T r a n s f o r m a t i o n of NCS data into CIELUV

colour space

G U N U J , & DEREFELDT, CARL-ERIC I4W~IN A N D CHRISTER SAI-~,rN

The CIE 1976 (L*, u*, i,*) system, abbreviated CIELUV, and the Swedish Natural Colour System
(NCS) have b e e n compared. The data for the NCS was transformed to Cr~.UV; the
transformation involved taking the CIE tristimulus values of the nominal NCS notations, i.e.
the colorimetric aimpoints representing the NCS, converting these values to Cr~.UV and
plotting them in the CIELUV space. All the data has b e e n calculated using CIE standard
illuminant C and the 1931 standard observer. Although the data shows that no simple linear
relationship exists b e t w e e n the NCS and CIELUV systems, the systems may nevertheless be
considered closely related. Of the existing colour order systenm, i.e. NCS, Mummll etc., the
NCS is closest to Cn~.UV. As NCS represents the perceptual and cognitive aspects of colour
better than CIELUV, the NCS may be considered as highly appropriate for a descriptive
specification of colours for VDUs.

feywords: colour, Natural C~lour S~tem, 07~7.UV, colour VDOs

During the last decade, perceptually based colour spaces
have come into use for colour selection and presentation
in computer graphics and digital image processing appli-
cations. Traditionally, the RGB (red green blue) space
has been used for digitally controlled colour television
monitors. Although it is computationally easy, colours
and colour differences defined in terms of digital RGB
values are not closely related to the appearance of col-
ours. Colours defined in numerical RGB values are not
related to the perceptually relevant dimensions hue,
chroma (chromaticness, saturation), and lightness
(blackness, brightness).
As the appearance of colours on a display is a major
function of variations in perceptual dimensions, knowl-
edge about these is of extreme importance for a success-
ful and effective use of colour for VDUs. Considering
the fundamentals of colour perception, there is thus a
need to translate RGB values into a colour space where
colours are defined in terms of perceptual attributes and
where colours expressed in terms of these attributes are
uniformly spaced.
National Defence Research Institute, Man and Informa-
tion Systems, FOA 53, Box 1165, S-581 11 Link6ping,
Sweden
Colour order systems that have been applied to com-
puter graphics and image processing are the Munsell
System j, the OSA Uniform Color Scales', the CIE 1976
(L* u* v*)2-5 and CIE 1976 (L* a* b*)5 sysI~ems~abbre-
viated CIELUV and CIELAB, respectively, and the
Swedish NCS system5. As found by Berk, Brownston
and Kaufman 6-7, for interactive colour selection, the best
colour space would be a space where colours are defined
according to fundamental attributes perceptually as well
as linguistically. The CIELAB and CIELUV correlates
of lightness (L*) and chroma (C*,~, C*,,) are close to
natural variables of perceived colour. Hue angle (h~,
h,,), however, is not as close to natural language colour
characterization as the NCS hue notation. As NCS well
represents perceptual and cognitive aspects of colour,
it may be considered highly appropriate for the specifi-
cation of colour appearance. It is now being used for
notation of colours and interactive and/or automatic
selection of colours for VDUs s.
The NCS, as developed by H~rd, Sivik, and Tonnquist ~-~2,
is a purely perceptive colour system in which colours
are easily described by graphical illustrations as well
as by letter-digit notations. As a practical illustration
of the system, the SIS/NCS Colour Atlas 9 has been avail-
able since 1979 as a Swedish standard. From 1984, it

DISPLAYS,OCTOBER1987 0141--9382/87/040183--10$03.00© 1987Butterworth& Co (Publishers)Ltd 183

