tems should not be part of a mere everyday many of the methods have already been Perhaps the greatest
Perhaps the greatest handicap to over-
office routine, performed by trained cal-
culators, by punch-card machines or by
special electronic calculating devices. The
analytical tool is already available and
Determination of Instantaneous Currents
and Voltages by Means of Alpha, Beta,
and Zero Components
W. C. DUESTERHOEFT MAX W. SCHULZ, JR.
ASSOCIATE AIEE NONMEMBER AIEE
A PPLICATIONS of the method of
alpha, beta, and zero components
(conveniently written a,/3,O components)
to the determination of phase currents
and voltages of fundamental frequency in
unbalanced 3-phase power systems have
been given.'-' The advantages of a,j3,O
components over symmetrical compo-
nents, in the determination of fundamen-
tal-frequency phase quantities, is largely
restricted to unsymmetrical 3-phase sys-
tems in which the positive- and negative-
sequence impedances of the rotating
machines of the system can be assumed
equal. This restriction is not present in
the determination of instantaneous phase
quantities by the method of a,3,0 com-
ponents.
The purpose of this paper is to present a
method of analysis rather than to de-
velop new equations. For this reason,
well-known equations previously de-
rived by outstanding engineers have been
selected for redevelopment here in order
to show the simplifications made pos-
sible by the application of a,/3,O com-
ponents. Sincere admiration is hereby
expressed for the ability of these engineers
to carry through the original development
without the benefit of a,#,O components.
The paper is divided into three parts.
In Part I, relations are established be-
tween instantaneous phase quantities and
their az,/,0, components, and between a
and /3 components and direct- and quad-
rature-axis components. Park's equa-
tions for an ideal synchronous machine,4'5
in terms of direct-axis, quadrature-axis,
and zero-sequence components, are ex-
pressed in terms of z,/3,0 components for
use in Part II and Part III.
1248 Duesterhoeft, Schulz, Clarke-Instcantaneous Currents
worked out in detail. It is only a question come, before power engineers can even
of how fast the power companies them- start solving their integrated system prob-
selves will utilize the facilities already avail- lems by analytical methods, is their awe,
able along these lines. their fear of the "mysteries" of tensors.
ia ia +io
1
ib =-i+io+ ( \/3/2)i:
(1)
(2)
iC 2-ia + io -( \/3/2)i,B (3)
Simultaneous solution of the preceding
equations gives
EDITH CLARKE ia =( ()ib+ ) (4)
FELLOW AIEE 3 2
(ib -ic) 5
In Part II, equations for instantaneous (i5
phase currents and voltages at the ter- (ia+i(+ic)
minals of an unloaded ideal synchronous io 3 (6)
machine during all types of short circuits
are derived by means of a,0,0 compo- If i in equations 1-6 is replaced or e,
nents. It is thought the method of de- equations relating instantaneous flux
veloping the complete harmonic series for linkages (i6) or voltages (e), respectively,
instantaneous currents and voltages, in the phases and in the a, /, and 0 cir-
given in the Appendix I, has not been cuits will be obtained. Equations 1-6
presented previously. are general equations which apply under
In Part III, equations for eircuit- all conditions. No simplifying assump-
breaker recovery voltages derived by tions need be made; the quantities
Park and Skeats6 are redeveloped using involved may be expressed in per unit of
a,/3,O components. The simplification in stated base quantities, or in any con-
development made possible by the ap- sistent system of units.
plication of a,/,0 components can be seen
readily by comparison with the original
development. In developing equations involving
synchronous machines4'5 the work is
Part I. Equations for Use in greatly simplified if per unit quantities are
Parts II and III used, and an ideal synchronous machine
is assumed with saturation, hysteresis and
NOTATION eddy currents in the iron neglected, these
latter effects to be taken into account later
Let i, 4, and e with appropriate sub- if of importance.
scripts represent instantaneous armature
current, flux linkage, and voltage, re- UNIT OR BASE ARMATURE QIANTITIES
spectively; let subscripts a, b, c refer to Unit armature current and voltage are
phase a, b, c, respectively; let subscripts crest values of rated phase current and
a, /, 0.refer to , /, and 0 components, rated phase voltage, respectively; unit
respectively; let subscripts d and q refer
to the direct- and quadrature-aids com- Paper 51-226, recommended by the AIEE Trans-
ponents, respectively. mission and Distribution Committee and approved
by the AIEE Technical Program Committee for
RLTOSB WENP EQU TIES presentation at the AIEE Summer General Meet-
BETEEN PHSE QUATITIES
RELATINS ing, Toronto, Out., Canada, June 25-29, i951.
AND THEIR a,/3,0 COMPONENTS Mavalalefocrintin
'aviblfrmtg y319.
su M? erary
3, i
,
951iad
By definition, instantaneous phase w. c. DUESTERHOEFTofandTexas,
with the University
EDITH CLAR}E are both
Austin, Tex., and
currents ta, tb, ic of normal phase order MAX W. SCHULZ, JR., is with the General Electric
abc at any point in a 3-phase system, in Company, Pittsfield, Mass.
terms of their instantaneous a,/B'O'com- ~~the authors wish
The assistance to express their appreciation for
given by Mr. Chwan-Chang; Lee in
ponents of current, are the preparation of this paper.
AJEE TRANSACTIONS
impedance is the ratio of rated phase
voltage to rated phase current; unit
speed of the rotor is synchronous speed;
unit time is one electrical radian; unit
armature linkage will generate unit
armature voltage at rated speed; unit
armature magnetomotive force is the
magnetomotive force produced by rated
positive-sequence armature currents;
unit permeance when multiplied by unit
magnetomotive force produces unit arma-
ture linkages.
RELATIONS BETWEEN DIRECT AND
BETWENDIRET-
RELATIOS ANDand
lected, and generate unit armature volt-
QUADRATURE-A XIS COMPONENTS
AND ag AND A COMPONENTS
As zero-sequence components (written
0 components in the a, /, 0 system) are
the same in both systems, it is unneces-
sary to consider them in establishing rela-
ponent networks; 0 is the angular dis-
placement in electrical radians of the
direct-axis of the rotor from the axis of
phase a, measured in the normal direction
of the rotor. Xd' and xq"t are per-unit
direct- and quadrature-axis reactances,
respectively; e is per unit armature
voltage rise to machine terminals; i is per
unit current flowing from machine ter-
minals; and If= d-c field current in per
unit of that base field current which will
produce unit armature linkage at no load
rated speed, with saturation neg-
age.
During the first instant after a dis-
turbance, the speed of the rotor can be
assumed constant at rated speed because
of rotor inertia. At rated speed, the
speed of the rotor in per unit of synchro-
in the voltage of the field exciter will have
negligible effect during the first cycle or
less required for currents and voltages to
reach their maximum values.
LINE-To-LINE SHORT CIRCUIT
Let the fault be between phases b and c.
The conditions imposed by the fault are:
iaO; ib= -i.; eb=e,. These equations
substituted in equations 4 and 6, and in
5 with i replaced by e, give ia = 0; io= 0;
e, = 0. The above equations allow the
reduction of equation 12, with r = 0, to
Incos O=p(x-y cos 20)il (16)
If each side of equation 16 is integrated,
there results
IJ (sin 0-sin 0O)=(x-ycos 20)ip
.
The current ia, being zero immediately
c

