Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to locate and describe the operation of the
various circuit blocks on your TRANSDUCER FUNDAMENTALS circuit board. You will verify your results
by making interconnections and taking measurements.
DISCUSSION
The TRANSDUCER FUNDAMENTALS circuit board contains 8 transducer circuit blocks, each of which is
1. IC TRANSDUCER
2. THERMISTOR
3. RTD
4. THERMOCOUPLE
5. STRAIN GAUGE
6. CAPACITANCE SENSOR
7. ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS
8. INFRARED CONTROLLER
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There are also three auxiliary circuit blocks needed for the operation of the transducer circuitry.
1. REFERENCE SUPPLY
2. INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
3. OVEN
Which of these auxiliary blocks has jacks that allow you to connect to other circuit blocks with patch
leads?
a. REFERENCE SUPPLY
b. INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
c. OVEN
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The REFERENCE SUPPLY circuit block converts the + and –15 Vdc from your FACET base unit to
J1 is a 20-pin dual-row header that you can use to interface the TRANSDUCER FUNDAMENTALS circuit
board with the FACET 32-BIT MICROPROCESSOR circuit board.
This connection and an optional unit in this volume allow you to demonstrate computerized measurement
and control of transducer circuitry to simulate automated systems.
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noise.
The INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER circuit block on your circuit board can be used to amplify signals
from several of the transducer circuit blocks.
a. two
b. three
c. four
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You should place the switch for the desired gain in the up position, and only one switch should be up at
any time.
The third auxiliary circuit block is the OVEN. The oven components are enclosed in a clear plastic cover
to create a sealed, controlled air space for experiments involving temperature.
The eight resistors are wired in series and are used as a heating element. Each resistor is 8.2 :, 0.5 W.
What are the equivalent resistance and power ratings of the series combination?
a. 8.2 :, 4 W
b. 1.025 :, 4 W
c. 65.6 :, 4 W
d. 65.6 :, 0.5 W
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Four of the transducer circuit blocks (IC TRANSDUCER, THERMISTOR, THERMOCOUPLE, and RTD)
contain temperature transducer circuitry. However, the transducers themselves are physically located
inside the oven, where they sense the heat generated by the resistors.
One of the temperature transducer blocks is used as an oven controller to regulate the oven temperature.
This block has a two-post connector position labeled “OVEN ENABLE.”
Which temperature transducer block is used as an oven controller?
a. IC TRANSDUCER
b. THERMISTOR
c. RTD
d. THERMOCOUPLE
Performing procedures involving temperature measurement and control are more easily accomplished by
heating the enclosed air space in the oven, avoiding dependence on ambient (surrounding) temperatures,
which can vary greatly.
There are four types of temperature transducers used on your circuit board. These are the IC transducer,
thermistor, RTD, and thermocouple.
Each type has different properties and characteristics that are used to determine its suitability to a
particular application.
Properties to be considered include output type, operating range, linearity, stability, and cost.
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operation. You can see that some of the temperature transducer blocks have potentiometers for you to
make the adjustments.
Which temperature transducer block does not have a pot?
a. IC TRANSDUCER
b. THERMISTOR
c. RTD
d. THERMOCOUPLE
A strain gauge is a transducer that measures the strain on the surface of the object to which it is attached.
In the STRAIN GAUGE circuit block on your circuit board, the transducer is mounted to a thin metal beam
According to the schematic symbol of the strain gauge, what type of output does this transducer have?
a. voltage
b. current
c. resistive
d. capacitive
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touch sensor, proximity detector, position sensor, and displacement measuring device.
The capacitance sensor is an example of a transducer that converts a mechanical motion into an
electrical signal.
circuit board.
The movable plate is above the circuit board and slides forward and back between a set of parallel
guides.
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As you slide the movable plate from bottom to top, the capacitance increases linearly from a minimum to
a maximum value.
The ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS circuit block has separate TRANSMITTER and RECEIVER sections.
