ENME02

MECANICA II

Unit 6. Interpretación de Textos, Manuales y

Folletos Especializados

Page 1 | ENME02 Workbook

Unit 6. Interpretación de Textos, Manuales y
Folletos Especializados

APRENDIZAJES ESPERADOS CRITERIOS DE EVALUACION

6.1.- Demuestra comprensión del vocabulario
es pecializado, las estructuras gramaticales
y l a organización del texto especializado, a
fi n de interpretar manuales y folletos de l a 6.1.2.- Comprende la i nformación, organización de las
es pecialidad.
Textos de la Especialidad.
Comparativos de igual grado.
Modales de Obligación y
Recomendación.
Técnicas de Skimming y Scanning.
Voz Pasiva en el Texto.
Glosario de la Especialidad.
6.1.1.- Di s tingue vocabulario de la especialidad, a fin de
cl a sificarlo alfabéticamente para la creación de
un gl osario de la especialidad.
i deas, el vocabulario especializado y l as
es tructuras gra maticales estudiadas, a fin de
l ogra r la l ectura comprensiva de manuales y
fol letos de la especialidad.
6.1.3.- Tra duce extractos de manuales y folletos de l a
es pecialidad con uso de voz pasiva, a fin de
demostrar comprensión de su l ectura.
Contents

Page 2 | ENME02 Workbook

Types of gears
Idler gears
In a sequence of gears chained together, the ratio depends only on the number of teeth on the first and last
gear. The intermediate gears, regardless of their size, do not alter the overall gear ratio of the chain.
However, the addition of each intermediate gear reverses the direction of rotation of the final gear.
An intermediate gear which does not drive a shaft to perform
any work is called an idler gear. Sometimes, a single i dler gear is
used to reverse the direction, in which case it may be referred
to as a reverse idler. For instance, the typical automobile manual
transmission engages reverse gear by means of inserting a
reverse idler between two gears.
Idler gears can also transmit rotation among distant shafts in
situations where it would be practical to simply make distant
gears larger to bring them together. Not only do larger gears
occupy more space, the mass and rotational inertia (moment of
inertia) of a gear is poportional to the square of its radius.
Instead of idler gears, a toothed belt or chain can be used to
transmit torque over distance.
Example, in the photo, assuming that the smallest gear is
connected to the motor, it is called the drive gear or input gear.
The somewhat larger gear in the middle is called an idler gear. It
is not connected directly to either the motor or the output shaft
and only transmits power between the input an output gears. 2 gears and an idler gear on a piece of
farm equipment, with a ratio of
There is a third gear in the upper – right corner of the photo. 42/13 = 3.23:1
Assuming that that gear is connected to the machine’s output
shaft, it is the output or driven gear.
The input gear in this gear train has 13 teeth and the idler gear has 21 teeth. Considering only these gears,
the gear ratio between the idler and the i nput gear can be calculated as if the idler gear was the output gear.
Therefore, the gear ratio is driven/drive = 21/13 ≈ 1.62 or 1.62:1.
At this ratio it means that the drive gear must make 1.62 revolutions to turn the driven gear once. It also
means that for every one revolution of the driver, the driven gear has made 1/1.62, or 0.62 revolutions.
Essentially, the larger gear turns slower.
The third gear in the picture has 42 teeth. The gear ratio between the idler and third gear is thus 42/21, or
2:1, and hence the final gear ratio is 1.62x2≈3.23. For every 3.23 revolutions of the smallest gear, the largest
gear turns one revolution, or for every one revolution of the smallest gear, the largest gear turns 0.31
(1/3.23) revolution, a total reduction of about 1:3.23 (Gear Reduction Ratio (GRR) = 1/Gear Ratio (GR)).
Since the idler gear contacts directly both the smaller and the larger gear, it can be removed from the
calculation, also giving a ratio of 42/13≈3.23. The idler gear serves to make both the drive gear and the
driven gear rotate in the same direction, but confers no mechanical advantage.

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Automotive applications
Automobile drivetrains generally have two or
more major areas where gearing is used.
Gearing is employed in the transmission, which
contains a number of different sets of gears
that can be changed to allow a wide range of
vehicle speeds, and also in the differential,
which contains the final drive to provide further
speed reduction at the wheels. In addition, the
differential contains further gearing that splits
torque equally between the two wheels while
permitting them to have different speeds when
travelling in a curved path. The transmission
and final drive might be separate and
connected by a driveshaft, or they might be
combined into one uni t called transaxle. The
gear ratios in transmission and final drive are
important because different gear ratios will
change the characteristics of a vehicle’s
performance.

