Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
Morphology
Basic Concepts
and Notation
The Basics of Morphology More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Supplementary Readings Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
Morphology
Basic Concepts
The following readings have been posted to the SPARK and Notation
course site: More Suffixation
Rules
◮ Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 4 (pp. 115-127) Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Supplementary Readings Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
Morphology
Basic Concepts
The following readings have been posted to the SPARK and Notation
course site: More Suffixation
Rules
◮ Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 4 (pp. 115-127) Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
The following reading (on SPARK) is not essential, but Ambiguity
Basic Concepts
and Notation
More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The System Thus Far Morphology
Basic Concepts
and Notation
The Answer Thus Far: More Suffixation
Rules
◮ Mental Representations:
Prefixes
◮ A representation stored in memory of the phonemes
Morphological
making up the word. Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The System Thus Far Morphology
Basic Concepts
and Notation
The Answer Thus Far: More Suffixation
Rules
◮ Mental Representations:
Prefixes
◮ A representation stored in memory of the phonemes
Morphological
making up the word. Structure and
Ambiguity
◮ The Rules:
◮ Rules that alter this ‘phonemic’ representation, and thus
the way that we ultimately pronounce the word.
The Basics of
The System Thus Far Morphology
Basic Concepts
and Notation
The Answer Thus Far: More Suffixation
Rules
◮ Mental Representations:
Prefixes
◮ A representation stored in memory of the phonemes
Morphological
making up the word. Structure and
Ambiguity
◮ The Rules:
◮ Rules that alter this ‘phonemic’ representation, and thus
the way that we ultimately pronounce the word.
◮ The Syllabification Rule
◮ The Aspiration Rule
◮ The V-Lengthening Rule
◮ (...and a whole bunch more...)
The Basics of
Towards Morphology Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
Observation: Morphology
So far, these rules and representations all concern the sound The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
(pronunciation) of the words in the language. Basic Concepts
and Notation
More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Towards Morphology Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
Observation: Morphology
So far, these rules and representations all concern the sound The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
(pronunciation) of the words in the language. Basic Concepts
and Notation
◮ (Duh, so far all we’ve studied in this class is phonology).
More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Towards Morphology Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
Observation: Morphology
So far, these rules and representations all concern the sound The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
(pronunciation) of the words in the language. Basic Concepts
and Notation
◮ (Duh, so far all we’ve studied in this class is phonology).
More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Fact: Morphological
These rules and representations also concern the way that Structure and
Ambiguity
words are formed (from smaller, meaningful pieces).
The Basics of
Towards Morphology Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
Observation: Morphology
So far, these rules and representations all concern the sound The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
(pronunciation) of the words in the language. Basic Concepts
and Notation
◮ (Duh, so far all we’ve studied in this class is phonology).
More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Fact: Morphological
These rules and representations also concern the way that Structure and
Ambiguity
words are formed (from smaller, meaningful pieces).