has also been a Norwegian standard for colour notation.
The Swedish NCS system is based on Hering's opponent-
colour theory 13-~4, and on research and development by
Johansson tS and Hesselgren 16.
The three basic variables of the NCS are hue (~), black-
ness (s), and chromaticness (c). In the NCS colour space,
the six elementary colours, yellow (Y), red (R), blue
(B), green (G), white (W), and black (S) constitute cogni-
tive, natural reference points. Any colour perception has
a resemblance to two, three, or four of these elementary
colours, and the degree and composition of these rela-
tionships represent the colour we thereby identify ~°,17.
The sum of the chromatic attributes defines the chroma-
ticness of the perceived colour, and their ratio defines
its hue. In the NCS hue circle, the unique hues, yellow,
blue, red and green are arranged at 90 degree intervals.
The hues are notated in relation to the two related
unique hues.
The purpose of this study was to compare the NCS
and the CIELUV systems in more detail than has been
done before ~s-19.In earlier studies, the NCS and the CIE-
LAB systems have been compared 1~-2°.
METHOD
The Swedish Standard SS 01 91 0121 covers NCS
notations representing every fifth unit of hue, blackness,
and chromaticness. To each of these nominal NCS
notations the standard relates the CIE tristimulus values
evaluated in accordance with the CIE 1931 standard
colorimetric system for the standard illuminant C. Thus,
these represent the colorimetric aimpoints of the NCS.
It should be emphasized that, while CIE values are used
to define colours in other colour order systems, they
do not define the colours in the NCS System, the NCS
variables being perceptually defined. The relationship
between NCS colour notations and the instrumental CIE
values was obtained in psychometric experiments and
applies only to the defined condition for visual assess-
ment and instrumental measurement ". The purpose of
the NCS Colour Atlas 9 is merely to illustrate the NCS,
thus facilitating its practical application.
In this report, the tristimulus values of the nominal NCS
*Conditions for visual measurement (extract from SS O1
91 OF~). The colour sample, about 40 x 50 mm, against
a white background in a light-grey surrounding, is illumi-
nated by diffused 'standard daylight' at an angle about
45* to the surface of the sample with an illuminance of
about 1 000 lux. It is viewed perpendicularly to its surface
at a distance of about 0.5 m by a person with normal
colour vision. Tests have shown that commonly occurring
deviations from these conditions do not alter the assess-
ment by more than about 2 units in elementary attributes.
t Conditions for instrumental measurement (extract from
SS 01 91 0121). The sample is measured in a spectrophot-
ometer with diffuse illumination and a viewing angle of
8* to the normal and with the specular component in-
cluded. The white standard shall be calibrated against
a perfectly reflecting diffuser (absolute standard). The
evaluation is made in accordance with the CIE 1931 stand-
ard coiorimetric system for the standard illuminant C.
184
notations, representing every tenth unit of hue, black-
ness, and chromaticness were transformed into CIELUV
space. These NCS notations were chosen because, with
the exception of the extrapolated colours with chroma-
ticness equal to 100**, they closely represent the colours
illustrated in the NCS Colour Atlas 9. The aimpoints for
the samples in the NCS Colour Atlas are available from
the Swedish Standard SS 01 91 0322.
The transformation into CIELUV space was made using
the CIE standard illuminant C and the modified formula
for low values of luminance (Y). The transformation into
CIELUV space was made using the following formulae23:
L* = ll6(Y/Y~) 1/3- 16 Y / Y , > 0.008856
u* = 13 L* (u' - u',)
v* = 13 L* (v' - v'.)
4X 9Y
with u' = v' =
X+ 15Y+3Z X+ 15Y+ 3Z
, 4X n 9~
u"=x.+ 15Y.+ 3Z. v'.=X.+15Y~+ 3Z.
The tristimulus values X,, Y., Z. are the tristimulus
values for CIE standard illuminant C24:
X. = 98.07 I".= lO0.O0 Z. = 118.23
The CIELUV metric correlate of lightness is L*. Per-
ceived chroma (C*.,), and hue (h~,) were calculated for
each NCS notation according to the following defini-
tions:
CIELUV 1976 u, v chroma: C*~v = (u .2 + v*2)'/2
hue angle: h~, = arctan (v*/u*)
where huv lies between 0* and 90* if u* and v* are both
positive, between 90* and 180" if v* is positive and u*
is negative, between 180* and 270* if v* and u* are both
negative, and between 270* and 360* if v* is negative
and u* is positive.
RESULTS
The NCS data is plotted in the CIELUV (u', v') diagram
and on the CIELUV metric chroma diagram (u*, v*)
for values of NCS blackness of 00, 20, 40 and 60, in
Figures 1 and 2. The data points for each of the NCS
colour triangles Y, Y10R . . . . . G90Y are plotted in the
CIELUV chroma-lightness diagram in Figure 3.
In the NCS system, each hue triangle is equilateral. Verti-
cal lines connect colours with equal chromaticness.
Oblique lines connect colours with equal blackness. As
shown in Figure 2, when transformed to CIELUV, lines
~ The tristimulus values given in Swedish Standard SS
O1 91 O1for the maximal colours (chromaticness = 100)
of the NCS hues Y3OR, Y4OR, Y6OR, R7OB, RSOB, B4OG,
B5OG, and B90G have been incorrectly reproduced in the
standard. The corrected values in this paper have been
kindly provided by Gunnar Tonnquist in a personal com-
munication.
DISPLAYS,OCTOBER1987
 NCS BLACKNESS O0 NCS BLACKNESS 40

