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11/11/2015

INORGANIC
PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY
Rowel P. Catchillar, MS
The Basics of…

THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

Things to remember… Things to remember…


Periods & Groups Group IA: Alkali Metals
The periodic table has a total of 7 Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Metals
periods and 18 groups.
Group VIA: Chalcogens
Groups A are referred to as
representative elements (___ and ___ Group VIIA: Halogens
block) Group VIIIA: Noble Gases
Groups B are transition elements (___ (Sometimes Group O)
block) Group IB: Coinage elements
Inner transition elements include IIB: Volatile elements
_______ and ______ series (___
block)

The Periodic Table Group 1A: Alkali Metals

Most reactive group


Valence electron: 1
Activity ⬆ with atomic number
Alkalinity ⬆ with atomic number
Degree of solvation ⬇ with atomic
number

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Group 1A: Alkali Metals Group 1A: Alkali Metals

HYDROGEN
Aka: “inflammable air”
Lithium
Preparation: LANE PROCESS & Lightest metal
MESSERSCHMIDT PROCESS: 99% PURE Earth
HYDROGEN Discoverer: J.A. Arfvedson
Lightest _____
Cation: ____ or ____; Anion: _____
Isotopes:

1H-most abundant; ______


2H-heavy hydrogen; _____
3H- radioactive: ______

Group 1A: Alkali Metals Bipolar Disorder

Lithium carbonate
Quilonium-R
Lithane
Eskalith
Indication: Bipolar disorder
Relationship with Na?
Component of Lithia water

Group 1A: Alkali Metals Group 1A: Alkali Metals

Compound Important Notes


Li2O Flux in ceramic glazes
SODIUM
LiF manufacture of ceramics the cation of choice to optimize the
Lithium stearate cosmetics, in plastics, and as a pharmaceutical utility of organic
LiC18H35O2 lubricant in powder metallurgy
LiCl manufacture of mineral water, esp.
medicaments (therapeutic action due
lithia water to anion, except NaCl)
reducing agent, esp. in Most abundant ___________ cation
LiAlH4 pharmaceutical and perfume
manufacturing
absorb carbon dioxide, esp. in
spacesuits
LiOH

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Sodium Acetate Sodium Bicarbonate

Urinary and systemic alkalizer Baking soda


Diuretic Systemic antacid
Antacid Carbonating agent
Tests: HCO3- 2nd major extracellular anion
Zinc uranyl acetate Side effects:
(ZnUO2(CH3COO)4) Systemic alkalosis
Mg uranyl acetate (MgUO2(CH3COO)4) Rebound hyperacidity
Cobalt uranyl acetate Edema

Sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate

Forms: primary standard for acid-base


decahydrate is washing soda, sal titrations
soda, soda crystal manufacture of “soda lime glass”
Sesquihydrate is trona, urao Preparation: Solvay Process
Anhydrous is soda ash, calcined Efflorescence: loss of water of
soda crystallization

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Na metabisulfite

Fleet enema Na2S2O5


Cathartic sodium pyrosulfite
Source of P or phosphate Water soluble anti-oxidant

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Sodium chloride Sodium citrate

rock salt Alkalizer


halite buffer
diuretic
table salt
Expectorant
soler salt Sequestering agent (Benedict’s rgt)
Uses: Anticoagulant in vitro (Sodium citrate is
Electrolyte replenisher the anticoagulant of choice for most routine
Tonicity adjuster coagulation studies (Harr, 2007)
Condiments Pro-coagulant in vivo
Preservative

Sodium fluoride Sodium hydroxide

first fluoride compound used in caustic soda; sosa; Lye;


water fluoridation Saponifying agent
anticariogenic (2%solution) Titrant for acids
stimulator of bone formation Component of soda lime (Ca(OH)2;
NaOH, KOH)  CO2 absorber
Very deliquescent substance
Readily attack glass

Sodium phosphate Sodium hypochlorite

reducing agent Dakin’s solution*; chlorox


Daikin’s Solution: 5% NaClO
Modified Dakin’s Solution is Diluted
NaClO solution, NF
Labarraque’s Solution: oxidizing and
bleaching agent
Disinfectant
Bleaching agent

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Sodium iodide Sodium lactate

solubilizer of iodine Antacid (management of acidosis)


Expectorant Diuretic
Antifungal
Treatment of goiter

Sodium nitrite Clinical Correlation:

