Math Chapter 3

Matrices
 Chapter 3: Matrices
EXERCISE – 3.1

Q-1: In a matrix given below:

A = ⎡⎣⎢3365–√6−322072−6−81318⎤⎦⎥, write
(a) the order of the matrix.

(b) the number of element.

(c) Write the elements of a13, a21, a23, a24, a33

Solution:

(a) In the matrix given in the question, there are 3 rows and 4 columns. Hence, the order of the
matrix will be 3 × 4.

(b) As the order of the given matrix is 3 × 4, there are 3 × 4 = 12 elements in the matrix.

(c) a13 = 20, a21 = 35, a23 = 72, a24 = 13, a33 = -5

Q-2: Let us consider a matrix A having 24 elements. Then, find the possible order for the
matrix. What if there are 15 element of the same matrix?

Solution:

We know it well that if the order of the matrix is m × n, then the number of elements in the
matrix will be mn. Then, to get all the possible orders of the matrix which having 24 elements,
we need to find all of the possible pairs of the natural numbers having product 24.

Thus,

The possible ordered pairs will be:

( 1, 24 ), ( 2, 12 ) , ( 3, 8 ) , ( 4, 6 ) , ( 6, 4 ) , ( 8, 3 ), ( 12, 2 ), ( 24, 1 )

Therefore, the possible orders for the matrix with 24 elements are:

( 1 × 24 ), ( 2 × 12 ) , ( 3 × 8 ) , ( 4 × 6 ) , ( 6 × 4 ) , ( 8 × 3 ), ( 12 × 2 ), ( 24 × 1 )

If the number of elements in the matrix is 15, then the possible ordered pairs will be:
( 1, 15 ), ( 3, 5 ), ( 5, 3 ), ( 15, 1 )

Therefore, the possible orders for the matrix with 13 elements are:

( 1 × 15 ), ( 3 × 5 ) , ( 5 × 3 ) , ( 15 × 1 )

Q-3: Let us consider a matrix A having 21 elements. Then, find the possible order for the
matrix. What if there are 10 element of the same matrix?

Solution:

We know it well that if the order of the matrix is m × n, then the number of elements in the
matrix will be mn. Then, to get all the possible orders of the matrix which having 21 elements,
we need to find all of the possible pairs of the natural numbers having product 21.
Thus,

The possible ordered pairs will be:

( 1, 21 ), ( 3, 7 ) , ( 7, 3 ), ( 21, 1 )

Therefore, the possible orders for the matrix with 24 elements are:

( 1 × 21 ), ( 3 × 7 ), ( 7 × 3 ), ( 21 × 1 )

If the number of elements in the matrix is 10, then the possible ordered pairs will be:

( 1, 10 ), ( 2, 5 ), ( 5, 2 ), ( 10, 1 )

Therefore, the possible orders for the matrix with 13 elements are:

( 1 × 10 ), ( 2 × 5 ) , ( 5 × 2 ) , ( 10 × 1 )

Q-4: Construct a 2 × 2 matrix, A = [ mij ], whose elements will be given by

(a) mij = (i+j)22

(b) mij = ij
(c) mij = (i+2j)22

Solution:

(a) As per the data given in the question:

mij = (i+j)22
A ( 2 × 2 ) matrix is usually given by,
A = [a11a21a12a22]
Then,

a11 = (1+1)22=42=2
a12 = (1+2)22=92
a21 = (2+1)22=92
a22 = (2+2)22=162=8
Hence, the required matrix is A = [292928].

(b) As per the data given in the question:

mij = ij
A ( 2 × 2 ) matrix is usually given by:

A = [a11a21a12a22]
Then,

a11 = 11=1
a12 = 12
a21 = 21=21
a22 = 22=1
Hence, the required matrix is A = [12121]

(c) As per the data given in the question:

mij = (i+2j)22
A ( 2 × 2 ) matrix is usually given by,

A = [a11a21a12a22]
Then,

a11 = (1+2×1)22=92
a12 = (1+2×2)22=252
a21 = (2+2×1)22=162=8
a22 = (2+2×2)22=362=18
Hence, the required matrix is A = [92825218]

Q-5: Construct a 3 × 4 matrix, A = [ mij ], whose elements will be given by

(a) mij = 12|−3i+j|
(b) mij = 2i–j

Solution:

(a) As per the data given in the question:

mij = 12|−3i+j|
A ( 3 × 4 ) matrix is usually given by:

A = ⎡⎣⎢a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33a14a24a34⎤⎦⎥Then,
a11 = 12|−3×1+1|=1
a12 = 12|−3×1+2|=12
a13 = 12|−3×1+3|=0
a14 = 12|−3×1+4|=12
a21 = 12|−3×2+1|=52
a22 = 12|−3×2+2|=2
a23 = 12|−3×2+3|=32
a24 = 12|−3×2+4|=1
a31 = 12|−3×3+1|=4
a32 = 12|−3×3+2|=72
a33 = 12|−3×3+3|=3
a34 = 12|−3×3+4|=52
Hence, the required matrix is A = ⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢1(52)4(12)2(72)0(32)3(12)1(52)⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥

(b) As per the data given in the question:

mij = 2i+j
A ( 3 × 4 ) matrix is usually given by,

A = ⎡⎣⎢a11a21a31a12a22a32a13a23a33a14a24a34⎤⎦⎥Then,
a11 = 2×1–1=1
a12 = 2×1–2=0
a13 = 2×1–3=−1
a14 = 2×1–4=−2
a21 = 2×2–1=3
a22 = 2×2–2=2
a23 = 2×2–3=1
a24 = 2×2–4=0
a31 = 2×3–1=5
a32 = 2×3–2=4
a33 = 2×3–3=3
a34 = 2×3–4=2
Hence, the required matrix is A = ⎡⎣⎢135024−113−202⎤⎦⎥

Q-6: What will be the value of a, b and c in the following equation:

(a) [6a37]=[b1c7]
(b) [a+b5+c2ab]=[9628]
(c) ⎡⎣⎢a+b+ca+cb+c⎤⎦⎥=⎡⎣⎢957⎤⎦⎥

Solution:

(a) [6a37]=[b1c7]
Since, the given matrices are equal, then their corresponding elements will also be equal.