Example
A 2004 Chevrolet Corvette C5 Z06 with a six – speed manual transmission has the following gear ratios in the
transmission:
st
In 1 gear, the engine makes 2.97 revolutions for every revolutions of the
th
transmission’s output. In 4 gear, the gear ratio of 1:1 means that the engine and the
th th
transmission’s output rotate at the same spped. 5 and 6 gears are known as
overdrive gears, in which the output of the transmission is revolving faster than the
engine’s output.
The Corvette above has an axle ratio of 3.42.1, meaning that for every 3.42 revolutions
of the transmission’s output, the wheels make one revolution. The differential ratio
st
multiplies with the transmission ratio, so in 1 gear, the engine makes 10,16
revolutions for every revolution of the wheels.
The car’s tires can almost be thought of as a third type of gearing. This car is equipped
with 295/35 – 18 tires, which have a circumference of 82.1 inches . This means that for
every complete revolution of the wheel, the car travels 82.1 inches (209cm). if the Corvette had larger tires,
it would travel farther with each revolution of the wheel, which would be like a higher gear. If the car had
smaller tires, it would be a lower gear.

With the gear ratios of the transmission and differential, and the sizes of the tires, it becomes possible to
calculate the speed of the car for a particular gear at a particular engine RPM.

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Gear speed ratio
EXERCISE 98 Read the text and complete Fig. 1.
Fig. 1
In Fig. 1 there are two gear systems. In the
system on the left there are two gears: A and B.
Gear A has a smaller number of teeth, so it has a
faster speed than Gear B. They have 36 and 45
teeth respectively, so the ratio of the number of
teeth on A to the number of teeth on B is 4 to 5
(4:5). The gear speed ratio is therefore 5:4 (i.e. it
is the opposite of the ratio of gear teeth).
In the system on the right there are also 2 gears:
C and D. Gear D has a greater number of teeth,
so it has a slower speed. C and D are a different
size from A and B but they have the same size
ratio of 4:5. They therefore have the same gear
speed ratio as A:B. So, if the two faster gears (A
and C) have the same speed, the speeds of B
and D are also the same.
Page 5 | ENME02 Workbook
Comparisons
EXERCISE 99 Use Fig. 1 to complete the sentences.

For example : 1 D has a greater number of teeth than F.

Fig. 2

1 D has a __________number of teeth _____F.

2 B has a _________diameter _______C.

3 F has a _______speed _________ _________

4 _________has a faster speed _________F.

5 The speed of _________ is slower than the speed of _________.

6 C has a smaller ____________________ ______ A, so A has a _________speed.

7 B has a greater number of teeth than A; the speed of _________ is therefore _________.

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Comparativos de Igual Grado
EXERCISE 100 Choose a, b, c, d, e to complete sentences. Use fig. 1 and 2

Fig. 2

1 The ratio of the number of teeth is _____________t he size ratio.

2 The two gear systems in Fig.1 are ________________________

3 A:C and D:F are _______________________

4 The movement of A is ___________________the movement of B.

5 The speed of B is _____________the speed of A.

6 The direction of movement of D is _________________t he direction of movement of F.

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Modales de obligación y recomendación :

Must,
Must is used to show that an action is necessary, e.g.

.
Safety helmets must be worn at all times

Should,
Should is used to show that you are recommending or suggesting an action, e.g.

People think safety helmets should be orange.

In my opinion, they should be yellow.

Should + Passive,
Should + Passive is used in the recommendation section of a report, e.g.

must / should / have to / need to worn here

Helmets
be
must / should not taken off

New first aid equipment should be purchased immediately .

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Hazards in a warehouse
EXERCISE 101 Make a list of hazards (A – H ) in this warehouse in note form.

EXERCISE 102 Read this warehouse safety poster. Match the rules to the hazards above.

1 Hand trucks must not overloaded.

2 Aisles have to be kept free of all blockages.

3 Boxes need to be pushed in until they are level with the edge of the shelf.

4 Gas cylinders must always be strapped or chained to hand trucks.

5 The forks of a forklift truck must never be used for carrying people.

6 Larger boxes should not be stacked on higher shelves.

7 Trucks must be pulled, not pushed, up a ramp.

8 Only one item should be removed from a shelf at one time

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Passive voice in context
Translate these sentences with the passive voice.

Diagnosing a problem

Present possibility The petrol pump may / could / might be broken.

The engine may / could / might be overheating.

Present certainty The level in the screen washer reservoir must be running low.

Past possibility The alternator may / could / might have failed.

Past certainty Water must have got into the fuel filter. (diesel engine only)

Page 10 | ENME02 Workbook

Typical mechanical problems
EXERCISE 103 Match these pictures with the problems above. Write the number of the problems
next to the picture. Some sections are matched with more than one picture.