tions between the two systems of com-
ponents. If equations 1, 2, and 3 are
substituted for ia, ib, and ic, respectively,
in the equations for id and iq in reference 5,
and the resultant equations solved for
ia and i,s, the following equations are ob-
tamied:
id= i, cos 0+ig sin 0 (7)
i = -i sin 0+io cos 0 (8)
ia =id cos 0-i sin 0 (9)
i3 =id sin 0±iq cos 0 (10)
If i in the preceding equations is re-
placed by i1 or e, equations relating direct-
and quadrature-axis components and a
and : components of flux linkage i or
voltage e, respectively, result.
PARK'S EQUATIONS FOR AN IDEAL
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE IN TERMS
OF az,/,0 COMPONENTS
The development of these equations
(which are expressed in terms of direct-
and quadrature-axis components) by
using a,/3,O components instead of phase
quantities, and the expression of them in
terms of a,#,0 components have been
given.7 For the initial conditions follow-
ing a short circuit at the terminals of an
unloaded machine, operating at rated
speed, these equations in terms of a,f,0
components are
= -Isin-p(x+y cos20)a -pyX
sin 20i13-nia (11)
e, =Ir cos e-py sin 2OaiaPX
(x -ycos 2O)i,i -nips (12)
eo =-pxoio-nio (13)
(Xd"t+Xq") (Xe" .Xq"t)
x= ; = 2(14)
where p =d/dt; r is per-unit armature re-
sistance, assume the same in all com-
nous speed is unity; and the angle O, at
any time t in electrical radians, may be mediately after the fault; hence, If sin
written
t
appears the preeding
in equation
as
0=00+t (15) ineg
.. . gives
where 00= Oat time t = 0, from which time
in electrical radians is measured. In = (siny
(i
0-sin O0)
(17)
the work which follows in Parts I and I (x -y cos 20)
constant rotor speed will be assumed, and
armature resistance (r) in equations
Substitution of equation 17 and
equation 11 gives
i"a = 0 in
11, 12, and 13 will be neglected to permit py sin 20Ir (sin 0-sin Go)
ready solution without a differential ea= -If sin 0- (x -y cos 20)
analyzer. As armature resistance is 18
small relative to reactance, neglecting it (1)
will not appreciably affect initial cur-
rents and voltages; for subsequent HARMONIC SERIES FOR CURRENTS
values, appropriate decrement factors Currents ig in equation 17 can be ex-
can be applied, as will be explained later. panded in a harmonic series in terms of x
and y by application of equations 99 and
Part II. Short-Circuit Currents and 96 with Z given by equation 94, if a and
Voltages at the Terminals of an b in these equations are replaced by x
Unloaded Ideal Synchronous and y, respectively. When x and y are
Machine, Operated at Rated then replaced by their values in terms of
Speed Xd "f and x01' from equation 14 and in mul-
tiplied by V/3/2 to give ib =- (since
Equations 11-14, with resistance neg- j=o = 0), the harmonic series at the
lected and constant rotor speed assumeds first instant is obtained
will be usedto determine phase currents
and voltages at the machine terminals ib =ic = [I/3 I (xd "+ VxXd x)]q X
in terms of their harmonic components so
during the first instant after various EZn-I sin (2n-1)0-(\/3/2) X
types of short iruits. Subsequent
values of current and voltage may be ob- [IdX nsin 0o/Vxd x ]X
tained by application of appropriate dec- n [ 1
rement factors. Even harmonics (in- 1+2 Z
cos 2nOj (19)
cluding d-c components) and natural- n
frequency terms are attenuated by arma- where
ture time constants; odd harmlonics (in-_
cluding fundamental-frequency terms) (V/xi" - Vx:) (20)
are attenuated by rotor timeeconstants. (v7+xd"f/'Xq")
As capacitance of the generator is neg-
lected, there will be no natural frequency Equation 19 checks the work of
terms. In determining maximum cur- Doherty and Nickle.9 As pointed out by
rents and voltages, action of voltage these authors, it isinteresting to note that
regulators can be neglected as any change the coefficients in the harmonic series are