Now,

By comparing the corresponding elements, we will get:

a = 1, b = 6 and c = 3

(b) [a+b5+c2ab]=[9628]
Since, the given matrices are equal, then their corresponding elements will also be equal.

Now,

By comparing the corresponding elements, we will get

a + b = 9 ………………… (i)

5 + c = 6 ………………… (ii)

And,

ab = 8 ………………… (iii)
From (ii), we will get:

c=6–5=1

From (i), we have

a = 9 – b ………………… (iv)

Substituting (iv) in equation (iii), we will get:

( 9 – b )b = 8

⟹ 9b – b2 = 8

⟹ b2 – 9b + 8 = 0

⟹ b2 – 8b – b + 8 = 0

⟹ b( b – 8 ) -1( b – 8 ) = 0

⟹ ( b – 8 )( b – 1 ) = 0

⟹ b = 1, 8

For b = 1, a = 9 – 1 = 8

For b = 8, a = 9 – 8 = 1

Hence, a = 1, b = 8 and c = 1 or, a = 8, b = 1 and c = 1

(c) ⎡⎣⎢a+b+ca+cb+c⎤⎦⎥=⎡⎣⎢957⎤⎦⎥
Since, the given matrices are equal, then their corresponding elements will also be equal.

Now,

By comparing the corresponding elements, we will get

a + b + c = 9 ………………(i)

a + c = 5 .………………(ii)

b + c = 7.………………(iii)

From equation (i), we have:

a + ( b + c ) = 9 ………………..(iv)

From equation (iii) and (iv), we will get:

a+7=9

⟹a=2

Putting the value of an in equation (ii), we will get:

2+c=5

⟹c=3

Putting the value of c in equation (iii), we will get:

b+3=7

⟹b=4

Hence, a = 2, b = 4 and c= 3.

Q-7: What will be the value of p, q, r and s in the following equation:

[p–q2p–q2p–r3r+s]=[−20614]

Solution:

[p–q2p–q2p–r3r+s]=[−20614]
Since, the given matrices are equal, then their corresponding elements will also be equal.

Now,

By comparing the corresponding elements, we will get:

p – q = -2 …………(i)

2p – r = 0 …………(ii)

2p + r = 6 …………(iii)

3r + s = 14 …………(iv)

From equation (ii), we have:

r = 2p

Putting it in equation (iii), we will get:

2p + 2p = 6

⟹ 4p = 6

⟹ p = 64
⟹ p = 32
Putting the value of p in equation (ii), we will get:

r = 2 × 32 = 3
Putting the value of r in equation (iv), we will get:

3 × 3 + s = 14

⟹s=5

Putting the value of p in equation (i), we will get:

32 – q = -2
⟹ q = 32 + 2
⟹ q = 3+2×22=72
Hence, p = 32, q = 72, r = 3 and s = 5.

Q-8: Let us consider a matrix A = [aij]m × n. The matrix will be a square matrix, if

(a) m < n (b) m > n (c) m = n (d) None of these

Solution:

We know that a matrix can be a square matrix if and only if the number of rows and number of
the columns of the matrix.
i.e., m = n

Hence, A = [aij]m × n will be a square matrix when m = n

Therefore, (c) is the correct answer.

Q-9. What will be the value of a and b in the following equation:

[3a+7b+152–3a]=[08b–24]
(a) a = −13, b = 7
(b) Not possible to find

(c) y = 7, x −23
(d) x = −13,y=−23

Solution:

From the matrix, we have:

3a + 7 = 0

⟹ a = −73
b+1=8

⟹b=7

Also,

5=b–2

⟹b=3

2 – 3a = 4

⟹ 3a = -2

⟹ a = −23
Hence, the correct answer is (b).

Q-10. The number of all the possible matrix of order 3 × 3 having each entry as 0 and 1 is-

(a) 512 (b) 81 (c) 18 (d) 27

Solution:

As the given matrix has order 3 × 3, i.e., the matrix have 9 elements and each of the element
of this matrix will be either 0 or 1.
As we have only two digits and there are 9 elements in the matrix, so, the matrix will be filled in
two possible ways only.

Hence, by the principle of multiplication, required number for the possible matrices will be 29 =
512

Therefore, the correct answer is (a).