1 Oil pressure
If the light comes on during a journey, it’s possible that the oil level is too low.
Example: if the light comes on during a journey the oil level might be too low.
2 Coolant temperature
If the light comes on during a journey, it’s possible that the coolant temperature is too high or the
coolant level is too low. If the coolant level is satisfactory, the radiator fan has probably failed.
3 Battery charge
If the light comes on during a journey, there is definitely a fault with the charging system. Perhaps the
battery terminals are slack, or the alternator drive belt is loose or broken. It’s also possible that the
alternator has failed.
4 Brake system
If the light stays on after releasing the handbrake, the brake fluid level is probably too low.
5 Brake wear monitor
If the brake wear monitor lights come on, the front brake pads have definitely reached their
maximum wear level. It’s possible that the rear brake pads have also reached their maximum wear
level.
6 ABS (anti-locking brake system)
If the warning light comes on when driving, there is possibly a malfunction with the system. If the ABS
warning light comes on together with the brake system warning light, it’s certain that both systems
are detective.

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Solutions for the car problems
EXERCISE 104 Suggest solutions for the problems. Use these phrases: Try doing (tratar); Why
don’t you (do) Por que ….? / You could / should do…

Example : Try switching off the engine and checking the oil level

1 Switch off the engine and check the oil level (try)
2 First, check the coolant level (why). If the coolant level is correct, check the
radiator fan fuse and renew if necessary (could).
3 First, switch off the engine. Then check the battery terminals and alternator drive
belt (could).
4 Check the brake fluid level and top up if necessary (why). If the brake fluid level is
correct, take the vehicle to a garage for checking (could).
5 Take the vehicle to a garage (why). Ask the garage to check the rear brake pads at
the same time (could).
6 Take the vehicle to a garage as soon as possible (should).

EXERCISE 105 Rewrite the check list as a list of work done, using the past passive.

1 Top up the oil level. _________The oil level was topped up._________________
2 Renew radiator fan fuse. ______________________________________________
3 Tighten battery terminals. _____________________________________________
4 Replace alternator drive belt. ____________________________________________
5 Reset engine management system (EMS) _________________________________
6 Top up brake fluid level. ______________________________________________
7 Replace front brake pads. ______________________________________________
8 Check rear brake pads. ________________________________________________

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How to start a car with a flat battery

EXERCISE 106 Make suggestions for starting a car with a flat battery in these situations. Use the
language from above and the phrase in brackets. Use your notebooks.

Example: Try freewheeling down the hill.

1 The driver is alone in a car at the top of a hill. (freewheel downhill)

2 The driver is with two passengers on a flat road. (passengers / push-start the
car)

3 The driver is alone in her car, and there is another driver with his car.(two-
start the car)

4 The driver is alone in her car, and there is another driver with his car. (use
jumps leads)

5 The car with the flat battery has an automatic gearbox. (use jump leads)

6 The battery is old and doesn’t work. (buy a new one)

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Voz Pasiva en Instrucciones
EXERCISE 107 Rewrite this set of instructions as a paragraph describing a process. Use the
passive form of the verbs.

Servicing a car battery

Open the Bonnet of the car. Locate the battery

Loosen the battery cables, using a wrench. Remove
the battery cables from the posts
Always remove the negative (or earth) cable first,
then the positive.
Carefully lay the detached ends of the cables to one
side.
Wipe away corrosion from the top of the battery,
using baking soda and water.
If corrosion is very heavy, you can clean it from the
posts using a wire brush.
Apply petroleum jelly to the inside of the terminals
and the posts.
Reattach the cables. Close the car bonnet.
Begin: First the bonnet of the car is opened and the battery is located. Then …

Page 14 | ENME02 Workbook

Safety Procedures
EXERCISE 108 Match the sentences halves

1 Heavy crates are lifted a) to pallets

2 Storage boxes are stacked b) by hand trucks.
3 Light pallet loads can be moved c) at once
4 Cylinders must be strapped d) by fork-lift trucks
5 Aisles have to be kept clear e) by specialists safety staff.
6 chemical spills need to be cleaned up f) on shelves.
7 Blockages must be removed g) of rubbish

EXERCISE 109 Complete the safety regulations for fork-lift trucks. Use the modals and the passive
form of the verbs in brackets, with not if necessary.

1 All fork-lift trucks should be maintained (should / maintain) by a specialist contractor.

2 Safe operating instructions _______________________ (should / provide) for each type of fork-
lift truck.

3 Unqualified operators _______________________ (should / allow) to drive.

4 Vehicles _________________________( must / leave )

unattended with the engine running.

5 Trucks _________________________(need / park)

overnight in designated areas with the brakes on.