1951, VOLUME 70 Duesterhoeft, Schulz, Clarkue-Instantaneous Currents 1249

 the constant Z, which is less than unity, p(x+ ixo+y cos 20)ja -If sin 6 (26) and simplification, give
taken to increasingly higher powers for
the higher harmonics. The first series in
If each side of equation 26 is integrated
n t c i e =( plf [(x-y+
'xo) sin 0-y cos 6o sinl 20]
19 gives
19 the
ive th
fudaentl and od-hr-
fundamental ad odd-har-
and
b eoa =0(2 is satisfied that i.a must
the condition (x+ 2xo+y cos 20)
monic terms; the second series gives the (32)
d-c and even-harmonic terms. IfJ(Cos 6- Cos 0) (27) Equation 32 can be expanded in a series
cos 2) in terms of x, y, and xo by application of
HARMONIC SERIES OR VOLTAGES
i from equation 27 and i,
equation 94. When expressed given
equations 99 and 97, where Z is by
Voltage e,,,,, in equation 18, can beVoltagee,When
are substituted in equation 12 in terms
simplified by integration of the first term Of Xd", Xq"/, and xo by a procedure similar
and indicated differentiation, as in the e =If [ Os a py sin 26(cos 0 -cos Oo)] to that used to obtain ia in equation 29,
following equation ex+ =If Lcoss6-0 (x± 2xo+y cos 20) and the indicated differentiation per-

e'a =PIf cos 0-

y sin 26(sin 0- sin Oo)1 (28) formed
_,-ycs2)21
ea~PfLcos (x-y cos 20) i HARMONIC SERIES FOR CURRENTS e - 21 (X + X0) (xq + 2X0)
\I(d+XO Xf+lo

PI(xV- y) cos O+ y sin 60 sin 20 (21) The series for ia, equation 27, in terms Xd'++2xo+ V/(Xd"+ 2xO) (Xq" + 2Xo)
L (x- y cos 26) 1 of x, y, and xo can be obtained by using
Equation 21 can be expanded in har- Equations 100 and 96, with Z given by ) (2n-l)Z'-' cos (2n-1)0-
monic series in terms of x and y by ap- equation 94 if a and b in these equations n=_
plication of equations 100 and 97 with z are replaced (x+2x0) and -y, respec-
given by equation 94, if a and b in these tively. W'hen x and y are replaced by 41f cos 6oZnZn cos 2n6 (33)
equations are replaced by x and y, re- values in terms of Xd' and xq" from equa- n=1
spectively. tion 14 ia and Z are determined. Since
ia=ia,+ io, and io = 2ia where Z is given by equation 30.
Zn_1 cos (2n-1)60
2(x-y)Z
a=1 _ n +t2
___
ia PHASE VOLTAGES
--P-f
x-y+V/x2-y2 From equations 1, 2, and 3 with i re-
CO \ 5placed by e,
2pIf sin 0OEZn sin 2n/ (22) 3Ir Z cos (2n- 1)6
n=1 nn=1 ea =e,+eo=O (34)
When x and y in the fraction in equa- [Xd+ 2xo+V\/(Xd"+ 2'xO) (X0"±+ Ixo) 3ea V3eo
tion 22 are replaced by their values in r - 2 2 (35)
terms of Xd' and xq' from equation 14 31 cos 6o 1+2 zn cos 2n] -

and numerator and denominator multi- 3ej V\_3e,3

plied by V\Xd"jXq", and the indicated dif- 2V 2+1x0)(X"+15i) (29)
ferentiation performed, ea = ea is 21S
e,a from equation 31 and e,5 from
After
eae_--ea-=
_ where equation 33 have been substituted in
2IfVXd"Xq"w = V,/x0t+ - Vxd"+±xOequations 35 and 36, the resultant equa-
-21f +/Xd Mxq(2n -1)Zni-1 sin (2n -1)6 ( q + 12 X +±\ +30) tions can be simplified by application of
xq
ff

NIXd + 12
~~ "
X
the equation:
n=1

(Xd"+V\IXdXQ" ) HARMONIC SERIES FOR VOLTAGES A sin 8 +B cos 5 = V\A 2 +B 2sin (6- y)
co

+4If sin 6OEnZn

-=l
cos 2n6 The a-component of voltage can be
found from equation 25 if ia in this equa-
where
tion is replaced by (2/3)ia given by equa- 7 tan (B/A)
eb=ec= -e0 (23) tion 29, and the indicated differentiation Thus
performed.
where Z is given by equation 20. ea =p 1Oxi ebV3, VXd x +(xo)(d"+xq)+ Xox
Xd + -2Xo+ V\(Xd + 2Xo) (Xq" + Xo)
LINE-TO-GROUND SHORT CIRCUIT -X0If x o

Let the fault be between phase a and Xd"+ 2Xo+ V(Xd '+ 2XO) (Xt"+ 1Xo) (2n-1)Zf-i sin [(2n-1)6+-y]-
ground. The conditions imposed by the o

iuid
fault are: te = 0; = = 0. These equa-
tions substituted in equations 4, 5, and 6
(2n 1)Z-I sin (2n-1)0+ 2\/31f cos oVXd"Xq"+ (IsO)
________________
(Xd" +x2") ±so2
and in equation 1, with i replaced by e, n=l V/(xa" ± SO) (xq"+ so)
give 2xoIf cos Oo X

i~=O; ia=2io; ea= -eO (24) /(d+x)x"2o n

nsin (2n6+ -y) (37)
Equations 24 substituted in equations vn nsin 2n6 (31) n
11 and 13 reduce these equations to ex-
1 :1 for
r * r *be solved
pressions which* can r j* t~~~n= i where
where Z is given by equation 30.2Vd+x/)("+/2
<= -eo =pxoio =pIxoJ Integration and indicated differentia- = tanl- V+(d'+°/)xoS+°
=-Ir sin 6-P(x+y cos 26)jay (25) tion of the first term of e,s in equation 28, /x

