Assignment No.

1
Analysis of rainfall data (Double mass curve technique/Missing rainfall data).

1. Explain how you will calculate missing rainfall data at station.

2. What are the WHO recommendations for density of rain gauge network? Based on this
what are the recommendations by Indian Standard (IS: 8389-1983)?
3. Explain with procedure and example the double mass curve technique.
4. The annual rainfall data, being reported from a station A, for 22 years are available, since 1969.
In order to check the consistency of this data, six neighboring stations have been chosen and the
annual rainfall values of these stations have been averaged for all the years on record since 1969.
These values are given below
Year Yearly precipitation at 6 station average yearly
station A in cm precipitation in cm
1969 177 143
1970 144 132
1971 178 146
1972 162 147
1973 194 161
1974 168 155
1975 196 152
1976 144 117
1977 160 128
1978 196 193
1979 141 156
1980 158 164
1981 145 155
1982 132 143
1983 95 115
1984 148 135
1985 142 163
1986 140 135
1987 130 143
1988 137 130
1989 130 146
1990 163 161
(a) Find out if any inconsistency in precipitation record of station A is indicated? And if
yes, since when a change in precipitation regime id indicated?
(b) Adjust the recorded data at station A and determine its mean annual precipitation.

5. Precipitation station X was inoperative for part of a month during which a storm
occurred. The respective storms totals at three surrounding stations A, B and C were 107,
89 and 122 mm. The normal annual precipitation amounts of stations X, A, B and C are
respectively 978, 1120, 935 and 1200 mm. Estimate the storm precipitation for station X.
6. The rain gauge station X did not function for a part of month during which a storm
occurred. The storm produced rainfalls of 84, 70 and 96 mm at three surrounding stations
A, b and C respectively. The normal annual rainfalls at the stations X, A, B and C
respectively 770, 882, 736 and 944 mm. Estimate the missing storm at station X.
 Assignment No. 2
Marking catchment area on a topo-sheet and working out average annual precipitation and
determining yield by various methods
.
1. Define precipitation. State any six forms of precipitation
2. State different types of precipitation. Explain cyclonic & orographic precipitation
3. Explain different types of rain gauges with neat sketches
4. Describe principle of rainfall measurement using RADAR with neat sketch, also state its
advantages over other rain gauges.
5. The isohyetal map for 24 hours storm gave the area enclosed between different isohyets as
follows.
Isohyets 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
in mm
Enclosed 543 1345 2030 2545 2955 3280 3535 3710 3880 3915
area in
sq.km.
Determine the average depth of rainfall over the basin
6. Given are rainfall values with mean area between isohyets. Find average depth of rainfall over
areas.
Isohyets (mm) <6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 >14
Enclosed Areas (sq. km) 410 900 2850 1750 720 550
7. The area as shown in figure is composed of a square plus an equilateral triangle plot of
side 10 km. the annual precipitation at the rain gauge stations located at the four corners
and center of the square plot and apex of the triangular plot are indicated in figure. Find
the mean precipitation over the area by Thiessen polygon method and compare with the
arithmetic mean.
(46 cm) A B (65 cm)

(60 cm) F

E (70cm)

D (80 cm) C (76 cm)

8. Topo-sheet is giving data regarding point rainfall at different stations. Compare the
average rainfall over catchment area by different methods

Station No. Rainfall in mm

1 529.5
2 556.0
3 578.5
4 545.9
5 529.8
 Assignment 3
Analytical method of measurement of infiltration

1. Define infiltration. State factors affecting infiltration

2. Explain infiltration indices
3. Explain the terms in short:
a) Infiltration capacity
b) Infiltration rate
4. Write a note on infiltration capacity curve
5. Enlist the method of infiltration. Explain in brief the flooding type infiltrometer
6. The rainfall rates for successive 30 minutes intervals upto 4 hours are given below. If the
surface runoff is 3.6 cm, determine Ø and W index. (Represent infiltration indices
graphically)