Vocabulary:
The study of word formation (word structure) = Morphology
The Basics of
The Mental Lexicon Morphology
Vocabulary: Supplementary
Readings
The (Mental) Lexicon = the information about words that you
Motivating
store in memory. Morphology
The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Concepts
and Notation
More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Mental Lexicon Morphology
Vocabulary: Supplementary
Readings
The (Mental) Lexicon = the information about words that you
Motivating
store in memory. Morphology
The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
◮ When you learn a language, you need to memorize a
Basic Concepts
whole bunch of words. and Notation
More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Mental Lexicon Morphology
Vocabulary: Supplementary
Readings
The (Mental) Lexicon = the information about words that you
Motivating
store in memory. Morphology
The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
◮ When you learn a language, you need to memorize a
Basic Concepts
whole bunch of words. and Notation
More Suffixation
◮ Also, for each word, you need to memorize a whole bunch Rules
of stuff about that word Prefixes
Vocabulary: Supplementary
Readings
The (Mental) Lexicon = the information about words that you
Motivating
store in memory. Morphology
The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
◮ When you learn a language, you need to memorize a
Basic Concepts
whole bunch of words. and Notation
More Suffixation
◮ Also, for each word, you need to memorize a whole bunch Rules
of stuff about that word Prefixes
Vocabulary: Supplementary
Readings
The (Mental) Lexicon = the information about words that you
Motivating
store in memory. Morphology
The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
◮ When you learn a language, you need to memorize a
Basic Concepts
whole bunch of words. and Notation
More Suffixation
◮ Also, for each word, you need to memorize a whole bunch Rules
of stuff about that word Prefixes
Dog: Supplementary
Readings
◮ Sound: /dAg/ Motivating
Morphology
◮ Part of Speech: Noun The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
◮ Meaning: canis familiaris Basic Concepts
and Notation
More Suffixation
Cat: Rules
Morphological
◮ Part of Speech: Noun Structure and
Ambiguity
◮ Meaning: felis domesticus
Pwn:
◮ Sound: /pown/
◮ Part of Speech: Verb
◮ Meaning: To thoroughly defeat
The Basics of
Words and Rules Morphology
Key Fact:
Supplementary
Readings
◮ The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know.
Motivating
◮ There are words we know (the meaning of) which are not stored Morphology
in our mental lexicon. The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Concepts
and Notation
More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Words and Rules Morphology
Key Fact:
Supplementary
Readings
◮ The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know.
Motivating
◮ There are words we know (the meaning of) which are not stored Morphology
in our mental lexicon. The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Illustration: More Suffixation
Rules
◮ Suppose I told you that ‘blorking’ is some bit of gamer
Prefixes
jargon
Morphological
◮ ‘blorking’ = joining in a MMORPG while naked and/or drunk Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Words and Rules Morphology
Key Fact:
Supplementary
Readings
◮ The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know.
Motivating
◮ There are words we know (the meaning of) which are not stored Morphology
in our mental lexicon. The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Illustration: More Suffixation
Rules
◮ Suppose I told you that ‘blorking’ is some bit of gamer
Prefixes
jargon
Morphological
◮ ‘blorking’ = joining in a MMORPG while naked and/or drunk Structure and
Ambiguity
◮ Now suppose I said the following to you:
◮ “My roommate is a notorious blorker.”
The Basics of
Words and Rules Morphology
Key Fact:
Supplementary
Readings
◮ The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know.
Motivating
◮ There are words we know (the meaning of) which are not stored Morphology
in our mental lexicon. The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Illustration: More Suffixation
Rules
◮ Suppose I told you that ‘blorking’ is some bit of gamer
Prefixes
jargon
Morphological
◮ ‘blorking’ = joining in a MMORPG while naked and/or drunk Structure and
Ambiguity
◮ Now suppose I said the following to you:
◮ “My roommate is a notorious blorker.”
◮ You would know what I meant, even though you’d never
actually heard the word “blorker” before...
The Basics of
Words and Rules Morphology
Key Fact:
Supplementary
Readings
◮ The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know.
Motivating
◮ There are words we know (the meaning of) which are not stored Morphology
in our mental lexicon. The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Conclusion: More Suffixation
Since you’d never heard the word “blorker” before... Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Words and Rules Morphology
Key Fact:
Supplementary
Readings
◮ The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know.
Motivating
◮ There are words we know (the meaning of) which are not stored Morphology
in our mental lexicon. The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Conclusion: More Suffixation
Since you’d never heard the word “blorker” before... Rules
◮ The word “blorker” was not to be found in your “mental lexicon”... Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Words and Rules Morphology
Key Fact:
Supplementary
Readings
◮ The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know.
Motivating
◮ There are words we know (the meaning of) which are not stored Morphology
in our mental lexicon. The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Conclusion: More Suffixation
Since you’d never heard the word “blorker” before... Rules
◮ The word “blorker” was not to be found in your “mental lexicon”... Prefixes
Morphological
◮ So, your knowledge of its meaning had to have come from Structure and
somewhere else... Ambiguity
The Basics of
Words and Rules Morphology
Key Fact:
Supplementary
Readings
◮ The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know.
