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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on APPLIED and THEORETICAL MECHANICS Pavel Padevet, Petr Bittnar

Measuring the Creep and Material Properties of Cement Paste Specimens


PAVEL PADEVĚT, PETR BITTNAR
Department of Mechanics
Czech Technical University in Prague
Thákurova 7, 166 29, Prague 6
CZECH REPUBLIC
pavel.padevet@fsv.cvut.cz petr.bittnar@fsv.cvut.cz http://www.fsv.cvut.cz

Abstract: The paper describes creep tests of the small specimen, and analyses the material properties of cement pastes.
Material properties were tested in compression tests. Creep of cement pastes was tested on the cylindrical specimens
with diameter 10mm. Tests were focused for the pastes made from Portland cement CEM I and CEM II and water,
whose water-cement ratio was 0.3; 0.4 and 0.5. Tested specimens for measurement of creep were waterlogged and
dried. Shrinkage of cement specimens was measured too. After finalization of the measuring were specimens used for
compression tests and Modulus of elasticity was measured. History of creep, material properties, history of specimens
are inputs for simulation by finite element method.

Key-Words: Cement paste, shrinkage, creep of cement paste, concrete specimen, compression test, lever mechanism.

1 Introduction floor concrete structure or basement structures. In these


Design of building structures depend at material constructions is inaccessible inception of the creep
properties of the constructions. The properties of cracks, frequently.
building materials are influenced by many parameters Within used reinforced concrete is possible creep of
like a material properties, structural strength, the concrete influence namely by suitable selection of
environmental conditions atc. The building constructions the component part of concrete mixture and by its
from concrete are influenced its material parameters, but suitable design. Concrete is mixture by cement, water,
for design of the large concrete constructions is aggregate and admixtures. Aggregate is stabilizing part
indispensable creep influence. Engineering construction, in concrete mixture. In the most cases is not aggregate
like a containment of the nuclear of the power plant, absorptive and its volume changes are a negligible. Our
basement slab can fail to the rise of shrinkage cracks. focus can be fixed for the cement – water mixture.
Understanding of the reason the cracks origin first Cracks incurred by creep in the construction can be
step for a prevent inception of that effect. That means, is reason for inapplicableness. Cement paste, aggregates
important don’t underestimate of the rise cracks factors and water are basic components of the concrete. Cement
like a physical and chemist reasons. Physical reason of and water create component part – cement paste that is
the origin of the cracks incurred by the creep is bonding agent for aggregates. Cement paste is product of
shrinkage of concrete. Shrinkage of the concrete is the mixture cement and water, eventually admixtures. By
influenced by loss of the physical bounded water, by suitable selection of the quantity of cement and water is
change of the porous pressure. Chemical reason of possible creep of concrete decidedly decrease.
concrete creep is the origin the shrinkage incurred by For the mathematical simulations [1] of the concrete
chemical volume changes [6] and by self desiccation [5]. creep are important material properties of cement paste.
Second step for prevent of the rise of the creep cracks Strength of cement paste and Modulus of elasticity are
is knowledge how can be measurement of the concrete basic material properties for simulations. Strengths of
creep. If is possible measure the creep, then is possible cement pastes are tested in compression tests in the MTS
adapt procedure in the design of the concrete structures. Alliance RT 30 equipment. Modulus of Elasticity is
Design of concrete structure is primarily influenced by tested in MTS equipment too.
suitable choice of the reinforcement of structure. Other properties for simulations of the concrete creep
Quantity, placing and orientation of the reinforcement are: mass, specific humidity of specimens and curves of
can restrict or stop of the creep of concrete. the creep of cement paste, strength of cement paste,
Reinforcement in concrete structure may be chosen like cement content, water/cement ratio, aggregate/cement
a classic reinforcement [8] in the reinforced concrete ratio, geometry of specimen, Poisson’s ratio, history of
structure, secondary reinforcement like a steel fibrous the loading. Mass is calculated from specimen’s volume
concrete and finally by plastic or carbon fibrous and its weight. Specific humidity is calculated from
concrete. Steel fibrous concrete is mostly applicable in

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on APPLIED and THEORETICAL MECHANICS Pavel Padevet, Petr Bittnar

volume of specimen and a change of weight the Lever mechanism (Fig.3) is equipment for measuring
specimen. of creep of cement paste [3].
Curves of creep and shrinkage are measured by lever
mechanisms. Strength of cement paste is determined
from compression tests of the cement paste specimens.