Salitre (in Philippine market) CN Poisoning


Vasodilator NaNO2
Preservative Amyl nitrite
Treatment of cyanide poisoning Sodium thiosulfate
NaNO2 is highly correlated to brain Others:
tumors, and digestive tract cancer Methylene blue
(Pszezola, 1998) due to Hydroxocobalamin
nitrosamine production

Sodium nitrate Sodium sulfate

Chile Saltpeter Glauber’s salt


Fertilizer (believed to be the oldest Sal mirabile
known inorganic fertilizer) Saline cathartic
Manufacture of explosive
Guggenheim process  extraction
process from ore

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Sodium tartrate Sodium thiocyanate

primary standard of KFR for water NaSCN


content determination Hypotensive agent
(+) K  Rochelle salt

Sodium thiosulfate Others

photographer’s hypo; prismatic Ion exchangers


rice Cellulose sodium phosphate: binds
Chemical antidote in cyanide with calcium
poisoning Sodium polystyrene sulfonate: tx of
Management of iodine toxicity hyperkalemia due to acute kidney
(converts iodine to harmless infection
iodide)  Treatment of iodism:
NaCl

Others Group 1A: Alkali Metals

Sodium starch glycolate POTASSIUM (K)


Saccharin sodium AKA: kalium
Sodium cyclamate Most abundant and predominant
SLS ______________ cation
Sodium stearate Deficiency: hypokalemia 
Sodium alginate paralysis
MSG Toxicity: Hyperkalemia  cardiac
Sodium nitroprusside (infuse arrest
slowly)

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Group 1A: Alkali Metals Potassium Compounds

POTASSIUM (K) K Acetate


Glass modification: K bicarbonate
Potassium gives glass brown and light K carbonate
resistant Carbonate Of Potash
MnO2: masks blue-green color
Salt of tartar
Boron / Borates: decreases the
coefficient of expansion Salt of wormwood
Pb: increase refractive index Pearl ash

Pharmacologic action:
Diuretic; muscle contraction

K dihydrogen phosphate K chloride

Cathartic Kalium durules®


Electrolyte replenisher (slow IV
drip)
Source of potassium
IMPORTANT NOTE: Never give by
rapid IV push

Darrow’s Solution K citrate

KCl diuretic
NaCl expectorant
Na lactate diaphoretic
Water for injection

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K hydroxide K bromide

caustic potash, lye potash Depressant


Saponifying agent
“Saponification value”
Hard soap was made using
soda; soft soap with potash.

K Iodide Sulfurated Potash

Same as sodium iodide liver of sulfur


Component of many reagents heparis sulfur
Wagner’s (K2Sx.K2S2O3)
Mayer’s Preparation of white lotion
Valser’s Reagent (+) zinc sulfate  antipsoriasis

K chlorate K nitrate

Oxidizing agent salt peter, salitre, sal prunelle


Component of gargle and Diuretic
mouthwashes Meat preservative

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K permanganate K sodium tartrate

Mineral chameleon Rochelle salt


Oxidizing agent Sal signette
Antiseptic (1:5000) cathartic
VS in permanganometry sequestering agent
KMnO4  valence of Manganese? Citrate vs Tartrate: Denige’s
BQ: In Permanganometry, what reagent
indicator?

K thiocyanate K bitartrate

hypotensive agent “The only insoluble potassium salt”


Cream of tartar
Creamor
Cathartic

Group 1A: Alkali Metals Ammonium acetate

AMMONIUM spirit of Minderesus


Only hypothetical alkali metal Styptic
Preparation: Haber Process
Pcol action:
Diuretic
Buffer
Expectorant
Anti-cariogenic

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NH4 Carbonate Ammonium chloride

sal volatile Muriate of Hartshorn


Hartshorn Urinary acidifier
preston salt Diuretic
baker’s ammonia expectorant
Uses
expectorant(ammonium)
antacid (carbonate)
respiratory stimulant

Ammoniated mercury Ammonium iodide

HgNH2Cl Source of iodine


White precipitate Expectorant
Topical anti-infective Antifungal

16O ammonia Group 1A: Alkali Metals

Degree Baume CESIUM


10% NH3 Catalyst in polymerization of resin
forming material
First element discovered by the use
of spectroscope (Kirchoff-Bunsen
Spectroscope; 1860) Young, 2000

Spectral line: blue


Rubidum: red (1861)

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Group IB: Coinage Metals Group IB: Coinage Metals

Properties: COPPER
Can occur in free metal state Syn: Cuprum
Complexes / chelates Only reddish metal
Very malleable 3rd most malleable metal
Easy to recover from ore 2nd best conductor
Component of HEMOCYANIN
(respiratory pigment) and cytochrome
oxidase

