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lnt)uctt"e (tourse tn Engltsb
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
FOR
GRAMMAR SCHOOLS
BY
AND
AUGUSTUS H. KELLEY, A. M.
MASTER OF LYMAN SCHOOL, BOSTON
BOSTON
THOMPSON BROWN COMPANY
"AI~~aD COll£Ql \"'l1t
6lfl Of
11 •• AID CO..AI1
IIC. . . ,III
,lf1lq)to1t tlte••
Prl","s and Binders, Norwood, Mass.
U. S. A.
PREFAOE
IT has long been apparent to many teachers and stu-
dents of language that progress in learning to use good
English has been seriously retarded by the lack of a text
book on English grammar; simple enough to be easily
understood by pupils in the upper grades of grammar
schools, and at the sanle time sufficiently comprehensive
to embrace all the essentials of the structure of the
English sentence.
Appreciating the serious loss that has come to the
children who have been compelled to struggle in vain to
understand the intricacies of their mother tongue, when
presented in the hard logic of the common text book, and
knowing from long experience how interesting and inspir-
ing to children is the study of grammar when pursued
along right lines, the authors ha,re given this book to the
public.
It is not a formal treatise on English gram~ar intended
for the adult, but rather a view of the subject from the
. standpoint of the child.
The plain of the book is inductive, and the sentence is
recognized from the first as the unit of thought; so that
the child is led by easy steps from the study of the simple
and readily understood sentence to the mastery of the
iii
•
IV PREFA.CE
SBCTION PAGE
I. I~anguage-Oral and Written. . . . . 1
II. The Sentence, kinds of illustrated 1
lli. Subject and Predicate, use of shown. • . . 8
IV. Nouns, examples of, defined . . 5
V. Pronouns, examples of, defined . . . 6
VI. Verbs, use of, illustrated, defined . . . 7
VIT. Adjectives, use of, illustrated, defined . . • . • • 8
VllI. Adverbs, use of, illustrated, defined . 9
IX. Prepositions, use of, phrases defined. 11
x. Conjunctions, use of, illustrated, defined 12
XI. Interjections, use of, illustrated, defined . . 14
XII. Parts of Speech, named . 15
XIII. Phrases, use of, shown in sentences . . 15
XIV. Clauses, complex sentences, use of, defined 16
XV. Compound Sentences, use of, shown, defined . 18
XVI. Kinds of Subjects and Predicates, defined . . 20
XVIT. Verbs of Complete and Incomplete Predication, comple-
ments of verb . 22
XVllI. Modifiers, kinds of 24
XIX. Simple and Complete Subjects . 25
XX. Simple and Complete Predicates 26
XXI. Kinds of Sentences 27
XXII. The Simple Sentence . 29
XXIII. The Complex Sentence • 29
XXIV. The Compound Sentence 80
XXV. Analysis of Simple Sentence SS
XXVI. Analysis of Complex Sentence . 84
XXVil. Analysis of Compound Sentence • 85
XXVllI. Classes of N onns . . . . 86
XXIX. Properties of Nouns - Person . . . . . .
. . 88
XXX. Num.l>er. • • • • • • • .. ... 40
v
.
Vl CONTENTS.
SECTION PAGE
XXXI. How Plurals of Nouns are Formed 40
XXXll. Gender •
· . . · · · · · · · · 42
xxxm. C88e . . . . ·
• · · · · ·
· · · 44
XXXIV.
XXXV.
·
Declension
Parsing N onns .
· · · 49
· · · · · · · · · 49
XXXVI. Personal Pronouns
· · · · · · · 52
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
Interrogative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns .
· · · · · 55
CONTENTS. Vll
..
SEOTION P AG E
LXIX. Parsing Verbs . . . . . . . . . 125
LXX. Adverbs, kinds of, illustrated ; phrases, clauses. . 127
LXXI. Comparison of Adverbs ...... 129
LXXTI. Parsing the Adverb . . . . . . . 132
LXXIII. Prepositions . . . . 132
LXXIV. List of Prepositions . . . . . . . . . 135
LXXV. Parsing Prepositions. . . . .. 136
I.JXXVI. Coordinate Conjunctions . . .. . 137
LXX VII. Subordinate Conjunctions . . . . . 138
LXX VIll. Correlative Conjunctions . . . . . . 140
LXXIX. Conjunctive Adverbs. . . . . 140
LXXX. Parsing Conjunctions.... . . .... 141
LXXXI. Interjections, use of, list of. . •.. 142
LXXXII. Parsing Interjections. . . 143
LXXXTII. Uses of Words, illustrated . ... . 144
LXXXIV. Syntax, laws of .... 146
LXXXV. The Simple Sentence, subject and predicate defined. 147
LXXXVI. 'fhe Complex Sentence, clauses . . . . . . . 148
LXXXVll. The Compound Sentence, kinds of . . . . . . 148
LXXXVIIT. The Noun Clause, use of, defined. . . . . . . 149
LXXXIX. The Adjective Clause, use of, .defined . . . . . 150
XC. The Adverbial Clause, use of, defined . . 150
XCI. rfhe Subject, simple and enlarged . . . . 151
XCll. The Predicate, simple and enlarged. . . . . . 155
XCIII. Meaning of Sentences .... . . 158
XCIV. The Elements of Sentences. . . . . ... 161
XCV. Agreement of Verb with Subject, rules of . 161
XCVI. Agreement of Case . . . . . . . . 162
XCVII. Agreement of Adjective and Noun . . . . 164
XCVIII. Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent . 165
XCIX. Agreement of Tenses - Clauses . 166
C.. Agreement of Modes and Tenses . . . . 167
CI. Government of object . . 167
Cll. Arrangement or Order, rules of . 167
CIII. Figurative Language. . . . . 168
CIV. Punctuation . • . . . . . . . . 175
ev. Terminal Marks . . . . .. . 176
CVI. The Period . . .. ... 176
Vlli CONTENTS.