EXERCISE – 3.2

Q-1: A = [3453], B = [2−346], C = [−3465]

Find the value of each of the following from the matrices given:

(a) A + B (b) A – B (c) 3A – C (d) AB (e) BA

Solution:

(a) A + B = [3453] + [2−346]

= [3+24–35+43+6]
= [5199]

(b) A – B = [3453] – [2−346]

= [3–24+35–43–6]
= [171−3]

(c) 3A – C = 3[3453]–[−3465]
= [3×34×35×33×3]–[−3465]
= [912159]–[−3465]
= [9+312–415–69–5]
= [12894]
(d) Since, the matrix A and B, both are a square matrix as the number of rows and the number of
columns is the same in both of the matrices, then

Multiplication of the two matrices A and B will be defined as:

AB = [3453][2−346]
= [3(2)+5(−3)4(2)+3(−3)3(4)+5(6)4(4)+3(6)]
= [6–158–912+3016+18]
= [−9−14234]

(e) Since, the matrix A and B, both are a square matrix as the number of rows and the
number of columns is the same in both of the matrices, then

Multiplication of the two matrices B and A will be defined as:

BA = [2−346] [3453]
= [2(3)+3(4)−3(3)+6(4)2(5)+4(3)−3(5)+6(3)]
= [6+12–9+2410+12−15+18]
= [1815223]

Q-2: Solve the following:

(i) [x−yyx]+[xyyx]
(ii) [x2+y2x2+z2y2+z2x2+y2]+[2xy−2xz2yz−2xy]
(iii) ⎡⎣⎢−293569−7176⎤⎦⎥+⎡⎣⎢1394813765⎤⎦⎥
(iv) [cos2asin2asin2acos2a]+[sin2acos2acos2asin2a]

Solution:

(i) [x−yyx]+[xyyx]
= [x+x−y+yy+yx+x]
= [2x02y2x]

(ii) [x2+y2x2+z2y2+z2x2+y2]+[2xy−2xz2yz−2xy]
= [x2+y2+2xyx2+z2–2xzy2+z2+2yzx2+y2–2ab]
= [(x+y)2(x–y)2(y+z)2(x–y)2]
(iii) ⎡⎣⎢−293569−7176⎤⎦⎥+⎡⎣⎢1394813765⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢−2+139+93+45+86+19+3−7+717+66+5⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢111871361202311⎤⎦⎥

(iv) [cos2asin2asin2acos2a]+[sin2acos2acos2asin2a]
= [cos2a+sin2asin2a+cos2asin2a+cos2acos2a+sin2a]
= [1111](assin2a+cos2a=1)

Q-3: Compute the following:

(i) [x−yyx][xy−ya]
(ii) ⎡⎣⎢234⎤⎦⎥[123]
(iii) [23−34][233442]
(iv) ⎡⎣⎢345456567⎤⎦⎥⎡⎣⎢203−430645⎤⎦⎥
(v) ⎡⎣⎢34−2232⎤⎦⎥[1−10312]
(vi) [4−2−2043]⎡⎣⎢324−412⎤⎦⎥

Solution:

(i) [x−yyx][xy−ya]
= [x(x)+y(y)−y(x)+x(y)x(−y)+y(x)−y(−y)+x(x)]
= [x2+y2−yx+xy−xy+xyy2+x2]
= [x2+y200y2+x2]

(ii) ⎡⎣⎢234⎤⎦⎥[123]
= ⎡⎣⎢2(1)3(1)4(1)2(2)3(2)4(2)2(3)3(3)4(3)⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢2344686912⎤⎦⎥

(iii) [23−34][233442]
= [2(2)–3(3)3(2)+4(3)2(3)–3(4)3(3)+4(4)2(4)–3(2)3(4)+4(2)]
= [4–96+126–129+168–612+8]
= [−518−625−220]
(iv) ⎡⎣⎢345456567⎤⎦⎥⎡⎣⎢203−430645⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢3(2)+4(0)+5(3)4(2)+5(0)+6(3)5(2)+6(0)+7(3)3(−4)+4(3)+5(0)4(−4)+5(3)+
6(0)5(−4)+6(3)+7(0)3(6)+4(4)+5(5)4(6)+5(4)+6(5)5(6)+6(4)+7(5)⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢6+0+158+0+1810+0+21−12+12+0−16+15+0−20+18+018+16+2524+20+3
030+24+35⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢2126310−1−2597489⎤⎦⎥

(v) ⎡⎣⎢34−2232⎤⎦⎥[1−10312]
= ⎡⎣⎢3(1)+2(−1)4(1)+3(−1)−2(1)+2(−1)3(0)+2(3)4(0)+3(3)−2(0)+2(3)3(1)+2(2)
4(1)+3(2)−2(1)+2(2)⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢3–24–3−2–20+60+90+63+44+6−2+4⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢11−46967102⎤⎦⎥

(vi) [4−2−2043]⎡⎣⎢324−412⎤⎦⎥
= [4(3)–2(2)+4(4)−2(3)+0(2)+3(4)4(−4)–2(1)+4(2)−2(−4)+0(1)+4(2)]
= [12–4+16−6+0+12−16–2+88+0+6]
= [246−1014]

Q-4: If, A = ⎡⎣⎢25230−2−432⎤⎦⎥, B = ⎡⎣⎢453−231364⎤⎦⎥ and C = ⎡⎣⎢51224−3334⎤⎦⎥,

then
Find ( A + B ) and ( B – C ). Also, check whether A + ( B – C ) = ( A + B ) – C

Solution:

A + B = ⎡⎣⎢25230−2−432⎤⎦⎥ + ⎡⎣⎢453−231364⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢2+45+52+33–20+3−2+0−4+33+62+4⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢610513−2−196⎤⎦⎥

B – C = ⎡⎣⎢453−231364⎤⎦⎥ – ⎡⎣⎢51224−3334⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢4–55–13–2−2–23–41–(−3)3–36–34–4⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢−141−4−14030⎤⎦⎥

A + ( B – C ) = ⎡⎣⎢25230−2−432⎤⎦⎥ + ⎡⎣⎢−141−4−14030⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢2–15+42+13–40–1−2+4−4+03+32+0⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢193−1−12−462⎤⎦⎥

( A + B ) – C = ⎡⎣⎢610513−2−196⎤⎦⎥ – ⎡⎣⎢51224−3334⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢6–510–15–21–23–4−2+3−1–39–36–4⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢193−1−11−462⎤⎦⎥
Therefore, A + ( B – C ) = ( A + B ) – C = ⎡⎣⎢193−1−11−462⎤⎦⎥
Hence, proved.