Motivating
◮ There are words we know (the meaning of) which are not stored Morphology
in our mental lexicon. The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Conclusion: More Suffixation
Since you’d never heard the word “blorker” before... Rules
◮ The word “blorker” was not to be found in your “mental lexicon”... Prefixes
Morphological
◮ So, your knowledge of its meaning had to have come from Structure and
somewhere else... Ambiguity
Key Fact:
Supplementary
Readings
◮ The mental lexicon doesn’t store all the words that we know.
Motivating
◮ There are words we know (the meaning of) which are not stored Morphology
in our mental lexicon. The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Conclusion: More Suffixation
Since you’d never heard the word “blorker” before... Rules
◮ The word “blorker” was not to be found in your “mental lexicon”... Prefixes
Morphological
◮ So, your knowledge of its meaning had to have come from Structure and
somewhere else... Ambiguity
The Rule:
For any verb V of English, adding “er” to the end of V makes a
noun that means “one who Vs”
(“blorker” = one who ‘blorks’)
The Basics of
Words and Rules Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
Morphology
The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Major Conclusion:
Basic Concepts
Our knowledge of English includes general rules for and Notation
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Words and Rules Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
Morphology
The Mental Lexicon
Words and Rules
Major Conclusion:
Basic Concepts
Our knowledge of English includes general rules for and Notation
Prefixes
Vocabulary: Morphological
Structure and
The study of the rules of word formation (word structure) in Ambiguity
language = Morphology
The Basics of
Some Basic Concepts and Notation Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
Morphology
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Key Question This Raises: Some Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
What are some of the rules and principles of word formation
More Suffixation
(word structure) in English and other languages? Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Some Basic Concepts and Notation Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
Morphology
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Key Question This Raises: Some Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
What are some of the rules and principles of word formation
More Suffixation
(word structure) in English and other languages? Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
... Before we can explore this question in depth, we need to Structure and
Ambiguity
learn some additional concepts and formalisms...
The Basics of
Vocabulary Time! Morphology
Morpheme:
Supplementary
A sequence of phonemes to which meaning is assigned. Readings
◮ /blOôk/ = to join an MMORPG while naked and/or drunk Motivating
Morphology
◮ /1ô/ = one who performs a given activity
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Vocabulary Time! Morphology
Morpheme:
Supplementary
A sequence of phonemes to which meaning is assigned. Readings
◮ /blOôk/ = to join an MMORPG while naked and/or drunk Motivating
Morphology
◮ /1ô/ = one who performs a given activity
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
Free Morpheme: Some Basic Notation
Morpheme:
Supplementary
A sequence of phonemes to which meaning is assigned. Readings
◮ /blOôk/ = to join an MMORPG while naked and/or drunk Motivating
Morphology
◮ /1ô/ = one who performs a given activity
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
Free Morpheme: Some Basic Notation
Morpheme:
Supplementary
A sequence of phonemes to which meaning is assigned. Readings
◮ /blOôk/ = to join an MMORPG while naked and/or drunk Motivating
Morphology
◮ /1ô/ = one who performs a given activity
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
Free Morpheme: Some Basic Notation
Affix:
A bound morpheme that can attach to a free morpheme
◮ /1ô/ “My roommate is a real blorker / player / *er.”
The Basics of
Vocabulary Time! Morphology
Morpheme:
Supplementary
A sequence of phonemes to which meaning is assigned. Readings
◮ /blOôk/ = to join an MMORPG while naked and/or drunk Motivating
Morphology
◮ /1ô/ = one who performs a given activity
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
Free Morpheme: Some Basic Notation
Suffix:
An affix that attaches to the end of a morpheme.
◮ /1ô/ “My roommate is a real blorker / player / *er.”