Time in 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

min.
Rainfall 0 1.3 2.8 4.1 3.9 2.8 2.0 1.8 0.9
density
(cm/hr)
7. Following are rates of rainfall for successive 20 minutes storm in mm/hr. 22, 22, 95, 72,
12.5, 12.5 and 50. Taking the value of Ø index of 31 mm/hr. Find out the net run-off in
mm and the total rainfall. (Represent infiltration indices graphically)
8. The rate of rainfall for successive 30 minutes periods of a 4 hour storm are as follows
3.5, 6.5, 8.5, 7.8, 6.4, 4.0, 4.0, 6.0 cm/hr. Taking the value of Ø index as 4.5 cm/hr
compute the following
a) Total rainfall, b) Total rainfall excess and c)’Wi
(Represent infiltration indices graphically)
9. A 12 hour storm rainfall with the following depths in cm occurred on a basin. 2, 2.5, 7.6,
3.8, 10.6, 5, 7, 10, 6.4, 3.8, 1.4 & 1.4. The surface runoff resulting from the above storm
is equivalent to 25.5 cm of depth over the basin. Determine the average infiltration index
for the basin
10. The cumulative depth of infiltration in an experiment on a tube infiltrometer is observed
to follow the equation F = 0.165 t 0.65 where ‘F’ is in cm and ‘t’ is in minutes. Determine
the equation for infiltration rate and the average infiltration rate.
11. For a given basin, the following are the infiltration capacity rates at various time
intervals after the beginning of the storm. Make a plot of the F-curve and establish an
equation of the form developed by Horton

Time in min Precipitation rate in cm/hr. Infiltration capacity in

 cm/hr.
1 5 3.9
2 5 3.4
3 5 3.1
4 5 2.7
5 5 2.5
6 7.5 2.3
8 7.5 2.0
10 7.5 1.8
12 7.5 1.54
14 7.5 1.43
16 2.5 1.36
18 2.5 1.31
20 2.5 1.28
22 2.5 1.25
24 2.5 1.23
26 2.5 1.22
28 2.5 1.20
30 2.5 1.20

Assignment 4
Determination of peak flood discharge in a basin using unit hydrograph technique.
1. Define Unit hydrograph and explain concept of Unit hydrograph. Describe step by step
procedure of derivation of unit hydrograph from an isolated storm.
2. Explain in brief base flow separation by any one method with the help of sketch.
3. Define S-curve hydrograph and explain concept of S-curve hydrograph with sketch.
4. Explain concept of synthetic hydrograph and state step by step procedure of Synder’s
study.
5. The flow pattern observed corresponding to a 2 hour intervals corresponding to a 2 hour storm
over an area of 450 sq. km. is as given below
Time 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
(hr.)
Flow 18 110 268 330 270 150 125 80 70 45 37 20 15
3
(m /sec)
Find the ordinates of 2 hour Unit hydrograph. Assume a constant base of 15m3/sec.

6. Determine the ordinates of a storm hydrograph resulting from 3 hours storm of rainfall of 2.0,
6.75 and 3.75 cm during subsequent 3 hours intervals. The ordinates of U.H. are
Time 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
(hr.)
Ordinates 0 110 365 500 390 310 250 235 175 130 95 65 40 22 10 0
of U.H.
(cumec)
Assume initial loss of 5mm, infiltration index of 2.5 mm/hr and base flow of 10 cumecs.

7. The peak of a flood hydrograph due to a 3-hour duration isolated storm in a catchment is
270 m3/sec the total depth of rainfall is 5.9 cm. Assuming an average infiltration loss of
0.3cm/hr and a constant base flow of 20 m 3/sec estimate the peak flow of the 3-hour unit
hydrograph of this catchment.
If the area of the catchment is 567 km 2, determine the base width of the 3 –hour unit
hydrograph by assuming it to be triangular in shape.

8. The unit hydrograph coordinates of a 1cm- 1hr unit hydrograph are as follows:
Time (hr) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Q (m3/sec) 0 6 13 22 16 11 7 4 2 1 0
Determine:
a) Flood hydrograph for a storm of 2 cm/hr for 1 hour.
b) The catchment area

9. The ordinates of a 4 hour UH for a particular basin are given below. Determine the ordinates of
the S-curve hydrograph and thereafter the ordinates of the 6 hour Unit Hydrograph.
Time (hr.) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
4 hr. U.H. 0 25 100 160 190 170 110 70 30 20 6 1.5 0
ordinates
10. Given the ordinates of a 4 hr. Unit Hydrograph. Derive the ordinates of a 12 hr. UHG by S-curve
method.
Time in 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
hr.
Ordinate 0 18 75 120 145 120 85 49 24 17 8 0
of 4 hr.
UH

Assignment No. 5
Flood frequency studies assuming Gumbel’s extreme value distribution.
1. Explain the following terms
a. Design flood
b. Recurrence interval
c. Probable maximum flood
d. Causes of flood
e. Factors affecting flood
2. Differentiate between standard project flood and probable maximum flood.
3. Give detailed list of various methods of estimating flood peak from a catchment
4. Explain Gumbel’s method for predicting floods with a return period ‘T’

5. For a river, the estimated flood peaks for two return periods by the use of Gumbel’s
method are given below
Return period (years) Peak flood (m3/sec.)
100 485
50 445
What flood discharges in this river will have a return period of 100 years.

