Vol. 44 No.

5 SCIENCE IN C H I N A (Series A ) May 2001

-global attractivity of the zero solution of the "food-

limited" type functional differential equation
TANG Xianhua (fl$:YL-~-)* & YU Jianshe ( ) ~ ' ~ )
Department of Applied Mathematics, Hunan University, Changsha410082, China
Correspondence should be addressed to Tang Xianhua (emaU: xhtang@public, cs. hn. cn)

Received September 2], 2000

Abstract We obtain 3/2-condition for global attractivity to occur in the "food-limited" type functional
differential equation x' ( t ) + [ 1 + x ( t ) ] [ 1 - cx(t) ] F( t, x ( . ) ) = 0. These results contain and im-
prove all corresponding theorems in literature.

Keywords: functional differential equation, "food-limited", global attractivity, single population model.

Let g : [ 0 , =o )--~R be a non-decreasing continuous function such that g ( t ) < t for t >~0,
and g ( t ) -~ o= as t--* = . For t >I 0, denote by Ct the set of all continuous functions 9 :
[g(t),t]-~[ - 1, oo ) with the sup-norm II 9 lit = sup, e [ g ( t ) . t ] l g ( s ) l " Consider the one-
dimensional functional differential equation of the "food-limited" type
x ' ( t ) + [1 + x ( t ) ] [ 1 - c x ( t ) ] F ( t , x ( ' ) ) = O, t ~0, (0.1)
where F ( t , 9 ) is a continuous functional on [0, oo ) x Ct, and satisfies F ( t , 0 ) - 0 for t ~>0
and the Yorke type condition
r( t)c M, ( - 9 ) <~F(t,q~) <~ ~r(+ ct) Mt ( 9 ) ,
- 1+ t >~0, 9 E Ct , (0.2)
Mr(9) = max{O,sup,e[s(t).tlg(s)t,cE [0, ==),rE C([0, =),(0, o o ) ) . Let r =
- g ( 0 ) . Then the initial value problem of ( 0 . 1 ) takes the form
x ( t ) = q~(t), t E [ - r , 0 ] , (0.3)
where q~E C ( [ - r , 0 ] ,[ - 1 , l / c ) ) with q~(O) > - 1. Here and in the sequel 1/c = ~ when
C~-~0o
Eq. ( 0 . 1 ) contains many bio-mathematics models. For example, when c = 0, ( 0 . 1 ) re-
duces to the following functional differential equation of the logistic type
x ' ( t ) + [1 + x ( t ) ] F ( t , x ( ' ) ) = O, t ~ 0 . (0.4)
Eq. ( 0 . 4 ) has been extensively discussed in literature, and some special forms of ( 0 . 4 ) have al-
so been investigated by many authors [1-63 . The following theorem is due to ref. [ 7 ] .
Theorem 0 . 1 [7] . Assume that ( 0 . 2 ) holds ( c = 0 ) , and that for each e > 0,there is a r/
= r]( e ) > 0 such that inf, e [g(,),,] 9 ( s )i> e implies that
f(t, 9 ) >~rlr(t) and f ( t , - 9 ) <~ - r F ( t ) , t >~0. (0.5)
Suppose that

* Present address: Departmentof Applied Mathematics, Central South University, Changsha410083, China.
 No. 5 GLOBAL ATYRACTIVITY OF ZERO SOLUTION 611

f |
o
= (0.6)
and
j't r ( s ) d s <<-
3--
for large t. (0.7)
s(t) 2 '
Then every solution of ( 0 . 4 ) and ( 0 . 3 ) tends to zero.
As an alternative to logistic equation, Gopalsamy et al. Is] proposed the following "food-lim-
ited" population model:
1 - N(t- r)
N'(t) = rN(t) t 30, (0.8)
1 + cN(t - r)'
where r , r E (O, ~ ) , c E [O, ~ ) .
Grove et al. [9] introduced a more general nonautonomous "food-limited" population model
1- N(t- r)
N'(t) = r(t)N(t) 1 + c(t)N(t- r)' t >~0, (0.9)
where r E (0, oo ) , r E C ( [ 0, oo ) , (0, o0 ) ) , c E C ( [0, oo ) , [ 0, oo ) ) , and showed the fol-
lowing theorem.
T h e o r e m 0 . 2 [9] . Assume that

f | r ( t ) ) d t = zo
0 l+c(t
(0.10)

and

fi_f(s)ds ~<1 + Co, t ~>r, (0.11)

where Co = inf{ c ( t ) : t ~>0}. Then every positive solution of ( 0 . 9 ) tends to 1.