Group IB: Coinage Metals Wilson’s Disease

COPPER
2 important of alloys:
Brass: Cu +Zn
Bronze: Cu + Sn
Pharmacologic actions:
Protein precipitant
Enhances physiological utilization of iron
Toxicity: Wilson’s disease (Antidote:
penicillamine)

Copper (II) sulfate Copper aceto-arsenate

Cupric sulfate Cu3(AsO3)2.Cu(C2H3O)2


CuSO4.5H2O Insecticide
blue vitriol, blue stone, Roman
vitriol, Salzburg vitriol
Uses
Component of Benedict’s, Barfoed’s
and Fehling’s ingredient
Antidote for Phosphorous poisoning
Ingredient of Bordeaux mixture

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Cuprous citrate Cupric hydrogen arsenite

Hatchett’s brown “Scheele’s green”


Antringent (8%)

Group IB: Coinage Metals Silver nitrate

Silver Lapiz infernulariz, lunar caustic,


Aka: argentum, shining, bright indelible ink, caustic pencil
Oligodynamic property (germicidal Treatment of warts
action) Eye antiseptic for newborn babies
Best conductor of electricity (Dhogal, of mother with gonorrhea
Wet dressing for 3rd degree burn at
1986; Singh & Kaur, 2012; Tiner, 2006; Kubala, 2012;
Spellman & Drinan, 2000) 0.5%
Toxicity: argyria
Antidote: NSS

Ammoniacal silver nitrate Silver Proteinates

Ag(NH3)2NO3
Howe’s solution Mild Silver Argyrol Eye antiseptic, for
Proteinate vaginitis
Dental protective
Desensitizing agent Strong SilverProtargol Germicide for ear
Proteinate and throat
Colloidal Silver Collargol General germicide
Proteinate
Colloidal Silver Lunosol
Chloride *silver protein
stabilizer: Disodium
EDTA

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Group IB: Coinage Metals Gold Preparations

CompoundSynonyms Uses
GOLD
Aurothioglucose Solganal® Treatment of
Aka: Aurum, shining dawn, king of (IM)gout and R.A
all metals  Felty's
Most malleable and ductile syndrome (RA,
3rd best conductor of electricity neutropenia,
Dissolved by: splenomegaly)
Myochrysine® Treatment of goutGold Na
Aqua regia
thiomalate (IM)and R.A
Selenic acid (H2SeO4) > the only Ridaura®AuranofinGiven orally for
SINGLE acid that can dissolve gold RA

Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Group IIA: Alkaline Earth


Metals Metals

BERYLLIUM MAGNESIUM
Never employed in medicine because 2nd most abundant intercellular cation
it is the most toxic metal Present in chlorophyll (Significance:
Fluorescent lamp Photosynthesis)
Present in grignard’s reagent
Natural sources:
As silicates: (talc, asbestos)
As CO3 ( magnesite, dolomite)
As SO4 ( kieserite )

Group IIA: Alkaline Earth


Detection of Magnesium
Metals

MAGNESIUM p-nitrobenzene resorcinol / Magneson


Pcol action: I in alkaline solution  blue lake
Oxine reagent  yellow precipitate
Laxative
Diphenylcarbazide violet- red
Depressant Quinalizarin reagent – blue precipitate
Natural Ca- channel blocker Magnesium vs Beryllium both
Antidote: Ca gluconate produces blue precipitate with
quinalizarin reagent; addition of
bromine water differentiates the two.

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Magnesium carbonate Magnesium oxide

Magnesia Calcined Magnesia


Antacid, laxative Antacid, laxative
Component of universal antidote
(1 part) MgO
(2 parts) Activated charcoal
(1 part) tannic acid

Magnesium sulfate Magnesium hydroxide

Epsom salt milk of magnesia, magnesia


Cathartic (PO) magma
Anticonvulsant (IM) FYI: Do you know milk of amnesia?
Pre-eclampsia triad same as magnesium carbonate
Component of Maalox
HPN, proteinuria, edema Side effect: diarrhea  add aluminum
Eclampsia hydroxide
triad + seizure Type of bottle for dispensing milk
Antidote for Ba toxicity of magnesia: BLUE BOTTLE

Hydrated Mg Silicate Magnesium citrate

talc, soapstone, French chalk lemonada purganti


“softest mineral” known purgative lemon
Uses
Filtering agent
Clarifying agent
Dusting powder

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Group IIA: Alkaline Earth Group IIA: Alkaline Earth