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There are two ultrasonic transducers. One is used as a transmitter (T) and the other as a receiver (R).
Ultrasonic transducers can be used to measure distance. The transmitter emits ultrasonic pulses that
strike a nearby object and echo back to the receiver.
By measuring the time it takes for the pulse to echo back from an object, you can accurately calculate the
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The INFRARED CONTROLLER circuit block uses infrared light to send and receive digital codes. A
familiar application of this technology is the wireless remote control used with TVs, VCRs, and stereos.
The INFRARED CONTROLLER circuit block has separate RECEIVER and TRANSMITTER sections.
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In the TRANSMITTER section, you can set a 4-bit binary code on the DIP switches.
The parallel data is converted into serial data and is transmitted by an infrared LED.
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An infrared-sensitive transducer in the RECEIVER section detects the LED light pulses.
The RECEIVER circuitry converts the serial data back to parallel data and displays it on a group of four
LEDs to verify proper transmission.
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PROCEDURE
In this PROCEDURE, you will become familiar with the connections and operation of the circuit blocks
on your TRANSDUCER FUNDAMENTALS circuit board. You will verify your results by performing
calibrations and taking measurements.
Place a two-post connector in the OVEN ENABLE position of the IC TRANSDUCER circuit
block. Place a shunt in the 40qC position of the TEMP header. Complete the following steps
as you wait for the oven to reach 40qC.
Set your multimeter to measure volts dc. Connect the leads to OUT (+) and GND (–).
NOTE: All of the GND jacks on your circuit board are connected together. However, for best results,
always ground the meter or oscilloscope to the GND jack closest to where the measurement is taken.
qC). An offset is used to set the output to 0 V at 30qC. The output voltage expressed as a
The circuit also scales the voltage to a value of 0.5 V for each degree of temperature change
VO = (T - 30) x 0.5
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VO = V (Recall Value 1)
oven is up to temperature.
Measure VO.
VO = V (Recall Value 2)
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Leave the two-post connector and TEMP shunt in place until you are instructed to remove
them.
Resistive-type transducers such as the thermistor and RTD are easily measured by using
resistance bridge circuits such as the Wheatstone bridge shown.
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The bridge output voltage is typically small and can be increased by a differential instrumentation
Set the multimeter to measure volts dc. Connect the (+) lead to +OUT and the (–) lead to
–OUT.
qC, with a
0 V output at 30qC.
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The output at 40qC should be 50 mV. Adjust the CAL pot for a voltmeter reading of 50 mV.
The circuit is now calibrated and you should read the correct voltage at any oven setting. This is
a typical calibration procedure for a temperature measurement circuit.
Remove the two-post connectors and meter leads from the THERMISTOR circuit block.
The RTD circuit block does not have a Wheatstone bridge, but it uses another circuit to convert
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The output at 40qC should be 50 mV. Adjust the CAL pot for a 50 mV reading on the
voltmeter.
Move the TEMP shunt in the IC TRANSDUCER circuit block to 45qC. Complete the following
steps as you allow the oven to reach this temperature.
As with the THERMISTOR circuit block, you have calibrated the RTD circuit block at a 40qC
reference temperature. You should now read the correct output voltage at any oven temperature
setting.
Observe the OVEN ON LED and allow it to complete several cycles to make sure the oven
is at 45qC.
VO = mV (Recall Value 3)
Remove the meter connections from the RTD circuit block. Connect a patch lead from the
OUT jack in the RTD circuit block to the +IN jack in the INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
circuit block.
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Connect a patch lead from –IN to GND in the INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER circuit block.
You measured mV (Step 15, Recall Value 3) at the RTD circuit block
output. What voltage should you read at IA OUT?
Connect the meter leads to IA OUT (+) and GND (–) in the INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
circuit block.
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Remove all connections from the RTD and INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER circuit blocks.
Return the TEMP shunt in the IC TRANSDUCER circuit block to the 40qC position. Complete
the following steps as you wait for the oven to reach the new temperature.