IBCTIOll PA..GB
eVII. The Interrogation Point. . . . • • • . . . 177
CVIll. The Exclamation Point . .... 177
CIX. Other Marks of Punctuation, - comma, semicolon,
quotation marks, dash, parentheses . 178
ex. Punctuation of the Simple Sentence . . ... 181
eXI. Punctuation of the Complex Sentence 182
eXIl. Punctuation of the Compound Sentence .... 184
CXIn. Derivation of Modern. English . . . . 185
CXIV. Stems and Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
exv. Prefixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
CXVI. Suffixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
CXVll. Selections for Analysis and Parsing. • • . 198
cxvm. Sentences, and Selections from Literature • •• 208
eXIX. Subject and Predicate . • • • • • . • 208
CXX. Verbs, and their Subjects . . . • ••• 210
CXXI. Adjectives and their Nouns . .. ••• 212
cxxn. Adverbs and the Words they Modify . • • 215
cxxm. Phrases, Kinds and Uses .... 217
CXXIV. Clauses, Kinds and Uses . .• . 219
exxv. Clauses, Kinds and Uses . . . . 220
CXXVI. Clauses, Adjective and Adverbial . • • 221
CXXVII. Clauses, How Used . . • . . .... 222
Cxx.VIII. Subjects. Predicates and Phrases . 224
exxIX. Clauses, How Used . • . . . . ...• 226
CXXX. Kinds of Sentences, Phrases and Clauses . . • • 229
CXXXI. Usea of Nouns. . . • . . . 237
CXXXII. Indirect Objects . . . . . . . ... 239
CXXXill. Pronouns and their Antecedents . . ... 240
CXXXIV. Verbs, Transitive and Intransitive . . . . 241
exxxv. Uses of Infinitives . • . . .... 242
CXXXVI. Participles, Kinds and Uses . . . . • 244
CXXXVII. Choice Literary Selections . . . 246
CXXXVIII. Eloquence of O'Connell. . 247
CXXXIX. From " The Deserted Village" . . . . . . . 249
CXL. Extract from Webster's Bunker Hill Oration . 251
CXLI. The Daffodils. . • . • . . 251
CXLn. Tact and Talent . . . . 252
eXLm. What Constitutes a State 254
. CONTENTS. •
IX
8 ECTION PAGB
CXLIV. The Footprints in the Sand . .•.•• • 254
CXLV. From the I..egend of Sleepy Hollow. • • • • • 255
. CXLVI. Our Country . . . . . . . . ••• 266
CXLVll. The Love of Country and of Home . . • • • • 257
CXLVIII. Fitz James and Ellen . . . • • • • • • • 258
,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
IV.-NOUNS.
v. - PRONOUNS.
The teacher could say, " The. teacher called John and
told John to bring the teacher John's book;" but such
an expression would not be good English.
It would be better for the teacher to say, " I c~lled
John an~ told him to bring me his book."
Here the words I and me are used instead of teacher, and
the words h'im and his are used instead of John and John's.
Such words as I, me, him and his are called ·pronouns.
A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
A pronoun is a part of speech.
Tell what you did before you caIl).e to school this morn-
ing. Underline all the verbs used in telling your story.
VII. - ADJECTIVES.
1. Little children like sweet fruit. 2. They are beautiful.
In these sentences the words little and sweet are used to
tell the kinds of children and fruit mentioned. Beautiful
is used to describe they.
1. Mr. Smith has four horses. 2. ThOBe books belong to me.
In these sentences the wordfour tells how many horses
Mr. Smith has; the word those points out particular books.
It is seen that these words, little, sweet, beautiful, four
and those are used to qualify or limit the meaning of the
nouns children,fruit, they, horses and books.
Words that qualify or limit the meaning of nouns and
pronouns are called adjectives.
. An adjective is a word used to ,qualify or limit the
meaning of a noun or pronoun.
An adjective is a part of speech.
ADVERBS. 9
VIII. - ADVERBS.
1. The bird flies lWijtlg.
2. John came to-dag.
3. The man worked here.
IX. PREPOSITIONS.
1. He is a man of learni'llfl.
2. Our friends over the seas still remember us.
8. The vessel was wrecked on the coast.
4. Your father works/or you.
In these sentences the groups of words, of learning, over
the seas, on the coast, and for you modify the meaning of
the words man, friends, was wrecked, and works, with
which they are connected, like ~jectives or adverbs.
Such groups of words are called phrases.
The first word in each phrase is called a preposition.
In these phrases learning is called the object of the
12 . ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
XI. - INTERJECTIONS.
1. Good! That lesson was well recited.
2. Hurrah ! Vacation is here.
3. Alas! our dear friend is dead.
4. Ok! how my head aches.
5. HUBk! you will wake the baby.
In these sentences the words good, hurrah, alas, oh and
hush express strong emotions, and are not grammatically
related to any other words in the sentences.
A word which expresses strong emotion and is not
grammatically related to any other word in a sentence is
called an interjection.
An interjection is a word which expresses strong feel-
ing, and is not grammatically related to any other word
in the sentence.
An interjection is a part of speech.
Write five sentences using an interjection in each.
XII. - PARTS OF SPEECH.
We have now briefly studied the kinds or classes of
words, called parts of speech, used by the English-
speaking people to express their thoughts.
We have seen by our study thus far that there are
eight parts of speech, or classes of ,vords.
PHRASES. 15
The parts of speech are: the noun, the pronoun, tho
verb, the adjective, the adverb, the preposition, the
conjunction, and the interjection.
Tell the part of speech to which each word in the follow-
ing sentences belongs: ·
1. The boys rested under the shadow of a spreading elm.
2. You are still young enough to improve.
S. A li~tle twig sometimes bears a large apple.
4. He wrongs himself- who seeks to wrong another.
5. The man who sows his field trusts in God.
6. A lovelier flower was never seen on earth.
7. Nonsense I Why will you talk so?
8. The wise are generally in the minority.
9. When I awoke, the sun was shining in at my window.
10. Love, honor, and obey your parents.
11. Ah! well-a.day I what evil looks
Had I from old and young 1
XIII. - PHRASES.
To err is human. - Here the words to err stand as the
subject of the sentence, and are used as a name; therefore
they are used as a noun.
The man of intelligence makes his influence felt. - Here
the words of intelligence are used to modify the meaning
of the noun man,. therefore they are used as an adjective.
The boy struck with force. - Here the words with force
are used to modify the meaning of the verb struck,. there-
fore they are used as an adverb.
A group of words used as a noun, an adjective, or an
adverb is called a phrase.
16 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
1. Its subject.
2. Its predicate.
3. The principal word of the subject with its modifiers.
4. The modifiers of any other words in the subject.
5. Its predicate verb.
6. The modifiers of its predicate verb.
7. The modifiers of any other words in its predicate.
XXIX.'-PROPERTIES OF NOUNS-PERSON.
Let us study the meaning of the following sentences,
beillg careful to notice what persons the nouns indicate:
1. I, Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States,
do hereby appoint and set apart Thursday, the twenty-fourth
day of November, to be observed as a day of thanksgiving.
2. James, you may nallle the history topics.
3. Mary is the tallest girl in her class.
We see the subject of the first sentence represents Theo-
dore Roosevelt as the person appointing a day of thanksgiv-
ing. The wards, I, Theodore Roosevelt, and President oj
PROPERTIES OF NOUNS.- PERSON. 39
the United States are used in the same relation, and call
attention to the person speaking.
A noun or a pronoun used to represent a person or per-
sons as speaking or as addressing others in writing, is in
the 1lrst person.
In the second sentence James and you are used to show
us that some one is speaking to or addressing James.
A noun or a pronoun used to represent a person or
persons as spoken to or addressed is in the second person.
In the third sentence ~ary is used to show the person
of whom something is said, M.ary is therefore the person
spoken of.