Metals Metals

Calcium Calcium
2nd most abundant cation in Pharmacologic action:
extracellular fluid Blood coagulation factor
major constituent of bones and teeth Important muscle contraction
 hydroxyapatite Important release of neurotransmitter
Vitamin D is needed for its maximum Primary element of bones and teeth,
absorption (98-99%)

Group IIA: Alkaline Earth


Calcium bromide
Metals

Calcium Sedative – depressant


Deficiency states:
Osteoporosis: most common bone
disorder; defective bone resorption
Osteomalacia: defective bone
mineralization in adult
Rickets: defective bone mineralization
in children
Hypocalcemia

Calcium carbonate Calcium chloride

precipitated chalk “muriate of lime”


prepared chalk Ca replenisher
calcite
marble
Limestone
Uses:
Antacid
Ingredient of toothpaste
Dentifrice

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Calcium gluconate Calcium hydroxide

Ca supplement and replenisher slaked lime


milk of lime
calcium hydrate
Uses:
Antacid
saponifying agent
prevention of milk curdling 
promoting digestability of the milk

Calcium lactate Calcium biphosphate

Ca supplement source of Ca and PO4

Calcium oxide Calcium phosphate

Lime bone ash


Quicklime Antacid
Calx
Uses
Component of Bordeaux mixture
Insecticide

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Calcium hypochlorite Calcium sulfate

chlorinated lime CaSO4. ½ H2O or 2H2O


chloride of lime plaster of paris (hemihydrate
Uses form)
Disinfectant gypsum (dihydrate)
bleaching agent terra alba
Uses:
Rodenticide
prep of surgical casts and dental
impressions

Group IIA: Alkaline Earth


Dibasic calcium phosphate
Metals

Recommended calcium salt as STRONTIUM


electrolyte replenisher Use: manufacture of flares
Radioactive strontium is used as bone
scanner
Strontium has an affinity for bones and
useful in studying bone lesions

Group IIA: Alkaline Earth


Strontium chloride
Metals

Sensodyne™ BARIUM
temperature desensitizing agent Aka: heavy
Toxicity: Baritosis
Antidote: Epsom salt

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Barium sulfate Barium hydroxide

“barium meal” CO2 absorber


radiopaque subs used for GIT
imaging
Doesn’t dissociate in the GIT
CO2 absorber

Group IIA: Alkaline Earth


Group IIB: Volatile Metal
Metals

RADIUM Property:
Discovered by Curie Exhibit autocomplexation
Board Question: What is the FIRST Only zinc is ampthoteric
radioactive element discovered by
curie? POLONIUM.
Radioactive element use for:

Cancer radiotherapy
Diagnostic purpose

Group IIB: Volatile Metal Zinc chloride

ZINC Burnett’s disinfectant fluid


Present in insulin Component of Lucas reagent
Used to coat iron to make galvanized Astring-o-sol (original formula)
iron Uses:
Deficiency: Parakeratosis Disinfectant/antiseptic
Toxicity: Metal Fume Fever dentin desensitizer
Antidote: NaHCO3 corrosive

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Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide

zinc white white lotion ingredient


lassar’s paste Zinc sulfate + Sulfurated potash
Component of calamine lotion Only “white sulfide”
calamine lotion (Ashton, 2005) Lithopone : 30% ZnS, 70% BaS
Calamine (Zinc Carbonate) 15% Uses
zinc oxide 5% Parasiticide
glycerin 5% topical protectant
water 75%) Antiseptic

Zinc sulfate Hydrated zinc silicate

ZnSO4. 7H2O natural calamine


white vitriol Use: topical protectant
Uses:
Emetic
Ophthalmic astringent (only FDA
approved OTC ophthalmic astringent)
 relief of minor eye irritation

Zinc- eugenol cement Group IIB: Volatile Metal

dental protective CADMIUM


Pcol action: astringent
Other use: manufacture of stink
bomb
Poisoning: “Itai-Itai Disease”
Management: Palliative therapy, EDTA
immediately given after exposure

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Cadmium Compounds Group IIB: Volatile Metal

Cadmium chloride MERCURY (Hg)


Emetic Aka: QUICKSILVER, messenger of
Cadmium sulfide gods
Anti-seborrheic Industrial use: thermometer,
Cadmium sulfide amalgams (dental cement)
Only “yellow sulfide” Disease: Minamata disease, “Pink
Disease” Erethism
Antidote: EDTA