2 Specimens
For the creep tests and compression tests was used one
type of specimens. Cylindrical specimens were made
into the plastic moulds. Their length was 10cm [2].
Lengths of specimens for creep tests were 70mm. After
the process hardening cement paste were specimens cut
from length 10cm to 7cm. Diameter of all specimens
was 10mm.
In this paper are presented results of testing of
specimens that was made from Portland cement. First
series of specimens was made from Portland cement
CEM I 42,5R with water cement ratio 0.5. Water cement
ratio (w/c) is the weight proportion of the water and
cement. Second series of specimens was made from
Portland cement with w/c = 0.4, see Fig 1. Third series
Fig.2: Specimens in compression test equipment.
was made from Portland cement and water too, but with
w/c ratio 0.3. Cement mixture was sufficiently liquid
(w/c = 0.5) and was it possible pour to moulds.
Other series were made from Portland cement CEM
II, 32,5R. Three series were used, too, with water-
cement ratio 0.5, 0.4 and 0.3.

Fig.3: Lever mechanism

Specimens were loaded by constant loads. Sizes of the


load depend on the weight of plumb and location of
plumb at the lever. For used specimens with diameter
10mm were applied loads approximately from 740N to
760N. In the case measurement of shrinkage at the
specimens, load 76N was applied. Applied load on each
Fig.1. Specimens for creep tests (w/c = 0.4) specimen was constant for whole period of the loading.
Specimens were firstly placed into the lever
mechanism, and after then was system loaded by plumb.
3 Testing equipment Measuring the deformation was start when specimen was
Measuring of the material properties was realized in the placed into the lever mechanism. Period of measure was
MTS Alliance RT 30 testing machine. By MTS Alliance from 25 to 28 day.
were tested: strength (Fig.2) and Modulus of elasticity.
By continuous loading were measured parameters of
material and was possible acquire the stress-strain 4 Results from compression tests
diagram of the cement paste specimen.

ISSN: 1991-8747 82 Issue 1, Volume 5, January 2010


WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on APPLIED and THEORETICAL MECHANICS Pavel Padevet, Petr Bittnar

Cylindrical specimens were tested in compression tests, CEM I, w/c 0,4, No.2
after creep tests finishing.
160

140
Specimen w/c w/c w/c
120

No. 0.3 0.4 0.5

Stress (MPa)
100

80
1 114.325 79.959 67.233
60

2 104.875 142.559 43.1 40

20
3 70.172 142.686 70.233
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
4 104.141 130.757 58.666
Deformation (mm)

Table 1. Compression strength of specimens of cement


Fig.5: Stress – deformation diagram.
paste from CEM I (MPa).
Third set included 4 specimens and their average
Three sets of specimens from Portland cement CEM
strength was 65.37MPa. Specimen no. 2 had strength
I were tested (Table 1). First set was prepared with
much lower to other specimen of the set. Therefore to
water-cement ratio (w/c) 0.3 and included 4 specimens.
average strength this specimen wasn’t calculated.
Average strength of specimens was 107.78MPa. Third
specimen was cut out because its strength was much Specimen w/c w/c w/c
lower of the other specimens, its loading parts wasn’t
No. 0.3 0.4 0.5
plane-parallel.
1 90.658 102.585 29.538
CEM I 42,5R, strength of specimens
2 119.185 100.674 48.705
140 3 60.009 91.180 73.893
Compression strength (MPa)

120 4 125.930 28.092 51.166


100
Table 2. Compression strength of specimens of cement
80
paste from CEM II (MPa).
60
Second group of material were specimens made
40
from Portland cement CEM II. CEM II is not pure
20
Portland cement, but cement wit additives like (slag,
0 siliceous ash) [4], [7]. In the group were three sets of
0.3 0.4 0.5
w/c ratio
specimens tested (Table 2). First set was prepared from
cement and water with w/c = 0.3 and included 4
Fig.4: Graph of average compression strengths of specimens. Average strength of specimens was
111,92MPa. Third specimen was cut out because its
the specimens from CEM I.
strength was much lower of the other specimens.
Second set of the specimen was prepared with w/c =
Second set of the specimen was prepared with w/c =
0.4. Average strength of specimens was 98,14MPa
0.4. Average strength of specimens was 138.66MPa. 1st
specimen was cut out because its strength was lower of (Fig.6). 4th specimen was cut out because its strength
the other specimens. was lower of the other specimens.
Third set included 4 specimens and their average
strength was 50,82MPa. Specimen no. 1 and 3 had
strength much lower and higher to other specimen of
the set.