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Connect patch leads from +OUT and –OUT in the THERMOCOUPLE circuit block to –IN
and +IN (respectively) in the INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER circuit block.
Connect the voltmeter leads to IA OUT (+) and GND (–) in the INSTRUMENTATION
AMPLIFIER circuit block.
You can see that the THERMOCOUPLE circuit block has two potentiometers. They are labeled
CAL (calibration) and REF (reference).
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The THERMOCOUPLE circuit block has a two-step calibration procedure that is different from
that of the other temperature transducers.
q
–204 mV.
switch.
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Move the (+) meter lead to AMP OUT in the THERMOCOUPLE circuit block.
Connect a patch lead from IA OUT in the INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER circuit block to
AMP IN in the THERMOCOUPLE circuit block.
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The output voltage at 40qC should be 5.0 V. Adjust the CAL pot for a reading of 5.0 V at AMP
OUT.
VI = –204 mV
VO = +5.0 V
a. scales it
b. inverts the polarity
c. Both of the above
NOTE: In the previous steps, you calibrated the temperature transducer circuits with and without the
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By manually turning the knob, you can rotate the screw clockwise or counterclockwise.
The rotation of the screw raises or lowers a block, which in turn forces the free end of the beam
upward or downward.
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a. compressive
b. tensile
c. both compressive and tensile
d. none
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Connect the voltmeter leads to AMP OUT (+) and GND (–).
Use the adjustment tool supplied with your TRANSDUCER FUNDAMENTALS circuit board
to rotate the ZERO potentiometer for a voltmeter reading of 0 ±50 mV.
NOTE: The ZERO adjustment is a multi-turn pot.
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You have adjusted the output voltage to zero with no load on the beam. This step is necessary
for accurate results over the entire measurement range.
Remove the two-post connector and the meter leads from the STRAIN GAUGE circuit block.
One of the functions of the capacitance sensor is to sense position.
The variable capacitor is combined with resistors and an IC to make up an RC oscillator whose
output indicates the position of the plate.
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Insert the BLOCK ENABLE two-post connector in the CAPACITANCE SENSOR circuit
block.
Connect the oscilloscope channel 1 probe to OUT and ground the probe to GND.
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The RECEIVER section has a decoder that reads the pulses from the light sensor and converts
them into digital signals that are displayed on the DATA LEDs.
Insert a BLOCK ENABLE two-post connector in the INFRARED CONTROLLER circuit block.
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Connect the oscilloscope CH 1 probe to the DECODER IN jack in the RECEIVER section.
Ground the probe to the GND jack.
Observe the oscilloscope as you press the XMT button several times.
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Set the DIP switch code to 1111 (all switches up) and repeat step 44.
Remove the two-post connector and scope connections from the INFRARED
CONTROLLER circuit block.
CONCLUSION
• The TRANSDUCER FUNDAMENTALS circuit board has eight transducer circuit blocks and three
auxiliary circuit blocks.
• The IC TRANSDUCER circuit block contains an oven controller that regulates oven temperature for
all four temperature transducer blocks.
• Some of the circuit blocks have calibration adjustment pots to establish an accurate relationship of
the input quantity to the output parameter.
• Circuit blocks that have a BLOCK ENABLE connection require a two-post connector in this position to
operate.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Which temperature transducer circuit block do you not need to calibrate for temperature
measurement?
a. IC TRANSDUCER
b. THERMISTOR
c. RTD
d. THERMOCOUPLE
2. Which auxiliary circuit block is used to increase the signal from the transducer circuit blocks?
a. OVEN
b. INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
c. REFERENCE SUPPLY
d. All of the above
3. Which transducer circuit block does not have BLOCK ENABLE jacks?
a. INFRARED CONTROLLER
b. CAPACITANCE SENSOR
c. STRAIN GAUGE
d. ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS
4. What can you use to connect the THERMISTOR circuit block to the INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
circuit block?
a. two-post connectors
b. patch leads
c. DIP switches
d. None of the above
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