Group IIB: Volatile Metal Mercurous chloride

MERCURY (Hg) Board Questions: HgCl or Hg2Cl2


All mercury salts are poisonous. The Calomel
best antidote is SODIUM Use: cathartic
FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE. Black lotion: calomel + lime water
Question: How to remove mercury
that falls into cracks? Cover with
sulfur

Mercuric chloride Mercury Iodides

Corrosive sublimate Mercurous iodide


Disinfectant Treatment of syphilis
Mercuric iodide
Stimulant of indolent ulcers
Mercuric potassium iodide
Mayer’s reagent

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Mercury compounds Group IIIA: Boron Group

Mercuric oxide BORON


“yellow precipitate” Industrial use: in vulcanizing rubber
Ammoniated Mercury In glass  decreases coefficient of
“white precipitate” expansion
Water soluble mercury
mercury (10-20%)
cetyl alcohol (70%)
SLS, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate,
glycerin and water

Boric acid Boromycin

H3BO3 First natural product w/ boron


sal sativum Isolated from S. antibioticus
Toxicity: lobster appearance Anti-HIV in vitro
Uses:
Buffer (ophthalmic soln 2%)
antiseptic
tonicity adjusting agent

Sodium tetraborate Group IIIA: Boron Group

Na2B4O7. 10H2O ALUMINUM


Borax Most abundant metal
Dobell’s solution 3rd most abundant element
Uses: Pharmacologic uses:
Antiseptic
Astringent
Eye wash Burns (aluminum foil)
Wet dressing for wounds
Toxicity: Shaver’s Disease (bauxide
pneumoconiosis)

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Aluminum chloride Alum

Astringent M+2M+32(SO4).24H2O
Antiseptic M+ is monovalent (Na, K, NH4)
antiperspirant/ deodorant M+3 is trivalent (Al, Tl, Cr or Fe)
[AlNH4(SO4)2. 12H2O] – NH4 salt
[AlK(SO4)2. s12H2O] – K salt
Uses
Astringent
Antiperspirant/deodorant

Aluminum hydroxide Aluminum phosphate

ampojel, cremalin gel Phosphagel


Antacid / protectant Uses
Disadvantages: constipation and Antacid
phosphate deficiency Astringent
Demulcent
Advantage: do not interfere with
PO4 absorption

Aluminum carbonate Aluminum oxide

treatment of phosphatic calculi Alumina


treatment of silicosis

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Aluminum silicate Aluminum silicate

kaolin pumice – volcanic origin


Aka: china clay, native hydrated Use: dental abrasive
aluminum silicate Feldspar
Use: adsorbent in diarrhea Potassium aluminum silicate  most
bentonite common rock
Aka: soap clay, mineral soap, native
colloidal hydrated aluminum silicate,
WILHINITE
Suspending agent

Group IIIA: Boron Group Group IVA: Carbon Group

GALLIUM CARBON
Pcol use: treatment of cancer-related The only element that can form bond
hypercalcemia by binding with with itself (catenation)
transfer
Nonpharma: substitute for mercury in
manufacture of arc lamps
Thallium
Green twigs
Use: ant poison, insecticide

Group IVA: Carbon Group Carbon dioxide

Forms: treatment of acne, warts, corns,


CRYSTALLINE calluses, eczema
Graphite Solid CO2  dry ice
Diamond (purest native form of
uncombined carbon)

AMORPHOUS
bituminous (soft coal)
anthracite (hard coal)
coke (impure form of carbon)

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Carbon trioxide Carbon monoxide

Antacid Toxicity  210x greater affinity to


pharmaceutical for effervescent hemoglobin than oxygen leading to
tablet asphyxia then death
Treatment:
100% oxygen
Artificial air (80% He + 20% O2)
Hyperbaric oxygen

Group IVA: Carbon Group Group IVA: Carbon Group

GERMANIUM SILICON
possesses s immune system 2nd most abundant element
enhancing and antitumor effect Toxicity: Silicosis (condition
Eka silicon – Germanium resembling TB in symptoms
Eka aluminum – Gallium develops after long exposure)
Eka boron – Scandium
Eka manganese – technetium
Germanium dioxide
increases RBC production

Silicon dioxide Glass: Na2CO3 + pure silica

Glidant Type General Description Uses

I highly resistant Parenterals


borosilicate glass
treated soda lime
II glass Parenterals
soda lime glass
III Parenterals

NP general purpose NP
soda lime glass

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Kaolin Siliceous earth

Bolus alba Fuller’s earth


China clay Diatomaceous earth
Kaolinite Kieselguhr
Porcelain clay Celite
Native Hydrated aluminum silicate
Use: Adsorbent