The Basics of
Towards Morphological Rules Morphology
Motivating
Morphology
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Towards Morphological Rules Morphology
Motivating
Morphology
Observation 1:
Basic Concepts
◮ Clearly, the suffix “-er” can attach to verbs. and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Towards Morphological Rules Morphology
Motivating
Morphology
Observation 1:
Basic Concepts
◮ Clearly, the suffix “-er” can attach to verbs. and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
More Suffixation
Rules
◮ The suffix “-er” cannot attach to other kinds of words Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Towards Morphological Rules Morphology
Motivating
Morphology
Observation 1:
Basic Concepts
◮ Clearly, the suffix “-er” can attach to verbs. and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
More Suffixation
Rules
◮ The suffix “-er” cannot attach to other kinds of words Prefixes
◮ It can’t attach to nouns: Morphological
Structure and
piano *pianoer (one who is a piano?) Ambiguity
book *booker (one who is a book?)
The Basics of
Towards Morphological Rules Morphology
Motivating
Morphology
Observation 1:
Basic Concepts
◮ Clearly, the suffix “-er” can attach to verbs. and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
More Suffixation
Rules
◮ The suffix “-er” cannot attach to other kinds of words Prefixes
◮ It can’t attach to nouns: Morphological
Structure and
piano *pianoer (one who is a piano?) Ambiguity
book *booker (one who is a book?)
◮ It can’t attach to adjectives:
tall *taller (one who is tall?)
angry *angrier (one who is angry?)
The Basics of
Towards Morphological Rules Morphology
Motivating
Morphology
Observation 1:
Basic Concepts
◮ Clearly, the suffix “-er” can attach to verbs. and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
More Suffixation
Rules
◮ The suffix “-er” cannot attach to other kinds of words Prefixes
◮ It can’t attach to nouns: Morphological
Structure and
piano *pianoer (one who is a piano?) Ambiguity
book *booker (one who is a book?)
◮ It can’t attach to adjectives:
tall *taller (one who is tall?)
angry *angrier (one who is angry?)
Motivating
Morphology
Observation 2:
Basic Concepts
When “-er” attaches to a verb, the resulting word is a noun. and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
blork the blorker (the one who blorks) Some Basic Notation
Motivating
Morphology
Observation 2:
Basic Concepts
When “-er” attaches to a verb, the resulting word is a noun. and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
blork the blorker (the one who blorks) Some Basic Notation
Motivating
Morphology
Observation 2:
Basic Concepts
When “-er” attaches to a verb, the resulting word is a noun. and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
blork the blorker (the one who blorks) Some Basic Notation
Stated as Rule:
A noun can be created by taking a verb and adding “er” after it.
The Basics of
A Formal Notation for Rules Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
The Rule (Informally Stated): Morphology
A noun can be created by taking a verb and adding “er” after it. Basic Concepts
and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
A Formal Notation for Rules Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
The Rule (Informally Stated): Morphology
A noun can be created by taking a verb and adding “er” after it. Basic Concepts
and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
A Formal Notation for Rules Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
The Rule (Informally Stated): Morphology
A noun can be created by taking a verb and adding “er” after it. Basic Concepts
and Notation
Some Basic Concepts
Some Basic Notation
◮ N = “a noun” Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
◮ → = “can be created from”
◮ V = “a verb”
◮ + = “combined with”
The Basics of
A Notation for Morphological Structure Morphology
Motivating
Morphology
More Suffixation
Rules
V /1ô/
Prefixes
Morphological
/plej/ Structure and
Ambiguity
(“Player” is a noun formed from the V “play” and the suffix “1ô”)
The Basics of
More Suffixation Rules of English Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
Morphology
Basic Concepts
and Notation
More Suffixation
Rules
Let’s now look at some more suffixes of English, to get a The Suffix “-Ness”
The Suffix “-Able”
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ness” Morphology
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ness” Morphology
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ness” Morphology
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ness” Morphology
Morphological
◮ The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except Structure and
that they end with “-ness”. Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ness” Morphology
Morphological
◮ The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except Structure and
that they end with “-ness”. Ambiguity
◮ For each of these Adj/N pairs, the N means “state of being Adj”
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ness” Morphology
Morphological
◮ The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except Structure and
that they end with “-ness”. Ambiguity
◮ For each of these Adj/N pairs, the N means “state of being Adj”
Hypothesis:
English morphology contains the following rule:
N → A + /nEs/
(A noun can be formed from an adjective, followed by the suffix /nEs/)
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ness” Morphology
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ness” Morphology
Prefixes
Confirmation, Part 1:
Morphological
Structure and
◮ Suppose I told you gamers have an adjective “grug” that Ambiguity
means lame.