Q-5: If, A = ⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢2313732233534323⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ and B

= ⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢25157535256524525⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥, then
Find the value of 3A – 5B.

Solution:

3A – 5B = 3 ⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢2313732233534323⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ – 5 ⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢25157535256524525⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢217629542⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ – ⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢2173261042⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢000303−500⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥

Q-6: Find the value of:

cosΘ[cosΘ−sinΘsinΘcosΘ] + sinΘ[sinΘcosΘ−cosΘsinΘ].

Solution:

cosΘ[cosΘ−sinΘsinΘcosΘ] + sinΘ[sinΘcosΘ−cosΘsinΘ]
= [cos2Θ−sinΘcosΘcosΘsinΘcos2Θ] + [sin2ΘsinΘcosΘ−sinΘcosΘsin2Θ]
= [cos2Θ+sin2Θ−sinΘcosΘ+cosΘsinΘcosΘsinΘ–cosΘsinΘcos2Θ+sin2Θ]
= [1001]

Q-7: What will be the value of A and B, if

(i) A + B = [8406] and A – B = [4004]
(ii) 2A + 3B = [3540] and 3A + 2B = [3−2−36]

Solution:

(i) A + B = [8406] …………………..(a)

A – B = [4004] …………………..(b)
By adding equation (a) and (b), we will get:

2A = [8406] + [4004]
⟹ 2A = [8+40+40+06+4]
⟹ 2A = [124010]
Thus,

A = 12 [124010]
⟹ A = [6205]
A + B = [8406]
⟹ [6205] + B = [8406]
⟹ B = [8406] – [6205]
⟹ B = [8–64–20–06–5]
⟹ B = [2201]
Hence, A = [6205] and, B = [2201]

(ii) 2A + 3B = [3540] …………..(a)

3A + 2B = [3−2−36] ……………(b)
By multiplying equation (a) by 2, we will get:

2( 2A + 3B ) = 2 [3540]
⟹ 4A + 6B = [61080] ……………(c)
By multiplying equation (b) by 3, we will get:

3( 3A + 2B ) = 3 [3−2−36]
⟹ 9A + 6B = [9−6−912] …………….(d)
By subtracting equation (c) and (d), we will get:

( 4A + 6B ) – ( 9A + 6B ) = [6–910+68+90–12]
⟹ -5A = [−31617−12]
⟹ A = – 15 [−31617−12]
⟹ A = [35−165−175125]
Now,

2A + 3B = [3540]
⟹ 2 [35−165−175125] + 3B = [3540]
⟹ 3B = [3540] – [65−325−345245]
⟹ 3B = [3–655–−3254–−3450–245]
⟹ 3B = [95575545245]
⟹ B = 13 [95575545245]
⟹ B = [3519518585]
Hence, A = [35−165−175125] and B = [3519518585]

Q-8: What will be the value of A if,

B = [4235] and 2A + B = [2−413]

Solution:

2A + B = [2−413]
⟹ 2A = [2−413] – [4235]
⟹ 2A = [2–4−4–21–33–5]
⟹ 2A = [−2−6−2−2]
⟹ A = 12 [−2−6−2−2]
⟹ A = [−1−3−1−1]
Hence, A = [−1−3−1−1].

Q-9: Calculate the value of a and b, if

2[214a]+[b212]=[6279].

Solution:

2[214a]+[b212]=[6279]
⟹ [4282a]+[b212]=[6279]
⟹ [4+b2+28+12a+2]=[6279]
⟹ [4+b492a+2]=[6279]
By comparing the corresponding elements of the above two matrices, we will get:

4+b=6

⟹b=2

2a + 2 = 9

⟹ 2a = 7

⟹ a = 72
Hence, a = 72 and b = 2.

Q-10: Calculate the value of a, b, c and d, if

2[acbd]+3[20−23]=3[4567].

Solution:

2[acbd]+3[20−23]=3[4567]
⟹ [2a2c2b2d]+[60−69]=[12151821]
⟹ [2a+62c+02b–62d+9]=[12151821]
By comparing the corresponding elements of the above two matrices, we will get:

2a + 6 = 12

⟹ 2a = 6

⟹a=3

2b – 6 = 18

⟹ 2b = 24

⟹ b = 12

2c + 0 = 15

⟹ 2c = 15

⟹ c = 152
2d + 9 = 21

⟹ 2d = 12
⟹d=6

Hence, a = 3, b = 12, c = 152 and d = 6.

Q-11: What will be the value of x and y in the matrices given below:

x[34]+y[−22]=[105]?