550
Ve
550 Y
0,6 600
)
650
_ 0
500

0,4

0,2

uI
I I I U'
0,2 0,4 0,6
a 400 c

NCS BLACKNESS20 .NCS BLACKNESS60

550 600
v' 0 650 600

500 500 - I 5 R

0A 0,4

B
0,2 0,2

0 l I u' 0 u'
o / 0,2 0,4 0,6 o / 0,2 0,4 0,6
b 450 d 450

Figure 1. NCS data plotted in the CIE 1976 (u', v') diagram for NCS blackness of 00, 20, 40 and 60; the slightly
curved radial lines are loci of constant NCS hue; the concentric contours are loci of constant NCS chromaticness
from 10 up to a maximum of 100

become slightly curved and the hue triangles do not re-
main equilateral. Thus, there is no simple linear relation
between the two systems, although the two systems seem
closely related. For a comparison between the two sys-
tems, the dimensions NCS hue/CIELUV hue angle, NCS
hlackness/CIELUV lightness, and NCS chromaticness/
CIELUV chroma were analysed separately.
NCS hue/CIELUV hue angle
as well as with chromaticness. In order to find the most
representative CIELUV hue angle for a certain NCS
hue, the mean CIELUV hue angle was calculated for
each NCS hue triangle, i.e. iso-hue triangle, by
calculating the mean hu, of the datapoints of each hue
triangle. The means and SDs of huv are given in Table
l, in which the values of huv, L*, and C*~, are also
given for the extrapolated colours of chromaticness
equal to 100.

As can be seen from Figure 2, for each NCS hue (~) The transformation of NCS hue to the mean CIELUV
there is a shift in CIELUV hue angle (h~,) with blackness hue angle is shown in Figure 4.

DISPLAYS,OCTOBER 1987 185

 NCS BLACKNESS 00 NCS BLACKNESS 4.0

vW y v-W
15g. 15g.

lllg. lee.
i Y

5g. 5g.

g. g.

B R G

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b d
Figure 2. NCS data plotted in the CIE 1976 (u*, v*) diagram for NCS blackness of 00, 20, 40 and 60; the slightly
curved radial lines are loci of constant NCS hue; the concentric contours are loci of constant N C S chromaticness
from 10 up to maximum 100

NCS blackness/CIELUV lightness
As shown in Figure 3, lines of constant NCS blackness
(s) are not horizontal in the CIELUV chroma-lightness
diagram. The slopes of the lines vary with NCS hue.
For all hues, there is a systematic decrease in CIELUV
lightness (L*) with increasing NCS chromaticness. The
mean and SD of lightness (L*) were calculated for each
level of blackness (s). This was done for each hue and
for grey colours.
The SDs of lightness varied between 2 and 19 units
and they were generally higher for the lower levels of
blackness than for the higher levels. In Figure 5, mean
lightness is plotted against blackness for the four unique
hues Y, R, B, and G, and the purely grey colours. The
lightness curves for the other NCS hues are all similar
to those shown in Figure 5. They all fall between the
curves for Y and R.
NCS c/uomaticness/CIELUV chroma
In Figure 3, lines of constant NCS chromaticness are
not vertical. In order to find a relation between chroma-
ticness and chroma, the mean and SD of CIELUV
chroma (C*,v) were calculated for each level of chroma-
ticness and for each NCS hue. The SDs of chroma varied
between 2 and 16 units. In Figure 6, chroma is plotted
against chromaticness for the four unitary hues Y, R,

186 DISPLAYS,OCTOBER1987
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DISPLAYS, OCTOBER 1987 187

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D I S P L A Y S , O C T O B E R 1987 189
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190 D I S P L A Y S , O C T O B E R 1987
Table 1. The means and SDs of CIELUV hue angle (h.,)
for the colours in each NCS hue triangle, and the CIELUV
hue angle (h,,), lightness (L*) and chroma (C*.,) of
the extrapolated NCS colours with chromaticness of 100