ISSN: 1991-8747 83 Issue 1, Volume 5, January 2010


WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on APPLIED and THEORETICAL MECHANICS Pavel Padevet, Petr Bittnar

CEM II, w/c 0.3, No.1


CEM II 32.5, strength of specimens
100
90
80
70
120

Stress (MPa)
60
50
Com pression strength (MP a)

40
100
30
20
80 10
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
60 Strain (*0,001)

40 CEM II, w/c 0,3, No.2

140
20
120

100
0

Stress (MPa)
0,3 0,4 0,5 80

w/c ratio 60

40

Fig.6: Graph of average compression strengths of 20

0
the specimens from CEM II. 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
Strain (*0,001)

CEM II, w/c 0.3, No.3

80

70

60

Stress (MPa)
CEM I, w/c 0.4, No. 1 50

90
40

80 30
70 20
60
Stress (MPa)

10
50
0
40
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
30
Strain (*0.001)
20

10

0 CEM II, w/c 0.3, No.4


0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Strain (*0,001) 140

CEM I, w/c 0.4, No. 3 120

160 100
Stress (MPa)

140
80
120
60
Stress (MPa)

100

80 40
60
20
40

20 0
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strain (*0,001)
Strain (*0.001)

CEM I, w/c 0.4, No.4 Fig.8: Stress-strain diagrams CEM II, water-
140 cement ratio 0.3.
120

100
Stress (MPa)

80 CEM II, w/c 0.4, No.1


60
120
40

20 100

0
80
Stress (MPa)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Strain (*0.001)
60

Fig.7: Stress-strain diagrams CEM I, water- 40

cement ratio 0.4. 20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Strain (*0,001)

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on APPLIED and THEORETICAL MECHANICS Pavel Padevet, Petr Bittnar

CEM II, w/c 0.4, No.2 CEM II, w/c 0.5, No. 3

120 80

70
100
60
80
Stress (MPa)

Stress (MPa)
50

60 40

30
40
20
20
10

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
Strain (*0.001) Strain (*0.001)

CEM II, w/c 0.4, No.3 CEM II, w/c 0.5, No. 3

100 60
90
50
80
70
40
Stress (MPa)

Stress (MPa)
60
50 30
40
20
30
20
10
10
0 0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
Strain (*0.001) Strain (*0.001)

CEM II, w/c 0.4, No. 4 Fig.10: Stress-strain diagrams CEM II, water-
30 cement ratio 0.5.
25

20
Stress (MPa)

15 5 Modulus of elasticity
10
Modulus of elasticity is one of important parameters for
5
the simulation of creep tests. Its value is defined like a
relation between stress and strain. Value of stress is at
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 30% of the strength of specimens. Line between start
Strain (*0.001)
and value of stress at 30% of stress define Modulus of
Fig.9: Stress-strain diagrams CEM II, water- elasticity [5]. Higher value of the Modulus is
cement ratio 0.4. corresponding with more brittle material. Measurement
is realized on the small specimens by one extensometer
CEM II, w/c 0.5, No.1
with measuring length 25mm (see Fig. 2).
Paper present Modulus of elasticity measured at the
40

35
all specimens made from CEM II (Fig 8, 9 and 10) and
30
three value of specimens made from CEM I and w/c 0.4
(Fig. 7).
Stress (MPa)

25

20 Specimen w/c w/c w/c


15

10 No. 0.3 0.4 0.5


5

0
1 49.215 27.802 19.317
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
Strain (*0.001) 2 61.663 21.846 25.058
CEM II, w/c 0.5, No. 2 3 64.071 26.663 38.810
60

50
4 47.196 24.941 20.820
40 Table 3. Modulus of elasticity of specimens of cement
Stress (MPa)

30 paste from CEM II (GPa).


20
In the table 3 are noted value of Modulus of
10
elasticity for specimens made by use cement CEM II.
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 Average value for w/c ratio 0.3 was 55.536GPa. For the
Strain (*0.001)
cement paste made with w/c ratio 0.4 was average value

ISSN: 1991-8747 85 Issue 1, Volume 5, January 2010


WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on APPLIED and THEORETICAL MECHANICS Pavel Padevet, Petr Bittnar

of the Modulus of elasticity 25.313GPa. Last group of CEM I, w/c0.3, wet

specimens made with w/c ratio 0.5 achieve the value of 350

Modulus of elasticity 26.000GPa. W/c ratio 0.5 was 300

highest value for 3rd specimen. The same specimen had

Deformation (*0,001)
250

highest value of strength for w/c 0.5. If is specimen 200

No.3 shift off, then average level of Modulus of 150

elasticity is 21.731GPa. After this is possible observe 100

50
decreasing of Modulus of elasticity with increasing
0
content water in cement paste (Fig. 11). 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (day)

