Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Starrlcy Krauthamcr
ABSTRAC1
The power ]cquircrncrrt of vchiclcs designed to II anspor(
cargo supporii[lg a pilotcct expedition to Mars is in the. rang,c PayroOd
(Mars Landw)
.
of mcgawatls. Thcrcforc, it is imperative that the nmgawatt - oeproyabre
SP-1CP3 Reactor 6
c l a s s power Il[occssi ng unil cicsigmxi for high-pcrwcr nuc.icar Dymndc Powr . .
Pl,,mle
Converslcm ‘~ Shield
clcclric propulsion vc.hiclcs usirlg turlloal~c.rlla( ors awl
a d v a n c e d rl]ag,rlc.t(~pias[llady rlall]ic (Ml’I)) thruslcrs shou]d h
such [hat the ovc.rail systcm efficiency is as hip,h as lmssit)lc
wilh rninirmrrll syslcm specific mass, This pnpcr ,cxanlirrcs” the + ++
MPV
use of Cryog,cnic power conditirmir)g sut~systcnls 10 rwhicvc v P&er
-.. .
1 hrusters
vropelta~l
. . .
[um,um)
that goal since lhcy IIavc very high cfficicmy. Prccesslng
Tanks
Module
(PPM),
11 OWCVCI, iri t h e p a s t , cryogenic power ccrncliliooirr~
P
Ml$cl.
Sparf3fxafr
sutrsystcrns have showrr complexity o f dcsigrt fiwl Sy81em8
inlplcrne.ntatiorl arid were costly and scsmcwhrrt uncertain. With
rcccnt acfvanccs in materials, dcviccs used ia power convc.rsion
and cooling rocthods, forthcr irnprovcmcnls in c. ft’icicncy arid FIGURE 1. MF:C+AWAI”T-CLASS NUCLEAR ELECTRIC
specific rrlass arc rcali7.atslc. Cryoj,cnicall y coolc.d MOS1’;l f~ls f’ROl’Lfl.SION (NEP) VE HICL[. WITH Li-PFIOPELLANT MPD
a n d MCI’S arc. considered for pcrwcr Cxrllvcr sioa atld Iwo Tt IRUSTERS
configurations have t>c.ctl examined,
p o w e r proccssi[lg urli[ (1’PLJ) w h i c h corrvcr[s t}}c power
II is fourld that a systcm efficiency of 92.67% a!ld spccifrc
m a s s o f 9.99 kg/kWc can hc rcalimd using M(’)SI 1 :1’- ha~cd source’s power olltlmi (Vol(ag,e) to the form rcqrrircd t)y t hc
cryogenic power conditiorling systc. rns for clccl[ic propulsion thruslcrs, ar]d the cklric Ihruslcrs. In this skrdy, 1’1’[1s for a
spaccct af( using hfl’1) thl uskrs. W i t h cryo~c.nicaliy coolcci t .5-MWC nuclcaf clcc[[ic propulsion (NM’) usin~ a dynamic
power co]lvcrsion systcrn (c, g. Rankinc) a n d h i g h - p o w e r
MCI’S, the s p e c i f i c m a s s cfc.crcascs to 9.77 kg/kWc. hu[ tlic
efficiency also dccrcascs m 90.94%. rllagrictoplasr] la(lyrjal]lic (hlPIJ) thrusters arc e.valuated. I’hc
t)asclinc confl~,uraliol] for the NILP vchiclc considered here
consisls of 3, S1’ l(Kt category, dynamic power conversion
INTRODUCTION units, a powcl llroccssing nlodulc (PPM) containing the I’PU
Figure 1 shows the schematic arrange.rne.nl of varioos cle.c(rorrics, anti 2 clu~[crs of I.i-propellant 16 MPD thrusters.
components of a MW-class Nlil’ vehicle. Art clcc[!ic space
propulsion systcrn crmsisls of a power source (cF,., mrclcar Specific mass (u) mprcssc.d in units of kilograms pcr
reactor and thcrrnal-to-c.f cctric power conversion syskrn), a k ilou’att of CICCII ic power (kg/kWc), a n d e f f i c i e n c y (11)
cxprvsscd as thr mlio of power ou[put to power input arc two
prirnery fiSurcs of r[,c~it for electric propulsion syskn~s. ‘f ’tlis
———— study has adci1cssc4i Iilcsc two flgurcs of merit.
* Also rr I’rofcssor of Iilcc(ricd Ikrgil]ccrinc, Califorfiia Sralc Univrv -
sity, 1,o]lg llcrich, CA 90840
‘1’hc 1.5-MWC nuclear POWCI systcrn has a low-voltage ( 100
v), 400117, three-pljasc AC output from its cfy[)arnic lm,’cr
conversion systcm (which provides constant powel oulput
during an [iarlh-to-Mars transit). I’bus, the outpu[ frolll the
uuclcar power sys[crn can bc dircclly fcd (0 a PI’( J Icdif)cr for
Convcrsiorl tO lhC 1~~ VOhi3gC required by lhC [hrLISICl.