Solution:

x[34]+y[−22]=[105]
⟹ [3x4x]+[−2y2y]=[105]
⟹ [3x–2y4x+2y]=[105]
By comparing the corresponding elements of the above two matrices, we will get:

3x – 2y = 10………….. (i)

4x + 2y = 5 ……………(ii)

Adding equation (i) and (ii), we will get:

7x = 15

⟹ x = 157
Putting the value of x in equation (i), we will get:

3 × 157 – 2y = 10
⟹ 457 – 2y = 10
⟹ 2y = 457 – 10
⟹ 2y = 45–707
⟹ 2y = −257
⟹ y = −2514
Hence, x = 157 and, y = −2514

Q-12: What will be the value of a, b, c and d in the following matrix

3[acbd]=[a−272d]+[5c+da+b4]?
Solution:

3[acbd]=[a−272d]+[5c+da+b4]
⟹ [3a3c3b3d]=[a+5−2+c+d7+a+b2d+4]
⟹ [3a3c3b3d]=[a+5c+d–2a+b+72d+4]
By comparing the corresponding elements of the above two matrices, we will get:

3a = a + 5

⟹ 2a = 5

⟹ a = 52
3b = a + b + 7

⟹ 3b = 52 + b + 7
⟹ 2b = 52 + 7
⟹ 2b = 5+142
⟹ 2b = 192
⟹ b = 194
3d = 2d + 4

⟹d=4

3c = c + d – 2

⟹ 2c = 4 – 2

⟹ 2c = 2

⟹c=1

Hence, a = 52, b = 194, c = 1 and d = 4.

Q-13:If F(a) = ⎡⎣⎢cosasina0−sinacosa0001⎤⎦⎥, prove that F(a) F(b) = F( a + b ).

Solution:

F(a) = ⎡⎣⎢cosasina0−sinacosa0001⎤⎦⎥, F(b) = ⎡⎣⎢cosbsinb0−sinbcosb0001⎤⎦⎥

F(a + b) = ⎡⎣⎢cos(a+b)sin(a+b)0−sin(a+b)cos(a+b)0001⎤⎦⎥
F(a) F(b) = ⎡⎣⎢cosasina0−sinacosa0001⎤⎦⎥⎡⎣⎢cosbsinb0−sinbcosb0001⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢(cosacosb–sinasinb+0)(sinacosb+cosasinb+0)0(−cosasinb–
sinacosb+0)−sinasinb+cosacosb+00001⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢cos(a+b)sin(a+b)0−sin(a+b)cos(a+b)0001⎤⎦⎥ = F(a + b)
Hence, proved.

Q-14: Prove that:

(i) [67−28][3425]≠[3425][67−28].
(ii) ⎡⎣⎢201311400⎤⎦⎥⎡⎣⎢−2031−24015⎤⎦⎥≠⎡⎣⎢−2031−24015⎤⎦⎥⎡⎣⎢201311400⎤⎦⎥

Solution:

(i) [67−28][3425]
= [6(3)–2(4)7(3)–8(4)6(2)–2(5)7(2)–8(5)]
= [18–821–2412–1014–40]
= [10−32−26]
[3425][67−28]
= [3(6)+2(7)4(6)+5(7)3(−2)+2(8)4(−2)+5(8)]
= [18+1424+35−6+16−8+40]
= [32591032]
Therefore, [67−28][3425] ≠ [3425][67−28]
Hence, proved.

(ii) ⎡⎣⎢201311400⎤⎦⎥⎡⎣⎢−2031−24015⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢2(−2)+3(0)+4(3)0(−2)+1(0)+0(3)1(−2)+1(0)+0(3)2(1)+3(−2)+4(4)0(1)+1(−
2)+0(4)1(1)+1(−2)+0(4)2(0)+3(1)+4(5)0(0)+1(1)+0(5)1(0)+1(1)+0(5)⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢−4+0+120+0+0−2+0+02–6+160–2+01–2+00+3+200+1+00+1+0⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢80−212–2−12311⎤⎦⎥
⎡⎣⎢−2031−24015⎤⎦⎥⎡⎣⎢201311400⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢−2(2)+1(0)+0(1)0(2)–2(0)+1(1)3(2)+4(0)+5(1)−2(3)+1(1)+0(1)0(3)–
2(1)+1(1)3(3)+4(1)+5(1)−2(4)+1(0)+0(0)0(4)–2(0)+1(0)3(4)+4(0)+5(0)⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢−4+0+00+0+16+0+5−6+1+00–2+19+4+5−8+0+00–0+012+0+0⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢−4111−5–118−8012⎤⎦⎥
Therefore, ⎡⎣⎢201311400⎤⎦⎥⎡⎣⎢−2031−24015⎤⎦⎥ ≠ ⎡⎣⎢−2031−24015⎤⎦⎥⎡⎣⎢201311400
⎤⎦⎥
Hence, proved.

Q-15: What will be the value of A2 – 5A + 6I, if A = ⎡⎣⎢33102−1140⎤⎦⎥?

Solution:

A2 = A × A

A2 = ⎡⎣⎢33102−1140⎤⎦⎥ × ⎡⎣⎢33102−1140⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢3(3)+3(3)+1(1)3(3)+2(3)+4(1)1(3)–
1(3)+0(1)3(0)+3(2)+1(−1)3(0)+2(2)+4(−1)1(0)–
1(2)+0(−1)3(1)+3(4)+1(0)3(1)+2(4)+4(0)1(1)–1(4)+0(0)⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢9+9+19+6+43–3+00+6–10+4–40–2+03+12+03+8+01–4+0⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢1919050–21511−3⎤⎦⎥

5A = 5⎡⎣⎢33102−1140⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢15155010−55200⎤⎦⎥

6I = 6 ⎡⎣⎢100010001⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢600060006⎤⎦⎥

