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Koh Heng Boon et al., (2009)69 conducted experimentation on

one-way reinforced concrete slabs with rectangular central openings.

Five types of RC slabs which include one control slab without opening

and remaining four slabs with rectangular opening at the centre, first

slab with additional rectangular bars all around the opening, second

slab provided additional diagonal bars located at the edge of the

opening, for third slab provided additional and rectangular and

diagonal bars around the opening and for fourth slab no additional

reinforcement is provided. Results shows the reduction of area due to

central opening is 15% and the corresponding flexural strength

reduces 3.6% and also provision of addition reinforcement around the

opening increases the flexural capacity of the RC slab.

Solmaz (2009)111 reported the slab analysis with yield line

method to determine yield line pattern. Correct pattern of yield line

should be obtained for exact determination of slab ultimate load. It

could be probable more than one yield line pattern for slab. Plastic

analysis of some concrete reinforced slabs with ANSYS and the stress

and strain distributions were obtained for each case. Also, the yield

line pattern for each case was presented and compared.

Stefano Guandalini et al., (2009)112 presented the results of test

specimen on the punching behaviour of slabs without transverse

reinforcement and varying flexural reinforcement ratios. The size of

the specimens and aggregates was also varied to investigate the effect

on punching shear with low reinforcement ratios. The results are

compared with design codes and critical shear crack theory. On

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comparison it was clear that the formulation of ACI 318-08 lead to

less conservative estimates of punching strength for thick slab and for

lower reinforcement ratios than the test results. Satisfactory results

are obtained using Eurocode 2 and the critical shear crack theory.

Sudarsana Rao et al., (2009)115 studied the effect of various

volume percentage of steel fiber in SIFCON slab specimens subjected

to punching shear, deflection, failure load and crack patterns in

punching shear. Plain concrete slab and fiber reinforced concrete

specimens were used as control specimens. The results showed that

SIFCON slabs with 12% fiber volume possess higher performance than

the other slab specimens in all respects. The experimental result is

compared with IS and ACI codes and the need for separate provisions

for SIFCON in punching shear was emphasized. To predict the

punching shear capacity of SIFCON slabs a regression model was

developed.

Sudarsana Rao (2010)116 studied the behaviour of slurry

infiltrated fiber concrete two-way slabs in flexure with three edges

fixed and the other edge simply supported with fiber percentage of 8,

10 and 12%. For comparison fiber reinforced concrete and reinforced

cement concrete slab specimens were also cast and tested, all slabs

specimens are of size 600x600x50 mm. The results showed that the

slabs with 12% fiber volume shows excellent performance over FRC

and RCC slab specimens.

Sudarsana Rao et al., (2010)114 investigated the behaviour of

slurry-infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON) slabs under impact

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loading. Fiber-reinforced concrete, reinforced cement concrete and

plain cement concrete slabs were also cast and tested for comparison

purposes. The impact force was delivered with a steel ball drop weight.

The test results revealed that SIFCON slabs with 12% fiber volume

fraction exhibit excellent performance in strength and energy

absorption characteristics when compared with other slab specimens.

Regression models have been developed to estimate the energy

absorption for SIFCON slab specimens.

Akinyele (2011)10 investigated two rectangular slabs with

different dimensions through a computer program that was adopted

the yield line theory for the analysis of solid slabs. The yield line

theory was compared with Finite element method and elastic theory

method. The results showed for a two way slab the yield line theory is

truly conservative, but the results increased by 25% by other two

methods. Concludes that computer based yield line theory programme

has good agreement with the analytical methods.

Rizk et al., (2011)97 studied the punching shear strength and

evaluated experimental results by using the equation prescribed in the

Canadian code. The experimental work presented include testing of

ten full-scale two way slabs with different reinforcement ratios to

examine the effect of reinforcement ratio on punching shear capacity.

Statically regression analysis is conducted on 190 test data available

in the literature to evaluate the influence of reinforcement ratio on

punching shear strength. The analytical study showed that the

reinforcement ratio has a strong influence on punching shear

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strength. The proposed equation could be an alternative to the current

punching shear equation used by Canadian standards association

CSA-A23.3-04 design code.