Using x ( t ) = N ( t ) - 1, we transform ( 0 . 9 ) into
x'(t) + r(t)[1 + x(t)] x(t- r)
1 + c(t) + c(t)x(t- r ) = 0, t ~>0. (0.12)
Applying Theorem 0.1 to ( 0 . 1 2 ) , we have immediately
Theorem 0 . 3 . Assume that ( 0 . 1 0 ) holds, and
s ) d s ~< ~-, for large t. (0.13)
Then every solution of ( 0 . 1 2 ) with ( 0 . 3 ) tends to zero (or every positive solution of ( 0 . 9 )
tends to 1).
Condition ( 0 . 1 3 ) in Theorem 0.3 is independent of co. Therefore, ( 0 . 1 1 ) is better than
(0.13) when Co > 1/2. Let us trace to the source, because c ( t ) is neglected when applying
N(t) - 1
Theorem 0.1 to ( 0 . 1 2 ) . To avoid the above case, let x ( t ) - 1 + c o N ( t ) " Then ( 0 . 9 ) re-
duces to
x(t- r)
x'(t) + r(t)[1 + x(t)][1- CoX(t)] 1 + c ( t ) + ( c ( t ) - Co)X(t- r ) = 0.
t ~>0. (0.14)
Eq. (0.14) is one special form of ( 0 . 1 ) , where
F(t,~o) = r(t) 9 ( - v)
1 + c ( t ) + ( c ( t ) - C o ) g ( - r ) ' c = Co.
 612 SCIENCE IN CHINA (Series A) Vol. 44

Besides ( 0 . 9 ) , there arc many bio-mathematics models in refs. r 1 , 2 ] , which can be trans-
formed into ( 0 . 1 ) .
In sec. 1, we will establish some interesting algebraic inequalities, which will be useful in
the proof of our main result. In sec. 2, we will give a 3/2-global attractivity theorem. In sec. 3,
we will apply the result in the preceding section to some special equations of ( 0 . 1 ) . These re-
suits improve greatly those in literature.

1 Auxiliary inequalities

In this section, we establish the following seven lemmas, which will be used to prove the
main result in next section.
Lenuna 1 . 1 . Assume that c E (0,1 ]. Then for any v E [ 0 , 1 ) ,
(1 - v)ln (1 + c ) e -~v('-~/2) - 1 t> _ (1 + c ) v ( 1 - 1 +____s 1- Cv2) (1.1)
c 2 v- -~ .
Lenuna 1 . 2 . Assume that c E (0,1 ]. Then for any u E [0, oo ) ,
(1 + u ) l n ( 1 + c)eCUCl+cu/2)c - 1 1>(1 + c)u ( 1 + -l+c
- " ~ u - - - ~1- u c 21. (1.2)

Lemlna 1 . 3 . Assume that c E (0,1 ] and v E ( 0 , 1 ) . Then for any x E [0, m ) ,

lnl+ [(1 + c ) e -~*(I-~*/2)- l i e -vx ( 2) cv2
1 + ce -vx <~-cv 1- +1+ cx. (1.3)

Lelmmal.4. Assumethat c E ( 0 , 1 ] . Thenfor0<v~ 1-~-+ +~ ,

- llnv (1 + c)e -~v(I-cv/2)c - 1 ~< 3 ( 1 + c). (1.4)

Lermna 1 . 5 . Assume that c E (0,1 ]. Then for any x E [0, ao ) ,

In c + e x 1 c x2 c(1 - c ) c(1 - 4 c + c 2) 4
-1- ~+< c 1 + c x + 2 ( 1 + c) 2 - 6 ( 1 + c) 3x3 + ~4~1 + c)4 x
c ( 1 - l l c + l l c 2 - C3)xS c(1 + 14c 2)+6e4)x6
(1.5)
- 120(1 + c) s + 720(1 + c "
Lemma 1.6. Assume that c E ( 0 , 1 ] and that

l~v>l
/( 1-~+
c
3 + "

