(Lu=0,"NA!",Mu/Mp) = 4.26 $13.6
IF(class="1",Ma,IF(class="2",Ma,IF(cla
Mr_a = ss="3",Mb,IF(class="4(i)","Consult = 8211 [kNm] $13.6
CSA S136!",IF(class="4(ii)",Mc,Md)))))
IF(Lu=0,"NA!",1.15*Mr_a*(1-
Mr_b' = = 8888 [kNm] $13.6
0.28/φ*Mr_a/Mu))
Mr_b = MIN(Mr_a,Mr_b') = 8211 [kNm] $13.6
Mr_c = IF(L=0,"NA!",φ*Mu) = 39152 [kNm]

FINAL CHECKS MOMENT

RESISTANCE
IF(class="4(i)","Consult CSA
moment resistance Mr = S136!",IF(L=0,Mr_a,IF(Mratio>0.67,Mr = 8211 [kNm] $13.6,$13.5
_b,Mr_c)))
efficiency moment resistance Mf_r = Mf/Mr = 0.76
IF(Mf_r<1,"OK","increase moment
check moment resistance Mcheck = = OK
resistance")

FINAL CHECKS COMBINED SHEAR AND

MOMENT RESISTANCE
INPUT COMBINED SHEAR AND BENDING
CHECK
Factored Moment at 0.6 Vr Mf_c = = 4800.00 [kNm]

130
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

CALCULATIONS
Factored shear at 0.6Vr Vf_c = 0.6*Vr = 1134.75 [kNm]
Moment ratio Mf_rc = Mf_c/Mr = 0.58
Shear ratio Vf_rc = Vf_c/Vr = 0.60
check if interaction critical IF(Vf>=0.6*Vr, "interaction is = shear and $14.6.
critical",""interaction not critical") moment is
critical

interaction efficiency Inter = 0.727*Mf_rc+0.455*Vf_rc = 0.70

check resistance against shear and C_check = IF(stiffeners="exist",IF(Inter>=1,"incre = combined

moment ase moment or shear shear and
resistance","combined shear and moment
moment capacity OK"),"NA") capacity
OK
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TRANSVERSE
STIFFENERS
Required Stiffener Properties
kv_a = 4+ 5.34/(a/h)^2 = 5.52 $13.4.1.1
kv_b = 5.34 + 4/(a/h)^2 = 6.48 $13.4.1.1
shear buckling coefficient kvs = IF(a/h<1,kv_a,kv_b) = 6.48 $13.4.1.1
C_a = (1-(310000*kvs)/(Fy*(h/w)^2)) = 0.62 $13.4.1.1
C = IF(C_a<0.1,0.1,C_a) = 0.62 $13.4.1.1
Y = Fy/Fy_stiff = 0.86 $13.4.1.1
stiffener factor D = IF(stiff_furn="pair",1,IF(stiff_type="angl = 1.00 $13.4.1.1
e",1.8,2.4))
total required area of stiffener(s) Asr = a*w/2*(1- = 1132 [mm2] $14.5.3
(a/h)/SQRT(1+(a/h)^2))*C*Y*D
required moment of inertia I_req'd = (h / 50)^4 = 1.05.E+06 [mm4] $14.5.3

131
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

INPUT TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS

stiffener type stiff_type = plate angle/plate

stiffener furnishing stiff_furn = pair pair/single
stiffener yield strength Fy_stiff = 350 [MPa]

stiffener thickness primary leg ts_a = 6 [mm]

stiffener width primary leg bs_a = 200 [mm]
stiffener thickness secondary leg ts_b = 12 [mm]
stiffener width secondary leg bs_b = 100 [mm]
stiffener effective length factor K = 0.75 >=0.75 $10.2.1

compute section properties or input? comp = compute input/comp

ute
stiffener area As_input = 995 [mm2]
stiffener moment of inertia I_input = 8.50E+05 [mm4]

CALCULATIONS TRANSVERSE
STIFFENERS
Stiffener Properties
2
area of stiffener angle As_a = ts_a*bs_a+ts_b*bs_b = 2400 [mm ]
2
area of stiffener plate As_b = ts_a*bs_a = 1200 [mm ]
2
computed stiffener area As_comp = IF(stiff_furn="pair",IF(stiff_type="angle = 2400 [mm ]
",2*As_a,2*As_b),IF(stiff_type="angle"
,As_a,As_b))
inertia of stiffener angle plus web y_a = (ts_a*bs_a*(bs_a/2+ts_b+w)+bs_b*(ts = 49 [mm]
_b+w)^2/2)/(bs_a*ts_a+bs_b*(ts_b+w)
)

132
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)
4
I_a = (ts_a*bs_a^3)/12+bs_a*ts_a*(bs_a/2+t = 1.07E+07 [mm ]
s_b+w-
y_a)^2+(bs_b*(ts_b+w)^3)/12+bs_b*(t
s_b+w)*((ts_b+w)/2-y_a)
4
I_atwo = 1/12*(ts_a*(bs_a*2+w+2*ts_b)^3+(bs_ = 4.18E+07 [mm ]
b-ts_a)*(2*ts_b+w)^3)
4
inertia of stiffener plate I_b = 1/12*(ts_a*(w+bs_a)^3) = 4.76E+06 [mm ]
4
I_btwo = 1/12*(ts_a*(w+2*bs_a)^3) = 3.50E+07 [mm ]
4
computed stiffener Inertia I_comp = IF(stiff_furn="pair",IF(stiff_type="angle = 3.50E+07 [mm ]
",I_atwo,I_btwo),IF(stiff_type="angle",I
_a,I_b))
2
stiffener area A_stift = IF(comp="compute",As_comp,As_inpu = 2400 [mm ]
t)
4
stiffener inertia I_stiff = IF(comp="compute",I_comp,I_input) = 3.50E+07 [mm ]

CHECKS TRANSVERSE
STIFFENERS
Check Against Requirements:
2
area ratio A_ratio = A_stift/Asr = 2.12 [mm ]
inertia ratio I_ratio = I_stiff/I_req'd = 33.35
check meeting requirements check = IF(MIN(A_ratio,I_ratio)<=1.0,"increase = OK
size of stiffener","OK")

Stiffener Slenderness Check

stiffener readius of gyration r = SQRT(I_stiff/A_stift) = 121
stiffener slenderness ratio sr_stiff = K*h/r = 10
stiffener slenderness ratio check sr_stiff_che = IF(sr_stiff>200,"stiffener to slender, = stiffener slenderness $10.4.2.1
ck increase size","stiffener slenderness OK
OK")
stiffener bs/ts b_t_a = bs_a/ts_a = 33
b_t_b = bs_b/ts_b = 8

133
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

b_t_max = 200/SQRT(Fy_stiff) = 11
efficiency stiffener slenderness stiff_st = MIN(b_t_a,b_t_b)/b_t_max = 0.78
check stiffener slenderness check2 = IF(stiff_st<1,"OK","choose stockier = OK $11.2 Table 1
stiff.")

INPUT BEARING STIFFENERS

factored load Cf = 1600 [kN]
performance factor φbi = 0.8
weld performance factor φω = 0.7
performance factor φbe = 0.75
length of the bearing plate N = 300 [mm]
flange to web weld depth d_weld = 6 [mm]
bearing stiffeners under load bea_stiff_i = exist exist/none
end bearing stiffeners bea_stiff_e = exist exist/none
end stiffener width bs_e = 125 [mm]
end stiffener thickness ts_e = 16 [mm]
intermediate stiffener width bs_i = 125
intermediate stiffener thickness ts_i = 12
stiffener contact length cpl = 100 [mm]
parameter n = 1.34
fillet weld size s = 6 [mm]

CALCULATIONS AND CHECKS BEARING

STIFFENERS
stiffener requirement at unframed stiff_check_ = IF(s_w>1100/SQRT(Fy),"bearing = bearing stiff.required $14.4.1
ends check en stiff.required at unframed ends","no at unframed ends

134
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

bearing stiff. required at unframed

ends")
flange thickness plus weld k = t + d_weld = 30
stiffener area Abs_e = bs_e*ts_e = 2000
4
stiffener moment of inertia I_e = 1/12*(ts_e*bs_e^3) = 2604167 [mm ]
Stiffener Slenderness Check
stiffener readius of gyration r_e = SQRT(I_e/Abs_e) = 36
stiffener slenderness ratio sr_stiff_e = K*h/r_e = 33
stiffener slenderness ratio check chksl_e = IF(bea_stiff_e="exist",IF(sr_stiff_e>20 = stiffener slenderness $10.4.2.1
0,"stiffener too slender, increase OK
size","stiffener slenderness OK"),"NA")
stiffener dimension check chkdim_e = IF(bea_stiff_e="exist",IF(bs_e/ts_e<20 = OK
0/SQRT(Fy),"OK","increase stiffener
thickness"),"NA")

Unstiffened End Bearing

Resistance
web crippling Bre_a = φbe*w*(N+4*t)*Fy/1000 = 1069 [kN] $14.3.2b(i)
web yielding Bre_b = 0.6*φbe*w^2*SQRT(Fy/1000*Est/1000) = 502 [kN] $14.3.2b(ii)
bearing resistance Br_end = MIN( Bre_a, Bre_b) = 502 [kN]

Stiffened Exterior Compression

Resistance
2
resisting area Ae = 12*w^2+2*Abs_e = 5728 [mm ] $14.4.2
4
moment of inertia 1 Ie = 1/12*(ts_e*(2*bs_e+w)^3) = 23979637 [mm ]
radius of gyration re = SQRT(Ie/Ae) = 65 [mm]
lambda λe = K*h/r_e*SQRT(Fy/(PI()^2*Est)) = 0.41 $13.3.1
axial compression resistance Cre = Ae*φ*Fy*(1+λe^(2*n))^(-1/n)/1000 = 1449 [kN] $13.3.1
efficiency bearing stiffener br_sfe = Cf/Cre = 1.10