1250 Duesterhoeft, Schulz, Clarke-Instantaneous Currents AJEE TRANSACTIONS

and Z is given by equation 30. The equa-
tion for e, differs from that for eb only in
that sign before -y is negative instead of
positive,
DOUBLE LINE-TO-GROUND FAULT
Let the fault be between phases b and c
and ground. The conditions imposed by
the fault are: ia= 0, and eb= e= 0. These
equations substituted in equation 1,
and in equations 4, 5, and 6 with i re-
placed by e, give
Q= -io e,s=0 ea=2eO
Equations 38 with equations 11, 12, and
13 give
p(x+2xo+y cos 20) i,+pyX
sin 20i, = -If( sin 0)
py sin 20ia+P(x -y cos 20)id =Ir(cos 0)
If both sides of the preceding equations
are integrated and the integration con-
stants evaluated, there results
(x+2xo+y cos 20)ifa+YX
sin 2o =If (cos 0 - cos 0) (39)n_
y sin 20i±+ (x -y cos 20)ij8 =If(sin 0- sin Go)
(40)
Simultaneous solution of equations 39
and 40 for i,, and i# gives
a=
If[(x-y) cos a-x cos AO+cy cos 20 cos 00+
y sin Oo sin 20]
x2-y2+2xox-2xoy cos 20
(41)
in=
If [(2xo+x-y) sin 0-(2xo+x) sin Oo-
y sin Oo cos 20+y cos Oo sin 20]
x2-y2+2xox-2xoy 2
2 2+2 20
cos 20
(42)
HARMONIC SERIES FOR CURRENTS
To apply the equations of Appendix Ito
equations 41 and 42, a and b must have
the following values in equations 100, 97,
96, and 98, and in Z given by equation
94
a=x2-y2+2xox=Xd"Xq"+XO(Xd"+Xq")
b =2xoy=XO(Xd'--x011)
The procedure for determining the
complete harmonic series for ia and i,s,
and then substituting them in the equa-
tions for i0 and 4, and combining terms, is
similar to that used to obtain eb in equa-
tion 37. It will not be given here; in-
stead, the odd-harmonic terms of ib will
be expressed in a form suitable for use in
Part III.
From equation 38, i = -4,!; therefore
from equation 2
1951, VOLUME 70 Duesterhoeft, Schulz, Clarke-Instantaneous Currents
ib =-3ia/2+±/\ip/2 (43) Part III. Circuit Breaker Recovery
Voltage
When the terms in the numerators of
equations 41 and 42 involving 0 (even
harmonics) are omitted, and these equa- Circuit breaker recovery voltage may
tions are substituted in equation 43 be defined as the voltage appearing across
the poles of a circuit breaker after it has
. -3(x-y) cos +0±/3(x-y+2xo) sin 0 interrupted a current. The first an-
b 2[X2-y2+2xo(x-y cos 20)] alytical treatment of the subject is given
(44) in a paper by Park and Skeats.6 They
divide the effects of recoverv voltage into
HARMONIC SERIES FOR VOLTAGES high- and low-frequency effects and treat
From equations 38 and 13 these two effects separately. High-fre-
quency effects depend upon the capaci-
=
2eo
= 2Pxoio=2pxoia (45) tance in the system. Two types of sys-
If equation 41 for i is expressed in its tems are considered for low-frequency ef-
harmonic series, then substituted in equa fects: (1) those in which the impedances of
tion 45 ' stationary equipment are much greater
tion 45, and the differentiation perf
and the diferentlation performe= ,
than the impedances of rotating machines,
so that the effects of unequal reactances in
= (3/2)ea, is the direct and quadrature axes of rotating
- 6xoxQ 'If machines are relatively unimportant;
ea Xq'(Xd+±2xo) + (2) those in which the impedances of
V\Xd 'tx0(Xd'+±2xo) (x,+±2xo) rotating machines predominate. It is the
m latter type which will be considered here,
s(2n-1)Z" sin (2n-1)0- the purpose being to check and final
in Appendices B, C, the D of
equations
the reference paper6 by using o,3,0 com-
6Xd'XIf cos Go X ponents.
V\Xd Xq'(Xd +2Xo) (xa0+±2xo) The equations for fault current, de-
veloped in Part II, will be used to deter-
mine the voltage across the poles of the
nZn sin 2n0+61f X circuit breaker for the first phase to clear
n=1 of a fault at the terminals of an unloaded
ideal synchronous machine operating at
sin o nxZn cos 2na (46) rated speed. In the case of multiple pole
2 .Jbreakers, the resistance of an arc formed
n=1
by an uninterrupted phase current is as-
where sumed to be zero. Natural frequency
effects caused by capacitance will be neg-
Z=
V\xd'(xq±+2xO)- VXq;'(Xd"+2Xo) lected.
External reactances can be added
v~~~~-\Xd (Xq +2xo) -\Xq'
V +72 (47) to the machine reactances but, as the
+ (Xd +2xo)
length of externally connected circuits
increases, the capacitance assumes greater
THREE-PHASE FAUJLT importance. Resistance will be treated
The conditions imposed by the fault, in as in the reference paper;' its effect on
a grounded or unground system are: the initial magnitudes of currents and
ia±ib+ic = 0, and ea = eb = e,. These equa- voltages is small and will be neglected,
tions substituted in equation 3, and in but the attenuation of currents and volt-
equations 4, 5, and 6 with i replaced by e, ages is included in the decrement factors.
give io = 0, ea 0, and eo = 0. When ea = 0 Use will be made of the method of super-
and e3 = 0 are substituted in equations 11 position, whereby a current is interrupted
and 12, these equations will be the same as (made zero) by superposing an equal and
those for a double line-to-ground fault opposite current without changing the
with the terms containing x0 omitted. system. The voltage drop across the
There ia = ai=4, can be written from switch terminals caused by the applica-
equation 41 by omitting the terms in the tion of a current equal and opposite to the
denominator containing x0. fault current will be the same as the
voltage across the switch caused by open-
(x -y) cos 0-x coso±+y cos (20 -G) ing the switch. When faults involving
sa 1f (x2_ y2) (48) ground in a grounded system are treated,
the voltage across the circuit breaker is
r (xd"+Xo") cos Go- ] equal to the phase voltage to ground of the
-IcosG - (Xd" -x0")cos (20 -00) opened phase. In ungrounded faults or
L Xd "(2xd"'xq") j(49) ungrounded systems, the circuit breaker
1251
voltage will be the difference between two phase a remains open and phase c remains -3(x -y) cos 0+ x/3(x -y+2xo) sin 0=0
phase voltages. grounded, ia'= O and T,'= 0; eb, Tb, and (62)
f , which were zero before ib' was ap- V3(x-y)
FLUX LINKAGES AND VOLTAGES plied, will take on new values. In the tan 0= (- (63)
(x -y+2xo)
The following equations relate sudden development given below, as all quanti-
changes ing<,, equ,
ra