Then
1 19(1 - c) 27(1 - 4c + C2)V2 81(1 -- l l c + llc 2 - C3)v3
-- V + --
6 16 160
81(1 + 14c 2 + C4)v4
~<0 (1.7)
+ 640 "
Lermma 1 . 7 . The system of inequalities

(
lnl + cx
has only a unique solution x = y = 0 i n t h e r e g i o n {(x,y):0 ~x <1,0 ~y <l/ct.
 No. 5 GLOBAL ATYRACTIVITY OF ZERO SOLUTION 613

2 Global attractivity

Theorem 2 . 1 . Assume that ( 0 . 2 ) holds. Then the solution x ( t ; 0, ~ ) of IVP ( 0 . 1 )

with ( 0 . 3 ) exists on [0, oo) and satisfies - 1 < x ( t ; 0 , ~ ) < l / c .
Theorem 2 . 2 . Assume that ( 0 . 2 ) holds and that there exists a function, r * E C ( [ 0,
zo ) , ( 0 , oo )) such that for each r > 0 there is a r/= r/(r > 0 satisfying
inf ~(s) >~r > > - r F * ( t ) , F ( t , - ~) ~ - r F * ( t ) , t >10, (2.1)
,~[g(t),t]
and

f |
o
= ~. (2.2)

Then every nonoscillatory solution of IVP ( 0 . 1 ) with ( 0 . 3 ) tends to zero.

Theorem 2 . 3 . Assume that ( 0 . 2 ) , ( 2 . 1 ) and ( 2 . 2 ) hold. If there exists a constant
M > 0 such that eventually

ft r ( s ) d s <~M. (2.3)
g(t)
Then the solution x ( t ) = x ( t ;0, q~) of IVP ( 0 . 1 ) with ( 0 . 3 ) satisfies eventually
[-l+exp(M(1--e--M) ] [ 1 + cexp --- ] ~ x ( t ) 4 - - (2.4)
1 + ce M 1 + ce M 1 + ce M"
Theorem 2 . 4 . Assume that ( 0 . 2 ) , ( 2 . 1 ) and ( 2 . 2 ) hold, and
fg (t) r ( s ) d s ~ ~3( 1 + c ) , for large t. (2.5)
Then every solution of IVP ( 0 . 1 ) with ( 0 . 3 ) tends to zero.
Proof. Let x ( t ) be the solution of IVP ( 0 . 1 ) with ( 0 . 3 ) . By Theorem 2 . 1 , x ( t ) ex-
ists on [0, oo ) and satisfies - 1 < x ( t ) < 1 / c , t >10. We will prove that l i m t ~ | = 0 . By
Theorems 0.1 and 2 . 2 , we only need to consider the case where x ( t ) is oscillatory and c > 0.
First, we assume that 0 < C ~< 1. Set
u = lim sup x ( t ) , v = - l!m i n f x ( t ) . (2.6)
B y L e m m a 2 . 3 , 0 ~<u < oo a n d 0 ~<v < 1 . It suffices to prove u = v = 0 .
For any0 < e < 1 - v, by ( 2 . 5 ) and ( 2 . 6 ) there exists a to= t0(E) > g - 2 ( 0 ) such that
3(1 + c )
f tg~t)r( s )ds <- C~o = 2 , t >~g(to), (2.7)
- vl - ~ - (v + r < x(t) < u + r _~ ul, t > ~ g ( t o ) . (2.8)
F r o m ( 0 . 1 ) , ( 0 . 2 ) and ( 2 . 8 ) , we have
x'(t)/[(1 + x(t))(1 - cx(t))] <~r(t)vl/(1 + c), t >~to (2.9)
and
x'(t)/[(1 + x(t)][1- c x ( t ) ] >1 - r ( t ) u , / ( 1 + c ) , t >~to. (2.10)
Let { l~ } be an increasing infinite sequence of real numbers such that g ( l~ ) > to, x ( In ) > 0,
x ' ( l n ) = 0 and limn~ | x ( l a ) = u. We may assume that l, is the left local maximum point of
x ( t ) . It is easy to show that there exists qa E [ g ( 1, ) , la ) such that x ( ~:~) = 0 and x ( t ) > 0
for t E ( q~, l~ ]. By ( 2 . 9 ) , we have
 614 SCIENCE IN CHINA (Series A) Vol. 44