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ness” Morphology
Prefixes
Confirmation, Part 1:
Morphological
Structure and
◮ Suppose I told you gamers have an adjective “grug” that Ambiguity
means lame.
◮ The following would probably make sense to you:
“The grugness of this game is undeniable.”
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ness” Morphology
Prefixes
Confirmation, Part 1:
Morphological
Structure and
◮ Suppose I told you gamers have an adjective “grug” that Ambiguity
means lame.
◮ The following would probably make sense to you:
“The grugness of this game is undeniable.”
◮ You could only understand the noun “grugness” if you had
a rule like the one above.
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ness” Morphology
Prefixes
Confirmation, Part 2:
Morphological
If we try to combine the suffix “-ness” with something other Structure and
than an adjective, the result is not well-formed or sensible. Ambiguity
Verbs Nouns
*walkness *chairness
*stealness *treeness
*scrapeness *hatness
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Able” Morphology
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Able” Morphology
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Able” Morphology
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Able” Morphology
Morphological
◮ The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except Structure and
that they end with “-able”. Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Able” Morphology
Morphological
◮ The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except Structure and
that they end with “-able”. Ambiguity
◮ For each of these V/Adj pairs, the Adj means “able to be V-ed”
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Able” Morphology
Morphological
◮ The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except Structure and
that they end with “-able”. Ambiguity
◮ For each of these V/Adj pairs, the Adj means “able to be V-ed”
Hypothesis:
English morphology contains the following rule:
A → V + /@bl/
(An adjective can be formed from a" verb, followed by the suffix /@bl/)
"
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Able” Morphology
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Able” Morphology
Prefixes
Confirmation, Part 1:
Morphological
Structure and
◮ Suppose I told you gamers have a verb “croob” that Ambiguity
means destroy.
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Able” Morphology
Prefixes
Confirmation, Part 1:
Morphological
Structure and
◮ Suppose I told you gamers have a verb “croob” that Ambiguity
means destroy.
◮ The following would probably make sense to you:
“That fortress is totally croobable.”
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Able” Morphology
Prefixes
Confirmation, Part 1:
Morphological
Structure and
◮ Suppose I told you gamers have a verb “croob” that Ambiguity
means destroy.
◮ The following would probably make sense to you:
“That fortress is totally croobable.”
◮ You could only understand the adjective “croobable” if you
had a rule like that above.
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Able” Morphology
Prefixes
Confirmation, Part 2:
Morphological
If we try to combine the suffix “-able” with something other than Structure and
an verb, the result is not well-formed or sensible. Ambiguity
Adjectives Nouns
*happyable *chairable
*sadable *treeable
*blueable *hatable
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ing” Morphology
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ing” Morphology
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ing” Morphology
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ing” Morphology
Morphological
◮ The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except Structure and
that they end with “-ing”. Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ing” Morphology
Morphological
◮ The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except Structure and
that they end with “-ing”. Ambiguity
◮ For each of these V/Adj pairs, the Adj means “tends to V people”
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ing” Morphology
Morphological
◮ The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except Structure and
that they end with “-ing”. Ambiguity
◮ For each of these V/Adj pairs, the Adj means “tends to V people”
Hypothesis:
English morphology contains the following rule:
A → V + /iN/
(An adjective can be formed from a verb, followed by the suffix /iN/)
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ing” Morphology
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ing” Morphology
Prefixes
Confirmation, Part 1:
Morphological
Structure and
◮ Suppose I told you gamers have an adjective “drass” that Ambiguity
means to make angry.