A noun or a pronoun used to represent the person or
thing spoken of is in the third person.
Person is the use or form of nouns and pronollns that
indicates the speaker,- the person spoken to or addressed,
or the person or thing spoken of.
xxx. - NUMBER.
By studying the following nouns and pronouns we see
that different meanings are shown by the different forms
of the same words: boy, boys; box, boxes; tree, trees;
chair, chairs; fox, foxes; man, men; child, children;
I, we; he, they.
By using the words boy, box, tree, etc., we think of one
of each kind of the objects mentioned. When the words
boys, boxes, trees, etc., are used we think of more than
one of each kind of object mentioned.
Wh~n a single object of a kind is denoted ·by a word,
the word is said to be in the singular number.
When more than one object of a kind is denoted by
a word, the word is said to be in the plural number.
Number is the form of the noun or pronoun which
denotes one object or more than one.
Nouns have two numbers, the singular and the plural.
The singular number of a noun or pronoun is its form
to denote one object.
The plural number of a noun or pronoun is its ~orm
to denote more than one object.
XXXII. - GENDER.
1. Gentral Grant captured Vicksburg.
2. Olara Barton cared for the wounded soldiers.
3. The harvest moon is very beautiful.
In these sentences we notice General Grant is the name
of a man, Clara Barton the name of a woman, the moon
is the name of something neither male nor female.
GENDER. 43
XXXIII. - CASE.
Observe the relation which the words in italics in the
following sentences bear to other words in the same sentence:
1. The wind blows from the sea.
2. Hisfather's house is a beautiful mansion.
S. The Gordon Highlanders are brave soldier,.
4. We heard the distant tra'in.
5. He prepared a home for his mother.
6. Milton, the author of Paradise Lost, was a friend of
Cromwell.
7. I thank '!IOU, my dear friend, for your great kindness.
8. The order having been given, we resumed our march.
NOTB. - When too many hissing sounds would come together, the apos-
trophe alone is added; as, for conscience' sake; the princess' hat
2. The possessive case in the plural is formed by
adding the apostrophe only, if the nominative plural ends
•
m s.
3. But if the nominative plural does not end in s, the
apostrophe and s are added.
4. In compound nouns the sign of the possessive case is
added to the last wOl·d only.
5. When two or more nouns denote joint·possession, the
sign of the possessive is added to the last noun only.
6. But when two or more nouns denote separate posses-
sion, the sign of the possessive is added to each.
NOTE. - We have already seen that personal pronouns have different forms
to represent the diflerent cases.
48 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
XXXIV. - DECLENSION.
Let lIS examine the forms of the nouns boy, man, lady,
child, given below and thus learn their declension.
DECLENSION OF NOUNS.
I is declined as follO'Ws :
Singula,r Plural
Nomi'lUJ,tive. I we
Possessive. my, or mine our, or ours
Obiective. me us
NOTE. -When a person speaks of himself and another, it is in accordance
with good usage to put the pronoun denoting himself last: as, John and I were
present.
XXXVIII.-RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
1. The lady, who was here to see you yesterday, called again
this morning.
2. Bring me the letters that lie on the table.
S. Is this the train which leaves for New York at six o'clock?
4. Tell me what you have read.
5. He used such materials as could be found.
In these sentences tlle words who, that, which, and
as, used to introduce the clauses which explain some word
that goes before them, are called relative pronouns.
The words lady, letters, train, and materials which these
pronouns explain are called antecedents.
A relative pronoun is one that relates to a preceding
noun or pronoun called the antecedent, and connects the
clause which it introduces t~ the antecedent.
NOTE. -Relative pronouns are sometimes called conjunctive pronouns,
because of their conn. Jcting force.
In the fourth sentence we find the word what used to
introduce a clause; but we find no word for the clause
to explain.
The relative pronoun 'lvhat is peculiar in this respect;
it has no antecedent, but fills the place of both antecedent
and relative pronoun.
In sentence nurnber four we might change what,
putting the books that in its place. Our sentence would
then be made to read, Tel~ me the books that you have
read.
The relative pronouns are who, which, that, what, and
as.
58 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
--------
RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 59
Anyone, each one, some one, and the like are equiva-
lent in their use to compounds of one.
1. He infused ,ome
of his enthusiasm into his companions.
2. Some were bright and ,ome were dull.
XLII. - ARTICLES.
XLV.-IRREGULAR COMPARISON.
NUMBER OF ADJECTIVES. 73
NOTB. - The word transitive is derived from the Latin verb tranaire, which
means to paBB ooer.
L.- VOICE.
LI.-MODE.
1. John write•• 8. Oome home.
2. Were he here I would anwwer him. 4. I wish to go.
In these sentences writes expresses a fact, were expresses
a supposition or a condition, would anstver expresses an
inclination, come expresses a command or request, and to
go merely names an action.
The use or form of ·the verb that indicates the manner
of expressing an act or state is called mode.
Study these sentences to see whether the act or state, is
expressed, as a FACT, as a SUPPOSITION, as a CONDITION,
as an INCLINATION, as a REQUEST, or merely as the NAME
OF AN ACTION:
80 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
,
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 81
When, however, the conjunction is omitted, a part or the
whole of the verb is usually placed before the subject.
The subjunctive mode is the use or form of the verb
that expresses what is uncertain, wished for, intended to
result or conditionally llntrue.
1.. Study lest you fail.
2. Oh! that he were here !
3. The judge decided that the man be imprisoned three
months.
4. Were he dead the world would be as well off.
A study of these sentences shows that the subjunctive
mode may express:
1. An uncertain future.
2. A wish.
3. An intended result~
4. A condition thought of as uncertain or untrue.
84 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
LVI. - TENSE.
1. The Bun is setting.
2. The Bun set yesterday.
8. The sun will set at six o'clock.
The uses of the verb set in the above sentences show us
that the time of the setting of the sun is expressed as
88 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
1. I am writi1l{J.
2. I was reading when you came in.
TENSE. 91
The progressive form of tenses is expressed in the
above sentences, and represents an act or state as continu"
ing at the time referred to .
. EMPHATIC }'ORK:
1. I do work.
2. I did read an entire hour.
'!'he emphatio form of tenses is expressed by the above
sentences, and expresses an act or state with positiveness.
Do or did help to make the emphatic forms of tenses.
1. I did not Bee you yesterday.
2. He did not arrive as we expected.
1. I am. s. He is.
2. Thou art. 4. We are.
In these sentences the verbs am, art, i3, and are are
said to agree with· th~ir subjects I, thou, he, and we. As
the subjects have person and number, the verbs agreeing
with them are also said to have person and number.
In what person and number is ant in the first sentence?
art in the second sentence? is in the third sentence? are
in the fourth sentence?
PERSON AND NUMBER. 93
Singular. Plural.
I am. We are.
Thou art. You are.
He is. They are.
