PRONUMELE

1. Pronumele personal (stă întotdeauna înaintea unui verb):

SG: I, you, he/she/it PL: we, you, they

e.g They are my friends. She is Mary.

2. Pronumele complement direct şi indirect (stă întotdeauna după verb sau prepoziţie):

SG: Me, you, him/her/it PL: us, you, them

e.g I like him . The present is for her. Who’s there? It’s me.

3. Adjectivul şi pronumele posesiv:

Adjectivul posesiv(determină întotdeauna un substantiv) Pronumele posesiv (se foloseşte singur)

My house The house is mine.

Your bike The bike is yours.

His/her/its food The food is his/hers/-

Our school The school is ours.

Your family The family is yours.

Their car The car is theirs.

4. Pronumele demonstrativ: -de apropiere-this (sg), these (pl): this book, these books

-de depărtare –that (sg), those (pl): that bird, those birds

5. Pronumele reflexiv si de accentuare (=emfatic):

SG: myself, yourself, himself/herself/itself PL: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

NB! Pronumele reflexiv se aşază întodeauna după verb, iar cel emfatic după subiect sau la sfârşitul propoziţiei.

e.g. I cut myself with a sharp knife.

I myself saw him leaving the house./ I saw him leaving the house myself.

→Pronumele reflexiv în expresii: Help yourself with some cakes!

Behave yourself, will you?

Make yourself at home! Enjoy yourselves!

NB! Cand pronumele emfatic stă la sfârşitul propoziţiei, acesta poate fi precedat de prepoziţia BY având sensul
de “fără ajutorul celorlalţi”:

He has done the exercise BY HIMSELF.

6. Pronumele reciproc: →EACH OTHER ( 2 fiinţe) Peter and John help EACH OTHER with English.

→ONE ANOTHER (3 şi mai multe fiinţe) People must help ONE ANOTHER.

7. Pronumele interogativ:

N Who -cine Which -care What- ce, care

G Whose -a, al, ale cui Of which -a, al,ale căruia/căreia -
D To whom -cui To which -căruia -
A Who(m) - pe cine Which -pe care What- pe care, pe ce
C

NB! What-care → SE REFERĂ LA OBIECTE ÎN TOTALITATEA LOR.

Which-care → SE REFERĂ LA ANUMITE OBIECTE DINTR-UN NUMĂR, GRUP. (rol selectiv)

SE FOLOSEŞTE ŞI PENTRU OAMENI.

e.g. What are the seasons of the year?

Which of the four seasons is warmer?

Regulă: Prepoziţia din faţa pron. interogativ poate fi aşezată şi la sfârşitul întrebării.

e.g. Of what is a house made?

What is a house made of?

8. Pronumele relativ:

N Who –care Which-care That-care What-ce, ceea ce

G Whose-a, al, ale căruia/căreia Of which-a,al,ale căruia/căreia - -
D To whom-căruia To which-căruia - -
A Whom-pe care Which-pe care That-care What- ce, ceea ce
C

→WHO-se foloseşte numai pentru persoane, cu excepţia genitivului WHOSE care poate fi folosit şi pentru
lucruri şi animale.

e.g The room, whose window is open, is mine.

The room, the window of which is open, is mine. (de retinut această variantă!!)

→WHICH-se foloseşte numai pentru lucruri şi animale. E.g The book, which I bought yesterday, is
interesting.

→THAT(CARE)- se foloseşte pentru persoane, animale, lucruri având înţeles restrictiv, adică restrânge o
calitate la un anumit obiect.
→WHO şi WHICH sunt descriptive, dar pot fi folosite şi restrictiv.

e.g. Tom, who is my brother, is a doctor. (descriptiv)

The book, which is on the table, is mine. (descriptiv)

The man, that/who works hard, is rewarded. ( restrictiv)

→ Pronumele relativ poate fi precedat de prepoziţie: e.g. The man to whom you spoke is my teacher.

Regulă: Prepoziţia din faţa pron. relativ poate sta la sfârşitul propoziţiei şi-n acest caz pron. relativ poate fi
omis.

e.g. The man whom you spoke to is my teacher.

The man you spoke to is my teacher.

THAT- NU poate fi precedat de prepoziţie, dar poate fi folosit cu prepoziţie aşezată la sfârşitul propoziţiei pe
care o introduce.

The man,that you spoke to, is just here.

 WHAT-ceea ce → se referă la ce urmează

WHICH-ceea ce → se referă la ce precede

e.g. I shall do what you tell me.

He invited me to dinner which was very nice of him.

 AS-care→ se foloseşte după SUCH şi THE SAME:

e.g. I don’t like SUCH people AS never laugh.

He is THE SAME man AS/THAT came.

 BUT-care nu : There is no man BUT I know. (=whom I don’t know)

9. Adjectivul şi pronumele nehotărât

 SOME-unii, unele; nişte; câţiva, oarecare; ceva

e.g. I met some Mr. Johnson whom I had never seen before. (=oarecare)
SOME-ceva → Are înţeles partitiv referindu-se la o parte din ceva/întreg.
e.g. I drank some milk. May I help you to some more soup?
 ANY-orice, oricare, vreun, vreo ( se fol. in propoziţii negative şi interogative)
e.g Any man can learn English. Have you any idea of what happened?
 EVERY-fiecare, toţi : Every man must do his duty.
 EACH-fiecare în parte (mai accentuat): Each child got an apple.
 EITHER /'ʌɪðə, 'iðə/-fiecare, oricare din 2 obiecte: Either of the 2 solutions is good.
On either side of the road...
 NEITHER /'nʌɪðə, 'niðə/: niciunul, nicio din 2: Which of the 2 books do you prefer? Neither.
  ONE-se
One says that winter is not far. (Se spune că…..)
ONE-unul, una →când înlocuieşte un substantiv: That car is better than this one.(=car)
 ANOTHER-un alt, altul: I have to buy another watch, this one is old.
 OTHER-alţi, alte (valoare adjectivală): We must ask other people to help us.
 OTHERS-alţii, altele (pronume): Some people are good, but others are not.
 THE OTHER- celălalt, ceilalţi (valoare adjectivală): Take the other umbrella/shoes.
 THE OTHERS-ceilalţi, celelalte (pronume): These scissors are not good, give me the others.
 SOMEBODY-cineva (în prop. afirmative): Somebody stole my car.

NB! În prop. interogativă se referă la cineva cunoscut:

e.g. May I introduce you somebody to you?

 ANYBODY- cineva (in prop. negative şi interogative)

e.g. There isn’t anybody in the classroom.
Is anybody at home?
Anybody-oricine: Anybody can do that.
 EVERYBODY-fiecare, toată lumea: Everybody is present. Everybody did his best.
 SOMETHING-ceva (în prop. interogativă se referă la ceva cunoscut): May I tell you something?
 EVERYTHING-totul: Everything is possible in this world.
 SOMEONE=SOMEBODY-cineva, unul: I saw someone there….
 ANYONE-oricine, oricare
 EVERYONE=EVERYBODY-fiecare, toţi
 WHOEVER (oricine)/WHICHEVER(oricare)/WHATEVER (orice)→se folosesc de regulă în
propoziţii concesive sau care au nuanţă concesivă.

e.g. Whoever comes, tell him I am not at home. (Indiferent cine….)

Whatever he says is true. (Indiferent ce….)

10. Adjectivul si pronumele negativ

 NO (=NOT ANY)-niciunul, nicio : I have no idea/ no friends.

 NOBODY-nimeni: Nobody is perfect.
 NONE (=no one)-nimeni, niciunul: None called yesterday.