6 A battery – powered truck

_________________________(need / put) on charge at the
end of each working day.

7 A truck _________________________(must / take) on the

highway without the warehouse manager’s permission.

8 Levels of oil, water and antifreeze

_________________________(need / check) at the start of
each working day.

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Power Train
Cat power train delivers smooth, responsive performance and reliability in tough conditions
Engine. Fi eld – proven Cat 3516B HD
(Hi gh Displacement) turbocharged
a nd a ftercooled diesel engine
del ivers high power and reliability i n
the worl d’s most demanding mining
a pplications. The 3516B i s a 16 -
cyl i nder, four – s troke design a nd
us es long, effective power strokes
for more complete fuel combustion
a nd optimum efficiency.
Engine Features.
 Three – ri ng, two – pi ece with
hi gh strength forged steel
crowns a nd lightweight
a l uminum s kirts.
 Steel – ba cked, copper – bonded
a l uminum bearings.
 Uni flow cyl inder head design
wi th four alloy s teel valves per
cyl i nder.
 Hi gh ca rbon steel alloy
cra nkshafts with hardened
journa ls.
 Pres s ure l ubrication wi th full –
fl ow filtered oil a nd heat
excha nger oil cooler.
 Di rect – el ectric 24 – vol t charging
s ys tem.
High Torque Rise. Wi th 32% torque
ri s e, the 3516B HD EUI delivers high
l ugging forces during digging and
a ccel eration in high ri mpull
condi tions for maximum efficiency
a nd fast cycl e ti mes.
Enhanced Life. Hi gh displacement,
l ow rpm ra ting and conservative
hors epower ra tings mean more time
i n the field a nd l ess ti me i n the shop.
Electronic Control Module (ECM).
The ECM i s the electronic “brain” of
the power s ystem. Computerized
s ys tem s enses operating conditions
a nd power requirements a nd adjust
engi ne for most efficient operation
a t a l l times.
Electronic Unit Injection (EUI).
The el ectronically controlled unit
i njection fuel system senses
opera ting conditions and regulates
fuel delivery for optimum fuel
effi ciency.
High Displacement (HD). The hi gh
di s placement engine has a l onger
s troke, high power ra nge a nd better
fuel efficiency
Page 16 | ENME02 Workbook
Advanced Diesel Engine Management
(ADEM). ADEM s ys tem controls fuel injector
s ol enoids to s tart a nd stop fuel i njection for
s uperior performance, greater reliability,
col d s tart protection, automatic altitude
compensation a nd air filter restriction
i ndication.
Separate Circuit Aftercooler.
Al l ows a ftercooler ci rcuit to operate cooler
tha n ja cket water temperature for a denser
a i r cha rge a nd greater combustion.
Ether Starting Aid. Ens ures reliable start –
up i n extreme cold operating conditions.
Cat Planetary Power Shift
Transmission. Fea tures heavy duty
components to handle the toughest
Jobs . Electronic controls allow
s mooth s hifting for greater
productivity, durability a nd l onger
component life.
Impeller Clutch Torque Converter
(ICTC). El ectronically controlled
i mpeller cl utch torque converter
provi des maximum fl exibility i n
regul ating optimum ri mpull i n all
condi tions for smoother operation.
Inching Capability. Left bra ke pedal
opera tion allows the operator to
reduce rimpull to 25% then brake
for more precise inching when
a pproaching a truck or making
di rectional changes.
Rimpull Control. Al l ows operator to
a djust maximum ri mpull from 100%
down to 90, 85, 75 a nd 65% using a
four – pos ition dial while in first
gea r. Ma tching ri mpull to job
condi tions provi des greater tra ction
i n s lippery or rough conditions for
better performance and longer ti re
l i fe.
Stable Design. Low mounted heavy
– duty power train components
ens ure a stable machine.
Proven Reliability. The 994F power
tra i n has proven itself with the most
rel iable a nd durable components i n
the i ndustry for the lowest
opera ting cost – per – ton.
Torque. Torque i s developed at the
wheel, generating less stress and