Bentonite Talc

Naturally occurring aluminum Hydrated magnesium silicate


silicate clarifying agent, dusting agent
most abundant of all clays
suspending agent

Attapulgite Simethicone

Hydrated magnesium-aluminum polymeric dimethyl siloxane


silicate Anti-flatulent
polymagma, diatabs, quintess

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Dimethicone, NF Silica gel fume

Dimethyl siloxane polymer condensation of silica vapor


Protective and emollient
Simeco

Silica gel Group IVA: Carbon Group

hydrolysis of orthosilicates TIN


Aka: stannum
Use: preparation of tin cans
Stannous Chloride + Metallic gold (in
weakly acidic solution)  PURPLE OF
CASSIUS

Alloys of Tin Tin Compounds

Babbit: 80% Tin, 20% Antimony Stannous fluoride


Gun metal: 10% tin, 90% copper SnF2
Pewter: 80% tin, 20% lead Anticariogenic (8%)
Rose metal: 25% tin, 25% lead; Stannic oxide
50% bismuth SnO2
Solder : 50% tin, 50% lead Germicide
Plumber’s solder: 33% Tin; 67%
lead

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Group IVA: Carbon Group Group IVA: Carbon Group

LEAD LEAD
Aka: plumbum Source of poisoning
Pharmacologic use Lead pipes
Astringent Paints
protein precipitant Batteries

Poisoning: Plumbism
Antidote:
EDTA
Ca Versenate

Lead (II) acetate Lead subacetate

sugar of lead, component of Goulard’s extract


burrow’s solution (+ aluminum (lead (II) acetate + PbO)
sulfate) Indication: Skin inflammation
Burrow’s sol’n = Aluminum acetate
solution
Plumbous acetate

Lead (II) oxide Lead (II) sulfide

Litharge® Black sulfide


Astringent Galena (most common ore)

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Group IVA Group IVA

TITANIUM ZIRCONIUM
Aka: Titan (Son of the earth) Use: same with Aluminum but
Use: powerful reducing agent banned due to granuloma
Titanium (IV) oxide formation
Former Official Compounds:
Titanium dioxide
Opaquant (Ocusert®)
Oxide & CO3Both used as
UV Ray protectant antiperspirant and for athlete’s foot

Group VA: Nitrogen Group Nitrogen

NITROGEN N≡N (very stable)  inert


Aka: Mephitic air, azote, without atmosphere for readily oxidizable
life substances
Most abundant gas in air: 71% N2, Refrigerant (Liquid N2)
29%O2 Container: Black

Nitrous oxide Nitrogen Dioxide

“Laughing gas” Air pollutant


Dinitrogen monoxide (vs) Nitrite  Vasodilator; For
Uses cyanide poisoning
Inhalational anesthetic  weakest
but probably the safest inhalational
anesthetic
S/E: diffusion hypoxia
Container: Blue

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Nitrogen trioxide Aromatic spirit of ammonia

Oxidizing agent spirit of hartshorn, spirit of sal


(vs) Nitrate  preservative volatile
respiratory stimulant

Group VA: Nitrogen Group Group VA: Nitrogen Group

PHOSPHORUS ARSENIC
Aka: light carrier, St. Elmo’s fire Aka: Lewisite metal
2 forms: Insecticide: Copper Aceto Arsenate
White: poisonous
Toxicity: Aldrich-Mee’s Line
Red: non-poisonous Antidote: BAL
Test in As detection
PO4: Antacid; Cathartic
Marsh Test (Modified form of this test is
GUTZEIT TEST)
Fleitmann’s Test

Arsenic (III) trioxide Arsenic (III) iodide

As2O3 AsI3
Insecticide Primary standard in the
Anti-leukemia preparation of cerric sulfate

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Arsenicals Group VA: Nitrogen Group

Donovan solution: AsI3 solution ANTIMONY


Arsphenamine Stibium
Antiseptic
Fowler’s solution (potassium
internal protective for ulcer
arsenite solution) Bismuth
Board Ques: What is the concentration of
Bismuth as ointment? 30%
Cause: Dark stool; blue-black gums
Antidote: BAL/Dimercaprol

Bismuth Salts Milk of Bismuth

Bismuth subcarbonate Bismuth cream


Bi Subgallate (Bismuth subnitrate + Bismuth
Bi subnitrate hydroxide)
Uses
Antacid
Use: Internal protective especially for
Antacid gastric patient
Astringent H. pylori infection
antiseptic