135
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

stiffener bearing resistance Bstiff_e = φ*1.5*Fy*(cpl*ts_e*2)/1000 = 1296 [kN] $13.10(a)

efficiency stiffener bearing st_sfe = Cf/Bstiff_e = 1.23
min. stiffener efficiency sf_ext = MIN(br_sfe,st_sfe) = 1.10
capacity check chk_cap_ex = IF(bea_stiff_e="exist",IF(sf_ext>1,"incr = increase stiffener
t ease stiffener thickness or increase thickness or increase
bearing seat length","stiffener bearing seat length
OK"),"NA")

Stiffener Under Concerated Loads

Unstiffened Interior Bearing

Resistance
web crippling Bri_a = φbi*w*(N+10*t)*Fy/1000 = 1555 [kN] $14.3.2a(i)
web yielding Bri_b = 1.45*φbi*w^2*SQRT(Fy/1000*Est/1000 = 1294 [kN] $14.3.2a(ii)
)
bearing resistance Br_int = MIN( Bri_a, Bri_b) = 1294 [kN]
stiffener requirement under stiff_check_ = IF(Cf>Br_int,"intermediate bearing = intermediate bearing
concentrated load in stiff. required","intermediate bearing stiff. required
stiff. not required")

stiffener area Abs_i = bs_i*ts_i = 1500

stiffener moment of Inertia I_i = 1/12*(ts_e*bs_e^3) = 2604167

Stiffener Slenderness Check

stiffener readius of gyration r_i = SQRT(I_i/Abs_i) = 42
stiffener slenderness ratio sr_stiff_i = K*h/r_i = 29
stiffener slenderness ratio check chksl_i = IF(bea_stiff_i="exist",IF(sr_stiff_i>200, = stiffener slenderness
"stiffener too slender, increase OK
size","stiffener slenderness OK"),"NA")

136
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

stiffener dimension check chkdim_i = IF(bea_stiff_i="exist",IF(bs_i/ts_i<200/ = OK

SQRT(Fy),"OK","Increase Stiffener's
thickness"),"NA")

Stiffened Interior Compression

Resistance
2
resisting area Ai = 25*w^2+2*Abs_i = 6600 [mm ] $14.4.2
4
moment of inertia 1 Ii = 1/12*(ts_i*(2*bs_i+w)^3) = 17984728 [mm ]
radius of gyration ri = SQRT(Ii/Ai) = 52 [mm]
lambda λ = K*h/ri*SQRT(Fy/(PI()^2*Est)) = 0.28 $13.3.1
axial compression resistance Cri = Ai*φ*Fy*(1+λ^(2*n))^(-1/n)/1000 = 1738 [kN] $13.3.1
efficiency bearing br_sfi = Cf/Cri = 0.92

stiffener bearing resistance Bstiff_i = 1.5*φ*Fy*(cpl*ts_i*2)/1000 = 972 [kN] $13.10(a)

efficiency stiffener st_sfi = Cf/Bstiff_i = 1.65
min. stiffener efficiency sf_int = MIN(br_sfi,st_sfi) = 0.92
capacity check chk_cap_int = IF(bea_stiff_i="exist",IF(sf_int>1,"incre = stiffener
ase stiffener thickness or increase OK
bearing seat length","stiffener
OK"),"NA")

Welding of Bearing Stiffener

strength of base metal Vr_b = (0.67∗φω*s*Fu)/1000 = 1.21 [kN/mm] $13.13.2.2(a)
strength of weld Vr_w = (0.67∗φω*s*0.7071*Xu)/1000 = 0.93 [kN/mm] $13.13.2.2(b)
governing strength Vr_gov = Min(Vr_b,Vr_w) = 0.93 [kN/mm]
total weld length L_w = Cf/Vr_gov = 1715 [mm]

137
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

INPUT WELD DESIGN

Select Weld Between Flanges and Web (two
fillet welds each)
weld size w_size = 8 [mm]
intermittend weld length w_length = 200 [mm]
spacing on centre w_spacing = 400 [mm]

COMPUTATIONS WELD DESIGN

girder depth d_sel = h+2*t_com = 1664 [mm]
4
moment of inertia Ig = ((b*d_sel^3)-(b-w)*h^3)/12 = 2.50E+10 [mm ]
3
Qs = t_com*b_com*h/2 = 1.28E+07 [mm ]
shear flow per mm length q = (Vf*Qs)/Ig*1000 = 1127 [N/mm]
weld resistance (two weld Lines) vr_base = 2*0.67*φw*w_size*Fu = 3232 [N/mm]
w_throat = 2*0.707*w_size = 11 [mm]
vr_throat = 2*0.67*φw*w_throat*Xu = 4976 [N/mm]
vr_min = MIN(vr_base,vr_throat) = 3232 [N/mm]
shear resistance per mm length v_r = vr_min*(w_length/w_spacing) = 1616 [N/mm]
IF(v_r>=q,"weld flange to web
weld check w_check = OK","increase weld amount") = weld flange to web OK
efficiency weld we_eff = q/v_r = 0.70

INPUT Weight Computation

Steel Density S_den
COMPUTATIONS OF TOTAL WEIGHT PER
GIRDER
mass of compression flange
mass of tension Flange
0.00000785
= 00 [Kg/mm^3]
M_com_Fl = b_com*t_com*(L*1000)*S_den = 4019.20 [kg]
M_ten_Fl = b_ten*t_ten*(L*1000)*S_den = 4019 [kg]

138
Plate Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01 and CSA-S6-06)

mass of web
mass of transverse stiffeners
mass of bearing stiffener
total mass
total weight per girder
if(stiffeners="exist",(L*1000 / a - 1) *
bs_a * ts_a * h * S_den *
M_Web = if(stiff_furn="pair",2,1),0) = 291.39 [kg]
(if(bea_stiff_e="exist",(bs_e * ts_e *
h)*2,0) + if(bea_stiff_i="exist",(bs_i *
M_t_stiff = ts_i * h)*2,0))*S_den*2 = 175.84 [kg]
(if(bea_stiff_e="exist",(bs_e * ts_e *
h)*2,0) + if(bea_stiff_i="exist",(bs_i *
M_b_stiff = ts_i * h)*2,0))*S_den*2 = 175.84 [kg]
M_com_Fl+M_ten_Fl+M_Web+M_t_st
T_Mass = iff+M_b_stiff = 8681.47 [kg]
T_Weight = T_Mass*9.8/1000 = 85.1 [kN]

Handbook of Steel Construction CAN/CSA-S16-01

- 9th Edition
Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code CAN/C
S6-00

139
Appendix D: Box Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

140
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

DESIGN OF BOX GIRDERS

DESCRIPTION

ITFS,ATFS
LTF tTF,ITF,ATF

XTFS2 hws
XTFS1

yTFS

yWS2 LW
IWS,AWS

yWS1
yBFS XBFS1
XBFS2

LBF
IBFS,ABFS
tBF,IBF,ABF

141
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

INPUT

Factored Loads and Moments

Factored Moment Mf = 3500.00[kNm]
Factored Shear Vf = 1750.00[kN]

Material Properties
Material Yield Strength Fy = 350.00[MPa]
Material Young's Modulus E = 200000[MPa]
Material poisson's ratio v = 0.30
Performance Factor φ = 0.90

Girder Dimensions
web thickness t_w = 20.00[mm]
web length L_w = 900.00[mm]
Top flange width L_tf = 500.00[mm]
Top flange thickness t_tf = 35.00[mm]
Bottom flange width L_bf = 300.00[mm]
Bottom flange thickness t_bf = 25.00[mm]
Web Longitudinal stiffener moment of Inertia I_ws = 131000[mm^4]
Web longitudinal stiffener area A_ws = 524.00[mm^2]
web longitudinal stiffener 1 height y_ws1 = 250.00[mm]
web longitudinal stiffener 2 height y_ws2 = 875.00[mm]
web longitudinal stiffener offset h_ws = 31.90[mm]
Top flange Longitudinal stiffener moment of I_tfs
Inertia = 131000[mm^4]
Top flange Longitudinal stiffener area A_tfs = 524.00[mm^2]
Top flange longitudinal stiffener height y_tfs = 913.60[mm]
Top flange stiffener 1 offset x_tfs1 = 166.67[mm]
Top flange stiffener 2 offset x_tfs2 = 333.33[mm]
Bottom flange Longitudinal stiffener moment I_bfs = 131000[mm^4]

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Box Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

of Inertia
Bottom flange Longitudinal stiffener area
Bottom flange longitudinal stiffener height
Bottom flange stiffener 1 offset
Bottom flange stiffener 2 offset
A_bfs = 524.00[mm^2]
y_bfs = 41.90[mm]
x_bfs1 = 100.00[mm]
x_bfs2 = 200.00[mm]

Stiffeners
Transverse stiffener/internal diaphragm a
spacing = 2000.00[mm]
Transverse Stiffeners stf = exist(exist/non
e)
stf_lw (exist/non
Longitudinal Web Stiffeners = exist e)
stf_lf (exist/non
Longitudinal Flange Stiffeners = exist e)
Number of Longitudinal stiffeners n = 2.00

SECTIONAL PROPERTIES
CALCULATED FOR THE BOX
SECTION
References
Section Properties without Longitudinal
Stiffeners
Girder Depth D = t_bf+L_w*COS(w_incl)+t_tf = 954.43[mm]
web inclination w_incl = ASIN(((L_tf-L_bf)/2)/L_w) = 0.111[rad]
Top flange area A_tf = L_tf*t_tf = 17500[mm^2]
Bottom flange area A_bf = L_bf*t_bf = 7500.0[mm^2]
Web area A_w1 = L_w*t_w = 18000.0[mm^2]
Total area A_unstf = A_tf+A_bf+2*A_w1 = 61000.0[mm^2]
936.92719
Top flange centroid height y_tf = t_bf+L_w*COS(w_incl)+t_tf/2 = 1[mm]
Bottom flange centroid height y_bf = t_bf/2 = 12.50[mm]
Web centroid height y_w = L_w*COS(w_incl)/2+t_bf = 472.21[mm]

143
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

Top flange Ix Ix_tf = L_tf*(t_tf^3)/12 = 1.79E+06[mm^4]