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ing” Morphology
Prefixes
Confirmation, Part 1:
Morphological
Structure and
◮ Suppose I told you gamers have an adjective “drass” that Ambiguity
means to make angry.
◮ The following would probably make sense to you:
“That part of the game is really drassing.”
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ing” Morphology
Prefixes
Confirmation, Part 1:
Morphological
Structure and
◮ Suppose I told you gamers have an adjective “drass” that Ambiguity
means to make angry.
◮ The following would probably make sense to you:
“That part of the game is really drassing.”
◮ You could only understand the adjective “drassing” if you
had a rule like that above.
The Basics of
The Suffix “-Ing” Morphology
Prefixes
Confirmation, Part 2:
Morphological
If we try to combine the suffix “-ing” with something other than Structure and
an verb, the result is not well-formed or sensible. Ambiguity
Adjectives Nouns
*happying *chairing
*sadding *treeing
*blueing *hatting
The Basics of
Another Suffix “-Er” Morphology
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Another Suffix “-Er” Morphology
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Another Suffix “-Er” Morphology
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Another Suffix “-Er” Morphology
Morphological
◮ The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except Structure and
that they end with “-er”. Ambiguity
The Basics of
Another Suffix “-Er” Morphology
Morphological
◮ The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except Structure and
that they end with “-er”. Ambiguity
Morphological
◮ The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except Structure and
that they end with “-er”. Ambiguity
Hypothesis:
English morphology contains the following rule:
A → A + /1ô/
(An adjective can be formed from an adjective, followed by suffix /1ô/)
The Basics of
Another Suffix “-Er” Morphology
Didn’t we already see that “-er” is a suffix that (i) combines with Another Suffix “-Er”
Prefixes
Vs, (ii) produces Ns, and (iii) means “one who Vs”?
Morphological
play player Structure and
Ambiguity
dance dancer
bake baker
shoot shooter
call caller
The Basics of
Another Suffix “-Er” Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
Morphology
Basic Concepts
Suffix: and Notation
An affix that attaches to the end of a morpheme. More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
The Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Another Prefix “Un-”
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Introducing Prefixes Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
Morphology
Basic Concepts
Suffix: and Notation
An affix that attaches to the end of a morpheme. More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Prefix: The Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Introducing Prefixes Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Motivating
Morphology
Basic Concepts
Suffix: and Notation
An affix that attaches to the end of a morpheme. More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Prefix: The Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
Let’s take a look at some prefixation rules of English...
The Basics of
The Prefix “Re-” Morphology
Prefixes
The Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Another Prefix “Un-”
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Prefix “Re-” Morphology
Observations: Prefixes
The Prefix “Re-”
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Prefix “Re-” Morphology
Observations: Prefixes
The Prefix “Re-”
Observations: Prefixes
The Prefix “Re-”
Observations: Prefixes
The Prefix “Re-”
Observations: Prefixes
The Prefix “Re-”
Hypothesis:
English morphology contains the following rule:
V → /ôi/ + V
(A verb can be formed from a verb, preceded by the prefix /ôi/)
The Basics of
The Prefix “Re-” Morphology
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Prefix “Re-” Morphology
More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
The Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Another Prefix “Un-”
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Prefix “Un-” Morphology
More Suffixation
Observations: Rules
