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6583
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 9 (2016) pp 6583-6590
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Leader-Follower Model
In an inertial reference frame, the configuration of the robot i Controller Design
is given by the position of the centre between its two wheels Based on the TVSMC method, the switching surface starts
(xi,yi) and the angle θi of its heading direction. The heading moving uniformly (i.e. with a constant velocity) in the state
direction is the line perpendicular to the axes of wheel space and then it stops at a time instant > , where is the
rotations, and it is positive in the direction of forward motion. initial time, the details of the method is well described by
The position of the robot is defined by qi = (xi,yi,θi ). The Andrzej Bartoszewicz in [5]. As shown in Fig2. Once the
kinematics of a robot "i" is described by Equation (1) and the surface reaches the origin of the error coordinate frame, it
nonholonomic constraint, where the driving wheels are stops moving and remains fixed and time-invariant.
assumed to roll purely and do not slip is expressed by
Equation (2), [16].
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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 9 (2016) pp 6583-6590
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
fixed and described by equations (9). The controller is Sliding Surface Parameters Design Subject to Input Signal
designed as in the conventional SMC [12], the variable s is Constraint
differentiated and equated to zero to get the equivalent control The constants As, Bs and Cs are chosen in such a way that the
signal on the sliding surface. representative point of the system at the initial time belongs to
(10) the switching surface and subject to a constraint on the input
signal, such that the maximum admissible values of the input
(11) signals are u1max and u2max. It means that the following
Since the desired formation parameters described by and inequalities should be held.
are chosen to be constants values, , and . and (17)
Then equations (4), (5), and (6) are substituting into the
Where, u1max, u2max are constants, which satisfies the following
resulting formulas, the control signals can be obtained with
conditions:
the knowledge that and . Therefore,
equations (12) and (13) express the final control signal form. and
(12) (18)
Which imply that there exist such strictly positive constants
(13) satisfy the following conditions.
To keep the system trajectory staying perfect on the sliding
surface despite the influences of the disturbances, the (19)
reachability condition is essential. Such a condition is satisfied
by using the switching function sgn (si ), is the switching
gain constant, should be chosen to compensate for the system (20)
disturbances, in which the upper limit of the disturbances is The optimal switching surface parameters are given by the
assumed to be known. The sgn (si ) function is always following formulas, considering are strictly positive
replaced by sat (si / i ) to avoid occurring of fast oscillation, constants, which represent the lower bound of the absolute
where i is a small positive value which expresses the value of control signal multiplier, therefore, the complete
boundary layer thickness, the mathematical description of it derivation is illustrated in [4].
is declared in Equation (14). , ,
(21)
(14)
Similarly, for the period , the second control law is
designed, but using the sliding surfaces described by equation
(8). Using the same procedure, the control signals can be
obtained as:
(22)
(15) Where and are the initial values of the linear and
the angular separation errors which depend on the initial
position of the follower and the leader vehicles. The switching
(16) surface stops moving at the time instants, , computed
According to Equations (15) and (16), the control signals
by Equations (21) and (22).
values are dependent on the values of the parameters of the
sliding surfaces, As, Bs and Cs and, ks. Figure 3 illustrates the
block diagram of the overall controlled system of the leader-
Simulation Results
follower approach.
The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm can be verified by
a numerical simulation using Matlab/Simulink software. The
reference desired trajectory is given by y = g(x) =
sin(0.5x)+0.5x+1, and x( ) = . Four robots are used to form
an example of analysis, one robot act as a leader and three act
as followers. For a case study, the initial conditions of the
leader robot (xL(0), yL(0), θL(0)) = (3,2,0), and for a follower
( , ) = (1.5,0.7,2 ) as in follower 3 in Table
[1]. The desired separation parameters are chosen as
and . The parameters of the designed controller
are computed according to the proposed criteria such that
, and and recorded in
Figure 3: The controlled system block diagram of one table [1]. After several running of the simulator, it is found
follower that the suitable value of the bounded layer thickness is equal
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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 9 (2016) pp 6583-6590
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
6586
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 9 (2016) pp 6583-6590
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
In the first case, three followers are put in different initial performances are drawn in Fig.(7-b), As shown in the figure
positions, and it is required from each follower to track the the three followers track the leader correctly. The designed
leader with the same separation parameters. Simulation results controller for each follower is able to get precise values of its
are recorded in table [1], and the system responses are parameters, which verify the powerful of the proposed
depicted in Figure (7-a). Referring to the figure, it is evident method.
that all followers track the leader trajectory precisely, and the
proposed methodology success in determining the appropriate Table 2: System parameters with no disturbances for different
controllers’ parameters without trial and error method. Note desired positions, (Case2).
that the follower which starts far from the leader takes a
longer time to reach the desired situation. Case 2 Follower 1 Follower 2 Follower 3
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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 9 (2016) pp 6583-6590
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
6588
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 9 (2016) pp 6583-6590
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 9 (2016) pp 6583-6590
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
6590