Bottom flange Ix Ix_bf = L_bf*(t_bf^3)/12 = 3.91E+05[mm^4]
Web Ix Ix_w = t_w*(COS(w_incl))^2*(L_w^3)/12 = 1.20E+09[mm^4]
(A_tf*y_tf+A_bf*y_bf+2*A_w1*y_w)/(A
Total section neutral axis height y_unstf = _unstf) = 549.01[mm]
Ix_tf+Ix_bf+2*Ix_w+A_tf*(y_tf-
y_tot)^2+A_bf*(y_bf-
Total section Ix Ix_unst = y_tot)^2+2*A_w1*(y_w-y_tot)^2 = 7.41E+09[mm^4]
Section Modulus in Compression S_c = Ix_unst/(D-y_unstf) = 1.8.E+07[mm^3]
Section Modulus in Tension S_t = Ix_unst/y_unstf = 1.35E+07[mm^3]

Section Properties with Longitudinal stiffeners smeared into plate elements

A_tf+A_bf+2*A_w1+2*(A_bfs+A_tfs+2*
Total area A_tot = A_ws) = 65192.0[mm^2]
Combined stiffened top flange plate neutral (2*A_tfs*y_tfs+A_tf*y_tf)/(A_tf+2*A_tfs
axis height y_tfc = ) = 935.61[mm]
2*I_tfs+L_tf*t_tf^3/12+2*A_tfs*(y_tfs-
Combined stiffened top flange plate Ix Ix_tfc = y_tfc)^2+A_tf*(y_tf-y_tfc)^2 = 2.59E+06[mm^4]
Effective top flange flat plate thickness t_tf_sm = (12*Ix_tfc/L_tf)^(1/3) = 39.60[mm]
Combined stiffened bottom flange plate (2*A_bfs*y_bfs+A_bf*y_bf)/(A_bf+2*A
neutral axis height y_bfc = _bfs) = 16[mm]
2*I_bfs+L_bf*t_bf^3/12+2*A_bfs*(y_bf
Combined stiffened bottom flange plate Ix Ix_bfc = s-y_tfc)^2+A_tf*(y_bf-y_tfc)^2 = 1.57E+10[mm^4]
Effective bottom flange flat plate thickness t_bf_sm = (12*Ix_bfc/L_bf)^(1/3) = 857.26[mm]
Combined stiffened web plate neutral axis (2*A_ws*h_ws+A_w1*t_w/2)/(A_w1+2
height y_tot_w = *A_ws) = 11.20[mm]
2*I_ws+L_w*t_w^3/12+2*A_ws*(h_ws-
Combined stiffened web plate Ix Ix_wc = y_tot_w)^2+A_w1*(t_w/2-y_tot_w)^2 = 1.34E+06[mm^4]
Effective web plate thickness t_w_sm = (12*Ix_wc/L_w)^(1/3) = 26[mm]
(A_tf*y_tf+A_bf*y_bf+2*A_w1*y_w+2*(
A_tfs*y_tfs+A_bfs*y_bfs+A_ws*y_ws1
Total section neutral axis height y_tot = +A_ws*y_ws2))/(A_tot) = 547.15[mm]

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Box Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

Ix_tf+Ix_bf+2*Ix_w+A_tf*(y_tf-
y_tot)^2+A_bf*(y_bf-
y_tot)^2+2*A_w1*(y_w-
y_tot)^2+2*I_bfs+2*I_tfs+I_ws*4+2*A_t
fs*(y_tfs-y_tot)^2+2*A_bfs*(y_bfs-
y_tot)^2+2*A_ws*(y_ws1-
Total section Ix Ix_tot = y_tot)^2+2*A_ws*(y_ws2-y_tot)^2 = 8.02E+09[mm^4]
Section Modulus in Compression Sc_stf = Ix_tot/(D-y_tot) = 2.0.E+07[mm^3]
Section Modulus in Tension St_stf = Ix_tot/y_tot = 1.47E+07[mm^3]
First web panel height h_wp1 = (y_ws1-t_bf)/(COS(w_incl)) = 2.26E+02
Second web panel height h_wp2 = (y_ws2-y_ws1)/(COS(w_incl)) = 6.29E+02
Third web panel height h_wp3 = L_w-(h_wp1+h_wp2) = 4.47E+01

SECTION STRENGTH

CHECK FOR FLEXURAL RESISTANCE

(SSRC)

Excluding Longitudinal Stiffeners

COMPRESSION FLANGE CLASS

Max Slenderness for Box Flanges slf_max = 670/(sqrt(Fy)) = 35.81 $11.2 Table 2
Compression flange maximum slenderness
ratio sl_tfus = L_tf/(2*t_tf) = 7.14
Flange Slenderness check slf_chu = if(sl_tfus<slf_max,"OK","NOT OK") = OK

COMPRESSION FLANGE BUCKLIING

Top flange longitudinal stress σ_tf_us = Mf*(y_tf-y_unstf)/Ix_unst*1000000 = 183.30[Mpa]
Galambos
Critical Buckling Stress σcr_tfu = kb_tf*PI()^2*E/(12*(1-v^2)*(L_tf/t_tf)^2) = 3542.93[Mpa] 4.2.1
Safety Check = if(σ_tf_us<σcr_tfu, "OK", "NOT OK") = OK

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Box Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

FLEXURAL STRENGTH

min(0.9*(σcr_tfu*S_c),0.9*(Fy*S_t))/10
Flexural Moment Resistance Mr_uns = ^6 = 4249.79[kN.m] Galambos 7.4

Flexural Strength check if(Mr_uns<Mf, "NOT OK", "OK") = OK

WEB CRIPPLING
Limiting web depth to web thickness Ratio to
control Flexural Buckling of the web with
Longitudinal stiffener R1_uns = 6.04*sqrt(E/Fy) = 144.38 Galambos 6.2
maximum web panel slenderness slw_uns = L_w/t_w = 45.00
IF(R1_uns>slw_uns, "OK","Not OK") = OK

Including Longitudinal Stiffeners

COMPRESSION FLANGE CLASS

Compression flange maximum slenderness
ratio sl_tf = b_tfm/(2*t_tf) = 2.38
Flange Slenderness check slf_chk = if(sl_tf<slf_max,"OK","NOT OK") = OK

COMPRESSION FLANGE BUCKLIING

Top flange longitudinal stress σ_tf = Mf*(y_tfc-y_tot)/Ix_tot*1000000 = 169.50[Mpa]
Galambos
Buckling Co-efficient for top flange kb_tf = 4 Figure 4.8
Top flange subpanel plate width 1 b_tf_a = x_tfs1 = 166.7[mm]
Top flange subpanel plate width 2 b_tf_b = x_tfs2-x_tfs1 = 166.7[mm]
Top flange subpanel plate width 3 b_tf_c = L_tf-x_tfs2 = 166.7[mm]
Top flange maximum plate width b_tfm = MAX(b_tf_a,b_tf_b,b_tf_c) = 166.7[mm]
kb_tf*PI()^2*E/(12*(1- Galambos
Critical Buckling Stress σcr_tf = v^2)*(b_tfm/t_tf)^2) = 31886.4[MPa] 4.2.1

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Box Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

Safety Check = if(σ_tf<σcr_tf, "OK", "NOT OK") = OK

FLEXURAL STRENGTH

min(0.9*(σcr_tf*Sc_stf),0.9*(Fy*St_stf))
Flexural Moment Resistance Mr = /10^6 = 4618.0kNm Galambos 7.4

Flexural Strength check if(Mr<Mf, "NOT OK", "OK") = OK

Overall Flexural Resistance

Flexural resistance Mr_com = IF(stf_lf="exist",Mr,Mr_uns) = 4617.98[kN]

WEB CRIPPLING
Limiting web depth to web thickness Ratio to
control Flexural Buckling of the web with
Longitudinal stiffener R1 = 6.04*sqrt(E/Fy) = 144.4 Galambos 6.2
Maximum web panel height h_max = MAX(h_wp1,h_wp2,h_wp3) = 628.89
Maximum web panel slenderness Sl_maxp = h_max/t_w = 31.44
IF(R1>Sl_maxp, "OK","Not OK") = OK
SHEAR STRENGTH SSRC (without
longitudinal stiffeners)

Tension field Stress ft = Fy*(1-Fs_eb/Fs_sy) = -1232.00[MPa] Galambos 6.3

Shear Strength contribution due to diagonal (L_w*t_w*ft/(2*sqrt(1+(L_w/t_w)^2)+(L Galambos
tension Vt = _w/t_w)))/1000 = -164.24[kN] 7.5.1
Tension field check Vt_c = IF(Vt<0, 0, Vt) = 0
Shear Strength contribution due to web before Galambos
buckling Vb = (L_w*t_w*Fs)/1000 = 4158.000[kN] 7.5.1
Galambos
Final Shear Resistance Vu = 0.9*(Vb+Vt_c) = 3742.2[kN] 7.5.1
if(Vu>Vf_d, "OK", "NOT OK") = OK

147
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

SHEAR STRENGTH CSA

Excluding Longitudinal Stiffeners
Factored Design Shear for each Web Plate Vf_d = Vf/(2*COS(w_incl)) = 880.45
Web Area Aw = L_w*t_w = 18000.00 [mm^2]
Web Slenderness s_w = L_w/t_w = 45.00
Panel Ratio a_h = a/L_w = 2.22
Factored shear stress Ff_d = (Vf_d/Aw)*1000 = 48.91 [Mpa]
Panel ratio check
Max panel ratio one ahmax_a = 67500/(s_w)^2 $14.5.2 Table
= 33.33 5
Max panel ratio two ahmax_b = 3 = 3 "
Panel ratio check a_check = IF(stf="exist",IF(s_w>150,IF(a_h<=ah "
max_a,"OK!","Decrease stiffener
spacing"),IF(a_h<=ahmax_b,"OK!","De
crease stiffener spacing")),"NA")
= OK!

Web slenderness check

Maximum allowable slenderness s_wmax = 83000/Fy = 237.14 $14.3.1
web slenderness check s_checx = IF(slw_uns>s_wmax,"Reduce Slenderne $14.3.1
Slenderness!","Slenderness OK!") = ss OK!