A2 – 5A + 6I = ⎡⎣⎢1919050–21511−3⎤⎦⎥ –
⎡⎣⎢15155010−55200⎤⎦⎥ + ⎡⎣⎢600060006⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢19+15+619+15+00+5+05+0+00+10+6−2−5+015+5+011+20+0−3+0+6⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢40345516−720313⎤⎦⎥
Hence,

A2 – 5A + 6I = ⎡⎣⎢40345516−720313⎤⎦⎥

Q-16: If A = [0tanβ2−tanβ20] and the identity matrix of order 2 be represented by I. Prove

that:
I + A = ( I – A ) [cosβsinβ−sinβcosβ]
Solution:

LHS = I + A = [1001] + [0tanβ2−tanβ20]

= [1tanα2−tanα21] ……… (i)

RHS = ( I – A ) [cosβsinβ−sinβcosβ]
= ([1001]–[0tanβ2−tanβ20])[cosβsinβ–sinβcosβ]
= [1−tanβ2tanβ21][cosβsinβ–sinβcosβ]
= [cosβ+sinβtanβ2−cosβtanβ2+sinβtanβ2−sinβ+cosβtanβ2sinβ+cosβ] ………..(ii)
= ⎡⎣⎢1–2sin2β2+2sinβ2cosβ2tanβ2−(2cos2β2–
1)tanβ2+2sinβ2cosβ2−2sinβ2cosβ2+(2cos2β2–1)tanβ22sinβ2cosβ2tanβ2+1–2sin2β2⎤⎦⎥
= [1–2sin2β2+2sin2β2−2sinβ2cosβ2+2sinβ2cosβ+tanβ2−2sinβ2cosβ2+2sinβ2cosβ–
tanβ22sin2β2+1–2sin2β2]
= [1tanα2−tanα21]
= LHS

Hence, proved.

Q-17: There is the fund of Rs 30,000 from a trust which should be invested in any of the
two different types of bonds. The first bond will pay 5% interest every year, and the second
bond will pay 7% interest every year. Using the principle of matrix multiplication,
determine how Rs 30,000 will be divided between the two different types of bonds, if the
trust fund will obtain an annual total interest of:

(a) Rs 2,000 (b) Rs 1,800

Solution:

(a) Let, in the first bond, Rs. q is invested.

The sum of the total money thus invested in the second bond is Rs. ( 30000 – q ).

As per the data given in the question, the first bond needs to pay 5% interest every year and the
second bond needs to pay 7% interest every year.
Hence, in order to have an annual interest of Rs. 2000, we have

S.I for 1 year = Principle×Rate×1100

⟹ [q(30000–q)][51007100]=2000
⟹ 5q100+7(30000–q)100=2000
⟹ 5q + 7( 30000 – q ) = 200000

⟹ 5q + 210000 – 7q = 200000

⟹ 210000 – 200000 = 7q – 5q

⟹ 2q = 10000

⟹ q = 5000

In order to have an annual interest of Rs. 2000, the trusty providing fund must invest Rs.
5000 in the first bond and remaining Rs. 25000 in the second bond.

(b) Let, in the first bond, Rs. q is invested.

The sum of the total money thus invested in the second bond is Rs. ( 30000 – q ).

As per the data given in the question, the first bond needs to pay 5% interest every year and the
second bond needs to pay 7% interest every year.

Hence, in order to have an annual interest of Rs. 1800, we have

S.I for 1 year = Principle×Rate×1100

⟹ [q(30000–q)][51007100]=1800
⟹ 5q100+7(30000–q)100=1800
⟹ 5q + 7( 30000 – q ) = 180000

⟹ 5q + 210000 – 7q = 180000

⟹ 210000 – 180000 = 7q – 5q

⟹ 2q = 30000

⟹ q = 15000

In order to have an annual interest of Rs. 1800, the trusty providing fund must invest Rs.
15000 in the first bond and remaining Rs. 15000 in the second bond.
Q-18: A particular school has the bookshop of 8 dozen of the physics books, 10 dozen of the
economics books, 10 dozen of the chemistry books. Their selling prices are Rs 60, Rs 40 and
Rs 80 each, respectively. What will be the total amount of the bookshop which will be
received by selling all of the books using the matrix algebra?

Solution:

The bookshop of 8 dozen of the physics books, 10 dozen of the economics books, 10 dozen of
the chemistry books.

The selling prices for the physics, chemistry and the economics book are Rs. 60, Rs. 40 and
Rs. 80, respectively.

The total amount of the bookshop received by selling all of the books by using the
matrix algebra will be represented in the form given below:
12[81010]⎡⎣⎢604080⎤⎦⎥
= 12 [8 × 60 + 10 × 40 + 10 × 80]

= 12 [480 + 400 + 800]

= 12 [1680]

= 20160

Hence, the bookshop will get Rs. 20160 by the selling of all of the books.

Q-19: Let us consider P, Q, R, S and T be the matrices with order 2 × m, 3 × n, 2 × o, m× 3

and o× n, respectively. Then, the restriction on m, n and o such that, TQ + SQ is defined as:

1. n = 3, o = m
2. n is arbitrary, o = 2
3. o is arbitrary, n = 3
4. n = 2, o = 3

Solution:
Matrices T and Q are having the orders o × n and 3 × n, respectively.

Thus, hence formed matrix TQ will be defined if n = 3. Consequently, TQ matrix will be have
the order o × n. Matrices S and Q are having the orders of m × 3 and 3 × n, respectively.

