Steel design

Eurocode and BS 5950

Mariati Taib
SOME PROMINENT CODE
GROUPS
• Eurocodes
• British standards important for many
Commonwealth countries
• North American codes (AISC, AISI, CSA, Mexico)
• Japan Standards
• China and Hong Kong Standards
• Australia/New Zealand codes
• Many individual country standards
BS 5950-1: 2000 Code of Practice
• Part 1: Code of practice for design - Rolled and welded sections
• Part 2: Specification for materials, fabrication and
erection - Rolled and welded sections
• Part 3: Design in composite construction - Section 3.1: Code of
practice for the design of simple and continuous composite beams
• Part 4: Code of practice for design of composite slabs with profiled
steel sheeting
• Part 5: Code of practice for design of cold-formed thin gauge sections
• Part 6: Code of practice for design of light gauge profiled steel
sheeting
• Part 7: Specification for materials, fabrication and erection
– Cold-formed sections and sheeting
• Part 8: Code of practice for fire resistant design
• Part 9: Code of practice for stressed skin design.
Aim of structural design

Economy Safety Erection

Transport Sustainability
Design methods
Design Analysis Connections
Simple Pin joints Nominally pinned
Continuous Elastic Rigid
Plastic Full strength
Elastic-plastic Full strength and rigid semi-rigid
Semi- Elastic Semi rigid
continuous Partial strength and ductile
Elastic – plastic Partial strength and/or semi-rigid
 • Economic method for braced multi-storey frames
• Connection design is for strength only
Simple • Both in-plane & out-of-plane bracing is required

• Conventional elastic analysis, connections are designed for forces &

moments
• Plastic analysis, plastic hinges form in the adjacent member, not in the
connections
Continuous • Elastic plastic analysis, popular for portal frame design where joints are
considered full strength & rigid.
• Joints should have sufficient rotational stiffness for in-plane stability

• Elastic analysis is not ideal for semi-continuous – requires quantification

of connection stiffness, may prove difficult in practice.
Semi-
continuous • Full connection properties are modelled in the analysis.
1. Permissible stress design
 Elastic design, working load are not allowed to
exceed a proportion of yield stress
 Formed the basis of CP114, BS 449
 Led to conservative design
2. Load factor design
 Plastic design, consider the behaviour of structure
once yield point had been reached.
 Calculate the collapse load of structure
 Actual FOS can be calculated, dividing the collapse
load by load factor
Limit state design

Ultimate Serviceability
limit state limit state
• AIM  achieve acceptable probabilities that a
structure will not become unfit during its design
life.
• The effect of limit state on the structure, the
designer need to assume certain value for
▫ the loading on the structure and
▫ The strength of the material composing the
structure
Design strength ≥ design load
Limit state
• “ state beyond which the structure no longer
fulfils the relevant design criteria”
• Limit state considers the resistance,
serviceability and durability of a structure.
Design situations
Persistent
The normal use of the
structure

Transient
Temporary use eg
execution

Accidental
Exceptional fires eg fire,
impact or explosion

Seismic
Seismic events that may
act on the structure
Characteristic and design values
• Characteristic value
▫ Characteristic strength
▫ Characteristic load

• Design strength = characteristic strength/γm

• Design load = characteristic load × γf
• Partial safety factors;
▫ γm - depend on properties of actual construction material
▫ γf - depend on other factors
Limit states (Table 1, BS 5950)
ULS SLS

1. Strength (including general 1. Deflection

yielding, rupture, buckling and 2. Vibration
forming a mechanism) 3. Wind induced oscillation
2. Stability against overturning and 4. Durability
sway stability
3. Fracture due to fatigue
4. Brittle fracture
Ultimate limit states
• The point beyond the structure would be unsafe/
about to collapse
Application of
load Capacity & Static
resistance equilibrium
Stability
Resistance to
ULS horizontal forces
Fatigue

Brittle Sway
fracture stiffness
Structural
integrity
Application to load factors

dead
imposed

Wind

Total loads
Load transfer between element of
structures
• Dead load, gk
▫ Self weight, finishes, fixtures and partitions
• Imposed load, qk
▫ Also referred as live load
▫ Load due to proposed occupancy, includes the weight
of occupants, furniture
▫ BS 6399: Part 1- gives typical characteristic imposed
floor loads for different classes of structure
• Wind loads
▫ Considered when exert suction/negative pressures on
the structure
Load combinations and design loads
• Partial safety of factor for loads
• Depends on
▫ Limit state under consideration
▫ Accuracy of predicting the load
▫ Particular combination of loading produce
worst possible effect on the structure in terms of
bending moments, shear forces and deflection
Loading cases
• Specified to give worst case envelope
• Load combinations ,
▫ Dead plus imposed load
▫ Dead plus wind load
▫ Dead, imposed plus wind load
• Design load 1 = 1.4gk + 1.6qk
• Design load 2= 1.4gk + 1.4qk
• Design load 3= 1.0gk + 1.2qk+ 1.2qk
Capacity & resistance
• Use factored load to calculate load effects eg
axial load, moment and shear
• Then compare to the capacity/resistance of the
section