and with sudden ties are increments due to the applica- Let 4fb in equation 61 be written Tb=
iT, T.
changes inia, and i tion of ib', the primes will be omitted.
With ia = 0, in equation 1, i= -io.
N/D. Then eb=pPTb= (DpN-NpD)/D2.
To satisfy the condition of equation 62
=-ia'(x+y cos 20) -1i3'y sin 20
-r' (50) Therefore from equations 2 and 3 at the instant phase b clears, N= 0; but
1= - ia y sin 20-io'(x-y cos 20) (51) pN is not zero. Therefore, eb = pN/D at
To'=-=ioxo (52)
ib'= -3 a-+V3 2
2
(56) the instant phase b clears.

(Xd+XQ ) (X iX,) -'0

=-ioX = iaXO (57) eb =P 'b =(k)X
2
-; y=
' 2 2(53) If i in equations 2 and 3 is replaced by [3(x-y) sin 0+x/3(x-y+2xo) cos0] (64)
where primes indicate sudden changes and T,
TIa[2x+xo-y = subtracted from Tb, cos
there 20[XX-cs8A3sn8 + V3y sin 20]
from previous values; and the negative, where for current zero, sin 0, cos 0, cos
signs with currents follow the convention "b = \V3*g (58) 20, and sin 20 must have the following
for signs of the reference papers:4, f flux To is given by equation 51 in terms Of values determined by equation 63.
linkages due to the main field are positive, Iad is gie by oequai 51 intermsde
those due to current in the positive direc- and is The procedure to determine V/3(x-y)
tion are negative. Voltage rise to the i,
i and is to substitute equations 50, 51,
and 57 in the equation T, = 0; then from
3(xy)2±(x-y±2xo)2
machine terminals in any circuit, a, is
written simultaneous solution of the resultant sin 20 =
equation and equation 56, ia. and i, in 3(x-y)2+(x-y+2xo)2
ea =PT'a (54) terms of ib are obtained. When ia and
where STa included all linkages With cir- io are substituted in equation 51, To' in 0 x y+2xo
w ak idt terms of ib' is determined. From equa- cos
tion 58, 'tb is obtained in terms ib; iS (x-y+2xo)1-3(x-y)2
DECREMENT FACTORS then replaced by the negative of the fault cos 20
current at the instant phase b clears,
3(x-y)2+-3(x-y)2 (65)
The equations for short-circuit cur- given by equation 55. With T1b known, When these trigonometric functions are
rents given in Part II are for initial cur- eb =pT,=circuit breaker recovery volt- substituted in equation 64, the resultant
rents. By the time a circuit breaker age. equation simplified, and x and y replaced
operates to interrupt a fault current, the
magnitude of the current will have
\Wrhen equations 50, 51, and 57 are sub- by their values in terms of Xd" and
stituted in TJ = 0, equation 3 with i re- from equation 53, eb is given by the fol-
xe,"
changed. Let placed by ', the resultant equation is lowing equation
k= decrement factor for odd harmonics
which may combine effects of rotor
ia(X+Ycos20+V3y2sin20+2xo)+)
ix [ycsisin20 + V3(yx-icos+20o)1=0 eb =X(2Xq+X)+X(Xq+X)(X/2k
transient and subtransient time con- i()[y 20+\/3(x-y
cos 20)
0
(59)
Xd'(2xz+Xo)2+xo(2x, +xo)(xq'+2xo)
"

stants with exciter response (66)