As the number of columns in the matrix S is equal to the number of rows in the matrix Q, so, the
matrix SQ hence is well-defined and will be of the order m × n. Matrices PY and WY will be
added at the situation, when their orders will be the same.

Since, the matrix TQ has the order o × n and the matrix SQ has the order m × n. Hence, we will
have o = m, surely.

Therefore, n = 3 and o = m are the restrictions on m, n and o, such that TQ + SQ will be

defined.

Q-20: Let us consider P, Q, R, S and T be the matrices with order 2 × m, 3 × n, 2 × o, m× 3

and o× n, respectively. If m = o, then find the order for the matrix 7P – 5R.

(a). o × 2

(b). 2 × m

(c). m × 3

(d). o × n

Solution:

The matrix P has the order 2 × m.

Thus, the matrix 7P will also have the same order. The matrix R is of the order 2 × o, i.e., 2 × m
[As m = o]

Thus, the matrix 5R will also have the same order.

Now, both of the matrices 7P and 5R are of the order 2 × m.

Thus, the matrix 7P – 5R is well-defined and will have the order 2 × m.

 EXERCISE – 3.3

Q-1: What is the transpose of each of the following matrices?

(i) ⎡⎣⎢612−2⎤⎦⎥
(ii) [23−24]

Solution:

(i) Let M = ⎡⎣⎢612−2⎤⎦⎥

Then,

MT = [612−2]
(ii) Let M = [23−24]
Then,

MT = [2−234]

Q-2: If A = ⎡⎣⎢−26−33724102⎤⎦⎥ and B = ⎡⎣⎢−522234−612⎤⎦⎥, then verify that

(A + B)’ = A’ + B’

Solution:

A = ⎡⎣⎢−26−33724102⎤⎦⎥, B = ⎡⎣⎢−522234−612⎤⎦⎥
A + B = ⎡⎣⎢−26−33724102⎤⎦⎥ + ⎡⎣⎢−522234−612⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢−2–56+2−3+23+27+32+44–610+12+2⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢−78−15106−2104⎤⎦⎥
Thus,

(A + B)’ = ⎡⎣⎢−75−281010−164⎤⎦⎥
A’ + B’ = ⎡⎣⎢−2346810−322⎤⎦⎥ + ⎡⎣⎢−52−6231242⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢−2–53+24–66+28+39+1−3+22+42+2⎤⎦⎥
= ⎡⎣⎢−75−281110−164⎤⎦⎥
Thus, (A + B)’ = A’ + B’
Hence, proved.

Q-3: If A’ = [−3243] and B = [−2213], now find (A + 2B)’.

Solution:

We know that:

A = (A′)′
Thus,

A′ = [−3243]
⟹ A = [−3423]
Now,

A + 2B = [−3423] + 2[−2213]
= [−3423] + [−4426]
= [−3–44+42+23+6]
= [−7849]
Therefore,(A+2B)′ = [−7489]

Q-4: Prove that (AB)′=B′A′ for the matrices A and B where,

A = ⎡⎣⎢2−54⎤⎦⎥, B = [−232]

Solution:

AB = ⎡⎣⎢2−54⎤⎦⎥[−232]
= ⎡⎣⎢−410−86−15124−108⎤⎦⎥
Thus,

(AB)′ = ⎡⎣⎢−46410−15−10−8128⎤⎦⎥
Now,

A′ = [2−54]
B′ = ⎡⎣⎢−232⎤⎦⎥
Thus,

{ B }’ { A }’= ⎡⎣⎢−46410−15−10−8128⎤⎦⎥
= (AB)′
Hence, proved.

Q-5: If M = [cosβ−sinβsinβcosβ], then prove that M’M = I.

Solution:

M = [cosβ−sinβsinβcosβ]
M’ = [cosβsinβ−sinβcosβ]
⟹ M’M = [cosβsinβ−sinβcosβ] [cosβ−sinβsinβcosβ]
= [(cosβ)(cosβ)+(−sinβ)(−sinβ)(sinβ)(cosβ)+(cosβ)(−sinβ)(cosβ)(sinβ)+(−sinβ)(
cosβ)(sinβ)(sinβ)+(cosβ)(cosβ)]
= [cos2β+sin2sinβcosβ–cosβ.sinβcosβ.sinβ–sinβ.cosβsin2β+cos2β]
= [1001]
=I

Hence, proved.

Q-6: Prove that the matrix A = ⎡⎣⎢2−26−232624⎤⎦⎥ is a symmetric matrix.

Solution:

Here, we can see that

A′ = ⎡⎣⎢2−26−232624⎤⎦⎥ which is equal to A.

Hence, A′ = A
Therefore, the given matrix A = ⎡⎣⎢2−26−232624⎤⎦⎥ is a symmetric matrix.
Q-7: Prove that ( A + A′ ) is a symmetric matrix for the matrix A = [2768].

Solution:

A′ = [2678]
A + A′ = [2768] + [2678]
= [4131316]
(A+A′)′ = [4131316] = A + A′
Hence, (A + A′ ) is a symmetric matrix.

Q-8: If M and N are the symmetric matrices with having same order, then MN – NM will
be a

(a) Symmetric matrix

(b) Skew symmetric matrix.

(c) Identity matrix

(d) Zero matrix

Solution:

As per the data given in the question, M and N are two symmetric matrices.