Static equilibrium
• Factored load should not
cause any part of the
structure to fail by sliding,
overturning or uplift at any
stage.
• If members are not in
equilibrium, sufficient
bracing should be provided.
Stability
Resistance to horizontal Sway stiffness
forces
Structure is robust to resist
• Should be checked to
horizontal force determine whether the
All portion, include the
secondary forces and
expansion joints, should be moments generated by the
able to resist a horizontal sway are significant to the
load in all load combinations. stability.
Resistance may be provided • Second order effects, PΔ
Triangulated bracing effects
members • Sway stiffness should be
Moment resisting joints provided to prevent twisting
Cantilever columns, shear of the structure on plan.
walls, stair case, lift shaft
Second order PΔ effect
• Elastic
critical load
factor for the
frame.
• Measure the
flexibility of
the frame
PΔ effect
Fatigue
• Significant fatigue cases;
▫ Crane supporting structures
▫ Platforms carrying vibrating plant or machinery
▫ Slender members with wind induced oscillation
Brittle fracture
• Likely to occur when steel is subjected to certain
condition;
▫ Low temperatures
▫ High strain rates
Structural integrity
• Buildings should be effectively tied at each
principal floor and roof level.
• These ties should be able to resist a minimum
tensile force of 75 kN.
• 2qThe ties will usually be provided by the beams
used for normal floor loading, which can easily
resist the tensile forces.
• Connections should be checked for tying forces.
 Affect
appearance of
structure
Serviceability limit states
• Model the behaviour at working loads. deflection
• Concern states beyond which specified service
criteria cracking
▫ Functioning of structure/member
▫ Comfort of people
▫ Appearance of structure
• Other limit states which affect the performance
of structure;
▫ Durability
▫ Fire resistance
Deflection
• Deflection limit may givern for beams and
skender structures
• Usually calculated under unfactored imposed
loading only
• Limits are calculated for bare structures. Actual
deflection may be less, due to stiffening of
cladding.
Vibration & oscillation
• Correct method  calculate the response of the
structure
• Increasing the strength of the structure may not
help, it may even make the situation worse
Differences from BS 5950
• Symbols
• Terminology
• Axes
• Classification of cross sections
• Material properties
• Slenderness
Terminology and symbols
Eurocodes BS
Actions Loads, imposed displacement, thermal strain
Effects Internal bending moments, axial forces etc
Resistance Capacity of a structural element to resist bending
moment, axial forces, shear etc
Verification Check
Execution Construction- fabrication, erection
Subscripts
Eurocodes BS
Ed Loads, imposed displacement, thermal strain
Rd Internal bending moments, axial forces etc
el Capacity of a structural element to resist bending
pl moment, axial forces, shear etc
Check
Construction- fabrication, erection
• Class 1 cross-sections are those which can form a plastic hinge with the
rotation capacity required from plastic analysis without reduction of the
resistance.
• Class 2 cross-sections are those which can develop their plastic moment
resistance, but have limited rotation capacity because of local buckling.
• Class 3 cross-sections are those in which the stress in the extreme
compression fibre of the steel member assuming an elastic distribution of
stresses can reach the yield strength, but local buckling is liable to prevent
development of the plastic moment resistance.
• Class 4 cross-sections are those in which local buckling will occur before
the attainment of yield stress in one or more parts of the cross-section.
Limits
• The limits between the classes depend on the ε
factor which is calculated using fy, the yield
strength of the steel.
BS 5950 EC3
ε= (275/Ρy)0.5 ε= (235/fy)0.5

• EN 1993-1-1
fy 235 275 355 420 460
ε 1.00 0.92 0.81 0.75 0.71
fy yield strength (for hot rolled steel)
• Extract from EN 10025
Steel fy (N/mm2)
grade Nominal thickness of element t(mm)
t≤16 16≤t≤40 40≤t≤63 63≤t≤80

S275 275 265 255 245

S355 355 345 335 325
Design strength, py (Table 9, BS 5950)
Yield strength fy (Table 3, EC3)
BS 5950 EN 1993
Force, F Action, NED
Capacity, Pc Resistance, N, RD
Design strength, Py Yield strength, fy
Dead load Permanent action
Live load Variable action
Wind load Another type of variable action
Member axes
BS 5950 EN 1993
Major axis x-x y-y
Minor axis/vertical axis y-y z-z
Direction along the
member
Classification of cross sections
BS 5950 EN1993
Ԑ= √ (275/Py) Ԑ = √ (275/fy)
Plastic (class 1) Class 1
Compact (class 2) Class 2
Semi-compact (class 3) Class 3
Slender (class 4) Class 4
Material properties
BS 5950 EN 1993

Young modulus 205000 N/mm2 210000 N/mm2

Shear modulus 79000 N/mm2 81000 N/mm2
Principal method in steel framed
buildings

Simple design Continuous design Semi-continuous

• Having pinned joints • Joints are assumed to design
• Significant moments be able to fully • Jointss are assumed
are not developed at transfer forcces and to have some degree
connections moments of strength and
• Provide bracing using • Analysis may be stiffness, but not
eg shear walls elastic/plastic complete restraint.
• Conservative • More economic • Actual properties
assumption design should be determined
experimentally
Simple and continuous design