wea r on the axle s hafts.
Axle. The front a xle i s fixed, a nd the
rea r a xle oscillates ± 10°, whi ch
a l lows either rear wheel to rise or
fa l l 677 mm (26.7 i n) while all
wheels remain on the ground for
ma xi mum stability, greater tra ction
a nd a more comfortable ri de.
Differentials. Sta ndard conventional
di fferentials allow one ti re to spin
fa s ter than the other, keeping
developed torque out of the a xles.
Axle Shafts. Free – fl oating axle
s ha fts ca n be removed
i ndependently of the wheels a nd
pl a netaries for quick and easy
s ervi cing.
U – Joints. Perma nently l ubricated
for grea ter durability a nd long
s ervi ce life. Only the slipjoint
requi res manual lubrication.
Oil – Cooled Disc Brakes. Four –
wheel, fully hydraulic oil – cooled
mul tiple disc brakes a re completely
s ealed a nd adjustment free. Two
bra ke pedals allow standard braking
wi th ri ght pedal plus ri mpull
modulation braking with left pedal.
Brake Cooling. The bra ke oil cooler
provi des additional cooling to the
bra ke discs for greater durability.
Filtration. Screens on the brake
ci rcui t minimize the ri sk of
conta mination.
Parking / Secondary Brake. Ma nual,
s pri ng – a pplied, multiple dry – disc
bra ke is located on the front
dri veline for protection from
conta mination.
Moni toring system alerts operator if
tra ns mission is engaged while
pa rking brake is applied, and if the
pres sure drops, the parking brake i s
a utomatically a pplied.
Engine Cooling. New Generation
Modul ar Core Radiator (NGMR)
s i gnificantly i mproves heat rejection
through the use of copper cooling
cores a nd i mproved flow
cha ra cteristics.
Final Drives. The a ll – wheel drive
des ign features four planet ca rrier
gea rs with planetary double
reducti on i n each wheel for superior
rel iability. Pl anetaries ca n be
removed independently of the
wheels a nd brakes for quick and
ea sy s ervi cing.
Duo – Cone Seals. Sea ls out dirt
a nd contamination to extend
component life.
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Robust Structures. The 994F front
l oa der fra me features robust
s tructural components for
outs tanding durability i n the
toughest l oading conditions.
The fra me is the backbone of the
994F’s dura bility a nd is specifically
des igned and manufactured to
wi thstand the higher forces
requi red by the ma chine’s
i ncreased payload ra ting.
Frame. The box – s ection rear
fra me, a rticulation hitch a nd four -
pl a te loader tower a re designed to
res ist torsional s hocks, twisting
forces and stresses generated
duri ng the loading cycl e while
protecti ng driveline and hydraulic
s ys tem components.
1) Axle Mounting Area. Thi cker
a xl e pad castings joined by a box –
boom s tructure provides added
s trength a nd s tiffness i n the a xle
mounting a rea.
2) Pivot Mount Castings. Ca s tings
i n the lift arm pivot mounting area
ha ve been redesigned to better
di s perse stress loads for i ncreased
s tructural i ntegrity.
3) Steering Cylinder Mounts.
Steering cyl inder mounts are
thi cker to more efficiently tra nsmit
s teering loads i nto the fra me.
Hitch Plate. The l ower a rticulation
hi tch plate is larger for greater
s tructural durability.
Z – bar Loader Linkage. Proven Z –
ba r l oader linkage geometry
del ivers maximum productivity.
Fewer pivot point a nd moving parts
a re designed to reduce
ma i ntenance costs.
Tilt Links. The pi n joints a t both
ends of the tilt l inks have been
cha nged to a greased pin designed
tha t i s connected to a utolube
s ys tem. This will i ncrease the
rel iability of these joints.
Breakout Force. Increased breakout
force a llows the loader to
a ggressively penetrate the bank.
Rackback. Hi gh ra ckback a ngle
ens ures greater ma terial retention
a nd l ess s pillage.
Dump Speed. Control led dumping
s peed protects the front linkage
from excessive wear.
Page 18 | ENME02 Workbook
Reading comprehension exercises
Lea las preguntas y responda en español según el texto.