•
94 ENGLISH GRllI1tIAR.
4. The time for action has come; will you lose your oppor-
tunity now?
5. Men of thought and men of action, clear the way.
6. What have you learned from your books that will help
you in life?
7. I consent, sir, to this Constitution, because I expect no
better, and because I am not sure that it is not the best.
8. You have in a common cause fought and triumphed
together.
9. Observe good faith and justice toward all nations; culti-
vate peace and harmony with all.
10. It was one of the bravest deeds I ever witnessed.
11. Often there were five hundred negroes to 8 single white
man, and yet through these dusky throngs the women and
childrell walked in safety, and the unprotected homes rested in
peace.
---------
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS. 96
INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. Plural.
1. I have. 1. We have.
2. Thou bast. 2. You have.
S. He has. S. They have.
S.ngular. Plural.
1. I shall have. 1. We shall have.
2. Thou wilt have. 2. Y ou will have.
S. He will have. 3. They will have.
98 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
8i"'l1ular. Plural.
1. I will have. 1. We will have.
2. Thou shalt have. 2. You shall have.
S. He shall have. S. They shall have.
PAST TENSE.
Singular. Plural.
1. (If) I had. 1. (If) we had.
2. (If) thou hadst. 2. (If) you had.
3. (If) he had. S. (If) they had.
IMPERATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
8i'A{1'Ular. Plura.l.
2. Have (thou) 2. Have (you or ye).
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB HAVE. 99
INFINITIVE MODE.
PRE8ENT TEN8E. PRE8ENT PERFECT TEN8E.
NOTE. - The pronoun 1/01.£ will be used in the second person singular in
the conjugation of the verbs that follow instead of thou, in accordance with
modem usage.
100 ENGLISH GRAK1tIAR.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. Plural.
1. I do. 1. We do.
2. You do. 2. You do.
S. He does. 3. They do.
P A8T TENSE.
Singular. Plural.
1. I did. 1. We did.
2. You did. 2. You did.
3. He did. 3. They did.
PRINCIP.A.L PARTS.
INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
StfIqUZar. Plural.
1. I am. 1. We are.
2. You are. 2. You are.
S. He is. S. They are.
8t'llfTUlar• Plural.
1. I have been. 1. We have been.
2. You have been. 2. You have been.
S. He has been. S. They have been.
PAST TENSE.
Singular. Plural.
1. I was. 1. We were.
2. You were. 2. You were.
3. He was. S. They were.
102 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
JPUTURB TENSE.
8iRflUlar. Plural.
1. I shall be. 1. We shall be.
2. l'OU will be. 2. You will be.
s. He will be. 8. They will be.
Or to express determination:
1. I will be. 1. We will be.
2. You shall be. 2. You shall be.
S. He shall be. 3. They shall be.
8iftllUlar. Plural.
1. I shall have been. 1. WOe shall have been.
2. You will have been. 2. You will have been.
8. He will have been. 8. They will have been.
Or to express determination:
1. I will have been. 1. We will have been. ~I
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
(ITsually follows 1/, tAougA, leat, that, etc.)
As all the tenses are formed regularly, the ftrst. person singnlar cml1 iI
given for each tense.
PRESENT TENSB.
Singular. (If) I be.
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB BE. 103
PRESENT TENSE.
8if&l1Ul,ar. Plural.
1. I may be. 1. We may be.
2. You may be. 2. Y ou may be.
S. He may be. S. They may be.
In the same way conjugate can be and must be.
PRESENT PERFEOT TENSE.
Singular. Plural.
1. I may have been. 1. We may have been.
2. You may have been. 2. Y ou may have been.
S. He may have been. S. They may have been.
In the same way conjugate can have been and must have
been.
PAST TENSE.
8if&l1Ul,ar • Plural.
1. I might be. 1. We might be.
2. You might be. 2. You might be.
S. He might be. S. They might be.
104 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
INFINITIVE MODE.
PRESBNT TENSE. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
PARTICIPLES.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. Plural. •
1. I love. 1. We love.
2. You love.
~
2. You love.
S. He loves. S. They love.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
8i"'l1ular. Plural.
1. I have loved. - 1. We have loved.
2. You have loved. 2. You have loved.
S. He has loved. 3. They have loved.
PAST TENSE.
Singular. Plural.
1. I loved. 1. We loved.
2. y ou loved. 2. You loved..
3. He loved. 3. They loved.
PAST PERFECT TENSE.
8ingula.r. . Plural.
1. I had loved. 1. We had loved.
. 2. Y ou had loved. 2. Y ou had loved.
s. He had loved. 3. They had loved.
FUTURE TENSE.
8ingular. Plural.
1. I shall love. 1. We shall love.
2. You will love. 2. Y ou will love.
S. He will love. .3. They will love,
106 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Or to express determination:
1. I will love. 1. We will love.
2. You shall love. 2. You shall love.
S. He shall love. S. They· shall love.
Or to express determination:
1. I will have loved. 1. We will have loved.
2. You shall have loved. 2. You shall have loved.
S. He shall have loved. 3. They shall have loved.
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
(Usually follows if, though, leat, that, etc.)
The first person singular of each tense only is given. The other forms can
readily be supplied.
PRESENT TENSB.
INFINITIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE. PERFECT TENSE.
PARTICIPLES.
PRESENT. PAST. PERFECT.
PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
8i"f1'Ular. I am loved.
.
PAST TENSE•
FUTURE TENSE.
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
(Usua11y follows if, though, lest, that, etc.)
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. Plural.
1. If I be loved. . 1. If we be loved.
2. If you be loved. 2. If you be loved.
3. If he be loved. 3. If they be loved.
PAST TENSE.
IMPERATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. Plural.
2. Be (thou) loved. 2. Be (you or ye) loved.
,.,
INFINITIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
PARTICIPLES.
PRESENT. PAST. PERFECT.
PROGRESSIVE FORM.
INDICATIVE MODE.
The first person singular of each tense only is given here. All the other
forms can easily be formed from those given.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. I am loving.
P A.~T TENSE.
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
(Usually follows if, though, lest, thaJ" etc.)
110 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. Plural.
1. (li) I be loving. 1. (ll) we be loving.
2. (If) you be loving. 2. (If) you be loving.
S. (If) he be loving. S. (If) they be loving.
PAST TENSE.
IMPERATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
INFINITIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE. PRESENT PERFECT TENS&
PARTICIPLES.
EMPHATIC FORM.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. I do love.
PAST TENSE.
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
PRESENT.
IMPERATIVE MODE.
PRESENT.
PARTICIPLES .
. PRESENT.
PAST.
PERFECT.
ACTIVE VOICE.
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
POTENTIAL MODE.
IMPERATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE
PARTICIPLES.
PASSIVE VOICE.
PROGRESSIVE FORM.
The progressive form is made by adding the present
participle to the different tenses of the various modes of
the verb to be:
I am flJallcing. I am writi1l(J.