ka =decrement factor for even harmonics
time constant
OPENING A DOUBLE LINE-TO-GROUND
FAULT
Let the fault involve phases b and c in a
groundedsstem,and
grounded system, assume that phase
and_=__
b opens before phase c, after armature
transients have died away. The fault
current ib, at the instant phase b clears,
is k, times that given by equation 44 with
If replaced by unity for rated voltage be-
fore the fault. Let ib' indicate the cur-
rent to be superposed on existing condi-
tions. Then,
-krH[3(x-y) cos 0+
<,a3(x -y+2xo) sin 0]
t 2[x2-y2+2xo(x-y cos 20)] (55)
Before phase b opens, which is before
4't iS applied, e =e = 0 and a = 0. With
resistance neglected and eb= c=0, 'tb=
V= 0; from equation 5, with i re-
placed ', = 0. After 4', is applied, as
Simultaneous solution of equations 59
and 56 gives equations for ia and i,6 in
terms of ib'. When these equations are
substituted in equation 51 and the re-
sultant equation multiplied by V/3, Tb is
obtained.
b[X2y2+xxycos2IN
_-_y_cs_20_phase
(60)
'b=(2x+xo -y cos 20+ V3y sin 20)
When ib,, given by equation 55, re-
places ib' in equation 60, Tb becomes
ybkr- - .
-3(x-y) cos0+ 3(x -y+2xo) sin0]
2 [2x+ xo -y cos 20+ V/3y sin 20]
(61)
As the assumption is made6 that phase
b clears at current zero, the value of volt-
age eb-=P'Ib at that instant will be de-
termined. At current zero, the numerator
of the fraction in equation 44 for fault
current 4b must be zero. To satisfy this
condition, the following equations are re-
quired
Equation 66, which gives the voltage
across the switch terminals at the instant
phase b clears, checks equation D-28 of
the reference paper.6
OPENING A 3-PHAsE FAULT TO GROUND
- A GROUNDED SYSTEM
thatIwlbau is the
fisIt will be assumed that phase a is the
first to clear after d-c and second har-
monic components of current have dis-
appeared. The fault current ia at the in-
stant phase a clears is kr times the first
terms of equation 48, with If replaced by
E, the line-to-neutral voltage before the
fault occurs. The current ia' to be super-
posed on existing conditions, therefore,
i
i
-krE(x-y) cos 0}
-
ta = 2_ -(67)
As phases b and c remain grounded after
applied, "tbt-= 'e' =0 If equations
ia1'is
2 and 3 with i replaced by t'I, are added
and then subtracted the following equa-

1252 Duesterhoeft, Schulz, Clarke-Instantaneous Currents ATEE TRANfSACTIONS

tions are obtained OPENING A 3-PHASE FAULT (NOT TO 3 [kr(x -y) cos 0-kax cos o+kaYX
GROUND) IN AN UNGROUNDED SYSTEM COS 20 cos Oo+kay sin 20 sin 0o]
It will be assumed that phase a clears 2(x-y cos- 20)
'i't' =0 (69) first. Two cases will be considered: (1) 3 [k, (x-y) cos 0+kay sin 20 sin 0o]
From equation 1 with i replaced by T' d-c and second harmonic components of 2 x-y cos 20
currents have disappeared when phase a
*a'= *'+T0ot= 34fo' (70) clears, and (2) they have not disappeared. 3ka cos 0o
3

As T'a was zero before ia' was applied,
tat in equation 70 is the actual flux linkage
4'a after phase a clears. For convenience,
the primes will be omitted in the develop-
ment which follows, but it is understood
that all values of T and i are increments
due to the application of ia'*
From equations 50-52 and 68-70, the
following equations are obtained
ha(x+ ~ cos xyc22
20) - i~y sin 20= 2'I'~
The current to be superposed on existing
condition in either case will be indicated
by ia'; and Ta in terms of ia' will be de-
termined before substitution is made for
ia'. All values of T and i used below are
understood to be changes in T and i due
to the application of ia'-
WVithout a neutral conductor or ground
return path, io =0 and T0o =0. There-
-2x fore, ia = ia and la = Taa As phases b and
=
The equation for Tba can be expanded in
series by equations 100 and 97 where Z is
given by 94, if x and y replace a and b, re-
spectively, in these equations. When x
and y are then replaced by their value in
terms of Xd" and xq' from equation 53, and
Tba differentiated, an expression for eba,
the circuit breaker recovery voltage will
be obtained.

c are connected, e,=eb; and with resist-

-iay sin 20-i/3(x-y cos 20) =0 ance neglected, Tbb= Tc From equation eba= [-3k,x/(xD+Vx\/dXl X
5 with i replaced by 'I, 'I'= 0. Simulta- L T O (
Simultaneous solution of the preceding .'
tion solution of equations 50 and 51 for Z(2n-1)Zni sin (2n-1)0I
n = co

ihTE'=O n
equations gives ita in terms of i0; ig is not i with and "a='a, gives L
reqUired.
la
a=T,gvsn= 1