Page 122

1. ¿Qué indica la abreviación HD en el primer párrafo? Explique.

2. Cada párrafo comienza con un título en negrita. Por qué.
3. ¿Cuántas características se dan sobre el motor?. Resuma cada una de ellas.
4. En el tercer párrafo de la página 122 se menciona la palabra “rimpull”. Busque el significado de ella y
explique que relación tiene con el tren de fuerza.
5.¿Por qué se compara al ECM con un cerebro?
6. ¿A qué corresponde la sigla EUI? Explique.

Page 123

1. ¿Qué significa las abreviaciones ADEM e ICTC? Mencione la función de cada una?
2. ¿Cuál es la ventaja de que el torque se desarrol le en la rueda?
3. Mencione la ventaja de tener el eje delantero fijo, mientras que el trasero es móvil?
4. ¿Qué tipo de diferenciales se mencionan en el texto? ¿Afecta al torque? Explique
5. Indique el título del párrafo donde se menciona que solo la junta deslizante puede ser lubricada
manualmente.
6. Traduzca el párrafo sobre el freno secundario / estacionamiento.

Page 124

1. Mencione las características y atributos técnicos del cargador frontal 994.

2. ¿Qué piezas cuentan con un sistema de autolubri cación?
3. ¿Cómo se llama el sistema de control que evita el desgaste de la articulación delantera?

Page 19 | ENME02 Workbook

Operation of the Transmission T40000
EXERCISE 109 Translate the five main assemblies given below. Study their location.

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 Main parts of the transmission
EXERCISE 110 Translate this text about the transmission.

The converter, pump drive section and pressure regulating valve.

1 Engine power is transmitted from the engine flywheel to the impeller through the impeller cover.
This element is the pump portion of the hydraulic torque converter and is the primary
component which starts the oil flowing to the other components which results in torque
multiplication. This element can be compared to a centrifugal pump in that it picks up fluid at its
5 centre and discharges it at the outer diameter.

The torque converter turbine is mounted opposite the impeller and is connected to the turbine
shaft of the torque converter. This element receives fluid at its outer diameter and di scharges it
at its centre.

The reaction member of the torque converter is located between and at the centre of the inner
10 diameters of the impeller and turbine elements. Its function is to take the fluid which is
exhausting from the inner portion of the turbine and change its direction to allow correct entry
for recirculation into the impeller element. This recirculation will make the converter to multiply
torque.

The torque multiplication is function of the blading (impeller, turbine and reaction member) and
15 the converter output speed (turbine speed). The converter will multiply engine torque to its
designed maximum multiplication ratio when the turbine shaft is at zero RPM (stall).

Therefore we can say that as the turbine shaft is decreasing in speed, the torque multiplication
is increasing.

The hydraulic pump is connected with the pump drive gear. This pump drive gear is driven by
20 the impeller hub gear. Since the impeller hub gear is connected with the impeller cover, the
pump speed is in direct relation with the engine speed.

Page 21 | ENME02 Workbook

The input shaft and directional clutches
Note
The pressure regulator valve and safety valve are mounted behind the filter, in the filter adapter housing

Note: The converter, pump drive section and pressure

regulating valve

The input shaft and directional clutches

The turbine shaft driven from the turbine transmits power to the forward or reverse clutch.

Thes e clutches consist of a drum with internal splines and a bore to receive a hydraulic a ctuated piston. The
pi s ton i s oil ti ght by the use of s ealing ri ngs. The s teel discs with external splines, a nd fri ction discs with internal
s pl ines, a re alternated until the required total is a chieved.

A ba ck – up plate is then i nserted a nd s ecured with a retainer ri ng. A hub with outer diameter s plines is inserted
i nto the s plines of discs with teeth on the i nner diameter. The discs and hub are free to increase i n s peed or
rota te i n the opposite direction as l ong as no pressure i s present in that s pecific cl utch.

To enga ge the cl utch, the s olenoid will direct oil under pressure through tubes and passages to the selected clutch
s ha fts. Oil s ealing ri ngs a re located on the cl utch s hafts. These rings direct the oil through a drilled passage i n the
s ha ft to desired cl utch.

Pres s ure of the oil forces the piston a nd discs against the back – up plate. The discs with splines on the outer
di a meter cl amping a gainst discs with teeth on the i nner diameter enables the drum a nd hub to be locked
together a nd allows them to drive as one unit.
When the cl utch is released, a return s pring will push the piston back a nd oil will drain back via the s hift s pool, the
bl eed va lve or holes i n the cl utch piston into the transmission sump.
Thes e bleed valves will only a llow quick escape of oil when the pressure to the piston is released.

As a n option the engagement of the directional clutches can be modulated. This means that clutch pressure is
bui lt up gra dually. This will enable the unit to make forward, revers s hifts while the vehicle is s till moving and will
a l low s mooth engagement of drive. The modulation is done hydraulically.

EXERCISE 111 Which words in the text do these words refer to?

1. These (line 2) a) the clutches b) the reverse clutch c) the forward or reverse clutch
2. are alternated (line 4) a) discs b) rings c) clutches
3. these rings (line 10) a) retainer ring b) oil sealing rings
4 can be modulated (line 18) a) the pressure b) the engagement

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Range clutches
The range clutches
Once a directional clutch is engaged power is transmitted to the range clutches (1st, 2n d or 3rd).
operation and actuation of the range clutches is similar to the directional clutches.
The engagement of the range clutches are not modulated.

The output section

With a range clutch engaged, power is finally transmitted to the output shaft.
Output rotation is opposite as the engine rotation when the forward clutch is engaged.
A front and /or rear axle disconnect is optional and is located on the output shaft. The drive to the
front and / or rear axle can be disconnected or connected by manual s hifting.