Group VB Group VIA: Chalcogens

TANTALUM OXYGEN
Not affected by any body fluid, Other names:
therefore inert in our body EMPYREAL AIR (Scheele)
Sheet form use in repair of bones, DEPHLOGISTICATED AIR (Priestly)
nerve and tissue YNE
ACID FORMER (Lavoisier)

oxys = sour and genes = born

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Group VIA: Chalcogens Group VIA: Chalcogens

OXYGEN Sulfur
Most abundant element Other names:
Use: treatment of hypoxia/asphyxia “Sufra”  Arabic term which means
Container: green yellow
Brimstone
Shulbari  enemy of copper

Source
crude furnace
Calcarone: Synthesized via Frasch
Process

Group VIA: Chalcogens Sulfur Varieties

Sulfur Amorphous sulfur


Uses: Liquid sulfur
In preparation of scabicidal and heating sulfur at 160-180oC
keratolytic ointment or lotion Plastic sulfur
stimulant cathartic resembles rubber
depilatory agent Precipitated sulfur / lac sulfur /
fumigant milk sulfur
anti-dandruff

Sulfur Varieties Allotropes

Sublimed sulfur  component of Rhombic / alpha sulfur


Most common; most stable; S8
Vlemincksx’ solution* Eg: milk of sulfur, flower of sulfur
*Lime/Calcium Oxide + Sublimed Monoclinic / beta sulfur
sulfur –(boiling)Vleminckx’s solution Less dense than alpha sulfur
Prepared by cooling melted sulfur
Gamma sulfur
Plastic sulfur, mother-of-pearl-sulfur
Heating rhombic sulfur above its melting point
Eg: amorphous sulfur

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Group VIA: Chalcogens Selenium Disulfide

Selenium SeS2  Selsun Blue® (2.5%)


Aka: selena, moon Anti-dandruff
Essential trace element
Promotes absorption of Vit. E
Use: antioxidant, production of “red
glass”, rubber industry
Disease: Keshan disease

Group VIB Group VIB

CHROMIUM MOLYBDENUM
Essential trace element Essential trace element
Glucose tolerance factor Co-factor enzyme
Deficiency: hyperglycemia Molybdenum Oxide
K2Cr2O7
+ FeSO4 – use: hematinic
Brand name: MOL-IRON
Use: powerful oxidizing agent

Group VIB Group VIIA: Halogens

URANIUM FLUORINE
Discovered by Becquerel Strongest oxidizing agent
Radioactive element used for Superhalogen (Linus Pauling)
manufacturer of atomic bombs Poisoning: Fluorosis
No pharmaceutical use Principal manifestation:

mottled enamel
abnormal bone growth

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Fluorine Compounds Group VIIA: Halogens

NaF CHLORINE
Use: anti-cariogenic at 2% soln Aka: dephlogisticated muriatic
SnF2 acid
Use: anti-cariogenic at 8% soln “Chloros”  greenish yellow
Na2FPO3 Most abundant extracellular
Use: also anti-cariogenic anion
Freon Used as water disinfectant
CCl2F2 Chlorides are precipitated with Silver
Use: refrigerant, aerosol propel Nitrate

Chlorine Compounds Group VIIA: Halogens

Hypochlorite (Na, K) BROMINE


Use: bleaching agent Dark reddish brown fuming liquid
HCl with suffocating odor
Synonym: Muriatic acid (35-35% Quickly attacks the skin to cause burn
w/w) that is slow to heal (ammonia water
Use: treatment of achlorhydria prevents its action)

Group VIIA: Halogens Group VIIA: Halogens

BROMINE BROMINE
Pcol action: sedative/depressant Bromine 10th N solution
Poisoning: bromism Koppeschaar’s solution
Principal manifestation: Three Bromide Elixirs (Na, K, NH4)
Skin eruption
Psychosis
Weakness
Headache

Antidote: NaCl and NH4Cl

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Group VIIA: Halogens Group VIIA: Halogens

. IODINE .IODINE
Most metallic halogen Iodine isotopes have wide use in
Uses diagnosis and therapy
EXPECTORANT
Deficiency: Goiter
Anti-fungal Toxicity: Iodism
Antibacterial (1:5000 or 0.02%)
(greater antibacterial activity versus
Chlorine and Bromine of the same
strength); same strength as KMnO4

Iodine preparations: Iodine preparations:


Iodine solution – 2% I2 in H2O Phenolated Iodine Solution
Strong iodine soln aka : Lugol’s Boulton’s solution  antibacterial
soln (5% iodine in water with KI) and irritant
Iodine tincture Povidone-iodine- BETADINE
disinfectant (2% Iodine solution;
50% alcohol with KI)