-1 + exp(-Vlf~'r(s)ds)
x(t) >~ , t o <~t < ~ .
1 + cexp ( - vl / "r(s >ds )
Thus, for ~, ~< t ~< l , , we have

x'(t)
r,t>[, ex.(v I~ir'.)".)]
[1 + x ( t ) ] [ 1 - cx(t)] <"
(1 + c ) [ 1 + cexp (- vl ?s(t) r~s>d,)]
which together with ( 2 . 9 ) yields

x~
[1 + x ( t ) ] [ -- cx(t)] ~ m i n
[r~?v~
--- C
r(t)[1 ._. . exp
. . ( _ Vlfs<t)r(
L s)ds) ] }

(1 + c)[l+ cexp( -Vlfs;t)r(s)ds)l

------~- ..... '

~. ~ t ~<l.. (2.11)
There are two cases to consider:
(1 + c)e-%(t-%/2) - 1
Case 1. )ds ~< - lln = A. Then by ( 2 . 7 ) and

( 2 . 1 1 ) , we have
(flr')]
lnl cx(Z.) ~ .
( s ) d ~ - - -CVl
--~ln 1 + ce-~o v,
" (2.12)

If s)ds ~<A ~<#o = (1 + c ) , then by Lemmas 1.1 and 1.3

n

1+ x(l~) 1+ 1+ ce-:l(~o -A) ( 1 - Cv~ )

lnl - cx(la) ~ A - -------s
cvl 1 + ce-~o v, <~(1 + c) v~ - --6-- "
On the other hand, if ~i.r( s )ds ~ o = ~3( 1 + c) < A, then - l l n (1 + c)e -%(1-%n)
. V I C

1 > 1 + c ) . In view o f L e m m a l . 4 , vl > 1 1 - ~- + ~ + 9 Hence from

( 2 . 1 2 ) , Lemmas 1.5 and 1 . 6 , we have
1 + x(l.) 1+ 1+ c ( 1- c ~)
lnl - cx(l.) ~o- evlClnl + ce-~o~ ~(1 + c) vl - g v .

Case 2. A < ~i "r(s)ds ~<~o. Choose r]nE(~n,l n) such that ~ ;~r(s)ds-~A. Then
a

by ( 2 . 7 ) , ( 2 . 1 1 ) andLemma 1.1

1 +_ x(ln) <~v q"r(s)ds +

r~,~[,exp(v,f~i r~s)~s)] dt
In 1 cx ( In ) IJL L
( ?r~s>ds)
1 + cexp - vl e(t)
 No. 5 GLOBAL ATI'RACTIVITY OF ZERO SOLUTION 615

3 ) 1 - 'V1 (1 + c ) e -cvl(1-cvl/2) - 1
- (1 + c) 1 + CV 1 --In
2 Vl

~(l+c) ( v ~ - ,cg v12).

From the above discussions it follows that
\
In 1 1_+ cx(ln) ~<(1 + c) .(v I --
1
g Cv~l
-] ~ n = 1,2,""

Letting n --~ ~ and e--~0, we have

l+u <(1+ c)( 1-Cv2 )
l n - - V -- T (2.13)

Next, we show that

- In 1 - v (2.14)
1 + cv
Choose an increasing infinite sequence { sn t of real numbers such that g ( sn ) > to, x ( s, ) < 0,
x ' ( s , ) - 0 and lim,~| x ( s , ) = - v. We may assume that s, is a local left minimum point of
x ( t ). It is not difficult to prove that there exists 7]n E [ g ( Sn ) , S n ) s u c h that x (/In ) = 0 and
x ( t ) < 0 for t E ( r l , , s , ] . By ( 2 . 1 0 ) , we get

x ( t ) <. to ~<t ~< r/,,,

1+ cexp(UlS(S)ds /
which together with ( 0 . 2 ) yields

x'(t)
, 7?. ~ < t ~<sn.
- E1 + x ( t ) ] [ 1 - cx(t)] <~ -
(1 + c ) [ 1 + cexp ul g(,) ( r(s)ds)]
(2.15)