EXERCISE 112 Answer these questions in your own language:

1 What happens when a directional clutch is engaged?

2 Are the actuation and operation of both range and directional clutches similar or different?
3 What is finally transmitted to the output shaft?
4 How is the output rotation when the forward clutch is engaged?
5 What can you connect or disconnect by manual shafting?

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The transmission controls (refer to hydraulic diagram )
EXERCISE 113 Translate:

The Transmission Controls

The transmission is controlled by the control valve. The control valve assembly is mounted directly
in the side of the converter housing. The function of the control valve assembly is to direct oil
under pressure to the desired directional and speed clutch. A provision is made on certain models
for inching or declutch when the brakes are applied.

This is accomplished through the use of a brake actuated valve.

The control valve has 4 solenoids and 4 shift spools .

Operation of the Valve

Forward can be selected by activating the forward solenoid. The forward solenoid will then allow
pilot pressure to move the forward shift spool. Due to this movement of the shift spool the
forward clutch is fed with oil pressure.

The shift spools of forward and reverse are located opposite each other separated by a return
spring. This ensures that only one direction can be selected.

Selection of range
If the range solenoids 1st and 2nd are activated, regulated pressure i s fed through the shift
spools to the 1st clutch.
nd
If the range solenoid 2 is activated, regulated pressure is fed through the shift spools to the
2nd clutch.
rd
If no range solenoids are activated, the regulated pressure is fed to the 3 clutch

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TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE FOR THE T40000
TRANSMISSION
Read the text and make a short summary in Spanish.

The following information is presented as an aid to isolating and determining the specific problem
area in a transmission that is not functioning correctly.
When troubleshooting a “transmission” problem, it should be kept in mind that the transmission is
only the central unit of a group of related powertrain components. Proper operation of the
transmission depends on the condition and correct functioning of the other components of the
group. Therefore, to properly diagnose a suspected problem in the transmission, it is necessary to
consider the transmission fluid, charging pump, torque converter, transmission assembly, oil cooler,
filter, connecting lines, and controls, including the engine, as a complete system.
By analyzing the principles of operation together with the information in this section, it should be
possible to identify and correct any malfunction which may occur in the system.

T40000 TRANSMISSION
T40000 (power shift torque converter transmission) troubles fall into three general categories:
1. Mechanical problems.
2. Hydraulic problems.
3. Electrical problems.

In addition to the mechanical and electrical components, all of which must be in the proper condition
and functioning correctly, the correct functioning of the hydraulic circuit is most important.
Transmission fluid is the “life blood” of the transmission. It must be supplied in an adequate quantity
and delivered to the system at the correct pressures to ensure converter operation, to engage and
hold the clutches from slipping, and to cool and lubricate the working components.

Troubleshhoting procedures
Stall test
A stall test to identify transmission, converter, or engine problems.
Use the following procedure:
1. Put the vehicle against a solid barrier, such as a wall, and/or apply the parking brake and
block the wheels.
2. Put the directional control lever in FORWARD (or REVERSE, as applicable).
3. Select the highest speed.
With the engine running, slowly increase engine speed to approximately one – half throttle
and hold until transmission (converter outlet) oil temperature reaches the operating range.

Caution
DO NOT OPERATE THE CONVERTER AT STALL CONDITION LONGER THAN 30 SECONDS AT
ONE TIME, SHIFT TO NEUTRAL FOR 15 SECONDS AND REPEAT THE PROCEDURE UNTIL
DESIRED TEMPERATURE IS REACHED.
EXCESSIVE TEMPERATURE 120° (250°F) MAXIMUM WILL CAUSE DAMAGE TO TRANSMISSION
CLUTCHED, FLUID, CONVERTER, AND SEALS.

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Quiz # 3. T40000 Transmission
1. Complete the chart with the transmission components mentioned in the text.

Pump Converter Engine

2. Which are the three general categories related to this transmission?

3. Why is the transmission compared to “life blood”? Explain in Spanish.

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Transmission Clark 40000

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Taken from “Disassembly and reassembly of the
Transmission Clark T40000” manual.
EXERCISE 115 Observe the pictures and circle the correct expressions between
parentheses.

Side View 1. Remove flexplate mounting (washers/ screws).

2. Remove (flexplates/ blades). 3. Remove impeller cover bearing cap and

(O’ring / oring).

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4. Remove turbine (shaft/ axle) outer
retainer ring.

5. Remove impeller to impeller (cover / cap)

mounting screws.

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6. Using pry slots provided, pry impeller cover and turbine from
(turbine shaft / shaft turbine)

7. Using pry slots provided, (pry/ to pry) impeller cover and

turbine from turbine shaft.

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8. Remove reaction member (retained / retainer) ring.