EMPHATIC FORM.
The emphatic form is made by placing the present
and past forms of the auxiliary do before the present and
past tenses of the indicative mode:
I do try. I did study.
bake baked
I
baked
baken
be, am was been
bear (bring forth) bore bom
bare
bear (to carry) bore bome
beat
bare
beat Ibeaten
beat
become became become
begin began begun
behold beheld beheld
bend bent, B. bent, R.
bereave bereft, B. bereft, B.
beseech besought besought
bet bet, B. bet, R.
bid bid, bade bidden, bid
bind bound bound
bite bite bitten, bi~
bleed bled bled
bless blest, B. blest, B.
blow blew blown
break I broke
brake
broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
IRREGULAR VERBS. 119
heB. Past. Past Part.
build built, R. built, R.
burn burnt, R. burnt, R.
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
can could
cast CRst cast
catch caught, R. caught, R.
chide chid { chidden
chid
choose chose
chosen
clea ve (to split) clove, R. cloven
cleft or clave cleft
cleave (to adhere) clave, R. cleaved
cling clung clung
clothe clad, R. clad, R.
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
crow crew, R. crowed
cut cut cut
dare durst, R. dared
deal dealt dealt, R.
dig dug, I~. dug, R,.
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt, R. dreamt, R.
dress drest, R. drest, R.
{ drank
drink drQnk
drunk
drive drove driven
dwell dwelt, R. dwelt, R.
120 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
·
nng Irang
rung rung
·
nse rose nsen
.
·
nve rived riven, R.
run ran run
saw sawed sawn, R.
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
seethe seethed sodden, R.
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set· set set
shake shook shaken
shall should
shape shaped shapen, R.
shave shaved shaven, R.
shear sheared shorn, R.
shed shed shed
shine shone, R. shone, R.
shoe shod shod
shoot shot shot
show showed shown, R.
shred shred, R. shred, R.
shrink f shrunk 1
shrunk:
shrank shrunken
shut shut shut
·
Blng { sang
sung
sung
sink I sunk
sank
sunk
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 123
Pres. Past. Past Part.
sit sat sat
slay slew slain
sleep slept slept·
slide slid
t slidden
slid
sling slung slung
slink: slunk slunk
slit slit slit, R.
smell smelt, R. smelled
.{ smitten
smite smote
smit
sow sowed sown, Ro
{spoke
speak spoken
spake
speed sped sped
spell spelt, R. spelt, R.
spend spent spent
spill spilt, R. spilt, R •
.
spIn , spun, span spun
spit spit, spat spit
split split split
spoil spoilt, R. spoiled
spre.ad spread spread
spnng
. sprang sprung
stand stood stood
stave stove, R. stove, R.
stay staid, R. staid, R.
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
strew strewed strown, R.
124 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
Oaught is a verb.
The principal parts are catch, caught, caught.
It is irregular, transitive, active voice, indicative mode,
past tense, third person, singular ntlmber, to agree with
the subject, Robert.
We see from the above that to parse a verb is to tell :
LXX. - ADVERBS.
LXXIII. - PREPOSITIONS.
1. The bear was caught in a steel trap.
2. He studied till noon.
3. He went by rail to the house of his father.
4. Some toil for glory, some for their fellow-men.
The words in, till, by, to, 0/, and/or, in these sentences
are prepositions, and with the following nouDS, form
phrases; they also show certain relations between their
objec~s and the words which the phrases modify.
In the first sentence in shows a relation of place between
trap and was caught.
In the second sentence till shows a relation of time
between noon and studied.
-eREPOSITIONS. 133
In the third sentence by shows a relation of means
between rail and went,. to, a relation of place between
house and went,. of, a relation of possession betweenfather
and house.
In the last -sentence, the first for shows a relation of
purpose between glory and toil, the second for shows a
relation of purpose between fellow-men and toil.
The most common relations shown by prepositions are,
place, time, means or agency, purpose or end, separation,
opposition, substitution, and possession.
A preposition is a word which, with the following
noun or pronoun, forms a phrase, and shows the relation
of its object to the word whose me~ning the phrase
I modifies.
LXXVI.-CO-ORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS.
LXXVIL-SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS.
LXXXI. - INTERJECTIONS.
LXXXIV. - SNYTAX.
2. An adverbial phrase:
1. The river empties into th.e lake.
2. Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation with fear-
le,s independence.
3. The street was filled with a hurryi'1l{/ thro'1l{/.
4. The farmer plans to make hay in pleaBant weather.
5. He worked to win the prize.
6. He studied to master his profes,ion.
7. The physicians did all in their power to prolong the life oj
their distinguished patient.
3. A clause:
1. Go where glory waits thee.
2. W sit till the enemy comes near.
3. The good soldier fights that he mag win.
XCV. - AGREEMENT.
It is easily seen that this and that are used with nouns
in the singular, and these and those with nouns in the
plural number.
Avoid the common error of using these or those with a,
singular noun. •
Adjectives that express number agree with their
nouns in number.
W rite sentences using this and that, these , and those,
with kind . kinds, sort, sorts, sample, samples, lot and
lots. (See pages 73, 74.)
CI. - GOVERNMENT.
We express the fact that the objective case follows
prepositions and transitive verbs by the following rules:
The object of a transitive verb is in the objective case.
The object of a preposition is in the objective case.
Is th~s
a time to be cloudy and sad,
When our mother Nature laughs around,
When even the deep blue heavens look glad,
And gladness breathes from the blossoming ground?
QUOTATION MARKS.
1. It was Thomas Carlyle who said, "·Insincere speech,
truly, is the prime material of insincere action."
2. "Life is 8 quarry, out of which we are to mold and
chisel and complete a character," said Goethe.
These sentences show that quoted passages are usually
preceded or followed by the comma. .
8. Phillips Brooks spoke these words: "Obedience must be
the struggle of our life; obedience, not hard and forced, but
ready, loving, and spontaneous."
This sentence shows that a quoted passage, when for-
mally introduced, is preceded by the colon.
4. "The only failure a man ought to fear," says George
Eliot, "is failure in cleaving to the purpose he sees best."
This sentence shows that the divided quotation is
separated from the dividing statement by commas.
These sentences show the use of the quotation marks
and the proper punctuation of quoted passages.
180 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
THE DASH.
1. The boy - oh! where was he?
2. The meaning of life, of its happiness and its sorrows, of
its successes and disappointments, is this - that a man must be
fastened close to God, and live by the divine life made his own
by the close binding of the two together by faith and love.
S. The great Creator knows that each soul needs full de-
-velopment -the flower and the gem, the rock and the iron-
or the whole being is incomplete.
4. To die,- to sleep!
To sleep I perchance to d~am; ay, there's the rub.
5. Yet stay, 0 stay!
Go not 80 soon - I know not what I say-
~ear but my reaSODS - I ~m mad I fear.