Note that ul is bounded. It is easy to see that ~ l n

1 (1 + c )e CUl(l+CUl/2) 1 3(1 + c)
U1 C < 2
We have two cases to consider:
1
Case 1. "r(s)ds ~ (1 + c) - l--ln -- B. From ( 2 . 1 0 )
~ U1 C
and Lemma 1 . 2 , we have

- In 1+ x ( s , )
1 cx(sn) <~ ul
• "r(s)ds <~ ~_(
rl"
3 1 + C)Ul I n ( 1 + c ) e cu,Cl+cu,/2) - 1
C

1-c 2~
<~(1 + c) ul + - " - ~ U l ] .

Case 2 9 B < "r(s)ds <~ 3 1 + c). Choose h,, E (rl,,S,,) such that "r(s)ds =_
7/. 7/.
B. Then by ( 2 . 1 0 ) and ( 2 . 1 5 ) we have
 616 SCIENCE IN CHINA (Series A) Vol. 44

1+ x s,> Jr: r t> oxp Ul >dsl )j

- ln l
- cx(s.) <~Ul "r(s)ds + IT" ) dt
~" " 1 + cexp u~ s(t) r(s)ds
(1 + c ) ( 3 + c) 1 ..t- U 1 (1 + c)eC",(l+cu/z) - 1
~<(1 + c) + 2 Ul - - - I n
U1 C

~<(1+ c)(ul + ~-s 9

Combining the above two cases, we have shown

- lnl_
l+x<s,>
cx(su) <~(1 + c)
( ul + - ,6
-u~
), n = 1,2,'".
Let n --)" ~ and r Then ( 2 . 1 4 ) holds. In view of Lemma 1.7, we see that by (2.13) and
(2.14), u=v=0.
Next assume that c > 1. Set y ( t ) = - c x ( t ) . Then ( 0 . 1 ) is transformed into
y ' ( t ) + [1 + y(t)][1 - cy(t)]F(t,y(.)) = O, t ~ 0 , (2.16)
wherec=l/cE(O,1),IZ(t,~)=-cF(t,-+~). It is easy to show that ~'(t,(r
the following Yorke type condition:
- r(t)=-M,(-- ~ ) ~ < ~ ' ( t , ~ ) ~< r(t)--Mt(9~),- t >>-0,~ E Ct. (2.17)
l+c l+c
Noting that for large t

fs (t) 7(s)ds ~ 23 (1 + e), (2.18)

we have limit| y ( t ) = O, which implies that limt~| x(t) = O. The proof is completed.

3 Applications

Now we apply Theorem 2 . 4 to some concrete forms of ( 0 . 1 ) and improve the known results
in literature.
Theorem 3 . 1 . Assume that ( 0 . 1 0 ) holds, and
S' r(s)ds <~ }
t-r
(1 + Co), for larget. (3.1)
Then every positive solution of ( 0 . 9 ) tends to 1.
Clearly, ( 3 . 1 ) greatly improves ( 0 . 1 1 ) and ( 0 . 1 3 ) .
Ref. [10] investigated the global attraetivity of the positive equilibrium N = ( K / ~ m = l
ai )l/p of the following "food-limited" differential equation with several delays:
K- ~ai~,ailW(t- ri(t))
N ' ( t ) = f l ( t ) N ( t ) K + ~-]i=lm si(t)NP( t _ v i ( t ) ) , ( t ~>0), (3.2)

where K , p E (0, o0 ) , f i e C ( [ 0 , r162) , ( 0 , r162) ) , a l e [0, ~ ) , r i E C ( [ 0 , ~ ) , ( 0 , ~ ) ) , s ~ E