9 Remove reaction member and (spacer / space).

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EXERCISE 116 Translate these instructions. Use a dictionary. Some translated
expressions are given

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Group – Pump Drive

Item Description Quantity

1 Support – Pump drive bearing 3
2 Screws – Bearing support 4
3 “O-ring Bearing support screw 4
4 Washer – Flat 4
5 Lockwasher – Bearing pump screw 2
6 Screw – Bearing support 2
7 Bearing – Pump drive gear 3
8 Snap ring – Pump gear 3
9 Gear – auxiliary pump drive, RH 1
10 Gear – Auxiliary pump drive, LH 1
11 Gear – Charge pump drive 1
12 Gear – Impeller hub 1
13 Snap ring – Impeller hub gear 1

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Group – Turbine shaft, stator support & oil baffle

GROUP – TURBINE SHAFT, STATOR SUPPORT & OIL BAFFLE

ITEM DESCRIPTION QUANTITY
1 Bearing – Turbine shaft, front 1
2 Bearing – Turbine shaft, rear 1
3 Washer – Bearing 1
4 Snap ring – Bearing 1
5 Ring – Piston 1
6 Assembly – Stator support and sleeve 1
7 Screw – Stator support 7
8 Lockwasher – Stator support screw 7
9 Ring – Piston 1
10 Baffle Oil 1
11 Seal – Baffle oil 1
12 Ring – Oil baffle seal 1
13 Ring – Oil baffle retainer
14 Tube – Converter inlet 1
15 Shaft – Idler 1

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: extender

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Group - Forward Clutch shaft

Item Des cription Qty i tem Qty

1 As s embl y – Cl utch pi s ton 1 13 Bea ring – Cl utch driven gear (Cone) 2
2 Sea l – Cl utch piston, outer 1 14 Bea ring – Cl utch driven gear (Cup) 2
3 Sea l – Cl utch piston, i nner 1 15 Ri ng – Bearing clutch drive gear location 2
4 Di s c – Cl utch, i nner 10 16 Ri ng – bearing retainer, i nner 1
5 Di s c – Cl utch, outer 10 17 Ri ng - Forward clutch gear ta p bearing retainer **
6 Pl a te – Cl utch disc backing 1 18 Bea ring - Forward shaft front 1
*7 Ba l l – End plate retaining 1 19 Bea ring - Forward shaft front bearing retainer 1
*8 Spri ng – End plate retaining 1 20 Bea ring - Forward s haft rear 1
9 Sna p ri ng – Ba cking plate 1 21 Sna p ri ng – Forward shaft rear bearing 1
10 Spri ng – Pi ston return 1 22 Ri ng – Forward shaft rear bearing retainer 1
11 Reta iner – Spri ng 1 23 Ri ng – Forward shaft piston 2
12 Sna p ri ng – Spri ng retainer 1 24 Gea r – Forward clutch driven 1
25 As s embly – Forward shaft and drum 1

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Useful expressions used in car mechanics
1. Shaft: eje, árbol. A bar in a machine which holds or turns other parts that move or spin.
Turbine shaft: eje de la turbina
Shaft seal: junta de eje.

2. Clutch: como sustantivo embrague; como verbo agarrar, asir. To operate an automobile
clutch. A coupling used to connect and disconnect a driving and a driven part (as an engine and
a transmission) of a mechanism.

“To engage the clutch, the solenoid will direct oil under pressure through tubes and passages
to the selected clutch shafts.

3. Shift: como sustantivo: cambio; como verbo: hacer un cambio.

7. Gear: como sustantivo: engranaje; cambio, marcha, velocidad; equipo. Como verbo: adaptar,
conectar.
Gear ratio: relación de transmision; relación de marchas
Drive gear: engranaje impulsor.
Top gear: marcha más alta.
Gear shift: cambio de marcha
Gear train: engranaje
Worm gear: piñon sin fín
6 forward gears: 6 marchas hacia adelante
3 reverse gears: 3 marchas hacia atrás

8. Twin: doble
Twin hydraulic system: doble sistema hidráulico.
Twim cam: doble árbol de levas

9. Payload capacity: capacidad de carga útil

10. Dashboard: tablero, panel. The part of the inside of a car, truck , etc., that is below the
windshield and that has the controls on it.
Cockpit: cabina del piloto. The area in a boat, airplane, etc., where the pilot sits. A space or
compartment in a usually small vehicle (as a boat, airplane, or
automobile) from which it is steered, piloted, or driven.
Cab: cabina. The part of a locomotive that houses the engineer and operating controls .
Cab driver: Taxista
11.Cluster: grupo de iinstrumentos en un tablero de maquinaria pesada

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