CEM II 32.5, Modulus of elasticity CEM I,w/c 0.3,creep - dry

250

200
60

Deformation (*0,001mm)
150
Modulus of elasticity (GPa)

50
100

40 50

30 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (day)
20
CEM I, w/c 0.3, shrinkage
10
350

300
0
Deformation (*0,001mm)

250
0,3 0,4 0,5
200
w/c ratio
150

100
Fig.11: Graph of average values of Modulus of
50
elasticity of the specimens from CEM II. 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (day)

6 Results from creep tests Fig. 12: Creep of specimens w/c 0.3 (CEM I).
Before testing material properties in compression tests
were specimens tested into the lever mechanisms for
achieve results of creep. In the any series were tested 2 Graphs viewed in Fig. 13 included results of
specimens loaded by load 740N with condition – water measure the creep and shrinkage cement paste with
saturated specimen. Specimen – water dried was tested in w/c 0.4.
each series, too. At least cement paste shrinkage was
CEM I, w/c 0.4, (wet 1)
measured, too. Durations of the measure were from 27 to
30 day. 300,00

Next pictures (Fig.12) include graphs evolution of 250,00


Deformation (*0,001mm)

deformation in time. In the all sets the first 2 graphs 200,00

include data of the water saturated specimen, one graph 150,00

of water dried specimen and one graph of the shrinkage. 100,00

50,00
CEM I, w/c 0.3, wet
0,00
350 0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00 25,00 30,00
Time (day)
300
Deformation (*0,001mm)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (day)

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on APPLIED and THEORETICAL MECHANICS Pavel Padevet, Petr Bittnar

CEM I,w/c0.4, wet 2 CEM I, w/c 0.5, creep

70,00
70,00

60,00 60,00
Deform atio n (*0,001m m )

Deformation (*0,001mm)
50,00 50,00

40,00 40,00

30,00
30,00
20,00
20,00
10,00
10,00
0,00
0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00 25,00 30,00 0,00
0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00 25,00 30,00
Time (day)
Time (day)

CEM I, w/c 0.4, dry CEM I, w/c 0.5, creep (dry)

180 100
160 90
Deformation (*0,001mm)

140 80

Deformation (*0,001)
120 70

60
100
50
80
40
60
30
40
20
20
10
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (day) Time (day)

CEM I, w/c 0.4, shrinkage CEM I, w/c 0.5, creep (shrinkage)

100 25,00

90
80 20,00
Deformation (*0,001m m)

Deformation (*0,001mm)

70
60 15,00

50
40 10,00
30
20 5,00
10
0 0,00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00 25,00 30,00
Time (day) Time (day)

Fig. 13: Creep of specimens w/c 0.4 (CEM I). Fig. 14: Creep of specimens w/c 0.5 (CEM I).
Third set of pictures (Fig.14) are diagrams of Specimens were covered by plastic wrap during the
evolution of creep in the time for cement paste with w/c testing. Before covering were specimens placed into the
0.5. water basin. Specimens tested on drying creep were
removed from water and 2 day dried out. All specimens
CEM I, w/c 0.5, creep
were 1 year old.
70,00

60,00 CEM II, w/c 0.3, wet


Deformation (*0,001mm)

50,00
180
40,00 160
Deformation (*0.001mm)

140
30,00
120
20,00 100

10,00 80
60
0,00
40
0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00 25,00 30,00
20
Time (day)
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (day)

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WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on APPLIED and THEORETICAL MECHANICS Pavel Padevet, Petr Bittnar

CEM II, w/c 0.3, wet CEM II, w/c 0.4, wet

200
200
180
180
160

Deformation (*0.001mm)
160
Deformation (*0.001mm)

140
140
120
120 100
100 80
80 60

60 40

40 20
0
20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
Time (day)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (day)
CEM II, w/c 0.4, shrinkage

CEM II, w/c 0.3 shrinkage 350

120 300

Deformation (*0.001mm)
100 250
Deformation (*0.001mm)

200
80

150
60
100
40
50
20
0
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time (day)
Time (day)

CEM II. w/c 0.4, dry


CEM II w/c 0.3 dry
40
40
35
35
Deformation (*0.001mm)

30
Deformation (*0,001mm)

30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (day)
Time (day)

Fig. 15: Creep of specimens w/c 0.3 (CEM II). Fig. 16: Creep of specimens w/c 0.4 (CEM II).