Thus, we have

A′=A and B′=B ……..(i)

Let us consider,

(MN–NM)′=(MN)′–(NM)′[(M–N)′=M′–N′]
= N′M′–M′N′[(MN)′=N′M′]
= BA–MN[by(i)]
= – (MN – NM)

Thus, (MN – NM )’ = – (MN – NM)

Hence, (MN – NM) is a skew- symmetric matrix.

Therefore, the correct answer is (b).

Q-9: Consider M = [cosβsinβ–sinβcosβ].

Then M + M’ = I, if β is:

(a) π3
(b) π6
(c) 3π2
(d) π2

Solution:

M = [cosβsinβ−sinβcosβ]
M’ = [cosβ−sinβsinβcosβ]
⟹ M + M’ = I

⟹ [cosβsinβ−sinβcosβ] + [cosβ−sinβsinβcosβ] = [1001]

⟹ [2cosβ002cosβ] = [1001]
Thus,

2cosβ=1
⟹ cos β = 12
⟹ cos β = cosπ3
⟹ β = π3
Therefore, (a) is the correct answer.

EXERCISE – 3.4

Q-1: What will be the inverse of the matrix [12−13], if any exists?
Solution:

Let, M = [12−13]
As we know, M = IM

⟹ [12−13] = [1001]M
⟹ [10−15]=[1−201]M
⟹ [10−11]=[1−25015]M
⟹ [1001]=[35−251515]M
Hence, M-1 = [35−251515]
[ R 2 → R2 – 2 R1 ]
[ R2 → 15 R2]
[ R 2 → R1 + R2 ]

Q-2: What will be the inverse of the matrix [21−6−2], if any exists?

Solution:

Let, M = [21−6−3]
As we know, M = IM

⟹ [21−6−3] = [1001]M
⟹ [2101]=[1031]M [ C2 → C2 + 3 C1 ]
⟹ [2001]=[−2−131]M [ C1 → C1 – C2]
⟹ [1001]=[−1−1231]M [ C1 → 12 C1]
Hence, M-1 = [35−251515]

Q-3: What will be the inverse of the matrix [6−2−31], if any exists?

Solution:

Let, M = [6−2−31]
As we know, M = IM

⟹ [6−2−31] = [1001]M
⟹ [1−2−121]=[16001]M [ R1 → 16 R1 ]
⟹ [10−120]=[161301]M [ R2 → R2 +2R1]
Here, in the above matrix in LHS side, there is only zero in the second row.
Hence, M-1 does not exist.

Q-4: What will be the inverse of the matrix [2−1−32], if any exists?

Solution:

Let, M = [2−1−32]
As we know, M = IM

⟹ [2−1−32] = [1001]M
⟹ [1−1−12]=[1011]M [ R1 → R1 + R2 ]
⟹ [10−11]=[1112]M [ R2 → R2 + R1]
⟹ [1001]=[2132]M [ R2 → R1 + R2]
Hence, M = [2132]
-1

Q-5: What will be the inverse of the matrix [2412], if any exists?

Solution:

Let, M = [2412]
As we know, M = IM

⟹ [2412] = [1001]M
⟹ [0402]=[10–121]M [ R1 → R1 – 16 R2 ]
Here, in the above matrix in LHS side, there is only zero in the second row.

Hence, M-1 does not exist.

Q-6: What will be the inverse of the matrix [32107], if any exists?

Solution:
Let, M = [32107]
As we know, M = IM

⟹ [32107] = [1001]M
⟹ [1237]=[10−11]M [ R1 → R1 – R2 ]
⟹ [1031]=[1−2−13]M [ R2 → R2 – 2R1]
⟹ [1001]=[7−2−103]M [ R1 → R1 – 3 R2]
Hence, M = [7−2−103]
-1

Q-7: What will be the inverse of the matrix ⎡⎣⎢250011−103⎤⎦⎥, if any exists?

Solution:

Let, M = ⎡⎣⎢250011−103⎤⎦⎥
As we know, M = IM

⎡⎣⎢250011−103⎤⎦⎥ = ⎡⎣⎢100010001⎤⎦⎥M
⟹ ⎡⎣⎢150011−1203⎤⎦⎥ = ⎡⎣⎢1200010001⎤⎦⎥M [ R1 → 12R1 ]
⟹ ⎡⎣⎢⎢100011−12523⎤⎦⎥⎥ = ⎡⎣⎢⎢12−520010001⎤⎦⎥⎥M [ R2 → R2 – 5 R1]
⟹ ⎡⎣⎢⎢100011−125212⎤⎦⎥⎥ = ⎡⎣⎢⎢12−525201−1001⎤⎦⎥⎥M [ R3 → R3 – R2]
⟹ ⎡⎣⎢⎢100010−12521⎤⎦⎥⎥ = ⎡⎣⎢⎢12−52501−2002⎤⎦⎥⎥M [ R3 → 2R3]
⟹ ⎡⎣⎢100010001⎤⎦⎥ = ⎡⎣⎢3−155−16−21−52⎤⎦⎥M [ R1 → R1 + 12 R3, and R2 →
R2 – 52 R3]
Hence, M-1 = ⎡⎣⎢3−155−16−21−52⎤⎦⎥

Q-8: The matrices M and N can be inverse of each other if and only if

(a) MN = NM (b) MN = NM = 0

(c) MN = 0, NM = I (d) MN = NM = I

Solution:
As we know, if M is a square matrix of order a, and if there exists another square matrix N
of the same order b, in such a manner that MN = NM = I, then N will be said to be the
inverse of M. So, in this case, we can see that M is the inverse of N.

Therefore, matrices M and N will be inverses of each other only if MN = NM = I.