Calculation of Shear Stress Resistance:

Shear Buckling Coefficient kv_nx = 5.34 = 5.34 $13.4.1.1
kv_s1x = 4+5.34/(a/L_w)^2 = 5.08 "
kv_s2x = 5.34+4/(a/L_w)^2 = 6.15 "
kv_sx = IF(a/L_w<1,kv_s1x,kv_s2x) = 6.15 "
kvx = IF(stf = "none",kv_nx,kv_sx) = 6.15 "
Ultimate Shear Stress (Fs)
(a) Shear Yielding Fs_syx = 0.66 * Fy = 231 [MPa] $13.4.1.1(a)
(b) Inelastic Buckling Fs_ibx = 290 * (((Fy * kvx)^.5)/(L_w/ t_w)) = 299.0 [MPa] $13.4.1.1(b)

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Box Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

tension field contribution Fs_ibtx = (0.5 * Fy - [MPa] $13.4.1.1(c)

0.866*Fs_ibx)*sqrt(1/(1+(a/L_w)^2)) = -34.4
(d) Elastic Buckling Fs_ebx = 180000*kvx/(slw_uns)^2 = 546.7 [MPa] $13.4.1.1(d)
tension field contribution Fs_ebtx = (0.5*Fy- [MPa] "
0.866*Fs_ebx)*sqrt(1/(1+(a_h)^2)) = -122.5
K Factor KFx = (kvx/Fy)^0.5 (MPa^-
= 0.13 0.5]

slenderness case h/w casex = IF(slw_uns<=439*KF,"i",IF(slw_uns<= [MPa]

502*KF,"ii",IF(slw_uns<=621*KF,"iii","i
v"))) = i
Fs_stx = IF(casex="i",Fs_syx,IF(casex="ii",Fs_i [MPa] $13.4.1.1 (a-
bx,IF(casex="iii",Fs_ibx+Fs_ibtx,Fs_eb d)
x+Fs_ebtx))) = 231
Fs_unsx = IF(casex="i",Fs_syx,IF(casex="ii",Fs_i [MPa] "
bx,IF(casex="iii",Fs_ibx,Fs_ebx))) = 231
Stiffener check st_chx = IF(Ff_d>Fs_unsx,"Transverse Stiffener Transvers
Required!","Transverse Stiffener not e Stiffener
Required!") not
= Required!

Fsx = IF(stf="exist",Fs_st,Fs_unst) = 231 [MPa] "

SHEAR RESISTANCE Vr_uns = φ * Aw * Fs / 1000 = 3742.2 [kN] $13.4.1.1

Shear ratio Vratiox = Vf_d/Vr_uns = 0.235
Shear ratio check Vcheckx = IF(Vratiox<1,"OK!!","Increase shear
resistance") = OK!!

Including Longitudinal Stiffeners

web slenderness check s_chek = IF(Sl_maxp>s_wmax,"Reduce Slenderne
Slenderness!","Slenderness OK!") = ss OK!
Calculation of Shear Stress Resistance:
Shear Buckling Coefficient kv_n = 5.34 = 5.34 $13.4.1.1
kv_s1 = 4+5.34/(a/h_max)^2 = 4.53 "

149
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

kv_s2 = 5.34+4/(a/h_max)^2 = 5.74 "

kv_s = IF(a/h_max<1,kv_s1,kv_s2) = 5.74 "
kv = IF(stf = "none",kv_n,kv_s) = 5.74 "
Ultimate Shear Stress (Fs)
(a) Shear Yielding Fs_sy = 0.66 * Fy = 231 [MPa] $13.4.1.1(a)
(b) Inelastic Buckling Fs_ib = 290 * (((Fy * kv)^.5)/(h_max/ t_w)) = 413.2 [MPa] $13.4.1.1(b)
tension field contribution Fs_ibt = (0.5 * Fy - [MPa] $13.4.1.1(c)
0.866*Fs_ib)*sqrt(1/(1+(a/h_max)^2)) = -54.8
(d) Elastic Buckling Fs_eb = 180000*kv/(Sl_maxp)^2 = 1044.1 [MPa] $13.4.1.1(d)
tension field contribution Fs_ebt = (0.5*Fy- [MPa] "
0.866*Fs_eb)*sqrt(1/(1+(a/h_max)^2)) = -218.7
K Factor KF = (kv/Fy)^0.5 (MPa^-
= 0.13 0.5]
slenderness case h/w case = IF(Sl_maxp<=439*KF,"i",IF(Sl_maxp< [MPa]
=502*KF,"ii",IF(Sl_maxp<=621*KF,"iii",
"iv"))) = i
Fs_st = IF(case="i",Fs_sy,IF(case="ii",Fs_ib,IF [MPa] $13.4.1.1 (a-
(case="iii",Fs_ib+Fs_ibt,Fs_eb+Fs_ebt d)
))) = 231
Fs_unst = IF(case="i",Fs_sy,IF(case="ii",Fs_ib,IF [MPa] "
(case="iii",Fs_ib,Fs_eb))) = 231
Stiffener check st_ch = IF(Ff_d>Fs_unst,"Transverse Stiffener Transvers
Required!","Transverse Stiffener not e Stiffener
Required!") not
= Required!
Fs = IF(stf="exist",Fs_st,Fs_unst) = 231 [MPa] "

SHEAR RESISTANCE Vr = φ * Aw * Fs / 1000 = 3742.2 [kN] $13.4.1.1

Shear ratio Vratio = Vf_d/Vr = 0.235
Shear ratio check Vcheck = IF(Vratio<1,"OK!!","Increase shear
resistance") = OK!!

Overall Shear Resistance

overall shear resistance Vr_com = IF(stf_lw="exist",Vr,Vr_uns) = 3742.2[kN]

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Box Girder Spreadsheet (CSA-S16-01)

Combined Flexure and Shear Check

(CSA)

Excluding Longitudinal Stiffeners

Factored Moment at 0.6 Vr Mf_c = 3000[kN.m]
Factored shear at 0.6Vr Vf_c = 0.6*Vr = 2245 [kN]
Moment ratio Mf_rcx = Mf_c/Mr_uns = 0.7059
Shear ratio Vf_rcx = Vf_c/Vr_uns = 0.6
check if interaction critical chkx = IF(Vf>=0.6*Vr_uns, "Interaction is Interactio
critical","Interaction not critical") n not
= critical
interaction efficiency Interx = 0.727*Mf_rc+0.455*Vf_rc = 0.745 $14.6.
check resistance against shear and moment C_checx = IF(stf="exist",IF(Inter>=1,"increase combined
moment or shear shear and
resistance","combined shear and moment
moment capacity OK"),"NA") capacity
= OK

Including Longitudinal Stiffeners

Moment ratio Mf_rc = Mf_c/Mr = 0.6496
Shear ratio Vf_rc = Vf_c/Vr = 0.6
check if interaction critical chk = IF(Vf>=0.6*Vr, "Interaction is Interactio
critical","Interaction not critical") n not
= critical
interaction efficiency Inter = 0.727*Mf_rc+0.455*Vf_rc = 0.745 $14.6.
check resistance against shear and moment C_check = IF(stf="exist",IF(Inter>=1,"increase combined
moment or shear shear and
resistance","combined shear and moment
moment capacity OK"),"NA") capacity
= OK

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Appendix E: Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

152
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

DESIGN OF BOX GIRDERS

DESCRIPTION

ITFS,ATFS REFERENCE

LTF tTF,ITF,ATF Crane Code

hws (CMAA
XTFS2 Specifications
XTFS1 #70 & #74

yTFS

yWS2 LW
IWS,AWS

yWS1
yBFS XBFS1
XBFS2

LBF
IBFS,ABFS
tBF,IBF,ABF

INPUT

Factored Loads and Moments

Factored Moment Mf = 3500.00[kNm]
Factored Shear Vf = 1750.00[kN]

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Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

Material Properties
Material Yield Strength Fy = 350.00[MPa]
Material Young's Modulus E = 200000[MPa]
Material poisson's ratio v = 0.30
Performance Factor φ = 0.90

Girder Dimensions
web thickness t_w = 20.00[mm]
web length L_w = 900.00[mm]
Top flange width L_tf = 500.00[mm]
Top flange thickness t_tf = 35.00[mm]
Bottom flange width L_bf = 300.00[mm]
Bottom flange thickness t_bf = 25.00[mm]
Web Longitudinal stiffener moment of Inertia I_ws = 131000[mm^4]
Web longitudinal stiffener area A_ws = 524.00[mm^2]
web longitudinal stiffener 1 height y_ws1 = 250.00[mm]
web longitudinal stiffener 2 height y_ws2 = 875.00[mm]
web longitudinal stiffener offset h_ws = 31.90[mm]
Top flange Longitudinal stiffener moment of I_tfs
Inertia = 131000[mm^4]
Top flange Longitudinal stiffener area A_tfs = 524.00[mm^2]
Top flange longitudinal stiffener height y_tfs = 913.60[mm]
Top flange stiffener 1 offset x_tfs1 = 166.67[mm]
Top flange stiffener 2 offset x_tfs2 = 333.33[mm]
Bottom flange Longitudinal stiffener moment of I_bfs
Inertia = 131000[mm^4]
Bottom flange Longitudinal stiffener area A_bfs = 524.00[mm^2]
Bottom flange longitudinal stiffener height y_bfs = 41.90[mm]
Bottom flange stiffener 1 offset x_bfs1 = 100.00[mm]
Bottom flange stiffener 2 offset x_bfs2 = 200.00[mm]
Transverse stiffener/internal diaphragm spacing a = 2000.00[mm]

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Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