2ioxo(x -y -cos 20) ta-t ia'a(Y

= os0)77)
(iax2-y 2) (71) (X2-Y2) +6ka sin o EnZn cos 2n0 (82)
n=i
ia' i,, + io
=
gra = -ia (x2-y2) (78)
2ioxo(x-y cos 20+io(X2-y2) (x -y cos 20) where
(x2-y2) With T' T0-o, = = =
\aa/2=a/2. (V/Xd \VXO W)
From equation 72, io in terms of ia' is Then X/Xd+V\/Xq
io= a '(XY-y2) (73) As in the reference paper, the recovery
-- ia (x2-y2)
[2xo(x-y cos 20)+x2-y2] 'ba ='Ta -'I'V =3'3]a (2) voltage at current zero depends upon Oo,
(79)
From equations 70, 52, and 73 2 0 and xq"/Xd". Equation 82 should check
(x-y cos 20)
equation B-59 of the reference paper.6
Ta=3"'o= -3ioxo Case 1 However, as there are only two series in
The value of i0' to be substituted in'
-ia'3Xo(X2y2) (7 equation 79 is the same as that given in equation 82 and four in equation B-59 in
[2xo(x-y cos 20)+x2-y2] ~
t ~(4)
22 equation 67; and if phase a clears at .addition to five the addt toeiv
other terms, the agree-
terms aee-
' , ~~~~~mentbetween the two has nott been es-
When ia' in equation 74 is replaced by its current zero, cos 0 =0 and 0= ir/2 or tablished at the present writing. When
value from equation 67 37r/2. If equation 67 is substituted for the development of equation 82 is com-
ia in equation 79, the differentiation per- pared with that of equation B-59, the ad-
3k,Exo(x-y) cos 0 formed, and 0 replaced by 37r/2 vantages of a,j3,0 components and also of
[2xo(x-y cos 20) +x2_y2] (7 (3' (x -y) /3\ xq" the harmonic series of Appendix I are
eba=PIba krE =1 apparent.
The assumption is made6 that phase a / + \ X
clears at current zero. From equations (80)
48 and 67, this requires that cos 0=0; The equation for this case and that given
therefore, 0= 7r/2 or 37r/2. After equa- in reference 6 agree.
Appendix
Trgn
I. Special
Serie
tion 75 is differentiated, and then 0 re- Trigonometric Series
placed by 37r/2, ea is given by the follow- Case 2
ing equation at the instant phase a clears The value of ia' to be substituted in The following trigonometric functions will
3xok E (x -y)_ equation negative of i.agVn
is theengtv
qaon 79 lt given by) be expanded in harmonic series.
ea = Pa2x(x+y +=2 equation 48 with appropriate decrement 1
2xo(xJy/ +X2 _y2 factors, and If replaced by unity. fi(0) (a-bcos20) (83)
WArhen x and y are replaced by their values [k,(x-y) cos 0-k0cos 0o+k0X 20((84)
b sin
from equation 53, the magnitude of ea, the cos (20-00)] f2(O) =(a-b cos 20)()
recovery voltage iS ta' = - (X2-y2) bo2
krEa(3xoxq") (81)_______(85
Xd(X,#+2Xo) ~~(76) ~~Equation 81 checks equation B-4 of (8)
~~x0 +2xo ref-
f()(a-bsincos0 20) (5

Equation 76 checks equation C-i5 of erence 6, when the same notation is used. f4(0) = (abco -0 (86)
reference 6. If 0= ir/2 insteadof 3wr/2, the XVhen equation 81 is substituted in equa- (- o 8
sign of ea inequation 76 would be nega- tion 79, with the last term in the numer- a (0) = abcos 20)8
tive. ator expanded, "tba becomes 5 (- o 8
1951, VOLUME 70 Duesterhoeft, Schulz, Clarke-Instantcaneous Currents 1253
where a and b are scalars, and b <a. before the radical satisfies the condition The series for equation 86 can be obtained
Consider the following expression, ex- that the series in equation 93 will approach by multiplying both sides of equation 96 by
panded by long division, unity as b approaches zero, which means sin 0 and simplifying the resultant equation.
that Z must be zero when b is zero. Thus,
1/(1-Z)=1++Z±2± . zn~+.._ sin09 1
m a-/a2-b2
Xa-LiLim ZZ =Lin.-- a-b cos 20 V/a2-b22
= 1+LZ b-.o b-o.0 b _o
n=1 Is
a2-(a2-b2) b sin 0+2 Zn cos 2n0 sin 0
Let ==Lim
b-> 2o
(+i2
-=Lim -=O
2) b-o 2a_
Z-Z/4, =Z&si=Z(cos O+j
Z=-10=ZEi1'=Z(cos 4±j sin 4+)r
sin o) b-ob(a+Va-b) bL.02 1co
n=
n~=
If both numerator and denominator of

1
c
+b and -b added to the numerator, and
+a and -a added to the denominator, the
-Va2_b2 L n

1-Z(cos c+j sin --=1 +±(/ ) equation for Z becomes

co

n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i
=1aZ-l(cosn+ b sin(2n+1)0 ZZn sin(2n-1) 1
Zn= (on
=1+ +
b ni
jsin no) (a+b)-2V/a2-b2+(a-b) 1
Rationalizatioin of the left-hand side (a+b)-(a-b) /a2 -b2
and equating real and imaginary terms, Va+b -V/a -b Fr
gives si//a
+ b+ /a-b (94) sin E-Z sin 0+ Z ZnX
Z_ sin v =EZ' sin no (88) The following equations involving Z will
1 -2Z cos 4 I+Z2 be found useful
co

Z4co
2Z b 2aZ sin (2n+1)0- Z sin(2n-1)0
CosZ
1
-Z

1-2Z COS O+Z2 i±

z osn4,
ono1
(89);
(9 1 +Z
+Z2 a
=-
b
; n= 2

2(b-aZ) 1 +Z2 aZ 1
If unity is subtracted from each side of
equation 89
1_D22b '
ba-
~2b-aZ-\a2b
sin0-Zsin0+
Z 1L
Z Cos 4_Z2 b-aZ -
_2b2(
1-2Z cos o+z2 2...JZn cos n (9) If 4, in equation 93 is replaced by 20, and both - Si (2n-1)0-
n=l sides of the equation divided by a, the re- n=2
sultant equations when simplified by sub- c
From the addition of equations 89 and 90, stitutions from equation 95 becomes
there results 1 1Zn sin (2n-1) |
00 ] 1~~~__ n=2
_____1-Z2 =1+2vZn a-b cos 20 a2_b2 X
12ZCO,+Z2
1-2Z cos oZ2 / i _ X co
_ 1-Z
i- on
n =1 zn- sin (2n -1)0
(91) L1+2 Zn cos 2nO (96) - a2-b2
Equations 88-91 are given by Bromwich;'= 2
the work which follows is an extension. Equation 96 expresses equation 83 as a = 2 n-i x
\ n-
If equation 89 is multiplied by Z2 and added series, where Z is given by equation 94. a+b+
Jr a2- b2
to equation 90, and both sides of the result- If 4 in equation 88 is replaced by 20, n=1
ant equation divided by (1 -Z2), there (1 +Z2) in the denominator of the fraction re- sin (2n - 1)0 (99)
results placed by its value from equation 95, nu-
merator and denominator then divided by Z, The series for equation 87 can be obtained
Z Cos 4, Z2 1+Z2x and both sides of the resultant equation by multiplying both sides of equation 96 by
1-2Z cos o,Z2 1-Z2 1JZ2 multiplied by 2, there results cos 0.
00 co The development is analogous to that
Zcos n4 (92)
nf (92)
cOs
2 zn b sin 2028=2
b sln ) Zn nsin 2n0 (97)
given in equation 99.