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Prefix “Un-” Morphology
More Suffixation
Observations: Rules
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Prefix “Un-” Morphology
More Suffixation
Observations: Rules
◮ The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except Morphological
that they begin with “un-”. Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
The Prefix “Un-” Morphology
More Suffixation
Observations: Rules
◮ The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except Morphological
that they begin with “un-”. Structure and
Ambiguity
◮ For each of these pairs, ‘un+Adj’ means “not Adj”
The Basics of
The Prefix “Un-” Morphology
More Suffixation
Observations: Rules
◮ The words on the right are just like the words on the left, except Morphological
that they begin with “un-”. Structure and
Ambiguity
◮ For each of these pairs, ‘un+Adj’ means “not Adj”
Hypothesis:
English morphology contains the following rule:
A → /2n/ + A
(An adjective can be formed from an adjective, preceded by /2n/)
The Basics of
Another Prefix “Un-” Morphology
Interesting Fact:
Supplementary
As with “-er”, there is another, homophonous prefix “un-”: Readings
Motivating
do undo Morphology
Prefixes
The Prefix “Re-”
The Prefix “Un-”
Another Prefix “Un-”
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Another Prefix “Un-” Morphology
Interesting Fact:
Supplementary
As with “-er”, there is another, homophonous prefix “un-”: Readings
Motivating
do undo Morphology
Observations: Prefixes
The Prefix “Re-”
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Another Prefix “Un-” Morphology
Interesting Fact:
Supplementary
As with “-er”, there is another, homophonous prefix “un-”: Readings
Motivating
do undo Morphology
Observations: Prefixes
The Prefix “Re-”
Interesting Fact:
Supplementary
As with “-er”, there is another, homophonous prefix “un-”: Readings
Motivating
do undo Morphology
Observations: Prefixes
The Prefix “Re-”
Interesting Fact:
Supplementary
As with “-er”, there is another, homophonous prefix “un-”: Readings
Motivating
do undo Morphology
Observations: Prefixes
The Prefix “Re-”
Interesting Fact:
Supplementary
As with “-er”, there is another, homophonous prefix “un-”: Readings
Motivating
do undo Morphology
Observations: Prefixes
The Prefix “Re-”
Hypothesis:
English morphology contains the following rule:
V → /2n/ + V
(A verb can be formed from a verb, preceded by the prefix /2n/)
The Basics of
Summary of Our Morphological Rules Morphology
Motivating
Morphology
More Suffixation
Rules
N → V + /1ô/ player
Prefixes
N → A + /nEs/ happiness
Morphological
A → V + /@bl/ doable Structure and
A → V + /iN/"
Ambiguity
sickening
A → A + /1ô/ taller
V → /ôi/ + V reinvest
A → /2n/ + A uninteresting
V → /2n/ + V unlock
The Basics of
Complex Morphological Structures Morphology
◮ One rule can output a word, which then can serve as Motivating
Morphology
input to another rule. Basic Concepts
and Notation
More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Complex Morphological Structures Morphology
◮ One rule can output a word, which then can serve as Motivating
Morphology
input to another rule. Basic Concepts
and Notation
More Suffixation
Input Rule Output Rules
doable "
A → /2n/ + A undoable (not doable) Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
◮ One rule can output a word, which then can serve as Motivating
Morphology
input to another rule. Basic Concepts
and Notation
More Suffixation
Input Rule Output Rules
doable "
A → /2n/ + A undoable (not doable) Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
Basic Concepts
and Notation
More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Morphological Ambiguity Morphology
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Illustration: ‘Unlockable’ More Suffixation
‘Unlockable’ is ambiguous; it can have one of two meanings: Rules
Prefixes
◮ able to be unlocked
Morphological
(the door is unlockable; I can open it with my keys) Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Morphological Ambiguity Morphology
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Illustration: ‘Unlockable’ More Suffixation
‘Unlockable’ is ambiguous; it can have one of two meanings: Rules
Prefixes