SECTIONAL PROPERTIES CALCULATED FOR THE BOX SECTION

Section Properties without Longitudinal Stiffeners

web inclination w_incl = ASIN(((L_tf-L_bf)/2)/L_w) = 0.11[rad]
Top flange area A_tf = L_tf*t_tf = 17500[mm^2]
Bottom flange area A_bf = L_bf*t_bf = 7500[mm^2]
Web area A_w1 = L_w*t_w = 18000[mm^2]
A_tf+A_bf+2*A_w1+2*(A_bfs+A_tfs
Total area A_tot = +2*A_ws) = 65192[mm^2]
Top flange centroid height y_tf = t_bf+L_w*COS(w_incl)+t_tf/2 = 936.9[mm]
Bottom flange centroid height y_bf = t_bf/2 = 12.5[mm]
Web centroid height y_w = L_w*COS(w_incl)/2+t_bf = 472.2[mm]
(A_tf*y_tf+A_bf*y_bf+2*A_w1*y_w+
2*(A_tfs*y_tfs+A_bfs*y_bfs+A_ws*Y
Total section neutral axis height y_tot = _ws1+A_ws*Y_ws2))/(A_tot) = 547.15[mm]
1.79E+0
Top flange Ix Ix_tf = L_tf*(t_tf^3)/12 = 6[mm^4]
3.91E+0
Bottom flange Ix Ix_bf = L_bf*(t_bf^3)/12 = 5[mm^4]
1.20E+0
Web Ix Ix_w = t_w*(COS(w_incl))^2*(L_w^3)/12 = 9[mm^4]
Ix_tf+Ix_bf+2*Ix_w+A_tf*(y_tf-
y_tot)^2+A_bf*(y_bf-
y_tot)^2+2*A_w1*(y_w-
y_tot)^2+2*I_bfs+2*I_tfs+I_ws*4+2*
A_tfs*(y_tfs-
y_tot)^2+2*A_bfs*(y_bfs-
y_tot)^2+2*A_ws*(y_ws1- 8.02E+0
Total section Ix Ix_tot = y_tot)^2+2*A_ws*(y_ws2-y_tot)^2 = 9[mm^4]

Section Properties with Longitudinal stiffeners smeared into plate elements

Combined stiffened top flange plate neutral axis (2*A_tfs*y_tfs+A_tf*y_tf)/(A_tf+2*A_t
height y_tot_tf = fs) = 935.61
Combined stiffened top flange plate Ix Ix_tot_tf = 2*I_tfs+L_tf*t_tf^3/12+2*A_tfs*(y_tfs = 2586514

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Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

-y_tot_tf)^2+A_tf*(y_tf-y_tot_tf)^2
Effective top flange flat plate thickness t_tf_sm = (12*Ix_tot_tf/L_tf)^(1/3) = 39.60[mm]
Combined stiffened top flange plate neutral axis (2*A_bfs*y_bfs+A_bf*y_bf)/(A_bf+2*
height y_tot_bf = A_bfs) = 16.10
2*I_bfs+L_bf*t_bf^3/12+2*A_bfs*(y_
bfs-y_tot_bf)^2+A_tf*(y_bf-
Combined stiffened top flange plate Ix Ix_tot_bf = y_tot_bf)^2 = 1577339
Effective top flange flat plate thickness t_bf_sm = (12*Ix_tot_bf/L_bf)^(1/3) = 39.81
Combined stiffened top flange plate neutral axis (2*A_ws*h_ws+A_w1*t_w/2)/(A_w1
height y_tot_w = +2*A_ws) = 11.20
2*I_ws+L_w*t_w^3/12+2*A_ws*(h_
ws-y_tot_w)^2+A_w1*(t_w/2-
Combined stiffened top flange plate Ix Ix_tot_w = y_tot_w)^2 = 1336977
Effective top flange flat plate thickness t_w_sm = (12*Ix_tot_w/L_w)^(1/3) = 26.12

Longitudinal stress distribution, panel sizes and loading

cases
Top flange longitudinal stress σ_tf = Mf*(y_tot_tf-y_tot)/Ix_tot*1000000 = 169.50[MPa]
Top flange loading ratio Ψ_tf = 1 = 1 % Table 3.4.8.2-1
Top flange loading case case_tf = 1 = 1 % Table 3.4.8.2-1
Top flange subpanel plate width 1 b_tf_a = x_tfs1 = 167[mm]
Top flange subpanel plate width 2 b_tf_b = x_tfs2-x_tfs1 = 167[mm]
Top flange subpanel plate width 3 b_tf_c = L_tf-x_tfs2 = 167[mm]
Top flange maximum plate width b_tf_max = MAX(b_tf_a,b_tf_b,b_tf_c) = 167[mm]
Top flange maximum subpanel aspect ratio α_tf = a/b_tf_max = 12.00
Longitudinal stress in bottom flange σ_bf = Mf*(y_tot_bf-y_tot)/Ix_tot*1000000 = -231.71[MPa]
Bottom flange loading ratio Ψ_bf = 1 = 1 % Table 3.4.8.2-1
Bottom flange loading case case_bf = 1 = 1 % Table 3.4.8.2-1
Bottom flange subpanel plate width 1 b_bf_a = x_bfs1 = 100[mm]
Bottom flange subpanel plate width 2 b_bf_b = x_bfs2-x_bfs1 = 100[mm]
Bottom flange subpanel plate width 3 b_bf_c = L_bf-x_bfs2 = 100[mm]
Bottom flange maximum plate width b_bf_max = MAX(b_bf_a,b_bf_b,b_bf_c) = 100[mm]
Bottom flange maximum subpanel aspect ratio α_bf = a/b_bf_max = 20.00

156
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

Web longitudinal stress at first stiffener σ_w_s1 = Mf*(y_ws1-y_tot)/Ix_tot*1000000 = -129.66[MPa]

Web longitudinal stress at second stiffener σ_w_s2 = Mf*(y_ws2-y_tot)/Ix_tot*1000000 = 143.05[MPa]
Web subpanel 1 loading ratio Ψ_w1 = σ_w_s1/σ_bf = 0.56 % Table 3.4.8.2-1
Web subpanel 2 loading ratio Ψ_w2 = σ_w_s2/σ_w_s1 = -1.10 % Table 3.4.8.2-1
Web subpanel 3 loading ratio Ψ_w3 = σ_tf/σ_w_s2 = 1.18 % Table 3.4.8.2-1
IF(σ_bf<0,IF(σ_w_s1<0,"Tension!!",I
F(Ψ_w1<-
1,3,IF(Ψ_w1<0,2,1))),IF(Ψ_w3<- Tension
Web subpanel 1 loading case case_w1 = 1,3,IF(Ψ_w1<0,2,1))) = !! % Table 3.4.8.2-1
IF(σ_w_s1<0,IF(σ_w_s2<0,"Tensio
n!!",IF(Ψ_w2<-
1,3,IF(Ψ_w1<0,2,1))),IF(Ψ_w3<-
Web subpanel 2 loading case case_w2 = 1,3,IF(Ψ_w1<0,2,1))) = 3 % Table 3.4.8.2-1
IF(σ_tf<0,IF(σ_w_s2<0,"Tension!!!",I
F(Ψ_w3<-
1,3,IF(Ψ_w1<0,2,1))),IF(Ψ_w3<-
Web subpanel 3 loading case case_w3 = 1,3,IF(Ψ_w1<0,2,1))) = 1 % Table 3.4.8.2-1
Web subpanel plate width 1 b_w1 = (y_ws1-t_bf)/COS(w_incl) = 226.4[mm]
Web subpanel plate width 2 b_w2 = (y_ws2-y_ws1)/COS(w_incl) = 628.9[mm]
Web subpanel plate width 3 b_w3 = (L_w-y_ws2)/COS(w_incl) = 25.2[mm]
Web subpanel aspect ratio 1 α_w1 = a/b_w1 = 8.83
Web subpanel aspect ratio 2 α_w2 = a/b_w2 = 3.18
Web subpanel aspect ratio 3 α_w3 = a/b_w3 = 79.50
Web loading ratio Ψ_w = σ_tf/σ_bf = -0.73 % Table 3.4.8.2-1
IF(σ_bf<0,IF(σ_tf<0,"Tension!!",IF(Ψ
_w<-1,3,IF(Ψ_w<0,2,1))),IF(Ψ_w3<-
Web loading case case_w = 1,3,IF(Ψ_w<0,2,1))) = 2 % Table 3.4.8.2-1

Shear flow and shear stress in each

panel
Dx1 = 0 = 0.000
Dx2 = t_bf*(y_bf-y_tot)*(x_bfs2-L_bf/2)*-1 = 668317

157
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

Dx2' = Dx2-(y_bfs-y_tot)*A_bfs = 933070

t_bf*(y_bf-y_tot)*(L_bf-x_bfs2)*-
Dx3 = 1+Dx2-(y_bfs-y_tot)*A_bfs = 2269703
t_w*((y_bf-y_tot)*(y_ws1-
y_bf)+0.5*(y_ws1-
Dx4 = y_bf)^2*COS(w_incl))*-1+Dx3 = 4248738
s4 = (y_bf-y_tot)/COS(w_incl)*-1 = 538
t_w*((y_bf-
y_tot)*s4+0.5*s4^2*COS(w_incl))*-
Dx_w1max' = 1+Dx3 = 5146057
IF(s4>0,IF(s4>b_w1,MAX(Dx4,Dx3),
Dx_w1max = Dx_w1max'),MAX(Dx4,Dx3)) = 4248738
Dx4' = Dx4-(y_ws1-y_tot)*A_ws = 4404446
t_w*((y_ws1-y_tot)*(y_ws2-
y_ws1)+0.5*(y_ws2-
y_ws1)^2*COS(w_incl))*-1+Dx4-
Dx5 = (y_ws1-y_tot)*A_ws = 4236802
s5 = (y_ws1-y_tot)/COS(w_incl)*-1 = 299
t_w*((y_ws1-
y_tot)*s5+0.5*s5^2*COS(w_incl))*-
Dx_w2max' = 1+Dx4-(y_ws1-y_tot)*A_ws = 5292949
IF(s5>0,IF(s5>b_w2,MAX(Dx5,Dx4')
Dx_w2max = ,Dx_w2max'),MAX(Dx5,Dx4')) = 5292949
Dx5' = Dx5-(y_ws2-y_tot)*A_ws = 4065010
t_w*((y_ws2-y_tot)*(y_tf-
y_ws2)+0.5*(y_tf-
y_ws2)^2*COS(w_incl))*-1+Dx5-
Dx6 = (y_ws2-y_tot)*A_ws = 3620846
s6 = (y_ws2-y_tot)/COS(w_incl)*-1 = -330
t_w*((y_ws2-
y_tot)*s6+0.5*s6^2*COS(w_incl))*-
Dx_w3max' = 1+Dx5-(y_ws2-y_tot)*A_ws = 5146541
IF(s6>0,IF(s6>b_w2,MAX(Dx6,Dx5')
Dx_w3max = ,Dx_w3max'),MAX(Dx6,Dx5')) = 4065010
Dx7 = t_tf*(y_tf-y_tot)*(L_tf-x_tfs2)*-1+Dx6 = 1347166