MTP: .
I.i-propc.tlant applied-flcld hlPI) thmstcrs arc Sclcc!cd
T
*IS
1
1RAN5MISSI’>N
LM18 (EACH)
,,: 1[f:]:
‘I RLAcIoR F . .:.UFO’_ ,,
\ ----
‘ L——--r ,
II \ ,___.—
~1
-4 --l
..“.4,. . ..O”.., ,O. ”, )+0 ““,, ,; ’”; - - - - !40!( L<, &D B17E,, pill
‘~~~m__J+ilJ -
SUPPLKS L O W POW,. 106R CON1.OL.
-
LOGf C, & S T A R T U P &LEc T.oUC. H& NICAL 8.rll CHE S
A cryogenic power MC)SllH’ is any MOS1 ,1;1’ w])ich is FIGURE 5b. F’OWE:R CONVERSION AND CONTROL
working at the tcrupcrature. of liquid nitrogen (77 K), Srvcral F’FPW’OSE:D IN OPTION II
commercially available dcviccs have m u c h srnallcr on.
resistance when irnrncrsccl in liquid rli[rogcn at 77}{ c(~rllparcd
to when hcatsink is at 300K. Jt is also fourd that tllc A h40S}l11’ is a variab]c rcsis[ance dcvicc. Dccausc of low
irnprovcrncmt fac[or is bifitkcr a l h i g h e r d r a i n cur]crll. lri frc.quc[icy (400 1 17) of switching, the switching loss is very
addi[ion, a transistor rated at lower cur[cnt can bc opc JaIcd a[ srnal]; the.rcforc, the only significant loss is duc to on-
77K with higt]cr rated cullcnt, It is foul]d that I}IC cry[)~,cni( rcsistal,cc. This loss is also small bccausc of cryogcrric
power crsnvcrsiorl willl MO Sllft’s may bc advant;l~,cous even al coolini, “1’hc hfOS}:il’l’s arc operated in a synchronous rcctificr
h i g h e r tc.rnpcra[urcs irr tltc r a n g e o f 2 0 0 K . ‘1’IIC tl~errnal ]nodc. ‘1’hc control ill oliiorl 1 is wi[h the ‘f ’A. In o[hcr words,
conductivity of silicon a[d most subst[atcs irlclt.ascs by a “1’A scr]scs t h e vol{a F,c al]d current of the thr-ustc.r a n d
fac[or of 5-10 if coolc.d down to 77K. in additior], lIIC s[xx if]< inlrncdlalcly adjus{s ]mran)ctcrs by its own control, Short-
hca[, h e a l capacily a n d Itlcrrna] tinlc constarlt &TIca~cs i r} circuit protection is pruvidcd by a solid s[atc contact and is
cryogenic cooling (hluc]lcr and llcrd, 1993). MOSlli’1’-bascd. If h!(.’’s’s arc used, as shown in I’igrrrc 5b
cc)rrcs~,onding to Option 1 I, rcc[ification, and protection and
q“hcrc arc two kinds of Iosscs in high frequency power cortrol both can bc achicvc(i similar to the baseline which used
conversions: (i) conduction losses in the on-slate c)f the S(XS, Using hl(:l’s provi(fc potential for higher efficiency
switches and (ii) swi[chin~ 10 SSCS. The conduction 10SSCS can bccausc of lower forward drop for MCTS,
bc rcduccd by cooling and thereby reducing on-rc.sistancc, “1’hc
switching losses arc cxcccdingly small compared to higtl.
frcqucmcy applications of MOS1;liTs. PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
‘1’ablcs 1, 2 and 3 show the breakdown of mass, power losses
JIY cryogenic cooling. wc reduce the power dissipr+tion i n and c. fliciencics of various itcrns in the baseline cor#iguration.
prswcr clcctronim. ‘J’his rncans t h a t the re.frigcrat iorj powc[ l’hc overall spcc-iflc rriiiss is fourid to bc 9.99 kg/kWc and the
rcc]uircmcnts arc rc.duccd to sufficicn[ly low lcve.ts 10 aflord fin ove.ral I IT(J c. fflcicncy is about 90.2%.