◮ able to be unlocked
Morphological
(the door is unlockable; I can open it with my keys) Structure and
Ambiguity
◮ not able to be locked
(the door is unlockable; the lock is broken)
The Basics of
Morphological Ambiguity Morphology
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Illustration: ‘Unlockable’ More Suffixation
‘Unlockable’ is ambiguous; it can have one of two meanings: Rules
Prefixes
◮ able to be unlocked
Morphological
(the door is unlockable; I can open it with my keys) Structure and
Ambiguity
◮ not able to be locked
(the door is unlockable; the lock is broken)
Observation:
◮ This is not just simple, arbitrary homophony (like ‘red’/‘read’)
The Basics of
Morphological Ambiguity Morphology
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Illustration: ‘Unlockable’ More Suffixation
‘Unlockable’ is ambiguous; it can have one of two meanings: Rules
Prefixes
◮ able to be unlocked
Morphological
(the door is unlockable; I can open it with my keys) Structure and
Ambiguity
◮ not able to be locked
(the door is unlockable; the lock is broken)
Observation:
◮ This is not just simple, arbitrary homophony (like ‘red’/‘read’)
◮ Instead, our rules give us two ways of creating ‘unlockable’
The Basics of
Morphological Ambiguity Morphology
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Illustration: ‘Unlockable’ More Suffixation
‘Unlockable’ is ambiguous; it can have one of two meanings: Rules
Prefixes
◮ able to be unlocked
Morphological
(the door is unlockable; I can open it with my keys) Structure and
Ambiguity
◮ not able to be locked
(the door is unlockable; the lock is broken)
Observation:
◮ This is not just simple, arbitrary homophony (like ‘red’/‘read’)
◮ Instead, our rules give us two ways of creating ‘unlockable’
◮ Each way of creating the word will give a different meaning.
The Basics of
Two Ways of Creating ‘Unlockable’ Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Derivation One:
Motivating
Morphology
Input Rule Output
Basic Concepts
lock V → /2n/ + V unlock (to reverse locking) and Notation
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Two Ways of Creating ‘Unlockable’ Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Derivation One:
Motivating
Morphology
Input Rule Output
Basic Concepts
lock V → /2n/ + V unlock (to reverse locking) and Notation
Prefixes
Supplementary
Readings
Derivation One:
Motivating
Morphology
Input Rule Output
Basic Concepts
lock V → /2n/ + V unlock (to reverse locking) and Notation
Prefixes
Supplementary
Readings
Derivation One:
Motivating
Morphology
A
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Prefixes
/2n/ V
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
/lAk/
◮ The V /lAk/ combines with the prefix /2n/, making the V /2nlAk/
(to reverse locking)
The Basics of
Two Different Structures for ‘Unlockable’ Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Derivation One:
Motivating
Morphology
A
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Prefixes
/2n/ V
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
/lAk/
◮ The V /lAk/ combines with the prefix /2n/, making the V /2nlAk/
(to reverse locking)
◮ The V /2nlAk/ combines with the suffix /@bl/, making the A
/2nlAk@bl/ (able to be unlocked) "
"
The Basics of
Two Different Structures for ‘Unlockable’ Morphology
Supplementary
Readings
Derivation Two:
Motivating
Morphology
A
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Prefixes
V /@bl/
" Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
/lAk/
Supplementary
Readings
Derivation Two:
Motivating
Morphology
A
Basic Concepts
and Notation
Prefixes
V /@bl/
" Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
/lAk/
Basic Concepts
and Notation
More Suffixation
Rules
Prefixes
Morphological
Structure and
Ambiguity
The Basics of
Rules Determine Structure Morphology
Prefixes
Morphological
V /@bl/ /ôi/ A Structure and
" Ambiguity
/ôi/ V V /@bl/
"
/du/ /du/
The Basics of
Rules Determine Structure Morphology
Prefixes
Morphological
V /@bl/ /ôi/ A Structure and
" Ambiguity
/ôi/ V V /@bl/
"
/du/ /du/
Prefixes
Morphological
V /@bl/ /ôi/ A Structure and
" Ambiguity
/ôi/ V V /@bl/
"
/du/ /du/
Prefixes
Morphological
V /@bl/ /ôi/ A Structure and
" Ambiguity
/ôi/ V V /@bl/
"
/du/ /du/