PARENTHESES.
1. I will send him to a friend (if friend I have), who will
care for him.
2. Know then this truth (enough for man to know);
Virtue alone is bappiness below.
It will be seen that parentheses are used to inclose
what might be omitted without destroying the sense, and
PUNCTUATION OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. 181
that the other marks of punctuation are used as they
would be if the parts inclosed were omitted.
It should be stated that the dash and parentheses are
less used than formerly, and that it would be quite pos..
sible to use other marks in their places.
CXIV. - ROOTS.
---------
PREFIXES. 191
CXV. - PREFIXES.
LATIN. ENGLISll.
CXVI. - SUFFIXES.
Try to think of words ending in ship, as friendship;
in ling, a~ duckling; ful, as beautiful; less, as fearless;
ly, as manly; in some, as gladsome; in ish, as boyish; in
er or or, as flier, actor; and in mt or ant, as student,
assistant. When you have thought of several words
fonned with each suffix, think what the suffix means.
It is easy.to find the force of a suffix by using it in
several words. Thus, ness in goodness, freshness, fine-
ness, greatness, means the state or quality of the adjec-
tive to which it is suffixed. In the ly that forms so many
adverbs we have the word like worn down by much use
to ly: cleverly is cleverlike; goodly is goodlike.
Some of these suffixes are old Saxon inflections that
have been kept; as the en in oxen and in children is an
old plural.
The th in truth, strength, wealth, is an old inflection.
In such words as wisdom, freedom, the dom is an old
Saxon word meaning judgment, so these words are old
compounds.
Use each of the above suffixes in at least two sentences.
The suffixes here used are only a few of the many that
are found in the language.
Make lists of prefixes and of suffixes as you find them
in new words.
198 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
under the very windows of the town, and these, oddly enough,
were generally sea captains, who either did not understand the
river, or lacked the skill to handle a small craft.
3~. It took us an hour or two to transport our stores to the
spot selected for the encamplnent. Having pitched our tent,
using the five oars to support the canvas, we got out our lines
and went down the rocks seaward to fish. It was early for
cunners, but we were lucky enough to catch as nice a mess as
ever you saw. A cod for the chowder was not so easily secured.
At last Binny Wallace hauled in a plump little fellow crested
allover with flaky silver.
202 ENGLISH GRAMMAB.
35. The every-day cares and duties, which men call drudg-
ery, are the weights and counterpoises of the clock of time,
giving its pendululn a true vibration, and its hands a regular
, motion; and when they cease to hang upon the wheels, the
pendulum no longer swings, the hands no longer move, the
clock stands still.
36. But Ernest turned sadly from the wrinkled shrewdness
of that sordid visage, and gazed up the valley, where, amid a
gathering mist, gilded by the last sunbeams, he could still dis-
tinguish those glorious features which had impressed them-
selves into his soul. Their aspect cheered him. What did the
benign lips seem to say?
37. While Ernest had been growing up and growing old, a
bountiful Providence had granted a new poet to this earth.
He, likewise, was a native of the valley, but had spent the
greater part of his life at a distance from the romantic region,
pouring out his sweet music amid the bustle and din of cities.
88. Political eminence and professional fame fade away and
die with all things earthly. Nothing of character is really per-
manent but virtue and personal worth. These remain. What-
ever of excellence is wrought into the soul itself belongs to
both worlds. Real goodness does not attach itself merely 'to
this life: it points to another world. Political or professional
eminence cannot last forever; but a conscience void of offense
before God and man is an inheritance for eternity.
39. If I am weak and you are strong,
Why then, why then
To you the braver deeds belong;
And so again,
If you have gifts and I have none,
If I have shade and you have sun,
204 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
that the vast herds of deer, elk, and buffalo, which once pas-
tured on these hills and in these valleys, have ceased to exist;
when I reflect that this grand portion of our Union is now
more or less covered with villages, farms, and towns, where the
din of hammers and machinery is constantly heard, - that the
woods are fast disappearing under the ax by day and the fire
by night, that h':lldreds of steamboats are plying to and fro
over the whole length of our majestic rivers; when I remember
that these extraordinary changes have all taken place in the
short period of twenty years, - I pause, wonder, and, although
I know all to be true, can scarcely believe its reality.
59. Gentlemen, soldiers, comrades, the silken folds that twine
about us here, for all their soft and careless grace, are yet 8S
strong as hooks of steel r They hold together a united people
and a great nation; for realizing the truth at last - with no
wounds to be healed and no stings of defeat to remember-
the South says to the North, as simply and as truly as was said
three thousand years ago in the far away meadow on the shores
of the mystic sea: "Whither thou goest I will go, and where
thou lodgest I will lodge; thy people shall be my people, and
thy God my God."
60. Build thee more stately mansions, 0 my soul,
As the swift seasons roll!
Leave thy low-vaulted past r
Let each new temple, nobler than the last,
Shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast,
Till thou at length art free,
Leaving thy out-grown shell by life's unresting sea r
208 ENGLISH· GRAMMAR.
mores of the lake; but two pairs of Hashing. eyes, like glowing
red hot coals, told us where" the tiger cats thought themselves
concealed.
20. Flowers expand their" light and 8oul-like wings
Teaching us by most persuasive reasons.
21. Twelve fiery tongues flashed straight and red,
Six leaden balls on their err.and sped.
22. The ceaseless rain is falling fast,
And yonder gilded vane,
Immovable for three days past,
Points to the misty main.
28.. Whene'er a noble deed is wro~ght,
Whene'er is spoken a noble thought,
Our hearts in glad surprise,
To higher levels rise.
24. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free;
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
25. By day, a wanner-hearted blue
Stoops softly to that topmost swell;
Its thread-like windings seem a clew
To gracious climes where all is well.
26. In happy homes he saw the light
Of household fires gleam warm and bright.
27. My life is cold and dark and dreary,
It rains, and the wind is never weary.
28. Then most musical and solemn,
Bringing back the olden times,
With their strange unearthly changes,
Rang the melancholy chimes.
214 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
--- him; this, this alone, can adequately illustrate his services to
mankind.
82. Solemnly, D10Urniully,
Dealing its dole,
The Curfew Bell
Is beginning to toll.
88. It was only a tiny seed,
Carelessly brushed aside;
But it grew in time to a noxious weed,
And spread its poison wide.
5. That one must not speak aloud is the rule of the school.
6. Where the ball is cannot be discovered.
7. The idea that he could not do it was lidiculous.
8. We knew that they had left.
9. Tell the gentleman what you have done.
10. They saw immediately that the boy was helpless.
11. That the rope broke was now apparent.
12. The brakeman told us what he knew of the accident.
13. That the children are safe is now assured.
14. George knows that his father has come.
15. That you were with them is quite certain.
16. I cannot now decide what to do for them.
17. That you should s~y is the wish of all.
18. Many learn by sad experience that the way of the trans-
gressor is hard.