158
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

Dx7' = Dx7-(y_tfs-y_tot)*A_tfs = 1155148

t_tf*(y_tf-y_tot)*(x_tfs2-L_tf/2)*-
Dx8 = 1+Dx7-(y_tfs-y_tot)*A_tfs = 18308
Maximum shear stress in bottom flange centre
panel τ'_bf1 = Vf/Ix_tot*MAX(Dx1,Dx2)/t_bf*1000 = 5.83[MPa]
Maximum shear stress in bottom flange outer
panels τ'_bf2 = Vf/Ix_tot*Dx3/t_bf*1000 = 19.81[MPa]
Maximum shear stress in bottom web panel τ'_w1max = Vf/Ix_tot*Dx_w1max/t_w*1000 = 46.35[MPa]
Shear stress at bottom of the web τ'_wbot = Vf/Ix_tot*Dx3/t_w*1000 = 24.76[MPa]
Maximum shear stress in mid web panel τ'_w2max = Vf/Ix_tot*Dx_w2max/t_w*1000 = 57.74[MPa]
Shear stress at first web stiffener τ'_ws1 = Vf/Ix_tot*Dx4'/t_w*1000 = 48.05[MPa]
Maximum shear stress in top web panel τ'_w3max = Vf/Ix_tot*Dx_w3max/t_w*1000 = 44.34[MPa]
Shear stress at second web stiffener τ'_ws2 = Vf/Ix_tot*Dx5'/t_w*1000 = 44.34[MPa]
Shear stress at the top of the web τ'_wtop = Vf/Ix_tot*Dx6/t_w*1000 = 39.50[MPa]
Shear stress in top flange outer panels τ'_tf2 = Vf/Ix_tot*MAX(Dx6,Dx7)/t_tf*1000 = 22.57[MPa]
Shear stress in top flange centre panel τ'_tf1 = Vf/Ix_tot*MAX(Dx7,Dx8)/t_tf*1000 = 8.40[MPa]
Maximum shear stress in top flange τ'_tfmax = MAX(τ'_tf1,τ'_tf2) = 22.57[MPa]
Maximum shear stress in bottom flange τ'_bfmax = MAX(τ'_bf1,τ'_bf2) = 19.81[MPa]
MAX(τ'_w1max,τ'_w2max,τ'_w3max
Maximum shear stress in web τ'_wmax = ) = 57.74[MPa]

Yield Check
122500.
Allowable Von Misses effective stress σ_al_vm = Fy^2 = 000
Top flange principal stress 1 σ_tf_p1 = σ_tf/2+SQRT((σ_tf/2)^2+τ'_tfmax^2) = 172.450
Top flange principal stress 2 σ_tf_p2 = σ_tf/2-SQRT((σ_tf/2)^2+τ'_tfmax^2) = -2.954
σ_tf_p1^2- 30256.9
Top flange Von Misses effective stress σ_tf_vm = σ_tf_p1*σ_tf_p2+σ_tf_p2^2 = 73
Top flange yield safety factor SF_tf_y = σ_tf_vm/σ_al_vm = 0.247
IF(SF_tf_y>1,"Top flange failed in Top
yielding!, Reduce stresses","Top flange
Top flange yielding check SF_check_tf_y = flange OK!") = OK!
σ_bf/2+SQRT((σ_bf/2)^2+τ'_bfmax^
Bottom flange principal stress 1 σ_bf_p1 = 2) = 1.681

159
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

σ_bf/2- -
Bottom flange principal stress 2 σ_bf_p2 = SQRT((σ_bf/2)^2+τ'_bfmax^2) = 233.395
σ_bf_p1^2-σ_bf_p1*σ_bf_p2 + 54868.1
Bottom flange Von Misses effective stress σ_bf_vm = σ_bf_p2 ^2 = 65
Bottom flange yield safety factor SF_bf_y = σ_bf_vm/σ_al_vm = 0.448
IF(SF_bf_y>1,"Bottom flange failed
in yielding!, Reduce Bottom flange
Bottom flange yielding check SF_check_bf_y = stresses","Bottom flange OK!") = OK!
σ_bf/2+SQRT((σ_bf/2)^2+τ'_wbot^2
Bottom web panel principal stress 1 σ_wa_p1 = ) = 2.616
-
Bottom web panel principal stress 2 σ_wa_p2 = σ_bf/2-SQRT((σ_bf/2)^2+τ'_wbot^2) = 234.330
σ_wa_p1^2-σ_wa_p1*σ_wa_p2 + 55530.1
Bottom web panel Von Misses effective stress σ_wa_vm = σ_wa_p2 ^2 = 92
Bottom web panel yield safety factor SF_wa_y = σ_wa_vm/σ_al_vm = 0.453
σ_w_s1/2+SQRT((σ_w_s1/2)^2+τ'_
Web panel principal stress 1 at first stiffener σ_wb_p1 = ws1^2) = 15.863
σ_w_s1/2- -
Web panel principal stress 2 at first stiffener σ_wb_p2 = SQRT((σ_w_s1/2)^2+τ'_ws1^2) = 145.520
Web panel Von Misses effective stress at first σ_wb_p1^2-σ_wb_p1*σ_wb_p2 + 23736.0
stiffener σ_wb_vm = σ_wb_p2 ^2 = 58
Web panel yield safety factor at first stiffener SF_wb_y = σ_wb_vm/σ_al_vm = 0.194
σ_w_s2/2+SQRT((σ_w_s2/2)^2+τ'_
Web panel principal stress 1 at second stiffener σ_wc_p1 = ws2^2) = 155.680
σ_w_s2/2-
Web panel principal stress 2 at second stiffener σ_wc_p2 = SQRT((σ_w_s2/2)^2+τ'_ws2^2) = -12.630
Web panel Von Misses effective stress at σ_wc_p1^2-σ_wc_p1*σ_wc_p2 + 26362.0
second stiffener σ_wc_vm = σ_wc_p2 ^2 = 17
Web panel yield safety factor at second stiffener SF_wc_y = σ_wb_vm/σ_al_vm = 0.194
Web panel yield safety factor at NA SF_wd_y = τ'_wmax^2/σ_al_vm = 0.027
IF(MAX(SF_wa_y,SF_wb_y,SF_wc
_y,SF_wd_y)>1,"Web panel failed in
yielding!, Reduce stresses","Web Web
Web panel yielding check SF_check_w_y = OK!") = OK!

160
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

Buckling check of maximum aspect ratio top flange sub

panel
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 1 k_tf1 = 8.4/(Y_tf+1.1) = 4.00 % Table 3.4.8.2-1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 2 k_tf2 = (a_tf+1/a_tf)^2*(2.1/(Y_tf+1.1)) = 146.01 % Table 3.4.8.2-1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient k_tf = IF(a_tf<1,k_tf2,k_tf1) = 4
k_tf*PI()^2*E/(12*(1-
Critical longitudinal buckling stress σcr_tf = v^2)*(b_tf_max/t_tf)^2) = 31886[MPa]
Shear plate buckling coefficient 1 ks_tf1 = 4+5.34/(a_tf^2) = 4 $13.4.1.1
Shear plate buckling coefficient 2 ks_tf2 = 5.34+4/(a_tf^2) = 5 $13.4.1.1
Shear plate buckling coefficient ks_tf = IF(a_tf<1,ks_tf1,ks_tf2) = 5
ks_tf*PI()^2*E/(12*(1-
Critical shear buckling stress τcr_tf = v^2)*(b_tf_max/t_tf)^2) = 42790[MPa]
0.00265
elastic comparison stress factor 1 F1_tf = (1+Y_tf)/4*(σ_tf/σcr_tf) = 78
SQRT(((3-
Ψ_tf)*σ_tf/(4*σcr_tf))^2+(τ'_tfmax/τc 0.00270
elastic comparison stress factor 2 F2_tf = r_tf)^2) = 96
SQRT(σ_tf^2+3*τ'_tfmax^2)/(F1_tf+
elastic comparison stress σ_1k_tf = F2_tf) = 32407 % 3.4.8.2
Fy*σ_1k_tf^2/(0.1836*Fy^2+σ_1k_tf 349.992
Reduced comparison stress σ_1kR_tf = ^2) = 50 % 3.4.8.2
Proportional limit σ_p_tf = Fy/1.32 = 265.15 % 3.4.8.2
IF(σ_1k_tf<σ_p_tf,σ_1k_tf,σ_1kR_tf
comparison stress σ_comp_tf = ) = 349.99
σ_comp_tf/(SQRT(σ_tf^2+3*τ'_tfma
buckling safety factor SF_tf = x^2)) = 2.01
Case 1 design factor requirement DFB_1_tf = 1.7+0.175*(Ψ_tf-1) = 1.70 Table 3.4.8.3-1
Case 2 design factor requirement DFB_2_tf = 1.5+0.125*(Ψ_tf-1) = 1.50 Table 3.4.8.3-1
Case 3 design factor requirement DFB_3_tf = 1.35+0.05*(Ψ_tf-1) = 1.35 Table 3.4.8.3-1
IF(case_tf=1,DFB_1_tf,IF(case_tf=2
Design factor requirement DFB_tf = ,DFB_2_tf,DFB_3_tf)) = 1.70
Safety factor ratio SF_ratio_tf = DFB_tf/SF_tf = 0.84

161
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

IF(SF_ratio_tf<1,"Top flange sub

panels OK!", "Increase top flange
thickness or decrease maximum Top flange sub
Safety factor ratio check SF_check_tf = stiffener spacing!") = panels OK!