C ( [ 0 , ~ ) , [ 0 , ~ ) lim(t - r i ( t ) ) = ~ , i = 1 , 2 , ' " , m . Set x ( t ) = l a N e ( t ) - K ] / [ K +
~-]m ~m
s0/~(t)], where a = i=lai,so = inf{ i=lSi(t) : t ~>0}. Then ( 3 . 2 ) is transformed
into
 No. 5 GLOBAL ATYRACTIVITY OF ZERO SOLUTION 617

x'(t) +
a+so
ap /3(t)[l + x(t)][l- s---~~
a
1 + x(t - vi(t))
i=l ai a - S o X ( t - r i ( t ) ) - 1
m 1 + X(t - Vi(t)) = O,t >10. (3.3)
1 + ~-~Ji=lSi(t)
a- SoX(t- ri(t))
Let r ( t ) = m a x l r i ( t ) : i = l , 2 , . " , m } , r=inf{t-r(t):t ~>0}, and
m 1 + x(t - vi(t))
~ i _ l a-i a - SoX(t- vi(t)) - 1
F(t,x('))- ap f l ( t )
m
a + So 1 + Xfi-~Ji=lSi(t) 1 + x(t Vi(t) )
a - SoX(t- vi(t))
It is not difficult to verify that F ( t , 9 ) satisfies conditions ( 0 . 2 ) and ( 2 . 1 ) , where c = s o ~ a ,
r(t) = p/3(t),g(t) = t - r ( t ) and r ~ ( t ) = f l ( t ) / [ 1 + ~ i % l s / ( t ) ] . Hence, applying The-
orem 2 . 4 to ( 3 . 3 ) , we have
Theorem 3 . 2 . Assume that
/3(t)
f| dt = zz m
(3.4)
o 1 + ~i=lSi(t)
and

p s)ds ~< ~- 1 + , for large t. (3.5)

Then every positive solution of (3.2) tends to the positive equilibrium N = ( K ~ ~ im= l a i ) ~l/p 9
Condition ( 3 . 5 ) is much better than ( 3 . 1 6 ) in ref. [ 1 0 ] .
Ref. [ 11 ] studied the global attractivity of the positive equilibrium ~ = 1/2 of the genotype
selection model
yneP(1-2y._~)
Y,+~ = 1 - Yn + Ynefl(l-2y'-k)' n = 0 , 1 , 2 , " " (3.6)
under the initial conditions
Y-k,Y-k§ E (0,1), (3.7)
where fl > O, and k is a positive integer.
Let
t-n
Y~_ (yn+l(1 - Yn)
z(t) , n ~<t < n + 1, n = 0 , 1 , 2 , ' " .
- 1- Yn, Y-~(-1 ~ Y~-~1)]
Then ( 3 . 6 ) and ( 3 . 7 ) reduce to
z'(t) = /3z(t) 1- z([t- k]) t (3.8)
l + z([t k])'
and
z(i) > O, i =- k, - k + 1,".,0.
(3.9)
Let x ( t ) = ( z ( t ) - 1 ) / ( 1 + z ( t ) ) again. Then ( 3 . 8 ) and ( 3 . 9 ) are further transformed into
x'(t) + t3(1- x2(t))x([t- k ] ) = 0, t ~>0, (3.10)
- I < x(i) < l, i =- k, - k + I,'",0. (3.11)
Clearly ( 3 . 1 0 ) satisfies conditions ( 0 . 2 ) , ( 2 . 1 ) and ( 2 . 2 ) in Theorem 2 . 4 , where c = 1 and
 618 SCIENCE IN CHINA (Series A) Vol. 44

g(t) = It - k ] . Applying Theorem 2 . 4 to ( 3 . 1 0 ) , we have

Theorem 3 . 3 . Assume that
0 < /3 < 3 / ( k + 1). (3.12)
Then the positive equilibrium y = 1/2 of ( 3 . 6 ) is a global attractor for all solutions of ( 3 . 6 )
with ( 3 . 7 ) .
When k > 2, ( 3 . 1 2 ) improves the result: 0 </3 < 2/k in Theorem 4 . 2 . 3 of ref. [ 11 ].
Similarly, we have the following result on the discrete analogue of the "food limited" :
Theorem 3 . 4 . Assume that

~--~r. = ~ (3.13)
a=0

and
n

ri ~ (1 + c), for large n . (3.14)

i= n=k
Then every positive solution of the "food-limited" difference equation

xn+l = x.exp r. 1 + cX~_k , n = 0 , 1 , 2 , " " (3.15)

tends to 1, where w > 0 , rn I>0, k E { 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . ] .

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No, 19831010).

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