19. That they would come was well known.
20. You will see that the case does not fail.
21. That the box was empty on its arrival was Ilia opinion.
22. That its rhymes are alternate throughout is evidence of
its author.
28. Then would my spirit fear
To say I so have loved.
24. Where you have hid the jewels will be discovered soon.
25. The whole nation learned with dismay that the Emperor
had surrendered.
26. What we can do in the circumstances is now the impor-
tant question.
27. The shepherd modestly replied,
"I ne'er the paths of learning tried."
28. That he should refuse your first offer is natural.
29. That the sagacious animal was 8e~aible of the insult
was soon discovered.
224 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
his men in a semicircle with their faces to the crowd and their
rear to the Custom House. .
28. Up to this very moment, the angry feelings between
England and America might have been pacified.
29. The perils shared, the victories won in the old French
War, with their comrades from beyond the sea, were unfor-
gotten yet.
30. Far in the Northern land,
By the wild Baltic's strand,
I, with my childish hand,
Tamed the gerfalcon.
31. The breezy call of incense-breathing morn,
The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed,
The cock's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn,
No more shall. rouse them from their lowly bed.
82. But knowledge to their eyes her alnple page
Rich with 'the spoils of time did ne'er unroll.
33. The elder was a man about five and fifty, tall and lean,
with a wiry frame, dark grizzled hair, and a shaven face.
34. But always afterwards, on occasions of ceremony, he
wore that quaint old French sword of the commodore's.
14. When the Civil War broke out, Jackson was commander
of the First Virginia Brigade.
15. At a hint from the general, all left the tent, and the en-
raptured father remained with his dear boy.
16. That the earth moves round the sun was unknown in
ancient times.
17. Roger Williams talked so boldly that the magistrates
sentenced him to be banished.
18. When these states began to be settled, the country was
a wilderness.
19. They were dressed in their gayest apparel, and the
Indian lords vied with one another in the display of costly
ornaments and jewels on their persons.
20. When the people gathered for worship, their muskets
were stacked at the door.
21. When he saw that these heights were not strongly
guarded, he believed that he could capture the town.
22. The English statesmen said that America was growing
too fast.
23. How an acorn becomes an oak is a mystery, but it. is
only one of a thousand.
24. If you would make your blows count, strike while the
iron is hot. .
25. The French officer who visited the mother of W Rshing-
ton said, "No wonder the Americans have such a leader."
26. Three days previous there was a general fast, and no fire
was allowed to be lighted in the dwellings.
27. Gold was said by the people to be the tears of the sun,
and every part of the interior of the temple glowed with bur-
nished plates and studs of the precious metal.
28. In like manner, three more assaults were repulsed, and ere
sunset the enemy had lost forty-five men in killed and wounded.
KINDS OF SENTENCES, PHRASES, AND CLAUSES. 231
29. The inhabitants in their ignorance had gradually aban-
dOlled their hopes of release, but they spurned the summons
to surrender.
SO. The words of the stout burgomaster inspired 8 new
courage in the hearts of those who heard him, and a shout
of applause and defiance arose from ~he famishing but en-
thusiastic crowd.
S1. In the center of the stage was a splendid canopy,
decorated with the arms of Burgundy, beneath which were
placed three gilqed armchairs.
32. "fhe first fortress was thus seized, dismantled, set on
fire and passed, and a few strokes of the oars brought the
whole fleet close to Lammen.
S3. Among the peasantry assembled at the feast were two
who had neither danced nor seated themselves at the long table
where all were welcome.
84. The most profound silence reigned in those awful sol-
itudes, which was interrupted only by the cry of the deer which
came to their lairs in that unfrequented spot.
85. Their position would still have enabled them, with finn-
ness, to frustrate the enterprise of the patriots, but the hand of
God, which had sent the ocean and the tempest to the deliver-
ance of Leyden, had struck her enemies with terror likewise.
86. The lights which had been seen moving during the
night were the lanterns of the retreating Spaniards, and the
boy who was now waving his triumphant signal from the bat-
tlements had alone witnessed the spectacle.
S7. Elizabeth looked at the young man, who accompanied
this act of devoted courtesy with a profound reverence, and
with a blush that overspread his whole countenance.
38. The young cavalier was guided to the waterside by the
pensioner, who showed him considerable respect. He ushered
282 ENGLISH GRlllMAR.
him into one of the royal wherries which lay ready to a~nd
the queen's barge, which was already proceeding up the river.
89. It did not take the partridge long to find ou~ how
sweet its buds were, and every winter eve she flew, and still
flies, from the wood to pluck them, much to the farmers'sorrow.
40. John tried again and again, and at last his efforts were
crowned with success.
41. The rain fell steadily for hours, and at last the thirsty
earth seemed glad.
42. Mr. Spencer especially loved song birds, and the birds
•
seemed to know this, for many built nests in the trees about
his home.
43. Joe's father gave him 8 small piece of land to plant for
himself; and Joe was so much pleased to have 8 garden of his
own, that his became one of the. best gardens in the village.
44. This was u~red in a tone and with a gesture which
made Lord Sussex's friends who were within easy hearing
tremble.
45. Beyond the Nubian and scaree visible from without,
lay the huge dog, which inight be termed his brother slave,
and which, as if he felt awed by being transferred to a royal
owner, was crouched close to the side of the mute.
46. The door of Scrooge's counting-house was open, that
he might keep his eye upon his clerk, who in a dismal little
cell beyond, a sort of tank, was copying letters.
47. When anything that was read or related displeased
him, he ,vas observed to smoke his pipe vehemently, and to
send forth ShOlt, frequent, and angry puffs; but when pleased
he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it
in light and placid clouds.
48. The neighbors stared when titey heard it; some were
seen to wink at each other, and put their tongues in their
KINDS OF SENTENOES, PHRA.S~S, AND OLAUSES. 2SB
cheeks; and the self-important man in the cocked hat, who
when the &luln was over, had returned to the field, screwed
down the corners of his mouth and shook his head, - upon
which there was a general shaking of the head throughout the
assemblage.
49. Three millions of people, armed in the holy cause of
liberty, and in such a country as that we possess, are invincible
_ by any force which our enemy can send against us.
60. Not as the conqueror comes,
They the true hearted came.
Not with roll of stirring drums,
Nor the trumpet that sings of fame.
51. We cherish every memorial of these worthy ancesoors;
we admire their daring enterprise; we teach our children to
venerate t~eir piety; and we are justly proud of being de-
scended from men who have set the world the exanlple of
founding civil institutionS on the great and united principles
of human freedom and human knowledge.
52. A new spirit of enterprise and industry begins to pre-
vail; all the great interests of society receive a salutary im-
pulse; and the progress of information not only testifies to
an improved condition, but of itself constitutes the highest
and most essential improvement.
