Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
RESEARCH
METHODS
Module – 1:
• To Find out Truth which is hidden & which has not been discovered as yet.
• To determine the frequency with which beings, Social Life & Environment.
1.Historical Approach
2.Case study Approach
3.Descriptive Approach
4.Analytical Approach
5.Applied VS Fundamental Research
6.Qualitative Approach
7.Quantitative Research
—
Empirical Research relies on
Experience or Observation
alone.
Scientific Approach
2.Websites
3.Government Reports
4.Articles
5.Journals etc
Note Taking
7.As Commerce students you can scan the environment of business and
select an appropriate, relevant, strategic and useful topic in the area
Finance, Accounting, Taxation, Banking, Insurance, Costing, HRM,
Marketing, Leadership, Knowledge Management, Hospitality, Travel
and Tourism, Health Care, Tele communication,. etc
4.Unexplored Areas:
6.Research gaps
*Analysis of Data
*Hypothesis Testing
3.be testable
4.be measurable
2.Type II error = the Null hypotheses is False but accepted is called Type
II error
If Computed value of test statistics is less (<) then the Table value Null
hypotheses is accepted. (0.01 to 0.05) more than 0.05 means rejected.
If computed value of Test Statistics is Greater than or Equal to table value Null
hypotheses is Rejected
Test of Significance
The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose
to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent
and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address
the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the
collection, measurement and analysis of data.
the design decisions are actually with respect of:
*What is the study about?
control over factors which could interfere with the validity of the
findings .
which explains how, when and where data are to be collected and
analyzed .
1.It is a plan which describes the sources and kinds of information strongly
related to the research problem.
2.It is a strategy indicating which method will be employed for collecting and
examining the data.
3.It also consists of the time and cost budgets because most studies are done
under these two limitations.
Components are.
*Conceptual Model
*Hypothesis
*Operational Definition of the concepts
*Reference Period
*Methodology
*Sampling
*Plan of Analysis
*Chapter Schemes
*Time Budgets
*Financial Budget.
*Introduction to the Topic:
Researcher under this head must state the demarcated or delimited scope and
dimensions of the study. Further, the breath and depth, geographical area,
reference period, type of organizations, the kind
Probability Sampling
2.Systematic Sampling
4.Proportionate Sampling
5.Disproportionate Sampling
6.Cluster Sampling
8.Area Sampling
9Sequential Sampling
Non Probability Sampling
1.Accidental Sampling
2.Quota Sampling
3.Purposive Sampling
*The use of the table of random number involves the following steps
*Table of random member is entered at some random point with a hind mark, at any page of the
table.
*Start selection and stop after the desired size is selected.
USE OF COMPUTERS
Various readymade packages are available in the computers to pick the units randomly giving equal
chance to all the items of given population. The package available are SPSS and XL such others.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING / FIXED INTERVAL SAMPLING
In systematic sampling the first unit is selected randomly and the remaining
units of the sample are selected at fixed intervals.
EX.
2.Every 10th house on the side of a street and this method is an Improved over
a simple random sampling.
In Stratified Sampling heterogeneous population is first stratified or grouped and then in each
stratum (group), elements are drawn to constitute a sample.
Points to be Remembered
*If Population is heterogeneous stratified sample is used but not for homogeneous population.
*Apply the principle of simple random technique to pick up items from each stratum (singular for
group).
*All the units drawn from each stratum is called sample size.
*The population is sub-divided or grouped on certain bases as race, religion, region, caste,
income, age, weight, height, urban, rural, gender, qualification and so on.
*After grouping apply the Principles of Random sampling and units are drawn to constitute the
sample size.
TYPES OF STRATIFIED SAMPLING
*Interviewing
*Mail Survey
*Experimentation
*Questionnaire
*Schedule method
Other Method
*Warranty cards
*Distributor audits
*Pantry audit
*Consumer panel
*Depth Interview
*Current Analysis
Methods of Data collection
and poise. Case questions vary: some may be asked with the
purpose of determining how a candidate formulates long-term
strategy, while others may be asked with the purpose of
determining how well a candidate performs specific tasks, such
as pricing promotions for a product. Questions may take a half
hour to one hour to answer.
Informational Interviews
Specifically, the costs for mail surveys tend to be lower than those for
telephone surveys, and mail surveys are a good strategy for obtaining
feedback from respondents who are dissatisfied with a service or who have
strong concerns.
Market Street Research has conducted mail surveys for many types of
businesses and organizations, such as chambers of commerce, retail and
manufacturing companies, banks, hospitals and educational institutions.
Experimental Methods
Starting from the general and moving to the more specific, the first concept we need to
discuss is Theory. A theory can be defined as a "general principle proposed to explain
how a number of separate facts are related." In other words, a theory is an "idea about a
relationship." In order to test whether a theory is correct or not, we need to do research.
Theories are stated in general terms, so we need to define more accurately what we will
be doing in our experiment.
To do this, we need to define the variables in our theory so that they are testable, and
every experiment has two types of variables:
By defining our variables that we will use to test our theory we derive at our
Hypothesis, which is a testable form of a theory.
Questionnaire methods
*It contains questions relevant to the study and not irrelevant and unimportant
*Journals,
*News Papers
*Magazines,
INTRODUCTION
Classification of data is the process of dividing the data into different groups or
classes which are homogeneous within themselves. This is the process of
arranging data into homogenous group or classes according to some common
characteristics.
*Frequency distribution
*Percentage distribution
*Cumulative distribution
*Statistical distributions
Data Transcription
*Introduction
*Analysis of Data
*Test of Hypothesis
Meaning of Hypotheses
Null hypothesis. The null hypothesis, denoted by H0, is usually the hypothesis
that sample observations result purely from chance.
Type II error = the Null hypotheses is False but accepted is called Type II
error
Rule of Acceptance or Rejection of Null hypotheses
If Computed value of test statistics is less (<) then the Table value
Null hypotheses is accepted. (0.01 to 0.05) more than 0.05 means
rejected.
Test of Significance
PARAMETRIC TEST
The Parametric Test are more Powerful. But they depend on the
Parameters or characteristics of the population.
—
The T-Test was introduced in 1908
It is a comprehensive report.
*Methods employed
*Data collected
*Index .
Popular Report
*Introduction
*Review of Literature
*Objectives of the Study
*Collection of data
*Hypothesis testing
*Presentation and Analysis of data
*Bibliography
*Appendix
*index
RESEARCH ETHICS
*Honesty
*Objectivity
*Integrity
*Carefulness
*Openness
*Confidentiality
*Responsible Publications
*Responsible Monitoring
*Social Responsibility
*Non- Discrimination
*Competence
8Legality
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