A_ a-b cos 20 cos 0 2

a-b cos 20 a-b+V\a2-b2
If each side of equation 91 is multiplied Equation 97 expresses equation 84 as a 0
by (1+Z2)/(1 -Z2), the resultant equation series, where Z is given by equation 94.
is When 4 in equation 92 is replaced by 20,
and substitutions are made from equations2
)Zn cos (2n-1)0 (0l0)
1 1 +Z2 94 and 95, the equation becomesn=
1,bcs2
= X

1- co 1-1+z2coszib~~ - av-
/
Va b2
~ ~~~~____2
+ 2a 2a X_ Equations 99 and 100 express equations 86
and 87, respectively, as series where Z is
a-b cos 20 Va2_b2 V>ai_bi given by equation 94.

[1+22 Zn cos n (93) Zzn cos 2n0 (98) References

Let 2Z/(1 +Z2) =b/a. Then, Z= Equation 98 expresses equation 85 as a COMSPONENTS, Edith Clarke. SIEleTRICA
Genera
(a -Val -b2)/b, where the negative sign series where Z is given by equation 94. Review (Schenectady, N. Y.), November and

1254 Duesterheeft, Schulz, Clarke-Instantaneous Currents ATEE TRANSACTIONS

December, 1938, volume 41, numbers 11 and 12,
pages 488-94 and 545-49.
2. TWO-PHASE CO-ORDINATES OF A THREE-PHASE
CIRCUIT, Edward W. Kimbark. AIEE Transac-
tions, volume 58, 1939, pages 894-910.
3. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF A-C POWER SYSTEMS,
Edith Clarke. Jobn Wiley and Sons, New York,
N. Y., volume 1, chapter X, 1943.
4. DEFINITION OF AN IDEAL SYNCHRONOUS MA-
CHINE AND FORMULA FOR THE ARMATURE FLUX
Discussion
Eric T. B. Gross (Illinois Institute of Tech-
nology, Chicago, Ill.): It has not been
recognized until a few years ago that Clarke
components are very useful in many unbal-
anced 3-phase problems, and this paper
indicates clearly some of the distinct ad-
vantages of Clarke components. The com-
plex operator a, so significant in symmetri-
cal components sometimes introduces com-
plications. Since the unbalances of great
practical importance are the short circuit of
"one phase" alone or "between two phases,"
1951, VOLUME 70 Duesterhoeft, Schulz,
LINKAGES, R. H. Park. General Electric Review
(Schenectady, N. Y.), volume 31, June 1928, pages
332-34.
5. Two REACTION THEORY OF SYNCHRONOUS MA-
CHINES-GENERALIZED METHOD OF ANALYSIS-
PART I, R. H. Park. AIEE Transactions, volume
48, July 1929, pages 716-30.
6. CIRCUIT BREAKER RECOVERY VOLTAGES,
R. H. Park, W. F. Skeats. AIEE Transactions,
volume 50, Marcb 1931, pages 20439.
7. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF A-C POWER SYSTEMS,
which are "single axis" unbalances, they
may be studied by replacing the 3-phase
machine by a 2-phase machine. Dreyfus
(1911, 1912, 1916), Biermanns (1915),
Rudenberg (1925) made valuable investi-
gations along these lines in Europe some
time ago and a close relation to the treat-
ment with Clarke components should not
be surprising. See also reference 1.
In some cases, especially in connection
with the application of the network an-
alyzer, symmetrical components can not be
used whereas Clarke components provide a
basis for the solution. One such example
concerns the study of transients in power
Glarke-Instantaneous Currents
Edith Clarke. John Wiley and Sons, New York,
N. Y., volume II, 1950.
8. AmERICAN STANDARD DEFINITIONS OF ELEC-
TRICAL TERMS, AIEE, 1942.
9. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES IV-SINGLE PHASE
CIRCUITS, R. E. Doherty, C. A. Nickle. AIEE
Transactions, volume 47, April 1928, pages 457-92.
10. THEORY OF INFINITE SERIES, T. J. I'a. Brom-
wich. Macmillan and Company, Limited, London,
England, 1942.
systems2 by means of the transient an-
alyzer when single-phase circuits are used
to reproduce 3-phase phenomena.'
REFERENCES
1 DAMPING AND RESONANCE IN POLYPHASB
GENERATORS, R. Willheim. Archiv fuer Elektro-
technik, (Berlin, Germany), 1929, pages 593-611.
2. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF THREE-PHASE POWER
SYSTEMS, PART I, Eric T. B. Gross, Leonard Rabins.
Journal, Franklin Institute (Philadelphia, Pa.),
volume 251, 1951, pages 33341.
3. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF THREE-PHASE POWBR
SYSrEMS, PARl IFa kleinar Rstitute (Philadelphia,
Pa.), voltume 251, 1951, pages 521-37.
1255