NCS CIELUV hu, CIELUV

hue h.~ C*,, L*
(O) Mean SD

Y 70.10 4.26 70.75 127.23 90.18

Y10R 62.89 4.81 60.39 130.30 87.49
Y20R 56.31 5.49 49.88 131.27 80.18
Y30R 49.57 6.22 41.06 135.54 73.87
Y40R 43.98 6.40 34.61 140.54 68.75
Y50R 39.22 6.41 29.53 145.12 64.16
Y60R 34.67 6.46 24.14 156.08 60.34
Y70R 29.98 6.44 19.72 164.25 55.89
Y80R 25.38 6.26 15.75 174.91 51.50
Y90R 20.61 5.61 12.52 182.54 46.97
R 14.09 3.72 9.21 176.48 42.46
R10B 5.64 1.13 4.45 161.91 40.41
R20B 355.39 1.39 356.88 147.22 38.73
, R30B 341.57 2.15 342.81 131.90 36.56
R40B 319.70 3.57 321.26 124.90 35.98 Figure 4. Transformation of NCS hue (~) to CIELUV
R50B 299.10 3.54 302.62 132.29 35.98 hue angle (ha,)
R60B 276.28 2.60 282.01 143.70 36.37
R70B 263.21 3.18 269.01 150.14 37.84
Lu
RSOB 253.70 4.02 261.04 144.34 40.41 100
R90B 245.55 4.71 253.48 136.07 43.51
B 235.90 5.18 244.71 127.97 47.37
B10G 225.81 5.54 235.25 118.50 50.22
B20G 218.10 5.26 227.94 114.66 52.40 75
B30G 211.21 4.35 219.01 111.75 54.55
B40G 204.45 3.27 210.18 110.35 56.09
B50G 197.68 2.43 200.88 109.61 56.68
B60G 191.05 2.42 193.21 110.60 57.08
B70G 184.82 2.31 186.81 112.28 57.08
50
BSOG 176.92 3.03 179.17 116.93 57.08
B90G 167.76 3.08 169.08 127.07 57.75
G 153.62 3.24 154.83 146.55 59.43 25
G10Y 140.25 3.71 139.68 150.95 61.22
G20Y 129.41 3.69 128.79 130.45 64.32
G30Y 117.30 2.57 118.43 117.11 67.65
G40Y 105.67 1.49 107.58 111.65 72.23
G50Y 98.57 0.92 100.41 113.15 76.98 I I I IS
G60Y 92.80 1.53 95.23 117.12 81.84 0 25 50 15 100
G70Y 88.16 1.80 90.30 119.78 85.25
G80Y 82.75 2.52 85.20 121.79 87.49 Figure 5. Mean CIELUV lightness (L*) plotted against
G90Y 76.43 3.57 78.62 123.94 89.39 ArCS blackness (s) for the purely grey colours(') and
for the NCS hues Y ([~ ), R (©), B ( + ), and G (A)

B, and G. The curves for the other NCS hues all show
trends similar to those in Figure 6.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The CIE colorimetric aimpoints representing the NCS
colour space were converted to the CIELUV space. The
NCS data were plotted in a CIELUV metric chroma
diagram (u*, v*). The datapoints for every tenth NCS
hue triangle Y, Y10R . . . . G90Y were plotted in a
CIELUV chroma-lightness diagram. Mean CIELUV
hue angle, lightness, and chroma were calculated for
the different NCS hues, levels of blackness and chroma-
ticness respectively. The NCS unique hues R, Y, G, and
B have CIELUV hue angles of about 14", 70", 154" and
236" respectively.
Although the data does not show any simple linear
relations between the basic dimensions of the two spaces,
the two systems seem closely related in their spacing
of colours. In an earlier study, the NCS and CIELAB2°
systems were compared. The spacing of individual NCS

DISPLAYS, OCTOBER 1987 191


C4~
UV
ISO.
I~5.
IIil.
7S.
5m.
ZS.
I. I I I I I I
I. 25. Sg. TS. IBB. 125. 15g.
Figure 6. Mean CIELUV chroma ( C*~v) plotted against
NCS chromaticness (c) for the NCS colour triangles Y
( D ) , R ( © ) , B ( + ) , andG (A)
colours when plotted in either a (u*, v*) diagram or
a chroma-lightness diagram are more regular and
uniform compared to corresponding plots in CIELAB.
The CIELUV system is usually considered to be more
appropriate for the descriptive specification of the ap-
pearance of VDU colours than the CIELAB system,
and this suggests that the NCS may also be useful for
the specification of VDU colours.
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305-323
20 Derefeidt, G and Sahlin, C 'Transformation of NCS
data into CIELAB colour space' Colour Res. and
Applic. Vol 11 (1986)pp 146-152
21 Swedish Standard SS 01 91 01 CIE tristimulus values
and chromaticity coordinates for some 16 000 colour
notations according to SS 01 91 O0 (SIS) Swedish
Standards Institution, Sweden (1983)
22 Swedish Standard SS 01 91 03 CIE tristimulus values
and chromaticity coordinates for colour samples in
SS 01 91 02 (SIS) Swedish Standards Institution,
Sweden (1982)
23 Recommendations on uniform color spaces, color-
difference equations, psychometric color terms, sup-
plement No 2 to CIE publication No 15, Colorimetry
Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, Bureau
Central de/la CIE, France (1978)
24 Colorimetry publication CIE No 15.2 Commission
Internationale de l'Eclairage, Central Bureau of the
CIE, Vienna, Austria (1986)
DISPLAYS,OCTOBER1987