6. Flood frequency records on a river have been collected for seven years staring from 1951 to
1967 and the peak values of the floods observed during each of these seventeen years are
tabulated as below.
Estimate the magnitude of flood having frequency equal (a) 80 years (b) 400 years by
using Gumbel’s probability method by analytical as well as graphical method.
Year Flood peaks in cumecs
1951 3000
1952 4400
1953 6000
1954 3500
1955 2900
1956 4800
1957 3900
1958 3300
1959 6700
1960 5400
1961 4300
1962 3700
1963 4200
1964 9000
1965 4000
1966 3600
1967 5100

7. Following data for the yearly peak floods have been observed for 70 years from 1920 to
1989. Determine from Gumbel’s analytical as well as graphical methods the expected
peak flows having frequencies of (a) 50 years (b) 75 years (c) 100 years. Also determine
the estimated frequency of a flood having a peak value of 3 lakh cumecs
Year Peak discharge Year Peak discharge Year Peak discharge
 (1) in (cumec × 105) (1) in (cumec × 105) (1) in (cumec × 105)
(2) (2) (2)
1920 0.59 1944 0.35 1968 0.98
1921 0.58 1945 0.71 1969 0.72
1922 0.68 1946 0.64 1970 0.68
1923 0.50 1947 1.34 1971 1.33
1924 2.05 1948 0.78 1972 0.88
1925 0.88 1949 0.56 1973 0.85
1926 0.60 1950 0.69 1974 0.79
1927 0.78 1951 0.59 1975 1.04
1928 0.36 1952 0.81 1976 1.47
1929 0.77 1953 0.69 1977 1.06
1930 0.64 1954 0.72 1978 2.19
1931 0.49 1955 1.30 1979 0.77
1932 0.89 1956 1.78 1980 1.18
1933 1.05 1957 0.91 1981 0.95
1934 0.78 1958 0.93 1982 0.65
1935 0.49 1959 0.88 1983 1.17
1936 0.47 1960 0.80 1984 0.43
1937 0.71 1961 1.01 1985 0.95
1938 0.86 1962 1.32 1986 0.79
1939 0.30 1963 1.18 1987 0.28
1940 0.38 1964 1.27 1988 2.33
1941 0.43 1965 0.62 1989 1.62
1942 0.90 1966 1.15
1943 0.86 1967 1.55

Assignment No. 6

Determination of storage capacity of a reservoir using mass curve of inflow and outflow.
 1. Explain the terms:
a) Yield
b) Safe yield or firm yield
c) Secondary yield
d) Average yield
2. What do you understand by mass inflow curve and how is it prepared?

3. Explain Demand Curve

4. Explain the method of calculating reservoir capacity for a specific yield, from the mass
inflow curve.

5. Table gives the details about the average seasonal discharges of a river for 12 years.
Determine the storage capacity required to maintain a flow of 475 cumecs throughout the
year.

Year 16th June - 30th Sept 1st Oct - 31st March 1st April - 15th June
(cumec) (cumec) (cumec)
1960-61 1050 300 50
1961-62 3000 250 40
1962-63 3500 370 90
1963-64 2000 150 120
1964-65 1200 350 65
1965-66 1400 400 100
1966-67 3600 200 80
1967-68 3000 150 120
1968-69 700 210 50
1969-70 800 120 80
1970-71 2400 320 120
1971-72 3200 280 80

6. The yield of water in Mm3 from a catchment area during each successive month is given
in the table below.

1.4, 2.1, 2.8, 8.4, 11.9, 11.9, 7.7, 2.8, 2.52, 2.24, 1.96, 1.68

Determine the minimum capacity of reservoir required to allow volume of water to be

drawn off at a uniform rate assuming that there is no loss of water over the spillway (Both
using mass curve i.e. graphically and analytically)

7. The average monthly inflow of a reservoir in a dry year is as follows

Month Mean monthly flow (m3/sec.)

May 25
June 60
 July 190
August 220
September 310
October 180
November 70
December 40
January 145
February 45

March 30
April 20
Uniform discharge from the reservoir is 90 m3/sec.

Determine:

(a) Live storage capacity of the reservoir

(b) Gross storage capacity taking dead storage volume as 25 Million cumec