ultra-high overall cfficicocy. J~or example, in a 3-r$ bl id[:r
,____ —
CR Innbl Switctms
Ek$lnc F’ower lIIpul (kWc) PO- 1500 148? 1373 PO.1500
21 430
(160 VAC, 3300A)
Lo;a~e:hWllK’ril, al)
Controlled Resfillers (CR) 4 136 40.0 18 3 20 41
(100 VAC, 5030A)
f Iecfrjx @ & Swild IOS 44 44
OutrIuf Chokes O ailcrs, F) 4 80 3.0
P c u t mcflic) 59 59
J’poo,KJoA: PCU \I hen) ,81)
4 114
1 o!al --T3-4-7T4
(1 OQVOC ,5 W 3 O A)
Thmmlcr Switches 16 656
(loo VOC,75O3A) Elctiric ~,OWC’~ otipul (kWC) 1487 1373 1353 1353
Housekeeping PCU 2 344 3.0 63 kWe in, 60 kWe WI
Ef{ciew y f%) 9881 92.60 98.55 90.20
PCU ha$ iv, ov.m mdla!or
Structure 100 Nominal SpetifIC. Mass (kg/kVJc) 3.675 3.231 3.064 ----
Radlalor 931 ( 4 4 . 5 ) Tolal PI’U rari,atw loa5
TABLE 4. COMPARISON OF TC)l-AL PC)WE H LOSS, 3. ]{oth options Ilavr a higher complcxi[y of design and
EF+lCIENCY AND SPECIFIC MASS F’OR VAFIIOUS itllpiclllc.r]tatioll a: coniparcd to tbc basciinc systcm. ‘t’hc
OPTIONS it I Ipac! of this al Idcd complexity on cost has not been
—— .—— . . .. —. —.. -——— examined.
Options Total Total Efficiency Specific 4. 1 Iigh-tc.rnpcraturc supc.rconducting wires and cabics have
Mass Power Loss (9A) Mass not bce.n inciudcd in the designs of Option I and 11. The
(kg) (kW) (kglkWe) s u c c e s s cjf bigil. tcmpcraturc superconducting power
-.-.—— — — . conversion has been rcccntiy demonstrated (Jaeger and
(iacnsslcn, 1986; and Iaramcc, Aubin, a n d Chcckc,
Baseline 14985 147 90,20 $:.9$) 1985), but fur[hcr information is required to determine
quantitatively the potcntiai benefits of this tccbnoiogy
Option I 14985 110 92.67 $),99 for this application.
Option II 14661 136 90.94 9.77 5. it is illipoltal]t tt]a[ IIIC imi,act of cryogenic cooiing and
-.. . iligh-tcrl~I~c.latillc sul]c[conductirrg power conversion bc
c ~amincd toF,cti]c~ to evaluate furthc.r in]provcmcnts i n
cfficic[lcy and siwcif]c mass for ai~piication to spacecraft
ADVANCES IN POWER CONVERSION USING ‘ ctc.ctric proprrlsiol) syslcms. it is clcariy seen that their
CRYOGENIC MOSFETS AND HIGH- combined usc ill power conversion may provide for
TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS si~nif]can[ syllcrp, istic systems-level benefits,
lligll-tcr]~pcra[ i]rc supclconduc(ors f o r acllicvillg irl~l]rovc(l
performance and grcatc.r efficiency arc ncarillg, rca} it y.
American Supcrconduclor (Iorporalion, a pioncc.r in Il,c flcld of AC KNOW LEDGME. NTS
superconductors, report t h a t tbc.ir supcrronductirlg p o w e r ‘1’hc work dcsc[ibcd ir) this paper was performed by the Jet
convcrlcrs will be on the ]Ilarkct by 1997. ]ifficicncy will bc Propulsion 1 .aboratory, California lnstitutc of I“cchrroiogy,
higher and the reliability w i l l be incrcasecf bccausc un(icr rontf act with tt]c Nalionai Aeronautics and space
components will not bc. subjc,ctcd to tltc heat p,cncratcd t~y Arimillistrti~ion.
clcclrical rcsis[anrc in conventional power co]duc[ols. (ftay,
GcIbcr, I’attcrson, and Myers, 1995; and Solom{m, 19ti6).
REF[ FiENCES
If power conversion dcviccs alc c1 yogc,nical Iy coolrd ald i)as, R, S. 1,., Krautilamcl, S., I:risbcc, R, ii., and MCGCC, D.
wires arc sll[>crcc>l~cll]c[ors, t h e r e w i l l bc addilimml pc,v.cl 1’., Sc[,t, 4 6, i99i, “1’ulvcr i’roccssing Units for liigh Powered
savings and overall efficiency will improve fut[hcl, lIIductoIs NuciciiT Iilcctric Jhopuision, ” fV&Al?SASA/QAi .C!mfcmcc QD
using supcrconduc[inp, wires and low-loss capacitors will &iv~nc~.~S[il l’~~ilnologics. Clcvciand, 0}1,
provide additional implovcmcnts in efficiency. IIOWCVCI, I) CCII, M. J., “ i ow I’empcraturc Microcicctronics:
power required for coo]inr, will bavc. 10 hc factored into ovcral I O[)po!lunitics all(i Chalicngcs,” I’roe, Symp. law Tcmpcraturc
cfflcicncy calculations. Mcctr<mic Dcvicc Operation, cd. D. l:oty, N. Saks, S. Raider,
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l,ara[]lcc, J., Atll]ir~, M. J., and Chcckc, J. 1). N,, “Ilcllavior
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Inslrumcntation,” L@w_’Icuw@.rcJkdratics.. af~d .!MI
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