Buckling check of top flange with smeared longitudinal stiffeners

Aspect ratio α_tf_sm = a/L_tf = 4.00
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 1 k_tf1_sm = 8.4/(Ψ_tf+1.1) = 4.00 Table 3.4.8.3-1
(1/α_tf_sm +
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 2 k_tf2_sm = α_tf_sm)^2*(2.1/(Ψ_tf+1.1)) = 18.06 Table 3.4.8.3-1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient k_tf_sm = IF(α_tf_sm<1,k_tf2_sm,k_tf1_sm) = 4
k_tf_sm*PI()^2*E/(12*(1-
Critical longitudinal buckling stress σcr_tf_sm = v^2)*(L_tf/t_tf_sm)^2) = 4534[MPa]
Shear plate buckling coefficient 1 ks_tf1_sm = 4+5.34/(α_tf_sm^2) = 4 $13.4.1.1
Shear plate buckling coefficient 2 ks_tf2_sm = 5.34+4/(α_tf_sm^2) = 6 $13.4.1.1
Shear plate buckling coefficient ks_tf_sm = IF(α_tf_sm<1,ks_tf1_sm,ks_tf2_sm) = 6
ks_tf_sm*PI()^2*E/(12*(1-
Critical shear buckling stress τcr_tf_sm = v^2)*(L_tf/t_tf_sm)^2) = 6337[MPa]
0.01869
elastic comparison stress factor 1 F1_tf_sm = (1+Ψ_tf)/4*(σ_tf/σcr_tf_sm) = 04
SQRT(((3-
Ψ_tf)*σ_tf/(4*σcr_tf_sm))^2+(τ'_tfma 0.01902
elastic comparison stress factor 2 F2_tf_sm = x/τcr_tf_sm)^2) = 67
SQRT(σ_tf^2+3*τ'_tfmax^2)/(F1_tf_
elastic comparison stress σ_1k_tf_sm = sm+F2_tf_sm) = 4612 % 3.4.8.2
Fy*σ_1k_tf_sm^2/(0.1836*Fy^2+σ_ 349.630
Reduced comparison stress σ_1kR_tf_sm = 1k_tf_sm^2) = 28 % 3.4.8.2
Proportional limit σ_p_tf_sm = Fy/1.32 = 265.15 % 3.4.8.2
IF(σ_1k_tf_sm<σ_p_tf_sm,σ_1k_tf_
comparison stress σ_comp_tf_sm = sm,σ_1kR_tf_sm) = 349.63
σ_comp_tf_sm/(SQRT(σ_tf^2+3*τ'_t
buckling safety factor SF_tf_sm = fmax^2)) = 2.01
Case 1 design factor requirement DFB_1_tf_sm = 1.7+0.175*(Ψ_tf-1) = 1.70 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Case 2 design factor requirement DFB_2_tf_sm = 1.5+0.125*(Ψ_tf-1) = 1.50 % Table 3.4.8.3-1

162
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

Case 3 design factor requirement DFB_3_tf_sm = 1.35+0.05*(Ψ_tf-1) = 1.35 % Table 3.4.8.3-1

Design factor requirement
Safety factor ratio
Safety factor ratio check
IF(case_tf=1,DFB_1_tf_sm,IF(case_
DFB_tf_sm = tf=2,DFB_2_tf_sm,DFB_3_tf_sm)) = 1.70
SF_ratio_tf_sm = DFB_tf_sm/SF_tf_sm = 0.85
IF(SF_ratio_tf_sm<1,"Smeared top
flange OK!", "Increase top flange
thickness or number/size of Smeared top
SF_check_tf_sm = stiffeners") = flange OK!

Buckling check of bottom web subpanel

Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 1 k_w1a = 8.4/(Ψ_w1+1.1) = 5.06 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 2 k_w1b = (α_w1+1/α_w1)^2*(2.1/(Ψ_w1+1.1)) = 101.29 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 3 k_w1a' = 8.4/1.1 = 7.64
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 4 k_w1b' = (α_w1+1/α_w1)^2*(2.1/1.1) = 152.82
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 5 k_w1c' = IF(α_w1<1,k_w1b',k_w1a') = 7.64
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 6 k_w1d = 23.9 = 23.90 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 7 k_w1e = 15.87+1.87/(α_w1)^2+8.6*α_w1^2 = 687.01 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 8 k_w1c'' = IF(α_w1<2/3,k_w1e,k_w1d) = 23.90
(1+Y_w1)*k_w1c'-
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 9 k_w1c = (Y_w1*k_w1c'')+10*Y_w1*(1+Y_w1) = 7.26 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
IF(case_w1=1,IF(α_w1<1,k_w1b,k_
w1a),IF(case_w1=2,k_w1c,IF(case_
w1=3,IF(a_w1<2/3,k_w1e,k_w1d)," Tension!
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient k_w1 = Tension!!"))) = !
IF(k_w1="Tension!!","Tension!!",k_w
1*PI()^2*E/(12*(1- Tension!
Critical longitudinal buckling stress σcr_w1 = v^2)*(b_w1/t_w)^2)) = ! [MPa]
Shear plate buckling coefficient 1 ks_w1a = 4+5.34/(α_w1^2) = 4.1 $13.4.1.1
Shear plate buckling coefficient 2 ks_w1b = 5.34+4/(α_w1^2) = 5.4 $13.4.1.1
Shear plate buckling coefficient ks_w1 = IF(α_w1<1,ks_w1a,ks_w1b) = 5.4
ks_w1*PI()^2*E/(12*(1-
Critical shear buckling stress τcr_w1 = v^2)*(b_w1/t_w)^2) = 7605[MPa]
IF(k_w1="Tension!!","Tension!!",(1+ Tension!
elastic comparison stress factor 1 F1_w1 = Ψ_w1)/4*(σ_w_s1/σcr_w1)) = !

163
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

IF(k_w1="Tension!!","Tension!!",SQ
RT(((3-
Ψ_w1)*σ_w_s1/(4*σcr_w1))^2+(τ'_ Tension!
elastic comparison stress factor 2 F2_w1 = w1max/τcr_w1)^2)) = !
IF(k_w1="Tension!!","Tension!!",SQ
RT(σ_w_s1^2+3*τ'_w1max^2)/(F1_ Tension!
elastic comparison stress σ_1k_w1 = w1+F2_w1)) = ! % 3.4.8.2
IF(k_w1="Tension!!","Tension!!",Fy*
σ_1k_w1^2/(0.1836*Fy^2+σ_1k_w1 Tension!
Reduced comparison stress σ_1kR_w1 = ^2)) = ! % 3.4.8.2
Proportional limit σ_p_w1 = Fy/1.32 = 265.15 % 3.4.8.2
IF(σ_1k_w1<σ_p_w1,σ_1k_w1,σ_1 Tension!
comparison stress σ_comp_w1 = kR_w1) = !
IF(k_w1="Tension!!","Tension!!",s_c
omp_w1/(SQRT(s_w_s1^2+3*t'_w1 Tension!
buckling safety factor SF_w1 = max^2))) = !
Case 1 design factor requirement DFB_1_w1 = 1.7+0.175*(Ψ_w1-1) = 1.62 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Case 2 design factor requirement DFB_2_w1 = 1.5+0.125*(Ψ_w1-1) = 1.44 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Case 3 design factor requirement DFB_3_w1 = 1.35+0.05*(Ψ_w1-1) = 1.33 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
IF(case_w1="Tension!!","Tension!!",
IF(case_w1=1,DFB_1_w1,IF(case_ Tension
Design factor requirement DFB_w1 = w1=2,DFB_2_w1,DFB_3_w1))) = !!
IF(k_w1="Tension!!","Tension!!",DF Tension
Safety factor ratio SF_ratio_w1 = B_w1/SF_w1) = !!
IF(case_w1="Tension!!","Tension!!",
IF(SF_ratio_w1<1,"Bottom web sub
panel OK!", "Increase web thickness Tension
Safety factor ratio check SF_check_w1 = or decrease stiffener spacing!")) = !!

Buckling check of mid web subpanel

-
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 1 k_w2a = 8.4/(Ψ_w2+1.1) = 2553.01 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
-
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 2 k_w2b = (α_w2+1/α_w2)^2*(2.1/(Ψ_w2+1.1)) = 7794.63 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 3 k_w2a' = 8.4/1.1 = 7.64

164
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 4 k_w2b' = (α_w2+1/α_w2)^2*(2.1/1.1) = 23.31

Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 5 k_w2c' = IF(α_w2<1,k_w2b',k_w2a') = 7.64
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 6 k_w2d = 23.9 = 23.90 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 7 k_w2e = 15.87+1.87/(α_w2)^2+8.6*α_w2^2 = 103.03 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 8 k_w2c'' = IF(α_w2<2/3,k_w2e,k_w2d) = 23.90
(1+Y_w2)*k_w2c'-
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 9 k_w2c = (Y_w2*k_w2c'')+10*Y_w2*(1+Y_w2) = 26.72 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
IF(case_w2=1,IF(α_w2<1,k_w2b,k_
w2a),IF(case_w2=2,k_w2c,IF(case_
w2=3,IF(a_w2<2/3,k_w2e,k_w2d),"
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient k_w2 = Tension!!"))) = 23.90
k_w2*PI()^2*E/(12*(1-
Critical longitudinal buckling stress σcr_w2 = v^2)*(b_w2/t_w)^2) = 4369[MPa]
Shear plate buckling coefficient 1 ks_w2a = 4+5.34/(α_w2^2) = 4.5 $13.4.1.1
Shear plate buckling coefficient 2 ks_w2b = 5.34+4/(α_w2^2) = 5.7 $13.4.1.1
Shear plate buckling coefficient ks_w2 = IF(α_w2<1,ks_w2a,ks_w2b) = 5.7
ks_w2*PI()^2*E/(12*(1-
Critical shear buckling stress τcr_w2 = v^2)*(b_w2/t_w)^2) = 1049[MPa]
-
0.00084
elastic comparison stress factor 1 F1_w2 = (1+Ψ_w2)/4*(σ_w_s2/σcr_w2) = 54
SQRT(((3-
Ψ_w2)*σ_w_s2/(4*σcr_w2))^2+(τ'_ 0.06449
elastic comparison stress factor 2 F2_w2 = w2max/τcr_w2)^2) = 86
SQRT(σ_w_s2^2+3*τ'_w2max^2)/(F
elastic comparison stress σ_1k_w2 = 1_w2+F2_w2) = 2742 % 3.4.8.2
Fy*σ_1k_w2^2/(0.1836*Fy^2+σ_1k_ 348.956
Reduced comparison stress σ_1kR_w2 = w2^2) = 16 % 3.4.8.2
Proportional limit σ_p_w2 = Fy/1.32 = 265.15 % 3.4.8.2
IF(σ_1k_w2<σ_p_w2,σ_1k_w2,σ_1
comparison stress σ_comp_w2 = kR_w2) = 348.96
σ_comp_w2/(SQRT(σ_w_s2^2+3*τ'
buckling safety factor SF_w2 = _w2max^2)) = 2.00
Case 1 design factor requirement DFB_1_w2 = 1.7+0.175*(Ψ_w2-1) = 1.33 % Table 3.4.8.3-1