Group VIIA: Halogens Group VIIB

Only metallic and synthetic MANGANESE


halogen resembling iodine Co- factor in:
Only radioactive halogen Protein synthesis
Phosphorylation
Fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis

Poisoning: Parkinson-like

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Manganese Compounds Group VIIB

KMnO4 TECHNETIUM
mineral chameleon 1st element produced artificially
Uses (“technetos”  artificial)
Oxidizing agent
Used in preparation of
antiseptic radiopharmaceutical
Most commonly used
MnO2 radiopharmaceutical
mask blue green color of the glass From decay of Mo-99

Group VIIIA: Noble Gases Group VIIIA: Noble Gases

Unreactive; monovalent HELIUM


Inert gases 2nd most lightest gas
Noble gases Toxicity (inhalation): “Donald
Stable gases duck-like sound”
Uses:
Carrier/diluents of medically
important gases
component of artificial gas

Group VIIIA: Noble Gases Group VIIIA: Noble Gases

NEON ARGON
For advertising Most abundant noble gas
Substitute for N2 in providing inert
atmosphere
XENON
Investigational with inhalatory
anesthetic activity
Least abundant of all noble gas
(Stanley and Moghissi, 1975)

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Group VIIIA: Noble Gases Group VIIIA: Noble Gases

KRYPTON RADON
Have inhalational anesthetic activity Aka: NITON
Ramsay and Travers isolated krypton Synthetic noble gas
in liquid residues from argon Used for treatment of CA (cervical
CA)

Group VIIIB: Triads Group VIIIB: Triads

First triad: Fe, Co, Ni IRON


Second Triad: Rh, Ru, Pd Present in proteins:
Third Triad: Os, Ir, Pt Hemoglobin
Tranferrin
Ferritin
Cytochrome-oxidase enzyme

Enhance absorption of
Vitamin C
Copper

Group VIIIB: Triads Group VIIIB: Triads

IRON Iron
Iron is best absorbed in the Use: hematinic
duodenum. Toxicity
Mucosal block postulation by Hahn is GIT distress
the best known hypothesis of iron cardiac collapse
absorption hemochromatosis
Most important element in
engineering Antidote: Deferroxamine

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Iron Forms Iron Forms

Cast iron or pig iron Gray cast iron


from blast furnace (92-94% iron) aka graphite scales; liquid iron is run
Cementite or white cast iron into sand molds and allowed to cool
solid solution of hard, brittle iron Wrought iron
carbide removal of impurities of cast irons
(99.9% iron)
Iron pyrite aka “fool’s gold” is a
native iron sulfide

Iron Forms Ferrous sulfate

Chalybeate water green vitriol


iron in solution with ferrogenous taste Uses:
Misch metal Hematinic
70% Cerium + 30% Iron Most economical and most
satisfactory form of iron
preparation
S/E: constipation

Iron Compounds Ferrous carbonate

Ferrous gluconate: Fergon® chalybeate pills


Ferrous fumarate: Toleron® ferrunginous pills
Adv: Less irritating to the GI tract Hematinic

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Ferric subsulfate
chloride solution Ferric ferrocyanide
Group VIIIB: Triads

Monsel solution
Astringent COBALT
Fe 4[Fe(CN)6]3
Styptic Prussian
Essentialblue
in development of
Detection of tannin erythrocytes and hemoglobin
Component of vitamin B12
Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia

FerrousCompounds
Cobalt ferricyanide Ferric Oxide
Group VIIIB: Triads

Cobaltous
Fe 3[Fe(CN)chloride
6]2 NICKELcalamine pink
Makes
Turnbull’s
CoCl2 blue Aka: old nick’s copper
Aka: lover’s ink, sympathetic ink Fossil fuel
Use: desiccators’ indicator OSMIUM
Heaviest/densest metal
blue color  anhydrous
pink color  hydrous
Osmic acid and Osmium tetroxide
“Prussian blue and turnbull’s blue
2. Cobalt
have meta-aluminate
different chemical formula, yet Both are used in staining microorganism
“Thenard’s
they are blue”
identical” for microscopic study especially electron
microscopy

FerrousVIIIB:
Group ammonium
Triads sulfate Iron sorbitex

PLATINUM
Mohr salt Complex of iron, sorbitol, citric
Used
Low in
oxidation
analytical
potential
chemistry
and low acid and dextrin
reactivity  noble metal
Catalyst in finely divided steel
PALLADIUM
Catalyst in finely divided steel

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