53. Somewhat apart from the village, and nearer the Basin
of Minas,
Benedict Bellefontaine, the wealthiest farmer of Grand-
Pre,
Dwelt on his goodly acres; and with him, directing his
household,
Gentle Evangeline lived, his child and the pride of the
village.
234: ENGLISH GRAMMA.R.
CXXXI.-USES OF NOUNS.
Antecedent, Be,
agreement of, 60, 61, 166 auxiliary verb, 96, 101-104
exercises In use of, 61, 61 But,
may be, 60 cOOrdinate conjunction, 137
of relative pronoDD, 67 relative pronoun, 60
omitted, 69, 60
of it, M Can,
of what, 67, 69 auxiliary verb, 96
of whoever, whichever, whatever, Case,
Wh080,wh08Oever, whatBoever,69 agreement of, 162-164
Appositives, nominative, 44-46, 161, 162, 162,
agreement of, 48, 163, 164 163
case of, 48, 163, 164 objective, 44-46, 48, 163
meaning of, 48 of appositives, 48, 164
~Apostrophe, 173 possessive, 44-47
Arrangement, Clauses, 17
of adjective modifier, 168 adjective, 16-18, 29-31, 147, 148,
of adverbial modifier, 168 150, 164, 221
of complement of predicate, 168 adverbial, 17, 18, 29-31, 34, 147,
of modifiers of subject, 168 148, 150, 151, 157, 221
of modifiers, 168 how used, 219, 220, 222, 226, 229
of object, 168 noUD, 16-18, 147-149
of prepositions, 168 non-restrictive, 188
of thought, 167 restrictive, 188
of words, 167 Complete predicate,
Articles, 67 of verbs. 22
definite, 67, 68 Complex sentence, 18,28, 29, 30, 147
indefinite, 67 analysis of, 34
As, punctuation of, 182
conjunction, 138, 139 Climax, 172
relative pronoun, 67, 60 Collecti ve noUD, 37
Auxiliary verbs, Colon, 179
be, 96, 101-104 Comma, 179, 181, 184
conjugation of, 97-104 Common nouD, 37
can, 96 Comparison,
do, 100, 101 of adjectives, 68, 71
defined, 96 of ad verbs, 129, 130
have, ~99 Compound sentence, 18, 28, 30, 31-33
may, 96 analysis of, 85
shall, 96, 97 kinds of, 148
wliJ 00, 97
I punctuation of, 184
use of, 96 Compound words, 189
INDEX. 263
Concrete noun, 87 Defective verbs,
Conjuga,t\on, defined, 96
d~fined, 96 beware, 116
Conjugation of, caught, 116
be, 101, quoth, 116
can, 96 to wit, 116
do, 100 Definite article,
have, 97 the,68
love, 105 Derivative words, 188, 189
may, 96 .- Dictionary,
emphatic forms, 100, 110, 115 use of, 198
interrogative forms, 101 Do,
progressive forms, 109, 110, 116 auxiliary verb, 100
shall, 96 doesn't, 100
will, 96 don't, 100
Conjunctions,
coordinate, 137, 138 Each,
correlative, 140 adjective pronoun, 62
parsing, 141 each one, 68
subordtnate, 138-140 each other, as
use of, illustrated, 12, 137-140, 142 Either,
Conjunctive, adjective pronoun, 62
adverb, 140 Either-or,
adverb defined, 141 correlative conjunctions, 140
use of, illustrated, 140, 141 Elder, 72
pronoun (note), 67 Elements of sentences, 161
Co6rdinate conjunctions, 137, 138 Emphatic,
defined, 137 forms of the verb, 100, 110, 116
use of, lllustrated, 137, 138 English grammar,
defined, 1
Dash, Exclamatory sentence,
use of, illustrated, 180 classification of, 161
Declarative sentence, defined, 2
defined, 2 examples of, 2, 3
use of, shown, 168, 169 meaning of, 168, 160
:Jeclension of,
noUDS, 49 Eeminine gender,
interrogative pronoun, 56 defined, 48
personal pronouns, 63, 54 illustrated by word forms, 42, 43, 44
relative pronouns, 68 First,
Defective verbs, the first, 68
auxiliary, 115 use of, 68
264 INDEX.
Sentenoes, Tenses,
punctuation of, 181-184 past, 89
Shall, past perfect, 89
auxilIary verb, 96 present, 89
use.of, 96 present perfect, 89
Simile, 170 That,
Simple sentence, adjective pronoun, 62
(see Sentences, 2, 29, 33, 181) cases of, 69
Statements, relative pronouD, 67
defined, 4 subordinate conjunction, 18$
in COIDplex Sentences, 18, 28 use of, 59, 189
in Compound Sentences, 28,29, 86 The,
kinds of, 17, 28, 80, 31 definite article, 68
Stems, 195 use of, 88 adverb, 68
Subject, 4, 20, 147 This,
and predicate, 208, 224 adjective pronoUD, 62
clause as, 16 use of, 62
compound, 29 Thou,
phrase as, 15 declined, 68
simple and complete, 26 personal pronoun, 63, 54
Subjunctive mode, use of, 54
conjugation of, 98, 106 To,
defined, 81 preposition with infinitive, 82
may express, SO, 81 Transitive verbs,
Subordinate conjunctions, conjugation of, 105
defined, 139 defined, 75
explained, 188, 189 explained, 76, 76
Suffixes, 197 voice of, 78, 79
Superlative degree,
(see Comparison, 68-70, 129) Verbs, 7
Synecdoche, 171 auxiliary, 96
Syntax, emphatic forms of, 110, 116
defined, 146 complements of, 166
laws of, 146 conjugation of, 96-110
defective, 116
Tenses, 87 impersonal, 116
agreement of, 166, 167 intransitive, 76, 241
conjugation of, 97-112 irregular, 90
defined, 88 irregular, list of, 117
formation of, 112-116 parsing, 126
future, 88, 90 progressive forms of, 109, 11ft
future perfect, 90 transitive, 75, 241
INDEX. 269
Verbs, Who,
regular, 94, 95, 105 declined, 56, 68
Voice, interrogative pronoun, 55, 56
defined, 78 relative pronoun, 58
active, 79 uses of, 55, 66, 69
passi ve, 79 Words,
compound, 189
What, derivative, 189
antecedent of, 57, 59 kinds of, Anglo-Saxon, French,
compounds of, 68, 59 Latin, Greek, 186-189
interrogative pronoun, 65. 66 prefixes of, 191
relative pronoun, 57 primitive, 188
uses of, 55, 56, 59 simple, 189
Which, spoken, 1
compounds of, 58 stems of, 189, 195-197
declined, 68 suffixes of, 197
interrogative pronoun, 55, 56 uses of, 144
relative pronoun, 57 written, 1
uses of, 55, 56, 59
Who, You,
antecedent of, 60 declined, 53
c.ompounds of, 68 personal pronoun, 53
The End.