Elavenil and Samuel knight (2012)37 conducted experimentation

on steel fiber reinforced concrete plates with respect to displacement,

velocity and acceleration under impact loading. Eighteen plates were

cast of size 600x600 mm with different thickness 20, 25 and 30 mm

and with three different steel fiber contents of 0.5, 0.75 and 1% for the

investigation. The weight of the ball is taken as 4.5 Kg and height of

fall is 750 mm. The energy absorption at first crack and ultimate

stages are calculated and concluded that the energy absorption is

more for 1% steel fiber when the aspect ratio of fiber is 100.

Deepa shri and Thenmozhi (2013)34 studied the impact energy

absorption on hybrid ferrocement slabs of self compacting concrete of

size 300x300 mm with varying depth of 25 and 30 mm. A load of 3.5

Kg was applied by means of hammer. The drop height was 1.185 m

and 1.180 m for 25 mm and 30 mm slab thickness respectively.

Evaluated the initial and ultimate energy absorption and a model was

developed and it is good estimation of impact energy absorption.

Vasant and Kalurkar (2013)127 investigated the punching shear

behaviour of fiber reinforced concrete slabs with simply supported

condition along all the four edges and loaded up to ultimate failure

under a concentrated load at the centre over a square area. The

parameters were the volume fraction, slab thickness, concrete

strength, span to depth ratio and size of load-bearing plate

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characterized by first crack and ultimate load, increasing of slab

thickness and volume fraction and grade of concrete increases the

punching shear strength and ductility of slab. Concluded that the

ultimate punching shear strength of slab specimens are compared

with the predictions of equations available in literature and code

provisions. The CP 110’s equation of British standard was reasonably

matches with the experimental values.

Yousry et al., (2013)134 conducted experiment on reinforced

ferrocement concrete plates under impact load. Twenty ferrocement

plates were cast of size 500x500x25 mm and tested with a ball weight

of 1.15 Kg under a height of 1.12 m at the centre of plate. The test

programme is divided in to steel bars, metal meshes and metal

meshes with steel bars. Concluded that increasing the number of steel

mesh layers in the plate increases energy at first crack and ultimate

failure stage and also observed higher energy absorption at first crack

and ultimate stage in steel bars with steel mesh when compared with

those of reinforced with steel bars only.

Madheswaran et al (2014)78 studied the behaviour of concrete

slab under repeated low velocity impact loading on ordinary Portland

cement concrete (OPCC) slabs and geopolymer (GPC) concrete slabs.

The compressive strength of OPCC and GPC are 49 to 70 MPa. The

slab specimens are cast with and without fiber reinforcement. The

slab specimens are of size 1000x1000x60 mm. The weight of the

impact hammer having 8.4 Kg and it is freely falling at centre of the

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slab with a free fall of 10 to 50 cm and measured the impact loading.

The impact loads are ranging from 15.13 to 48.62 kN.

Sakthivel et al., (2014)100 conducted experimentation on mesh

and fiber reinforced cementitious composite slabs of size

250x250x25mm. The slab specimens are cast with polyolefin fibers of

0.5 to 2.5% of volume of slab specimen with 0.5% interval and

compared with the control specimen. The specimens are tested with

steel ball weight 3 Kg repeatedly dropped from a height of 600 mm on

centre of slab through a pulley arrangement. Concluded that the

impact strength of the cementitious composite has increased 2 to 6.66

times and energy absorption also increased 1.36 to 2.73 times of

control specimen.

Sidramappa and Archita (2014)110 studied the flexural

behaviour of RCC slab and ferrocement slabs for cyclic loading. The

first crack and collapse load along with their deflections were

measured during testing. On comparison ferrocement slabs are to be

more ductile when compared to RCC slabs design for same moment

and flexure behaviour of ferrocement slabs were found to superior

when compared to RCC slabs.

Conclusions are arrived from the present study of the review of

literature are as follows.

The use of silica fume in concrete as replacement of cement by

15% yield good results in compressive strength, cylindrical

compressive strength and split tensile strength. Many researchers

have studied the compressive strengths, cylindrical strength and split