165
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

Case 2 design factor requirement DFB_2_w2 = 1.5+0.125*(Ψ_w2-1) = 1.24 % Table 3.4.8.3-1

Case 3 design factor requirement DFB_3_w2 = 1.35+0.05*(Ψ_w2-1) = 1.24 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
IF(case_w2="Tension!!","Tension!!",
IF(case_w2=1,DFB_1_w2,IF(case_
Design factor requirement DFB_w2 = w2=2,DFB_2_w2,DFB_3_w2))) = 1.24
Safety factor ratio SF_ratio_w2 = DFB_w2/SF_w2 = 0.62
IF(case_w2="Tension!!","Tension!!",
IF(SF_ratio_w2<1,"Mid web sub
panel OK!", "Increase web thickness Mid web sub
Safety factor ratio check SF_check_w2 = or decrease stiffener spacing!")) = panel OK!

Buckling check of top web subpanel

Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 1 k_w3a = 8.4/(Ψ_w3+1.1) = 3.68 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 2 k_w3b = (α_w3+1/α_w3)^2*(2.1/(Ψ_w3+1.1)) = 5811.39 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 3 k_w3a' = 8.4/1.1 = 7.64
12071.1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 4 k_w3b' = (α_w3+1/α_w3)^2*(2.1/1.1) = 6
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 5 k_w3c' = IF(α_w3<1,k_w3b',k_w3a') = 7.64
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 6 k_w3d = 23.9 = 23.90 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
54376.3
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 7 k_w3e = 15.87+1.87/(α_w3)^2+8.6*α_w3^2 = 6 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 8 k_w3c'' = IF(α_w3<2/3,k_w3e,k_w3d) = 23.90
(1+Y_w3)*k_w3c'-
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 9 k_w3c = (Y_w3*k_w3c'')+10*Y_w3*(1+Y_w3) = 14.25 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
IF(case_w3=1,IF(α_w3<1,k_w2b,k_
w2a),IF(case_w3=2,k_w2c,IF(case_
w3=3,IF(a_w2<2/3,k_w2e,k_w2d)," -
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient k_w3 = Tension!!"))) = 2553.01
-
k_w3*PI()^2*E/(12*(1- 2917054
Critical longitudinal buckling stress σcr_w3 = v^2)*(b_w3/t_w)^2) = 44[MPa]
Shear plate buckling coefficient 1 ks_w3a = 4+5.34/(α_w3^2) = 4.0 $13.4.1.1
Shear plate buckling coefficient 2 ks_w3b = 5.34+4/(α_w3^2) = 5.3 $13.4.1.1
Shear plate buckling coefficient ks_w3 = IF(α_w3<1,ks_w3a,ks_w3b) = 5.3

166
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

ks_w3*PI()^2*E/(12*(1-
Critical shear buckling stress τcr_w3 = v^2)*(b_w3/t_w)^2) = 610218[MPa]
-
0.00000
elastic comparison stress factor 1 F1_w3 = (1+Ψ_w3)/4*(σ_tf/σcr_w3) = 03
SQRT(((3-
Ψ_w3)*σ_tf/(4*σcr_w3))^2+(τ'_w3m 0.00007
elastic comparison stress factor 2 F2_w3 = ax/τcr_w3)^2) = 27
SQRT(σ_tf^2+3*τ'_w3max^2)/(F1_w
elastic comparison stress σ_1k_w3 = 3+F2_w3) = 2572023 % 3.4.8.2
Fy*σ_1k_w3^2/(0.1836*Fy^2+σ_1k_ 350.000
Reduced comparison stress σ_1kR_w3 = w3^2) = 00 % 3.4.8.2
Proportional limit σ_p_w3 = Fy/1.32 = 265.15 % 3.4.8.2
IF(σ_1k_w3<σ_p_w3,σ_1k_w3,σ_1
comparison stress σ_comp_w3 = kR_w3) = 350.00
σ_comp_w3/(SQRT(σ_tf^2+3*τ'_w3
buckling safety factor SF_w3 = max^2)) = 1.88
Case 1 design factor requirement DFB_1_w3 = 1.7+0.175*(Ψ_w3-1) = 1.73 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Case 2 design factor requirement DFB_2_w3 = 1.5+0.125*(Ψ_w3-1) = 1.52 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Case 3 design factor requirement DFB_3_w3 = 1.35+0.05*(Ψ_w3-1) = 1.36 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
IF(case_w3="Tension!!","Tension!!",
IF(case_w3=1,DFB_1_w3,IF(case_
Design factor requirement DFB_w3 = w3=2,DFB_2_w3,DFB_3_w3))) = 1.73
Safety factor ratio SF_ratio_w3 = DFB_w3/SF_w3 = 0.92
IF(case_w3="Tension!!","Tension!!",
IF(SF_ratio_w3<1,"Top web sub
panel OK!", "Increase web thickness Top web sub
Safety factor ratio check SF_check_w3 = or decrease stiffener spacing!")) = panel OK!

Buckling check of web with smeared longitudinal

stiffeners
Aspect ratio α_w = a/L_w = 2.22
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 1 k_wa = 8.4/(Ψ_w+1.1) = 22.79 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 2 k_wb = (α_w+1/α_w)^2*(2.1/(Ψ_w+1.1)) = 40.69 % Table 3.4.8.3-1

167
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 3 k_wa' = 8.4/1.1 = 7.64

Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 4 k_wb' = (α_w+1/α_w)^2*(2.1/1.1) = 13.63
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 5 k_wc' = IF(α_w<1,k_wb',k_wa') = 7.64
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 6 k_wd = 23.9 = 23.90 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 7 k_we = 15.87+1.87/(α_w)^2+8.6*α_w^2 = 58.72 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 8 k_wc'' = IF(α_w<2/3,k_we,k_wd) = 23.90
(1+Y_w)*k_wc'-
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient 9 k_wc = (Y_w*k_wc'')+10*Y_w*(1+Y_w) = 17.57 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
IF(case_w=1,IF(α_w<1,k_wb,k_wa),
IF(case_w=2,k_wc,IF(case_w=3,IF(
Longitudinal plate buckling coefficient k_w_sm = a_w<2/3,k_we,k_wd),"Tension!!"))) = 17.57
k_w_sm*PI()^2*E/(12*(1-
Critical longitudinal buckling stress σcr_w_sm = v^2)*(L_w/t_w_sm)^2) = 2676[MPa]
Shear plate buckling coefficient 1 ks_wa = 4+5.34/(α_w^2) = 5 $13.4.1.1
Shear plate buckling coefficient 2 ks_wb = 5.34+4/(α_w^2) = 6 $13.4.1.1
Shear plate buckling coefficient ks_w_sm = IF(α_w<1,ks_wa,ks_wb) = 6
ks_w_sm*PI()^2*E/(12*(1-
Critical shear buckling stress τcr_w_sm = v^2)*(L_w/t_w_sm)^2) = 937[MPa]
0.00425
elastic comparison stress factor 1 F1_w_sm = (1+Ψ_w)/4*(σ_tf/σcr_w_sm) = 26
SQRT(((3-
Ψ_tf)*σ_tf/(4*σcr_w_sm))^2+(τ'_wm 0.06930
elastic comparison stress factor 2 F2_w_sm = ax/τcr_w_sm)^2) = 91
SQRT(σ_tf^2+3*τ'_wmax^2)/(F1_w_
elastic comparison stress σ_1k_w_sm = sm+F2_w_sm) = 2675 % 3.4.8.2
Fy*σ_1k_w_sm^2/(0.1836*Fy^2+σ_ 348.903
Reduced comparison stress σ_1kR_w_sm = 1k_w_sm^2) = 58 % 3.4.8.2
Proportional limit σ_p_w_sm = Fy/1.32 = 265.15 % 3.4.8.2
IF(σ_1k_w_sm<σ_p_w_sm,σ_1k_w
comparison stress σ_comp_w_sm = _sm,σ_1kR_w_sm) = 348.90
σ_comp_w_sm/(SQRT(σ_tf^2+3*τ'_
buckling safety factor SF_w_sm = wmax^2)) = 1.77
Case 1 design factor requirement DFB_1_w_sm = 1.7+0.175*(Ψ_w-1) = 1.40 % Table 3.4.8.3-1
Case 2 design factor requirement DFB_2_w_sm = 1.5+0.125*(Ψ_w-1) = 1.28 % able 3.4.8.3-1

168
Box Girder Spreadsheet (CMAA)

Case 3 design factor requirement DFB_3_w_sm = 1.35+0.05*(Ψ_w-1) = 1.26 % Table 3.4.8.3-1

IF(case_w=1,DFB_1_w_sm,IF(case
_w=2,DFB_2_w_sm,DFB_3_w_sm)
Design factor requirement DFB_w_sm = ) = 1.28
Safety factor ratio SF_ratio_w_sm = DFB_w_sm/SF_w_sm = 0.72
IF(SF_ratio_w_sm<1,"Smeared web
OK!", "Increase web thickness or Smeared web
Safety factor ratio check SF_check_w_sm = number/size of stiffeners") = OK!
% Crane Code (CMAA Specifications #70
& #74)

169