Graphs viewed in Fig. 16 included results of measure CEM II, w/c 0.5, wet

the creep and shrinkage cement paste with w/c 0.4 made 600

from CEM II. 500


Deformation (*0.001mm)

CEM II, w/c 0.4, wet 400

300 300

250 200
Deformation (*0.001mm)

200 100

150 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
100 Time (day)

50
CEM II, w/c 0.5, wet
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 500
Time (day) 450
400
Deformation (*0.001mm)

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (day)

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CEM II, w/c 0.5, shrinkage In the second series (w/c 0.4) were result of measure
“wet” creep (creep of the water saturated specimen)
300
different. Values of the wet creep were from 47 to 190
250
µm. Value of the creep of the water dried specimen was
Deformation (*0.001mm)

200 142 µm. Shrinkage of cement paste was little bit higher
150 32 µm.
100
Third series (w/c 0.5) is characterized by next results:
Deformation of the wet specimens was between 40
50
and 44 µm. Deformation of the dried specimen was 83
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
µm. Finally, shrinkage of specimen was 23 µm. The
Time (day) above described results pertain to the cement paste from
CEM I. Following results are related with cement CEM
CEM II, w/c 0.5, dry II.
120 In this first series was achieved creep after 25 day
100
values 100µm. Deformation of the dried specimen was
Deformation (*0.001mm)

lower to deformation water saturated specimens.


80
Shrinkage of cement paste specimen with w/c 0.3 is
60
84µm. In the second series (w/c 0.4) were result of
40 measure “wet” creep (creep of the water saturated
20
specimen) little bit different. Values of the wet creep
were from 132 to 193 µm. Value of the creep of the water
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 dried specimen was 189 µm. Shrinkage of cement paste
Time (day)
was 28µm. Third series (w/c 0.5) is characterized by next
Fig. 17: Creep of specimens w/c 0.5 (CEM II). results: Deformation of the wet specimens was between
335 and 386 µm. Deformation of the dried specimen was
30 µm. Finally, shrinkage of specimen was 223 µm.
6. Achieved results and their analysis
The goal of experimental work was in the getting dates
from tests and its application in the simulation of the 4 Conclusion
creep cement pastes and concrete. In the table 3 are The paper compares results material properties from
summarized results from creep tests of the cement compression tests and from measuring of creep. In
pastes specimens. compression tests was the strongest 2nd series (CEM I).
Specimen 1 2 3 4 Third series CEM II was compression strength the lowest
w/c 0.3 Cem I 237 223 171 18.5 (50.82MPa). From achieved values result that optimal
mixture is for w/c ratio 0.3 (for CEM I and CEM II near
w/c 0.4 Cem I 190 47 142 32.6
results). In the making cement paste with w/c ratio 0.5 is
w/c 0.5 Cem I 40 44 83 23
some content of water separated from cement gel.
w/c 0.3 Cem II 100 100 26 84
Whereas, in the making cement paste with w/c 0.3 is
w/c 0.4 Cem II 193 132 28 189 possible observe insufficient content of the water for
w/c 0,5 Cem II 386 335 30 223 treatment.
Table 4. Values of creep and shrinkage after According with results of the compression tests are
25day. lowest (best) deformations from creep tests for w/c 0.3. If
Values in the table are deformation of cylindrical content of water in cement gel is increasing, deformation
specimens (length 70mm) in µm (*0,001mm). Values in water saturated specimens in creep test is increased, too.
rows pertains to series 0.3; 0.4 and 0.5 of the CEM I and The effect is reversed for CEM I. Shrinkage of the all
CEM II. Data in the first and second columns are kinds of cement paste was between 18.5 and 223 µm).
deformations of water saturated specimens, third column Values of the creep of cement paste have increasing
is characterized by deformation of the water dried trend, too. The biggest difference is between drying creep
specimens. Data in the fourth column appertain to the and wet creep for specimens with w/c ratio 0.5 (CEMI).
shrinkage of cement paste. In the third column are For cement paste made by CEM II is possible observe
strengths of dried. For the first series achieved creep after decreasing trend for compression strength and Modulus
25 day values between 223 and 237 µm. Deformation of of elasticity.
the dried specimen is lower to deformation water
saturated specimens. Shrinkage of cement paste specimen
with w/c 0.3 is only 18.5µm.

ISSN: 1991-8747 89 Issue 1, Volume 5, January 2010


WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on APPLIED and THEORETICAL MECHANICS Pavel Padevet, Petr Bittnar

Acknowledgement: This work has been supported


by GACR under No. 103/08/1492 Virtual tests of the
creep of the concrete.

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[4] EN 197 – 1, Cement – part 1, Composition,
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THEORETICAL MECHANICS, Spain, December 14-16,
2007, pp. 191 – 196.

ISSN: 1991-8747 90 Issue 1, Volume 5, January 2010

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